Words &CollocationsUnit 1Make sense of=to understand 理解Gain control over sth. 控制……Involve sb. in sth. 使……做……Rough-and-ready fashion 权宜之计In terms of 以……为单位，就……而言Make observations about sth./on sb.观察关于……/观察……Size of the potato-crop土豆产量Over a succession of years连续的几年A collection of observations=data 观察的收集Come in=become necessary起作用Be cautious about对……谨慎Limited experience有限的经验Feel inclined to倾向于Prevalence of plant disease植物疾病的传播Let alone of/do更不用说Weighing up the chances权衡，盘算Be central to对……极为重要Recognize no 100% certainties不能完全确定Care to pick out精挑细选In the long run从长远看来Hold true ofsb……保持正确Make estimates or prediction 做出评价/预测Intuitively 直觉地inquisitively 好奇地instinct 天性Unit 2The advent of sth.……的出现Take anyone at random随意选取一个人About equally 大约相等A fairly fixed time schedule 一个比较固定的时间表Born deaf, blind 生下来就是聋的，瞎的In a critical stage of development 在一个关键的发展阶段Consumption of alcohol and drugs 酗酒，嗜毒Go through the sequence 经过这样的顺序In an upright position 以一个直立的姿势Have little verbal interaction with 很少有与……的口头交流Miniature 小型的malleable 可锻造的penchant 爱好，嗜好Malnutrition 营养不良heredity 遗传Unit 3Look ahead(=predict) and reason back预测和回推Put oneself in their shoes换位思考Impose sth on sb将……强加于……Perform in practice实践In contrast to与……相反A logical circle逻辑循环（例：石头剪刀布的推理）In ignorance of在不知道……的情况下There is no presumption that…在任何一种假设下都不会……Be drawn into= be involved in 被卷入Be left unspecified=sth. is not clearly explained 不清楚的Get a better deal得到更好的结果Harsh treatment粗暴的对待Fare better得到更好的结果Actions speak louder than words.行胜于言。
collocation的分类Collocations are word combinations that are commonly used together in natural language. They are important in language learning and usage because they help convey meaning and nuance in speech and writing. There are several categories of collocations, each of which serves a different purpose in communication. Some common categories of collocations include:1. Adjective-noun collocations:These are combinations of adjectives and nouns that frequently occur together in language. For example, "hot coffee," "big house," and "beautiful flower" are all examples of adjective-noun collocations. Adjective-noun collocations are important because they help to provide more specific and vivid descriptions in writing and speech.2. Verb-noun collocations:These are combinations of verbs and nouns that commonly occur together in language. For example, "make a decision," "take a trip," and "have a conversation" are all examples of verb-noun collocations.Verb-noun collocations are important because they help convey specific actions and events in speech and writing.3. Adverb-adjective collocations:These are combinations of adverbs and adjectives that frequently occur together in language. For example, "very happy," "extremely difficult," and "incredibly beautiful" are all examples of adverb-adjective collocations. Adverb-adjective collocations are important because they help to convey the degree or intensity of an adjective in speech and writing.4. Noun-preposition collocations:These are combinations of nouns and prepositions that commonly occur together in language. For example, "interest in," "aware of," and "responsible for" are all examples of noun-preposition collocations. Noun-preposition collocations are important because they help to convey relationships between nouns and other elements in speech and writing.5. Verb-preposition collocations:These are combinations of verbs and prepositions that frequently occur together in language. For example, "believe in," "rely on," and "listen to" are all examples of verb-preposition collocations. Verb-preposition collocations are important because they help to convey specific actions and relationships in speech and writing.6. Verb-adverb collocations:These are combinations of verbs and adverbs that commonly occur together in language. For example, "run quickly," "speak loudly," and "study hard" are all examples of verb-adverb collocations. Verb-adverb collocations are important because they help to convey the manner or intensity of an action in speech and writing.7. Verb-verb collocations:These are combinations of two verbs that frequently occur together in language. For example, "make an effort," "take a break," and "pay attention" are all examples of verb-verb collocations. Verb-verb collocations are important because they help to convey specific actions and events in speech and writing.8. Fixed collocations:These are combinations of words that are always used together and have a specific meaning. For example, "by and large," "in the long run," and "time and time again" are all examples of fixed collocations. Fixed collocations are important because they help to convey specific meanings and idiomatic expressions in speech and writing.9. Idiomatic collocations:These are combinations of words that have a specific meaning that is different from the individual meanings of the words. For example, "kick the bucket," "beat around the bush," and "bite the bullet" are all examples of idiomatic collocations. Idiomatic collocations are important because they help to convey specific meanings and expressions in speech and writing.10. Phrasal verbs:These are combinations of a verb and one or more particles (usually a preposition or adverb) that have a specific meaning. For example, "give up," "look after," and "get on with" are all examples of phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs are important because they convey specific actions and meanings in speech and writing.In conclusion, collocations are an important aspect of language learning and usage. They can be categorized into various types based on the combination of words and the specific meanings they convey. Understanding the different categories of collocations can help language learners and users to effectively communicate and convey meaning in speech and writing.。
