(完整word版)unit 7 the Role of the Academy in Times of Crisis

大学英语作文:大学生应具备的能力Nowadays，everyone in modern society faces the keen competition. We have to try to be prefect. However, what abilities are playing an importance role of the university student？First，it is vital for us to cultivate good qualities and cultures。

Only in this way can you win good friends and improve your interpersonal relationship. As we all know, good interpersonal relationship can help you a lot，not only influence your school life, but also your future careers. Thus，the ability of communication that，in some sense，is more important than knowledge。

Secondly，sprit is important to a man。

When you come across difficulty，you need to keep the faith and confident，so that you can over come the trouble。

Third，you need to become a person who is full of creative, and you should think independently and critically as well as learn to become a man，an integrated man，who can take on important taskFinally, we should make good use of what we have learnt and use them in our daily life。

选择题第一单元1、which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of London？（D/The sports centre)2、Which of the following is NOT true about the characteristics of Britain? (B/Differences of social systems between Scotland and Wales（威尔士））3、Which of the following is NOT True about Britain？（D/It used to be one of the superpowers in the world)4、Three of the following are characteristics of London. Which of the four is the EXCEPTION？（C/London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the world)5、The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by (D/William the Conqueror）6、Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England? (A/The Anglo-Saxons（盎格鲁—撒克逊人）)7、Which is the largest city in Scotland？（C/Glasgow（格拉斯哥）)8、Why did the Scottish Kings decide to form an independent singular Scottish（奇异的苏格兰）state in the century？（A/They needed a unified independent nation to fight against Viking raids （维京人袭击))9、Where do the majority of people in Scotland live? (B/In the Lowlands（低地））10、Which of the following statements is NOT true? (B/Wales was occupied by the Anglo-Saxons（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）)11、Which of the following parties in Scotland still wants an independent Scotland？（C/The Scottish Nationalist（民族主义）Party）12、When did Scotland join the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments（议会）?(D/In 1701）13、Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is not a simple historical figure for the Welsh. He is almost considered the legendary（传奇) hero of Welsh nationalism because （D/he unified Wales as an independentnation)第二单元1、In the 17th century the English government encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland，because (A/they wanted to increase its control over Ireland)2、In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Ireland street。

1。

According to the president, what did the parents remind their children to do before they left for college? Reference:The parents reminded their children to work hard and achieve the best they could。

2. What does the president call on the students to do with the greatest resources on campus？Reference:The president calls on the students to make the most of the great resources on campus：to explore new subjects，to meet fascinating people，and to pursue new passions.3。

What does the president mean when he says "sample them widely'' （Para. 5)?Reference:By saying ”sample them widely”，the president means students should try many different courses and try something new to see what it is like.4。

What could be the consequences if you don’t challenge you rself？Reference：If we don't challenge ourselves，we will not become broadly educated people，and we may not find the passion that will help us shape our future.5. What can you learn from the example of Vera Wang？Reference：We can learn from the example of Vera Wang that we should challenge ourselves，and by challenging ourselves, we are more likely to find an interest we don't know we have，and this interest may help us build a prosperous future。

