ASTMD412
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Specimensmaybeintheshapeofdumbbells,ringsorstraight
piecesofuniformcross-sectionalarea.
4.2Measurementsfortensilestress,tensilestressatagiven
elongation,tensilestrength,yieldpoint,andultimateelonga-
tionaremadeonspecimensthathavenotbeenprestressed.
Tensilestress,yieldpoint,andtensilestrengtharebasedonthe
originalcross-sectionalareaofauniformcross-sectionofthe
specimen.
4.3Measurementoftensilesetismadeafterapreviously
unstressedspecimenhasbeenextendedandallowedtoretract
byaprescribedprocedure.Measurementof“setafterbreak”is
alsodescribed.
5.SignificanceandUse
5.1Allmaterialsandproductscoveredbythesetestmeth-
odsmustwithstandtensileforcesforadequateperformancein
certainapplications.Thesetestmethodsallowforthemeasure-
mentofsuchtensileproperties.However,tensileproperties
alonemaynotdirectlyrelatetothetotalenduseperformance
oftheproductbecauseofthewiderangeofpotentialperfor-
mancerequirementsinactualuse.
5.2Tensilepropertiesdependbothonthematerialandthe
conditionsoftest(extensionrate,temperature,humidity,speci-
mengeometry,pretestconditioning,etc.);thereforematerials
shouldbecomparedonlywhentestedunderthesamecondi-
tions.
5.3Temperatureandrateofextensionmayhavesubstantial
effectsontensilepropertiesandthereforeshouldbecontrolled.
Theseeffectswillvarydependingonthetypeofmaterialbeing
tested.
5.4Tensilesetrepresentsresidualdeformationwhichis
partlypermanentandpartlyrecoverableafterstretchingand
retraction.Forthisreason,theperiodsofextensionand
recovery(andotherconditionsoftest)mustbecontrolledto
obtaincomparableresults.
6.Apparatus
6.1TestingMachine—Tensiontestsshallbemadeona
powerdrivenmachineequippedtoproduceauniformrateof
gripseparationof500650mm/min(2062in./min)fora
distanceofatleast750mm(30in.)(seeNote1).Thetesting
machineshallhavebothasuitabledynamometerandan
indicatingorrecordingsystemformeasuringtheappliedforce
within62%.Ifthecapacityrangecannotbechangedforatest
(asinthecaseofpendulumdynamometers)theappliedforceat
breakshallbemeasuredwithin62%ofthefullscalevalue,
andthesmallesttensileforcemeasuredshallbeaccurateto
within10%.Ifthedynamometerisofthecompensatingtype
formeasuringtensilestressdirectly,meansshallbeprovidedto
adjustforthecross-sectionalareaofthespecimen.The
responseoftherecordershallbesufficientlyrapidthatthe
appliedforceismeasuredwiththerequisiteaccuracyduring
theextensionofthespecimentorupture.Ifthetestingmachine
isnotequippedwitharecorder,adeviceshallbeprovidedthat
indicates,afterrupture,themaximumforceappliedduring
extension.Testingmachinesystemsshallbecapableofmea-
suringelongationofthetestspecimeninminimumincrements
of10%.
NOTE2—Arateofelongationof10006100mm/min(4064in./min)maybeusedandnotationofthespeedmadeinthereport.Incaseofdispute,thetestshallberepeatedandtherateofelongationshallbeat500650mm/min(2062in./min).
6.2TestChamberforElevatedandLowTemperatures—The
testchambershallconformwiththefollowingrequirements:
6.2.1Airshallbecirculatedthroughthechamberata
velocityof1to2m/s(3.3to6.6ft/s)atthelocationofthegrips
orspindlesandspecimensmaintainedwithin2°C(3.6°F)ofthe
specifiedtemperature.
6.2.2Acalibratedsensingdeviceshallbelocatednearthe
gripsorspindlesformeasuringtheactualtemperature.
6.2.3Thechambershallbeventedtoanexhaustsystemor
totheoutsideatmospheretoremovefumesliberatedathigh
temperatures.
6.2.4Provisionsshallbemadeforsuspendingspecimens
verticallynearthegripsorspindlesforconditioningpriorto
test.Thespecimensshallnottoucheachotherorthesidesof
thechamberexceptformomentarycontactwhenagitatedby
thecirculatingair.
6.2.5Fastactinggripssuitableformanipulationathighor
lowtemperaturesmaybeprovidedtopermitplacingdumbbells
orstraightspecimensinthegripsintheshortesttimepossible
tominimizeanychangeintemperatureofthechamber.
6.2.6Thedynamometershallbesuitableforuseatthe
temperatureoftestoritshallbethermallyinsulatedfromthe
chamber.
6.2.7Provisionshallbemadeformeasuringtheelongation
ofspecimensinthechamber.Ifascaleisusedtomeasurethe
extensionbetweenthebench-marks,thescaleshallbelocated
parallelandclosetothegrippathduringspecimenextension
andshallbecontrolledfromoutsidethechamber.
6.3DialMicrometer—Thedialmicrometershallconformto
therequirementsofPracticeD3767(MethodA).Forring
specimens,see14.10ofthesetestmethods.
6.4ApparatusforTensileSetTest—Thetestingmachine
describedin6.1oranapparatussimilartothatshowninFig.1
maybeused.Astopwatchorothersuitabletimingdevice
measuringinminuteintervalsforatleast30min,shallbe
provided.Ascaleorotherdeviceshallbeprovidedfor
measuringtensilesettowithin1%.
7.SelectionofTestSpecimens
7.1Considerthefollowinginformationinmakingselec-
tions:
7.1.1Sinceanisotropyorgraindirectionalityduetoflow
introducedduringprocessingandpreparationmayhavean
influenceontensileproperties,dumbbellorstraightspecimens