新托福词汇

托福词汇10000下⾯是⼩编给⼤家带来的托福词汇⼤全，希望⼤家积累掌握。

托福词汇必备⾼频积累(⼀)1. abandon [?'b?nd?n] v.放弃;抛弃2. abstract ['?bstr?kt, ?b'str?kt] a.抽象的 n.摘要3. academy [?'k?d?mi] n.研究院;学院;学会4. access ['?kses, '?ks?s, ?k'ses]n.接近;⼊⼝5. accommodate [?'k?m?deit] v.容纳;给…提供住宿;使适应6. accompany [?'k?mp?ni] v.陪伴;伴随7. accumulate [?'kju:mjuleit] v.积累8. accurate ['?kjur?t] a.准确的9. achieve [?'t?i:v] v.完成;达到10. acknowledge [?k'n?lid?] v.承认;致谢11. acquire [?'kwai?] v.获得12. adapt [?'d?pt] v.使适应;改编13. adequate ['?dikwit] a.⾜够的14. adjacent [?'d?eis?nt] a.毗连的;紧接着的15. adjust [?'d??st] v.调整;修改16. administration [?d,mini'strei??n] n.管理;管理局;⾏政;政府17. adult ['?d?lt, ?'d?lt] n.&a.成⼈18. advocate ['?dv?keit, '?dv?k?t] n.拥护者 v.拥护19. affect [?'fekt, '?fekt] v.影响20. aggregate ['?ɡriɡ?t, '?ɡriɡeit] a.总的 n.总计 v.总计托福词汇必备⾼频积累(⼆)21. aid [eid] v.帮助 n.帮助;助⼿22. albeit [?:l'bi:it] conj.虽然23. allocate ['?l?ukeit] v.分派24. alter ['?:lt?] v.改变25. alternative [?:l't?:n?tiv] n.替代物 a.选择的26. ambiguous [?m'biɡju?s] a.模棱两可的27. amend [?'mend] v.修订;改过⾃新28. analogy [?'n?l?d?i] a.类似;⽐拟;类推29. analyze ['?n?laiz] v.分析30. annual ['?nju?l] a.每年的 n.年鉴31. anticipate [?n'tisipeit] v.预料32. apparent [?'p?r?nt] a.明显的33. append [?'pend] v.附上34. appreciate [?'pri:?ieit] v.欣赏;感激35. approach [?'pr?ut?] v.靠近 n.⽅法36. appropriate [?'pr?uprieit, ?'pr?upri?t] a.恰当的37. approximate [?'pr?ksimit] a.近似的 v.与…近似38. arbitrary ['ɑ:bitr?ri] a.任意的;专断的39. area ['ε?ri?] n.地区;⾯积;领域40. aspect ['?spekt] n.⽅⾯;⾯貌托福词汇必备⾼频积累(三)41. assemble [?'sembl] v.集合;装配;收集42. assess [?'ses] v.对…估价;评价43. assign [?'sain] v.指定;分配44. assist [?'sist] v.帮助45. assume [?'sju:m, ?'su:m] v.假设;认为;承担;呈现46. assure [?'?u?] v.向…保证47. attach [?'t?t?] v.系;贴;使附加;使依恋48. attain [?'tein] v.达到;获得49. attitude ['?t?tju?d, -tu?d] n.态度;姿势50. attribute [?'tribju:t, '?tribju:t] v.把…归因于 n.性质51. author ['?:θ?] n.作者;作家;创始⼈52. authority [?:'θ?r?ti] n.当局;权威;权⼒53. automate ['?:t?meit] v.使⾃动化54. available [?'veil?bl] a.可得到的55. aware [?'wε?] a.意识到的56. behalf [bi'hɑ:f] n.利益57. benefit ['benifit] n.利益;津贴 v.有利于;获益58. bias ['bai?s] n.偏见;爱好59. bond [b?nd] n.纽带;债券60. brief [bri:f] a.简短的托福词汇必备⾼频积累(四)61. bulk [b?lk] n.体积;主体62. capable ['keip?bl] a.能够;有能⼒的63. capacity [k?'p?s?ti] n.容量;潜在能⼒64. category ['k?tiɡ?ri] n.种类;范畴65. cease [si:s] n.&v.停⽌66. challenge ['t??lind?] n.挑战67. channel ['t??n?l] n.海峡;渠道;频道68. chapter ['t??pt?] n.章69. chart [t?ɑ:t] n.图表 v.制图表70. chemical ['kemik?l] a.化学的 n.化学药品71. circumstance ['s?:k?mst?ns] n.情况72. cite [sait] v.引⽤73. civil ['siv?l] a.公民的;国内的;民⽤的74. clarify ['kl?rifai] v.阐明75. classic ['kl?sik] n.名著 a.古典的76. clause [kl?:z] n.条款;从句77. code [k?ud] n.法典;代码;习俗78. coherent [k?u'hi?r?nt] a.⼀致的;连贯的79. coincide [,k?uin'said] v.巧合，同时发⽣80. collapse [k?'l?ps] v.&n.倒坍;⽡解托福词汇必备⾼频积累(五)81. colleague ['k?li:ɡ] n.同事82. commence [k?'mens] v.开始83. comment ['k?ment] n.&v.评论;注释84. commission [k?'mi??n] n.委员会;委托;委托书;佣⾦85. commit [k?'mit] v.犯罪86. commodity [k?'m?diti] n.⽇⽤品87. communicate [k?'mju:nikeit] v.通信;交流88. community [k?'mju:niti] n.社区;社会;界89. compatible [k?m'p?t?bl] a.和睦的;兼容的90. compensate ['k?mpenseit] v.补偿91. compile [k?m'pail] v.编92. complement ['k?mplim?nt] v.&n.补充93. complex ['k?mpleks] a.复杂的94. component [k?m'p?un?nt] n.组成部分 a.组成的95. compound ['k?mpaund, k?m'paund] n.化合物 a.复合的96. comprehensive [,k?mpri'hensiv] a.综合的97. comprise [k?m'praiz] v.包含;构成98. compute [k?m'pju:t] v.计算99. conceive [k?n'si:v] v.构思;怀胎;认为100. concentrate ['k?ns?ntreit] v.集中;浓缩。