2015春八年级下册英语课文原文UNIT 1 What's the matter?Section A2d Role-play the conversation.Mandy: Lisa, are you OK?Lisa: I have a headache and I can't move my neck. What should I do? Should I take my temperature?Mandy: No, it doesn't sound like you have a fever. What did you do on the weekend?Lisa: I played computer games all weekend.Mandy: That's probably why. You need to take breaks away from the computer.Lisa: Yeah, I think I sat in the same way for too long without moving.Mandy: I think you should lie down and rest. If your head and neck still hurt tomorrow, then go toa doctor.Lisa: OK. Thanks, Mandy.3a Read the passage. Do you think it comes from a newspaper or a book?How do you know?Bus Driver and Passengers Save an Old ManAt 9:00 a.m. yesterday, bus No. 26 was going along Zhonghua Road when the driver saw an old man lying on the side of the road. A woman was next to him, shouting for help.The bus driver, 24-year-old Wang Ping, stopped the bus without thinking twice. He got off and asked the woman what happened. She said that the man had a heart problem and should go to the hospital. Mr. Wang knew he had to act quickly. He told the passengers that he must take the man to the hospital. He expected most or all of the passengers to get off and wait for the next bus.But to his surprise, they all agreed to go with him. Some passengers helped Mr. Wang to move the man on the bus.Thanks to Mr. Wang and the passengers,the doctors saved the man in time. "It's sad thatmany people don't want to help others becausethey don’t want any trouble," says onepassenger. "But the driver didn't think abouthimself. He only thought about saving a life."Section B2b Read the passage and underline the words you don't know. Then look up the words in a dictionary and write down their meanings.He Lost His Arm But Is Still Climbing Aron Ralston is an American man who is interested in mountain climbing. As a mountainclimber, Aron is used to taking risks. This is one ofthe exciting things about doing dangerous sports. There were many times when Aron almost lost his life because of accidents. On April 26, 2003, he found himself in a very dangerous situation when climbing in UtahOn that day, Aron's arm was caught under a 2,000-kilo rockthat fell on him when he was climbing by himself in themountains. Because he could not free his arm, he stayed therefor five days and hoped that someone would find him. But whenhis water ran out, he knew that he would have to do somethingto save his own life. He was not ready to die that day. So heused his knife to cut off half his right arm. Then, with his leftarm, he bandaged himself so that he would not lose too muchblood. After that, he climbed down the mountain to find help.After losing his arm, he wrote a book called Between aRock and a Hard Place . This means being in a difficult situation that you cannot seem to get out of. In this book, Aron tells of the importance of making good decisions, and of being in control of one's life. His lose for mountain climbing is so great that he kept on climbing mountains even after this experience.Do we have the same spirit as Aron? Let's think about it before we find ourselves “between a rock and a hard place”, and before we have to make a decision that could mean life or death.Finding the Order of EventsWriters describe events in a certain order.Finding the order of the events will help you understand want you are reading.Unit 2 I'll help to clean up the city parksSection ARole-play the conversation.Helen ：Hi , Tom . I ' m making some plans to work in an old people’s home this summer. Tom ： Really? I did that last summer.Helen ：Oh, what did they ask you to help out with ?Tom ：Mmm.… things like reading the newspaper to the old people, or just talking to them. They told me stories about the past and how things used to be. Helen ：That sounds interesting .Tom ：Yeah , a lot of old people are lonely . We should listen to them and care for them. Helen ：You' re right . I mean, we’re all going to be old one day, too.Read the article . What do Mario and Mary volunteer to do?Students Who VolunteerMario Green and Mary Brown from Riverside High School give up several hours each week to help others. Mario loves animals and wants to be an animal doctor. He volunteers at an animal hospital every Saturday morning. Mario believes it can help him to get his future dream job. “ It' s hard work , ” he says , “but I want to learn more about how to care for animals . I get such a strong feeling of satisfaction when I see the animals get better and the look of joy on their owners' faces.”Mary is a book lover. She could read by herself at the age of four. Last year she decided to try out for a volunteer after-school reading program .she still works there once a week to help kidslearn to read. The kids are sitting in the library, but you can see intheir eyes that they ’re going on a different journey with each newbook. V olunteering here is a dream come true for me. I can do whatI love to do and help others at the same time.Section BSkim the letter and answer the questions.1. Who wrote the letter to Miss Li? Why?2. What did Miss Li do?I ’ll Send You a Photo of LuckyDear Miss Li,I’d like to thank you for sending money to Animal Helpers. I’m sure you know that this group was set up to help disabled people like me. You helped to make it possible for me to have Lucky. Lucky makes a big difference to my life. Let me tell you my story.What would it be like to be blind or deaf? Or imagine you can’t walk ou use your hands easily. Most people would never think about this, but many people have these difficulties. I can’t use my arms or legs well, so normal things like answering the telephone, opening and closing doors, or carrying things are difficult for me. Then one day last year, a friend of mine helped me out. She talked to Animal Helpers about getting me a special trained dog. She also thought a dog might cheer me up. I love animals and I was excited about the idea of having a dog.After six months of training with a dog at Animal Helpers, I was able to bring him home. My dog’s name is Lucky — a good name for him because I feel very lucky to have him. You se e, I’m only able to have a “dog -helper” because of your kindness! Lucky is very clever and understands many English words. He can understand me when I give him orders. For example, I say, “Lucky! Get my book,” and he does it at once.Lucky is a fantastic dog. I’ll send you a photo of him if you like,and I could show you how he helps me. Thank you again forchanging my life.Best wishes,Ben SmithUnit 3 Could you please clean your room?Section A2d Role play the conversation.Sister：They, could you please help out with a few things?Brother：Could I at least finish watching this show?Sister：No. I think two hours of TV is enough for you!Brother：Fine. What do you want me to do?Sister：Could you take out the rubbish, fold the clothesand do the dishes?Brother：So much?sister：Yes, because Mom will be back from shoppingany minute now. And she won’t be happy if she sees thismess.Brother：But the house is already pretty clean and tidy!Sister：Yes, well, it’s clean, but it’s not “mother clean”!3a Read the story and answer the question.1. Why was Nancy’s mom angry with Nancy?2. Did they solve the problem? How?Last month, our dog welcomed me when I came home fromschool. He wanted a walk, but I was too tired.I threw down my bag and went to the living room. Theminute I sat down in front of the TV, my mom came over.“Could you please take the dog for a walk?” she asked.“Could I watch one show first?” I asked. “NO!” she repliedangrily. “You watch TV all t he time and never help outaround the house! I can’t work all day and do housework all evening.”“Well, I work all day at school, too! I’m just as tired as you are!” I shouted back.My mom did not say anything and walked away. For one week, she did not do any housework and neither did I. Finally, I could not find a clean dish or a clean shirt.The next day, my mom came home from work to find the house clean and tidy. “What happened?” she asked in surprise.