06经济学

国际经济学I 模拟题1 答案I. Japan primarily exports manufactured goods, while importing raw materials such as food and oil. Analyze the impact on Japan’s terms of trade of the following events:a. A war in the Middle East disrupts oil supply.b. Korea develops the ability to produce automobiles that it can sell in Canada and the United States.c. U.S. engineers develop a fusion reactor that replaces fossil fuel electricity plants.d. A harvest failure in Russia.e. A reduction in Japan’s tariffs on imported beef and citrus fruit.The terms of trade of Japan, a manufactures (M) exporter and a raw materials (R) importer, is the world relative price of manufactures in terms of raw materials (p M/p R). The terms of trade change can be determined by the shifts in the world relative supply and demand (manufactures relative to raw materials) curves. Note that in the following answers, world relative supply (RS) and relative demand (RD) are always M relative to R. We consider all countries to be large, such that changes affect the world relative price.a. Oil supply disruption from the Middle East decreases the supply of raw materials, which increases the world relative supply. The world relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorating Japan's terms of trade.（2 points）b. Korea’s increased automobile production increases the supply of manufactures, which increases the world RS. The world relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorating Japan's terms of trade. （2 points）c. U.S. development of a substitute for fossil fuel decreases the demand for raw materials. This increases world RD and the world relative demand curve shifts out, increasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and improving Japan's terms of trade. This occurs even if no fusion reactors are installed in Japan since world demand for raw materials falls. （2 points）d. A harvest failure in Russia decreases the supply of raw materials, which increases the world RS. The world relative supply curve shifts out. Also, Russia’s demand for manufactures decreases, which reduces world demand so that the world relative demand curve shifts in. These forces decrease the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorate Japan's terms of trade. （2 points）e. A reduction in Japan’s tariff on raw materials will raise its internal relative price of manufactures. This price change will increase Japan’s RS and decrease Japan’s RD, which increases the world RS and decreases the world RD (i.e., world RS shifts out and world RD shifts in). The world relative price of manufactures declines and Japan’s terms of trade deteriorate.（2 points）II. Evaluate the relative importance of economies of scale and comparative advantage in causing the following:a. Most of the world’s aluminum is smelted in Norway or Canada.b. Half of the world’s large jet aircraft are assembled in Seattle.c. Most semiconductors are manufactured in either the United States or Japan.d. Most Scotch whiskey comes from Scotland.e. Much of the world’s best wine comes from France.(Total 10 points)a. The relatively few locations for production suggest external economies of scale in production. If these operations are large, there may also be large internal economies of scale in production. （2 points）b. Since economies of scale are significant in airplane production, it tends to be done by a small number of (imperfectly competitive) firms at a limited number of locations. One such location is Seattle, where Boeingproduces. （2 points）c. Since external economies of scale are significant in semiconductor production, semiconductor industries tend to be concentrated in certain geographic locations. If, for some historical reason, a semiconductor is established in a specific location, the export of semiconductors by that country is due to economies of scale and not comparative advantage. （2 points）d. "True" scotch whiskey can only come from Scotland. The production of scotch whiskey requires a technique known to skilled distillers who are concentrated in the region. Also, soil and climactic conditions are favorable for grains used in local scotch production. This reflects comparative advantage. （2 points）e. France has a particular blend of climactic conditions and land that is difficult to reproduce elsewhere. This generates a comparative advantage in wine production. （2 points）III. There is substantial inequality of wage levels between regions within the United States. For example, wages of manufacturing workers in equivalent jobs are about 20 percent lower in the Southeast than they are in the Far W est. Which of the explanations of failure of factor price equalization might account for this? How is this case different from the divergence of wages between the United States and Mexico (which is geographically closer to both the U.S. Southeast and the Far W est than the Southeast and Far W e st are to each other)? (15 points)Conditions necessary for factor price equalization include both countries (or regions) produce both goods, both countries have the same technology of production, and the absence of barriers to trade.