“I’m so sorry, Mom. I finally understand that we ne ed to share the housework to have a clean and comfortable home,” I replied.Section B2bThe Sunday Mail magazine invited parents to write about whether they think young people should do chores at home. Skim the following letters. Which one agrees and which one disagrees? Dear Sir, I don’t understand why some parents make their kids help with housework and chores at home. Kids these days already have enough stress from school. They don’t have time to study and do housework, too. Housework is a waste of their time. Could we just let them do their job asstudents? They should spend their time onschoolwork in order to get good grades and get into agood university. Also, when they get older, they willhave to do housework so there’s no need for them todo it now. It is the parents’ job to provide a clean andcomfortable environment at home for their children.And anyway, I think doing chores is not so difficult. Idon’t mind doing them.Mr. SmithDear Sir,I think it is important for children to learn how to do chores and help their parents with housework. It’s not enough to just get good grades at school. Children these days depend on their parents too much. They’re always asking, “Could you get this for me?” or “Could you help me with that?” Doing chor es helps to develop children’s independence and teaches them how to look after themselves. It also helps them to understand the idea of fairness. Since they live in one house with their parents, they should know that everyone should do their part in keeping it clean and tidy. Our neighbor’s son got into a good college but during his first year, he had no idea how to take care of himself. As a result, he often fell ill and his grades dropped. The earlier kids learn to be independent, the better it is for their future.Ms. MillerUnit 4 Why don’t you talk to your parents?Section A2d Role-play the conversation.Dave：You look sad, Kim. What’s wrong?Kim：Well, I found my sister looking through my things yesterday. She took some of my new magazines and CDs.Dave：Hmm … that’s not very nice. Did she give them back to you?Kim：Yes, but I’m still angry with her. What should I do?Dave：Well, I guess you could tell her to say sorry. But why don’t you forget about it so that you can be friends again? Although s he’s wrong, it’s not a big deal.Kim：You’re right. Thanks for your advice.Dave：No problem. Hope things work out.3a Look at this letter to a magazine and the reply from Robert Hunt, a school counselor.Section B2b Read the article and answer the questions.1. What is the common problem for Chinese and American families?2. Who gives their opinions about the problem?Maybe You Should Learn to Relax! These days, Chinese children are sometimes busier on weekends than weekdays because they to take so many after-school classes. Many of them are learning exam skills so that they can get into a good high school and later a good university. Others are practicing sports so that they can compete and win.However, this doesn’t only happen in China. The Taylors are a typical American family. Life for Cathy Taylor’s three children is very busy.” On most days after school,” Cathy says, “I take one of my two boys to basketball practice and my daughter to football training. Then I have to take my other son to piano lessons. Maybe I could cut out a few of their activities, but I believe these a ctivities are important for my children’s future. I really want them to be successful. ” However, the tired children don’t get home until after 7:00 p.m. They have a quick dinner, and then it’s time for homework.Linda Miller, a mother of three, knows all about such stress. “In some families, competition starts very young and continues until the kids get older,” she says. “Mothers sendtheir small kids to all kinds of classes. And they are always comparing themwith other children. It’s crazy. I don’t think that’s fair. Why don’t they just lettheir kids be kids? People shouldn’t push their kids so hard.”Doctors say too much pressure is not good for a child’s development. Dr. AliceGreen says all these activities can cause a lot of stress for children. “Ki dsshould have time to relax and think for themselves, too. Although it’s normal towant successful children, it’s even more important to have happy children.”Guessing the MeaningWhen reading something for the first time, do not worry about words you do not know. Use the context to help you guess the meaning.Unit 5 What were you doing when the rainstorm came?Section A2d Role-play the conversation.Mary：What were you doing last night, Linda? I called at seven and you didn’tpick up.Linda：Oh, I was in the kitchen helping my mom.Mary：I see. I called again at eight and you didn’t answer then either.Linda：What was I doing at eight? Oh, I know. When you called, I was having ashower.Mary：But then I called again at nine.Linda：Oh, I was sleeping at that time.Mary：So early? That’s strange.Linda：Yeah, I was tired. Why did you call so many times?Mary：I needed help with my homework. So while you were sleeping,I called Jenny and she helped me.3a Read the passage and answer the questions.1. What was the weather like before the heavy rain started?2. What was the neighborhood like after the storm?The Storm Brought People Closer TogetherBen could hear strong winds outside his home in Alabama. Black clouds weremaking the sky very dark. With no light outside, it felt like midnight. The newson TV reported that a heavy rainstorm was in the area.Everyone in the neighborhood was busy. Be n’s dad was putting pieces ofwood over the windows while his mom was making sure the flashlightsand radio were working. She also put some candles and matches on thetable.Ben was helping his mom make dinner when the rain began to beat heavily against the windows. After dinner, they tried to play a card game, but it was hard to have fun with a serious storm happening outside.Ben could not sleep at first. He finally fell asleep when the wind was dying down at around 3:00 a.m. When he woke up, the sun was rising. He went outside with his family and found the neighborhood in a mess. Fallen trees, broken windows and rubbish were everywhere. They joined the neighbors to help clean up the neighborhood together. Although the storm broke many things apart, it brought families and neighbors closer together.Section B2b Read the passage and answer the questions. 1.What are the two events in the passage? 2. When did they happen?Do You Remember What You Were Doing?People often remember what they were doing when they heard the news of important events inhistory. In America, for example, many people remember what they were doing onApril 4, 1968. This was an important event in American history. On this day, Dr.Martin Luther King was killed. Although some people may not remember whokilled him, they remember what they were doing when they heard the news.Robert Allen is now over 50, but he was a school pupil at that time. “It was a bright,sunny day,” Robert remembers. “We were having fun in the playground when theschool bell rang. Our teacher said, ‘Dr. King died just 10 minutes ago.’ We were completely surprised!” School closed for the day, Robert and his friends walked home in silence.More recently, most Americans remember what they were doing when the WorldTrade Center in New York was taken down by terrorists. Even the date-September 11, 2001-has meaning to most Americans.This was a day Kate Smith will never forget. She remembers working in her officenear the two towers. “My friend shouted that a plane just hit the World Trade Center!I didn’t believe him at first, but then I looked out the window and realized that it was true. I was so scared that I could hardly think clearly after that.”Unit 6 An old man tried to movemountains.Section A2d Role-play the conversation.Teacher: So what do you think about the story of Yu Gong?Ming Ming: I think it’s really interesting. Yu Gong found a good way to solve his problem. Anna: Really? I think it’s a little bit silly. It doesn’t seem very possible to move a mountain. Ming Ming: But the story is trying to show us that anything is possible if you work hard! Yu Gongkept trying and didn’t give up.Anna: Well, I still don’t agree with you. I think we should try to find other ways to solve aproblem.Ming Ming: But what could Yu Gong do instead of moving the mountains?Anna: Well, there are many other ways. For example, he could build a road. That’s better andfaster than moving a mountain!Teacher: You have different opinions about the story, and neither of you are wrong. There aremany sides to a story and many ways to understand it.3a Read the passage and answer the questions.In November 1979, pupils in England were able to watch a new TV program called Monkey . Most of them were hearing this story for the first time.However, this story is not new to Chinese children. The Monkey King or Sun Wukong is the main character in the traditional Chinese book Journey to the West .The story says that once upon a time there was a magic rock. One day,it suddenly broke open and gave birth to a monkey. To fight badpeople, the Monkey King uses a magic stick. Sometimes he can makethe stick so small that he can keep it in his ear. At other times, he isable to make it big and long. Sun Wukong can also make 72 changesto his shape and size, turning himself into different animals andobjects. But unless he can hide his tail, he cannot turn himself into a person.The Monkey king has excited the children of China many years. And as soon as the TV program came out more than 30 years ago, Western children became interested in reading this story because the clever Monkey King keeps fighting to help the weak and never gives up.Section B Array 2b Read the first paragraph of Hansel and Gretel. Thinkabout how the fairy tale will continue. Then read the rest ofthe story.Hansel and GretelHansel and Gretel lived near forest with their father and stepmother. One year, the weather was so dry that no food would grow. The wife told her husband that unless the left the children to die in the forest, the whole family would die. Gretel heard this, and Hansel made a plan to save himselfand his sister.(Then they heard an old woman’s voice from inside the house.) V oice: Who is that? Who is brave enough to eat my house?Unit 7 What’s the highest mountain in the world?Section A2d Role-play the conversation.Guide: Feel free to ask me anything on today’s Grea t Wall tour.Tourist 1: How long is the wall?Guide: Ah, the most popular question! If we’re only talking about the parts from the Ming Dynasty, it’s about 8,850 kilometers long. This makes it the longest wall in the world.Tourist 2: Wow, that’s amazing! Why did the ancient emperors build the wall? Guide: The main reason was to protect China. As you can see, it’s quite tall and wide. As far as I know, there are no man-made objects as big as this.Tourist 3: Is Badaling part of the Ming Great Wall?Guide: Y es, it’s the most famous part.Section BUnit 8 Have you read Treasure Island yet?Section A2d Role-play the conversation.When I first arrived on this island, I had nothing.But I’ve found the ship and made a small boat. I’ve brought back many things I can use— food and drink, tools, knives and guns. Although I have lost everything, I have not lost my life. So I will not give up and I will wait for another ship. I have already cut down trees and built a house. I go out with my gun almost every day to kill animals and birds for food. I’m even learning to grow fruits and vegetables.A few weeks ago, I found the marks of another man’s feet on the sand. Whoelse is on my island? How long have they been here? Not long after that, Isaw some cannibals trying to kill two men from a broken ship. One of themdied but the other ran towards my house. I helped him kill the cannibals.This man now lives with me and helps me. I named him Friday becausethat was the day I met him. He is smart and I have already taught him someEnglish.3a Quickly read the passage below based on Robinson Crusoe.Then answer the questions.1. What does Robinson Crusoe wait for?2. Why does Robinson Crusoe call the man Friday?When I first arrived on this island, I had nothing.But I’ve found the ship and made a small boat. I’ve brought back many things I can use— food and drink, tools, knives and guns. Although I have lost everything, I have not lost my life. So I will not give up and I will wait for another ship. I have already cut down trees and built a house. I go out with my gun almost every day to kill animals and birds for food. I’m even learning to grow fruits and vegetables.A few weeks ago, I found the marks of another man’s feet on the sand. Who else is on my island? How long have they been here? Not long after that, I saw some cannibals trying to kill two men from a broken ship. One of them died but the other ran towards my house. I helped him kill the cannibals. This man now lives with me and helps me. I named him Friday because that was the day I met him. He is smart and I have already taught him some English.Section B2b Read the passage and complete the fact sheet on page 63.A Country Music Song Changed Her Life Forever When Sarah was a teenager, she used to fight over almost everything with her family. But five years ago, while she wasstudying abroad in England, she heard a song full of feelings about returning home on the radio. It made Sarah think about her family and friends back in the US. She came to realize how much she actually missed all of them. Ever since then, she has been a fan of American country music.Country is a traditional kind of music from the southern states of America. Nashville, Tennessee is the home of country music. Many songs these days are just about modern life in the US, such as the importance of money and success, but not about belonging to a group. However, country music brings us back to the “good old days” when people were kind to each other and trusted one another. It reminds us that the best things in life are free —laughter, friends, family, and the beauty of nature and the countryside.Sarah hasn’t been to Nashville yet, but it is her dream to go there one day.She has already read a lot about the place and done some research on it. Sheknows that there is a Country Music Hall of Fame Museum in Nashville.There are also always a lot of great country music concerts with famousmusicians and singers, like Garth Brooks. Sarah has already listened to mostof his songs. “Garth is one of the most successful musicians in Americanhistory. He’s sold more than 120 million records. I hope to see him sing liveone day!”Unit 9 Have you ever been to a museum?Section A2d Role-play the conversation.Anna：I went to the film museum last weekend. Have you ever been there?Jill：Yes, I have. I went there back in April.Anna：It’s really interesting, isn’t it? It’s a great way to spend a Saturday afternoon.Jill：Yes, I love all the old movie cameras there. I learned about the inventions that led to color movies, too.Anna：So, what did you do on the weekend?Jill：I camped in the mountains with some friends. We put up a tent and cooked outside.Anna：That sounds fun. I’ve never been camping.Jill：You should try it!3a Three students talk about the most interesting museums they have ever been to. Read the magazine article and answer the questions.Section B2b Read the article. How many reasons can you find for visiting Singapore?Unit 10 I've had this bike for three years.Section ARole-play the conversation.Read the article written by a father for a newspaper. What are they going to sell at the yardSection BAnswer the questions before you read. Then read the passage to find out if your answers 1. Why do millions of Chinese leave the countryside every year?2. How often do you think these people visit their hometowns?3. What new buildings does the government usually build in towns and villages?Hometown FeelingsSome people still live in their hometown. However, others may only see it once or twice a year. Nowadays, millions of Chinese leave the countryside to search for work in the cities. Among these is Zhong Wei, a 46-year-old husband and father. He has lived in Wenzhou for the last 13 years. With a hard job in a crayon factory, he doesn’t find much time to visit his hometown. “I used to return home at least once a year, but I haven’t been back for almost three years n ow. It’s a shame, but I just don’t have the time,” he says.Many people like Zhong Wei regard with great interest how their hometowns have changed. Perhaps large hospitals and new roads have appeared. In many places, the government has also built new schools and sent teachers from the cities to help.“I noticed that’s true of my hometown,” adds Zhong Wei. “Children have learned to read and count at my old primary school since the mid-20th century. But now the buildings are really old. I hear they’re going to build a new school there.” Zhong Wei thinks such developments are good, and he also knows that his hometown cannot always stay thesame.According to Zhong Wei, however, some things will neverchange. “In my hometown, there was a big old tree opposite theschool. It is still there and has become quite a symbol of the place.Most of the children in my time liked to play together under thatbig tree, especially during the summer holidays. It was such ahappy childhood. Our hometown has left many soft and sweetmemories in our hearts.”。