(5points)T he difference between wages different regions of the United States may reflect all of these reasons; however, the barriers to trade are purely "natural" barriers due to transportation costs. U.S. trade with Mexico, by contrast, is also subject to legal limits; together with cultural differences that inhibit the flow of technology, this may explain why the difference in wage rates is so much larger. (10points)IV. During 1989 a wave of political change swept over Eastern Europe, raising prospects not only of democracy but also of a shift from centrally planned to market economies. One consequence might be a shift in how W estern European uses its money: Nations, especially Germany, that during the 1980s were lending heavily to the United States might start to lend to nearby Eastern European nations instead.Using the analysis of the transfer problem, how do you think this should affect the prices of W estern European goods relative to those from the United States and Japan? (Hint: how would the likely use of a dollar of financial resources differ in, say East Germany, from its use in the United States?) (15 points)Given the difference in technological development between most Eastern European countries and the United States and Japan, the effects on Western European prices will depend, in the short run, on transfer problem issues and, in the long run, on the likely biases in Eastern Europe's growth. (5points)The transfer problem point is concerned with the consumption demands of countries which receive available international credit supplies. If loans to developing countries shift from availability to Latin American countries, which have a relatively high propensity to consume U.S. goods, to availability to Eastern European countries, which have a lower propensity to consume U.S. goods and a higher propensity to consume German goods, the price of German exports will rise relative to the price of U.S. exports. This would lead to an improvement in the terms of trade of Germany and a worsening of the terms of trade of the United States. (5points) Note, however, that in the long term, the analysis of terms of trade effects should also consider whether the biases in economic growth in Eastern Europe will be in sectors of the economy more closely aligned with the export industries of Germany or of the United States. The greater the similarity of the export-oriented industrial push in Eastern European with the existing industries in Germany, the greater the supply side reversal of the favorable German terms of trade movement which had arisen from the demand side forces of the transferproblem. (5points)V. Assume that the monopolistic competitor produces tractors. He incurs fixed production costs of $120,000,000 and marginal costs of $8,000. The demand parameter is b=l/40,000. The total annual tractor sales in the Home market is 600,000 units.a. Graph the PP and CC curves for the Home tractor industry.b. How many tractor firms will exist in equilibrium? What will be the equilibrium price of a tractor?c. Confirm that this is a long run equilibrium.the price of $10 per bag.The demand curve is D = 400 – 10P.The supply curve is S = 50 + 5P.Determine the free trade equilibrium. Then calculate and graph the following effects of an import quota that limits imports to 50 bags.a.The increase in the domestic priceb.The quota rentsc.The consumption distortion lossd.The production distortion lossproduce only one good. The land supply in each country and the technology of production are exactly the same. The marginal product of labor in each country depends on employment as follows:Number of W orker Employed Marginal Product of Last W orker1 202 193 184 175 166 157 148 139 1210 1111 10Initially, there are 11 workers employed in Home, but only 3 workers in Foreign.Find the effect of free movement of labor from Home to Foreign on employment, production, real wages, and the income of landowners in each country? (15 points)（5PONITS ）The marginal product of labor in Home is 10 and in Foreign is 18. Wages are higher in Foreign, so workers migrate there to the point where the marginal product in both Home and Foreign is equated.This occurs when there are 7 workers in each country , and the marginal product of labor in each country is 14. (3ponts)PRODUCTIN: Overall products increase by triangle EAB (3ponts) Landowners will be better off in HOME but worsen off in Foreign (4ponts)1014。