Unit SevenText IThe Aims of EducationPre-reading Brainstorming:1)What are the aims of education?2)What is teaching and what should teachers teach?3) Do you agree that “education is a procession of packing articles in a trunk” or “educ ation is the assimilation of food by a living organism”? (P127) Why or why not?4)What is the author’s understanding of the aims of education?Or:a) Have you ever thought about the aims of education? What are they? Tolearn general knowledge? To learn a skill? To pass examinations? To get prepared for a good job? And what else? List as many objectives of education as you can think of.b) In the Preface to his collection of essays on education, Whiteheadstated explicitly, “the whole book is a protest against deadknowledge.” What do you think is the view of Whiteheadconcerning the aims of education in this essay?★to develop the student intellectually so that he can make discoveries of his own --- Whitehead(now that's really useful, isn't it?) Educate is further defined as "to develop the knowledge, skill, or character of..." Thus, from these definitions, we might assume that the purpose of education is to develop the knowledge, skill, or character of students.Unfortunately, this definition offers little unless we furtherdefine words such as develop, knowledge, and character.★In ancient Greece, Socrates argued that education was about drawing out what was already within the student. (As many of you know, the word education comes from the Latin e-ducere meaning "to lead out.")★Teaching is the establishment of an environment for effective learning.The definition widens the role of a teacher beyond that of “presenter”to that of a diagnostician, planner, consultant, assessor & evaluator.Articles from internet for reference:THE MEANING OF EDUCATIONRecently, a university professor wrote a letter to the editor of the local newspaper. He commented that people shouldn't put too much weight on the recently released trends in SRA scores of the state's high school students. The professor went on to describe some of the unanswered questions about the nature and value of assessment. He mentioned that one of the problems with assessment was the ongoing disagreement on the very purpose of education.A few days later, a scathing response was printed from a community member who questioned whether the University really wanted someone on their staff who didn't even know the purpose of education. Clearly, this person assumed that his definition of education was shared by all. What is the meaning of education?that's really useful, isn't it?) Educate is further defined as "to develop the knowledge, skill, or character of..." Thus, from these definitions, we might assume that the purpose of education is to develop the knowledge, skill, or character of students. Unfortunately, this definition offers little unless we further define words such as develop, knowledge, and character.What is meant by knowledge? Is it a body of information that exists "out there"—apart from the human thought processes that developed it? If we look at the standards and benchmarks that have been developed by many states—or at E. D. Hirsch's list of information needed for Cultural Literacy (1), we might assume this to be the definition of knowledge. However, there is considerable research leading others to believe that knowledge arises in the mind of an individual when that person interacts with an idea or experience.This is hardly a new argument. In ancient Greece, Socrates argued that education was about drawing out what was already within the student.(As many of you know, the word education comes from the Latin e-ducere meaning "to lead out.") At the same time, the Sophists, a group of itinerant teachers, promised to give students the necessary knowledge and skills to gain positions with the city-state.There is a dangerous tendency to assume that when people use the same words, they perceive a situation in the same way. This is rarely the case. Once one gets beyond a dictionary definition—a meaning that is often of little practical value—the meaning we assign to a word is a belief, not an absolute fact. Here are a couple of examples.“The central task of education is to implant a will and facility for learning; it should produce not learned but learning people. The truly human society is a learning society, where grandparents, parents, and children are students together.”~Eric Hoffer“No one has yet realized the wealth of sympathy, the kindness and generosity hidden in the soul of a child. The effort of every true education should be to unlock that treasure.” ~Emma Goldman“The only purpose of education is to teach a student how to live his life-by developing his mind and equipping him to deal with reality. The training he needs is theoretical, i.e., conceptual. He has to be taught to think, to understand, to integrate, to prove. He has to be taught the essentials of the knowledge discovered in the past-and he has to be equipped to acquire further knowledge by his own effort.”~Ayn Rand“The aim of education should be to teach us rather how to think, than what to think—rather to improve our minds, so as to enable us to think for ourselves, than to load the memory with the thoughts of other men.” ~Bill Beattie“The one real object of education is to leave a man in the conditionof continually asking questions.” ~Bishop Creighton“The central job of schools is to maximize the capacity of each student.” ~Carol Ann TomlinsonThese quotations demonstrate the diversity of beliefs about the purpose of education. How would you complete the statement, "The purpose of education is..."? If you ask five of your fellow teachers to complete that sentence, it is likely that you'll have five different statements. Some will place the focus on knowledge, some on the teacher, and others on the student. Yet people's beliefs in the purpose of education lie at the heart of their teaching behaviors.Despite what the letter writer might have wished, there is no definition of education that is agreed upon by all, or even most, educators. The meanings they attach to the word are complex beliefs arising from their own values and experiences. To the extent that those beliefs differ, the experience of students in today's classrooms can never be the same. Worse, many educators have never been asked to state their beliefs—or even to reflect on what they believe.At the very least, teachers owe it to their students to bring their definitions into consciousness and examine them for validity.Purposes and FunctionsTo make matters more complicated, theorists have made a distinction between the purpose of education and the functions of education.(2) A purpose is the fundamental goal of the process—an end to be achieved. Functions are other outcomes that may occur as a natural result of the process— byproducts or consequences of schooling. For example, some teachers believe that the transmission of knowledge is the primary purpose of education, while the transfer of knowledge from school to the real world is something that happens naturally as a consequence of possessing that knowledge—a function of education.Because a purpose is an expressed goal, more effort is put into attaining it. Functions are assumed to occur without directed effort. For this reason it's valuable to figure out which outcomes you consider a fundamental purpose of education. Which of the following do you actually include in your planning?As Tom Peters reminds us, "What gets measured, gets done." Regardless of the high sounding rhetoric about the development of the total child, it is the content of assessments that largely drives education. How is the capacity/ability to think creatively assessed in today's schools? To what extent is the typical student recognized and given respect? How often are students given the opportunity to recognize and evaluate different points of view when multiple choice tests require a single 'correct' answer?Teachers who hold a more humanistic view of the purpose of education often experience stress because the meaning they assign to education differs greatly from the meaning assigned by society or their institution. It is clear in listening to the language of education that its primary focus is on knowledge and teaching rather than on the learner. Students are expected to conform to schools rather than schools serving the needs of students.Stopping to identify and agree upon a fundamental purpose or purposes of education is rare. One sees nebulous statements in school mission statements, but they are often of the “Mom, baseball, and apple pie” variety that offer little substance on which to build a school culture. Creating meaningful and lasting change in education is unlikely without revisiting this basic definition. At the very least, educators must be challenged to identify and reexamine their beliefs in the light of present knowledge.It is time for the focus of education to shift from what's "out there—the curriculum, assessments, classroom arrangement, books, computers—to the fundamental assumptions about and definitions of education held by educators and policymakers. NASA did not send men to the moon by building on the chassis of a model T. In the same way, education cannot hope to move beyond its present state on the chassis of 18th century education.References1 Hirsch, E. D. Jr. (1987). Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin (Return to article)2 Callaway, R. (1979) Teachers' Beliefs Concerning Values and the Functions and Purposes of Schooling, Eric Document Reproduction Service No. ED 177 110 (Return to article)©2001-2002Teacher's Mind Resources---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Main Idea:In This passage the author sets forth his views on education and stresses the need to recognize the interdependence among various disciplines andto avoid the narrowness of perspective that he felt characterizes much of a university education.Purpose of writing and ToneTo advocate the aims of education; in a serious manner;Or: To provide the student with a good knowledge of both classical and modern literature so that he can utilize ideas.Organization and Development:Part One: (P1- 3) clarifying some key notions concerning educationP1--- distinction between culture and training;P2-3 --- Inert ideas are not only useless but even harmful to education Part Two: (P4 - 9) presenting his commandments/instructions/adviceP4 --- Two educational commandmentsP5 --- Ideas should be combined and put into applicationP6 --- The understanding provided by the literary side of education: the joining of ideasP7- 8 --- The understanding provided by the scientific side of education: The proof of ideas; proposition should be used in combinationP9 --- The relation between theory and utilizationComprehension Questions:1) Whitehead makes an important distinction in the first para. What is it?How do you interpret it?---The distinction between culture and training.Training refers to the acquisition of skills and information, which is part of education, but not the most essential part; culture refers to the cultivation of the ability to think, to make discovery, which is ultimate aim of education.2) What does “it” in line 26 refer to?---an intellectual revolution3) What is the topic sentence of paragraph 3?How is it supported in the paragraph?---Inert ideas are not only useless but even harmful.Schools of learning, overladen with inert ideas, exhibit pedantry炫学, 假装学者, 卖弄学问and routine.Women, who are uneducated and thus not infected with inert ideas, are the more cultured part of their community.Intellectual revolutions fail to have the desired effect whey they, in their turn, bind humanity with inert ideas of their own fashion.4) How is a turn of direction indicated?---beginning from para. 4. Whitehead proceeds from criticisms of education to what should be done to guard against such mental dryrot.5) Whitehead has referred to a number of common notions in the text such as culture, understanding,and proving. How are they defined differently by the author as compared with the way they are normallyinterpreted?---“culture”, normally defined as education or a set of beliefs that shared by members of a community, is defined by whitehead as activity of thought, etc. In contrast with informedness, culture means the ability to think, to judge, and to create.“understanding”, not just logical analysis, but in the sense it is used in the French proverb “To understand all is to forgive all.”“prove”, not just to show the truth of some idea, but the worth of it. 6) which does Whitehead think is more apt to convey disconnected ideas to students, the literary side of education or the scientific side? Why? ---the literary side of educationWith regard to literature, the present is the meeting hall of the saints; temporal distance matters little, brilliant ideas raised in the past are as valuable at the present time as they were at the time when they were brought up.In scientific training, the first thing to do with an idea is to prove it, but this proof of truth does not necessarily constitute the first introduction to the idea.7) How does Whitehead emphasize the importance of the present in paragraph 6? Why does he think the present is so important?--- The present is where ideas are connected; it is the hall of meeting for all the past saints and the point of departure of the future.8) What are the two processes involved in the proof of an idea?---proof of truth and proof of appreciation, an appreciation of the importance or the worth of the idea.9) In paragraph 5, Whitehead advocates the combination of ideas which are introduced into a child’s education. How is this point echoed later in the text?---In para. 9. Proposition should not be used in isolation. Interrelated truths are utilized en bloc, and various propositions are employed in any order and with any reiteration重复, 反复.10) What does Whitehead propose concerning the teaching of theory?---Theory should be taught with application. Theoretical exposition should be short and simple, but thorough and accurate.Difficult Sentences for paraphrasinga) A merely well-informed man is the most useless bore on God’s earth.---A person equipped only with book knowledge is the least useful person to humanity.b) Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start from, and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art.---Their specialized expertise helps prepare them for their prospective intellectual development, and their ability to think will contribute to the perfection of their reasoning and judgment.c) Surprise was expressed at the success in after-life of a man, who as aboy at Rugby had been somewhat undistinguished---However mediocre one might have been as a school boy at Rugby, it was still possible for him to stand out surprisingly from all others when he grew up.d) The child should make them his own, and should understand their application here and now in the circumstances of his actual life.