西⽅经济学06任务0010100分答案⼀、单项选择题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。

）得分：401. 在国民收⼊决定模型中，政府⽀出是指（）A. 政府购买各种产品的⽀出B. 政府购买各种产品和劳务的⽀出C. 政府购买各种产品和劳务的⽀出D. 政府购买各种产品的⽀出加政府转移⽀付满分：2 分2. 属于扩张性财政政策⼯具的是（）A. 减少政府⽀出和减少税收B. 减少政府⽀出和增加税收C. 增加政府⽀出和减少税收D. 增加政府⽀出和增加税收满分：2 分3. 公开市场业务是指（）A. 商业银⾏的信贷活动B. 中央银⾏增减对商业银⾏的贷款C. 中央银⾏买卖政府债券的活动D. 中央银⾏增减货币发⾏量满分：2 分4. 菲利普斯曲线是⼀条（）A. 失业与就业之间关系的曲线B. ⼯资与就业之间关系的曲线C. ⼯资与利润之间关系的曲线D. 失业与通货膨胀之间交替关系的曲线满分：2 分5. 如果边际消费倾向等于0.8，政府减少100万元税收将使国民收⼊增加（）A. 500万元B. 80万元6. 下列⼈员哪类不属于失业⼈员（）A. 调动⼯作的间歇在家修养者B. 半⽇⼯C. 季节⼯D. 对薪⽔不满意⽽待业在家的⼤学毕业⽣满分：2 分7. 总需求曲线表明（）A. 产品市场达到均衡时，总需求与价格⽔平之间的关系B. 货币市场达到均衡时，总需求与价格⽔平之间的关系C. 产品市场与货币市场同时达到均衡时，国民收⼊与利率之间的关系D. 产品市场与货币市场同时达到均衡时，总需求与价格⽔平之间的关系满分：2 分8. 从纯经济的观点来看，最好的关税税率为（）A. 能使国内、外的同类商品价格相等B. 不⾄于引起国外的贸易报复C. 使国际收⽀达到平衡D. 应该为零满分：2 分9. 如果中央银⾏向公众⼤量购买政府债券，它的意图是（）A. 增加商业银⾏存⼊中央银⾏的存款B. 减少商业银⾏的贷款总额C. 提⾼利息率⽔平D. 降低利息率⽔平满分：2 分10. “挤出效应”会使总需求⽔平保持不变，因为（）A. 扩张性财政政策的刺激会因利率上升和投资下降所抵消B. 扩张性财政政策将推动利率上升，因⽽导致货币供给的增加C. 政府⽀出的增加将导致税收增加，从⽽使消费减少D. 以上说法都对满分：2 分11. 由于经济衰退⽽形成的失业属于（）A. 摩擦性失业12. 称为狭义货币的是（）A. M1B. M 2C. M 3D. M 4满分：2 分13. 财政政策挤出效应存在的最重要原因就是政府⽀出增加引起（）A. 利率上升B. 利率下降C. 利率为零D. 利率为负数满分：2 分14. 属于内在稳定器的项⽬是（）A. 总需求B. 公债C. 税收D. 政府公共⼯程⽀出满分：2 分15. 政府⽀出中的转移⽀付增加可以（）A. 增加投资B. 减少投资C. 增加消费D. 减少消费满分：2 分16. 若⾃发总需求增加10万元，使国民收⼊增加了100万元，则此时的边际消费倾向为（）A.1B. 0.1C. 0.9D. 0.5满分：2 分D. 增加⼯资满分：2 分18. 影响美元资产需求曲线向右⽅移动的因素有（）A. 美国公民对外国物品的需求增加B. 外国⼈对美国物品的需求减少C. 预期美元会升值D. 政府有预算⾚字满分：2 分19. 进⼝边际倾向的上升（）A. 将使开放经济的乘数减少B. 使国内消费品⽀出曲线向上移动C. 将改变国内消费品⽀出曲线斜率D. 将使开放经济的乘数增⼤满分：2 分20. 与封闭经济相⽐，在开放经济中政府的宏观财政政策作⽤将（）A. 更⼤，因为总需求⽅加⼊净出⼝后，使⽀出乘数增⼤B. 更⼩，因为总需求⽅加⼊净出⼝后，使⽀出乘数变⼩C. 不变，因为总需求⽅加⼊净出⼝后，对⽀出乘数没有影响D. 不能确定满分：2 分⼆、多项选择题（共 5 道试题，共 20 分。

上 海 财 经 大 学2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：经济学报考专业：各专业试题编号：411答案做在答题纸上试卷上答题无效（共6页）一、判断题（每小题1分，共20分）1、当生产成本增加时，垄断者的利润不会下降，因为垄断者总是可以向消费者索取更高的价格。