---The young person should try to acquire these important ideas until he has fully mastered them, and also should learn to use these ideas in diverse contexts in life, when they are needed.e) No more deadly harm can be done to young minds than by depreciation of the present.---Undervaluing this day and age is most detrimental to the intellectual development of the young.Difficult Sentences for Translation (E-C):1)In the history of education, the most striking phenomenon is thatschools of learning, which at one epoch are alive with a ferment ofgenius, in a succeeding generation exhibit merely pedantry and routine.L.16-192)Then, alas, with pathetic ignorance of human psychology, it hasproceeded by some educational scheme to bind humanity afresh with inert ideas of its own fashioning. L.25-273)The discovery which he has made, is that general ideas give anunderstanding of that stream of events which pours through his life, which is his life. L.37-4)At the same time it must be observed that an age is no less past if itexisted two hundred years ago than if it existed two thousand years ago. Do not be deceived by the pedantry of dates. L.52-Key words and expressions1) bore L.3 --- a dull, uninteresting person whom other people quicklybecome tired of, esp. one who talks continually or repeatedly inan uninteresting way.2) inert L.14 --- inactive; static4) pedantry L.18 --- unnecessarily great attention to small details andunimportant rules炫学, 假装学者, 卖弄学问;Cf: Pedantic attention to detail or rules.拘泥形式，墨守陈规：过于拘泥于细节或规则An instance of pedantic behavior. 一种学究式的行为The habit of mind or manner characteristic of a pedant.迂腐的言行：心理或行为带有学究气的习性5) dryrot L.29 --- disease of wood caused by fungi真菌类(包括霉菌,食用伞菌,酵母菌等),似真菌的,由真菌引起的that turns wood into powder; (figuratively)decay from within caused esp. by resistance to new forces7) insistent L.49 --- deeding to be dealt with; urgent8) communion L.56 --- the sharing or exchanging of deep thoughts, ideas,and feelings9) proposition L.69 --- an unproved statement in which an opinion orjudgment is expressed.10) reiteration L.85 --- repetition11) concurrently L.86 --- simultaneously; at the same time12) plethora L.90 --- an amount much greater than is needed or than onecan deal with3) ferment: a process of active often disorderly development6) enunciate: express (a theory, etc) clearly or distinctlyc) be overladen with: be filled with too manyd) be infected with: be affected bye) pronounce on: give a judgment or opinion on; express one’s opinion on something, esp. formallyf) muddle up … with: fail to distinguish two people or thingsKey language pointsa) culture—This might be understood as “general knowledge” ascontracted with the “expert knowledge in some specialdirection” in line 4.b) “To understand all is to forgive all.”—When all the facts are knownand understood, it is possible to forgive a person for anything. Translation exercise for practice of language points (Chinese-English)a) 整个国家处于动荡不安之中. (ferment)b) 我们大家都可以自己发表自己的政治观点. (enunciate)c) 这辆公共汽车超载了. (be overladen with)d) 他受封建思想的流毒太深了. (be infected with)e) 部长已就此事发表了正式意见. (pronounce on)f ) 你们不要把我看成我的孪生兄弟. (muddle up … with)Post reading activitiesComposition writing: Some people believe that education should be primarily directed at helping people acquire essential skills and knowledge. Others believe it should be directed at developing the whole person and should also cover matters of social and personal responsibility, physical development, and artistic appreciation. In an essay of your own, take a stand on this issue.Unit 7Text IIAnother School Year—Why?Pre-reading brainstorming1) What do you think of education in our college?Are you satisfied with it? Why or why not?2) What do you want to gain in school, training or a broad scope ofknowledge? Why?Main idea of the passageThrough his own experience with the university students, the writer presents his belief that in universities students enroll for both training and education.Or: The aims of schooling are not only training but also education. Structure of the passage:Part one: ( Paras. 1—8)the author’s own experience as theintroduction to the thesis statement: the aims of schooling areboth training and education.Part two: (Paras. 9—13) further illustration on the importanceof educationPart three: (para 14) conclusion: restating of the thesis statement. Comprehension Questions:1) Where does the author first state the thesis of the writing?Where is it later reiterated?--- Last sentence of parp. 2: in universities students enroll for both training and education.Reiterated in para. 9: The business of the college is not only to train you, but to put you in touch with what the best human minds have thought.2)According to Ciardi, what is the difference between training andeducation?---For training, one would get a certain minimum qualification, certifying that one is good for a particular job. For education, one would be awarded an academic degree. In the latter case, one has not only received technical training, but also been exposed to some of the ideas mankind has generated within its history.3) The essay is rich in metaphorical language. Point out some of themetaphors Ciardi has used, esp. those he has used to refer to those who take professional training to be the sole purpose of college education.--- beanpole with hair on top (P1) / specimen (P2) / pest (P7) / mechanized savage, Push button Neanderthal, life-forms (P9) / blow him toward the employment agency (P3) / a piece of Home’s mind (P12) / storehouse (P14)4) Why does Ciardi think so much of books?--- Books are a storehouse of human experience, which our limited life span makes it impossible for us to encounter firsthand. Thus, by reading books, we will be able to enrich our life experience.Difficult Sentences for Translation (E-C):❖I could have told him all this, but it was fairly obvious he wasn’t going to be around long enough for it to matter: at the rate he was going, the first marking period might reasonably be expected to blow him toward the employment agency.❖If you are too much in a hurry, or too arrogantly proud of your own limitations to accept as a gift to your humanity some pieces of the minds of Sophocles, of Aristotle, of Chaucer --- and right down the scale to Yeats, Einstein, E.B. White, and Ogden Nash --- then you may be protected by the laws governing manslaughter, and you may be voting entity, but you are neither a developed human being nor a useful citizen of a democracy.❖I speak, I am sure, for the faculty of the liberal arts college and for the faculties of the specialized schools as well, when I say that auniversity has no real existence and no real purpose except as it succeeds in putting you in touch, both as specialists and as humans, with those human minds your human mind needs to include.Language Points in Text II (S.B.)a) beanpole—a tall and thin fellowb) an unburdened soul—a person free from burdenc) to blow him toward the employment agency—to send him to the employment agencyd) pest—an annoying persone) mechanized savage—an uncivilized person who knows how to use a machinePost reading Activities:Discuss in groups and make some comment on the writer’s attitude towards the kind of students he does not like.。

中国的创新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。

为了在科学技术上尽快赶超世界发达国家，中国近年来大幅度增加了研究开发资金。

中国的大学和研究所正在积极开展创新研究，这些研究覆盖了从大数据到生物化学，从新能源到机器人等各类高科技领域。

它们还与各地的科技园合作，使创新成果商业化。

与此同时，无论在产品还是商业模式上，中国企业家也在努力争做创新的先锋，以适应国内外消费市场不断变化和增长的需求。

译文一China's innovation is flourishing faster than ever before. In order to surpass developed countries on progressing and technology as soon as possible, China has sharply increased research and development fund. Chinese universities and institutes are actively doing innovative researches, covering various fields of high technology, from big data to biochemistry, and from new energy to robots. They are also cooperating with science and technology parks in different places, progressing commercialize their fruits of innovation.In the meantime , to adapt to the changing foreign and domestic market, and to satisfy the growing demand, Chinese entrepreneurs are also making pioneering efforts to innovate their products and business models(模式).译文二（文都版）Innovation is progressing in an unprecedented speed in China. In order to catch up with those developed countries in the world as fast as it can in the science and technology field, China has increased funds for development research substantially in recent years. Universities and research institutions in China are actively carrying out innovation researches, which cover high-technology fields such as big data, biochemistry, new energy and robots, etc. They alsocooperate with science park in various regions, commercializing the research results of innovation. Meanwhile, no matter in production and business model, entrepreneurs in China are competing to be pioneers in innovation to adapt to the constantly changing and increasing needs of the consumer market at home and abroad.深圳是中国广东省一座新开发的城市。

Some languages resist the introduction of new words. Others, like English, seem to welcome them. Robert MacNeil looks at the history of English and comes to the conclusion that its tolerance for change represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom.有些语言拒绝引入新词。

另一些语言，如英语，则似乎欢迎新词的引入。

罗伯特·麦克尼尔回顾英语的历史，得出结论说，英语对变化的包容性体现了根深蒂固的自由思想。

The Glorious Messiness of EnglishRobert MacNeil 1 The story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer.英语中绚丽多彩的杂乱无章现象罗伯特·麦克尼尔我们的英语的历史是典型的大量窃取其它语言的历史。

正因为如此，今日英语的词汇量据估计超过一百万，而其它主要语言的词汇量都要小得多。

2 French, for example, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language. The government tries to ban words from English and declares that Walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead -- but they don't.例如，法语只有约75,000个单词，其中还包括像snack bar（快餐店）和hit parade（流行唱片目录）这样的英语词汇。

考研英语一真题及答案完整版（word）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it isbizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discern able, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provideupdated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more l ike entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protect ions. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digitalinformation in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going throug h one’s wallet.29. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates princi ples of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” wr ites McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal edito rs, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of?Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard Schoolof Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowada ys, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of revie wing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workl oad.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science。

理想国英文原文第七章理想国英文原文第七章内容如下：Book 7: The Role of CourageThe first task of our inquiry is to define courage and its purpose in the polis, for it is surely a kind of political virtue. The noblest form of courage is the warrior's spirit, but we must not confuse this courage with courage as a virtue of the city at large. It is no use that it is brave, for it does not make the city well-ordered or prosperous. Hence we must investigate how and under what conditions the citizen-farmer, who has both courage and self-control, can best serve the city and be his own best friend.But before we examine that question, let us assume that we are dealing with a perfectly ordered state and let us examine courage in itself and as relative to justice and injustice.This is a great book in the Republic, because it delves into the question of courage as it relates to character and ethics. It also examines how courage can be beneficial to individuals and society as a whole. The discussion of courage in this chapteremphasizes its role in maintaining order and stability within the community, and it argues that courage is not just the absence of fear but also the ability to face challenges and risks with confidence and determination.In conclusion, this chapter of the Republic explores the importance of courage from multiple perspectives, emphasizing its role in maintaining order and stability within society, as well as its connection to character and ethics. It serves as an excellent example of how Plato's thought on politics and ethics intersect, emphasizing the importance of virtue and character in achieving a just society.。