2、经过单调变换，效用函数仍能反映原有的偏好。

3、将社会资源平均分配是帕累托有效的。

4、如果两种商品是替代品，那么交叉价格弹性总是为负。

5、在垄断竞争市场上，因为所以每个企业都有一定的垄断权力。

6、伯特兰（Bertrand）竞争的纳什均衡结果与完全竞争下的结果相同。

7、每一个博弈至少存在一个纯战略纳什均衡。

8、禁止垄断者价格歧视将提高消费者剩余。

9、道德风险是由隐蔽信息（隐蔽类型）引起的。

10、为实现一定的税额，政府需对消费者征税。

在这种情况下，消费者更希望政府向他征收一个固定的税额，而不希望政府对他购买的某一种商品征收商品销售税。

11、如果边际消费倾向增加，国民收入将会减少。

12、政府储蓄等于国民储蓄减去私人储蓄。

13、实际货币供给增加可以通过价格水平的提高或者是名义货币供给的增加来达到。

14、在费雪的两期消费模型中，利率上升意味着储蓄的回报率提高，因此储蓄必然增加。

15、无论从短期还是从长期来看，通货膨胀率由货币供给增长率、货币流通速度变化率和产出的增长率所决定。

16、根据粘性工资模型，总供给曲线之所以向右上方倾斜，是因为使利润上涨的事件并不都会使工资上涨。

17、当某国的净资本流出增加时，它使该国的国民储蓄增加。

二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共40分）地址：上海市国定路506号104室（上财国定路大门向南200米）邮编：20043321、由多数投票决定的社会偏好不具备下列哪一个特性A．非独裁关系；B．帕累托有效；C．传递性；D．以上特性都是。

22、下表为两种商品分别在第一年和第二年的物价和消费量，根据显示性偏好弱公理，（x1，x2）应为商品A 商品B价格数量价格数量第1年 3 3 1 x1第2年 1 2 2 x2 A．（1，2）B．（2，7）C．（1，3）D．（5，8）23、下列哪一点为库尔诺（Cournot）均衡的特性。

哈尔滨工业大学〔威海〕2022 / 2022 学年秋季学期宏观经济学试题卷〔A〕考试形式：闭卷答题时间：120〔分钟〕本卷面成绩占课程总成绩 80 %一、名词解释〔每题2 分，共10 分〕1.乘数原理和加速原理2.资本广化和资本深化二、单项选择题〔每题1 分，共10 分〕1.在宏观经济学创立过程中起到根本作用的是〔〕A.凯恩斯所具有的独立思考和批判精神；B.1929-1933 年资本主义世界大危机C.罗斯福政的成功；D.古典经济学的衰落。

2.假设某国第1 年即基期的产出为1000 亿元，第8 年GDP 折算指数提高了一倍，而实际产出增加了50%，则第8 年的名义产出为〔〕元。

A、1500 亿；B、2022 亿；C、3000 亿；D、4000 亿。

3.假设甲乙两国合并成一个国家，GDP 总和会〔〕。

A、增加；B、削减；C、不变；D、不能确定。

4.一个预期长期实际利率3%、每年通货膨胀率5%的厂商正在考虑一个投资工程，该工程需要花费100 万美元，估量在两年内回收130 万美元，假设回收资金以当时的名义美元计算，该工程是否值得投资？〔〕A、值得；B、不值得；C、不能确定。

5.假设经济处于流淌性陷阱，政府购置增加了80 亿元，政府购置乘数为4，那么〔〕A、国民收入增加将小于320 亿元；B、国民收入将增加320 亿元；C、国民收入增加将大于320 亿元；D、国民收入增加不确定。

6.在IS-LM 模型中，由于货币供给的增加使得LM 曲线右移100 亿元，假设货币交易与预防需求量占国民收入的比重是1/2，可知货币供给增加了〔〕。

A、100 亿元；B、50 亿元；C、200 亿元；D、70 亿元。

7.当利率和收入的组合点消灭在IS-LM 曲线第三区域中，意味着〔〕。

A、i＞S，且L＜M；B、i＞S，且L＞M；C、i＜S，且L＜M；D、i＜S，且L＞M。

8.某人由于纺织行业不景气而失去工作，这种失业属于〔〕。