托福考试必考词汇为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理了托福考试重点词汇,下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

通关秘籍之托福考试必考词汇1单词释义abroad 1 ad 到国外，在海外2 n 国外，海外acoustic(al) a 听觉的;声学的affair n 事情，大事;(常[pl])事务;事态arbitrary a 任意的;强词夺理的assign 1 v 指定，选定2 v 把……归因于axe n (=ax)([pl]axes)斧basin n 脸盆，水盆;盆地，流域bison n ([pl]bison)[动](欧洲种和美洲种)野牛bow n 弓;弓形物，琴弓bunch n 球，束，朵，串canoe n 独木舟caterpillar n 鳞翅目幼虫，毛虫chapel n (常附属于大教堂的)小教堂clay n 黏土;泥土commerce n 商业;商务，贸易concrete 1 n 混凝土2 a 详细的，实在的conservative a 保守的，守旧的convert v 转换，转化crater n 火山口;(月球上的)环形山;(炸成的)弹坑;陨石坑cylinder n 圆筒;[数]柱(面)，柱面;气缸degrade v 降低;堕落;[生](使)退化;(使)剥蚀determine v 决心，决意;测定disperse v 使疏散，使散开;驱散(云、雾等)domain n 领土;(学问、活动等的)领域，范围earthenware n 土器，陶器embrace v 拥抱，抱;参与entity n 实体;统一体evenly a 全都的;匀称的expressive a 富于表情的;意味深长的fatal a 致命的;命中注定的flattering a 谄媚的，讨好的，奉承的formation n 组织，构造fungus n ([pl]funguses，fungi)真菌(包括霉菌、酵母菌和伞菌等) genus n 种类，类，属granite n 花岗岩，花岗石hardness n 结实，冷酷无情，苛刻，困难hesitate v 迟疑，踌躇;不愿，模糊，支吾humidity n 湿气;湿度immigrant an (来自外国的)移民(的)incongruous a 不调和的，不相称的injury n 损害，毁坏，损害integrate v 使成整体，使并入，使一体化，使结合起来investigate v 讨论，调查;审查Jupiter n 木星;[罗神](主神)朱庇特launch 1 v 放射;投出;提出，发出2 v 开办，创办;发动，发起;开展limb 1 n 肢，手足;翼，翅膀2 n 大树枝longing a 渴望的，热望的n 渴望majestic a 有威武的，威严凛凛的maximum an 极点(的)，最高额(的)，最大值(的);最高点(的)meticulously ad 当心翼翼地，细致地mode n 方式;模式;样式，习惯motif n (图案的)基本花纹，基本颜色;(艺术作品的)主题，动机，主旨nectar n 花蜜notice nv 留意;熟悉odor n 气味;香，香气;臭气organic a 器官的;有机体的;有机的([opp]inorganic)oyster n 蚝，牡蛎patch n 碎片;碎屑;斑点，斑纹;斑percussion n 敲打，打击;(乐队的)打击乐器组physicist n 物理学家plot nv 密谋，图谋;策划portray v 画(人物、风景)，画(肖像)，描绘;描写;描述predator n 捕食其他动物的动物，食肉动物principal a 主要的，首要的，最重要的;第一的pronounced a 决然的，断然的，强硬的publication n 发行物，出版物，刊物race 1 nv 竞赛2 n 种族raven n 大乌鸦recover 1 v 重新获得(找到)(失传的技术等)([opp]lose)2 v 恢复;痊愈(from;of)，糊涂([opp]dateriorate)3 v 赔偿(损失等);取得(损害、赔偿等)regular 1 a 有规律的;有秩序的;正规的，正式的2 a 定期的，定时的，常例的，习惯的render 1 v 致使……;使变成……2 v 表现，描写reserve n 贮藏物，贮藏量，保留地，贮藏所v 保留，储备(以备后用的)retrieve v 找回;取回roam nv 漫游，游历，游荡，闲逛rust v 生锈n 锈;铁锈schedule 1 v 将……列入程序表(方案表，进度表) n 排定，支配2 n 表(格);清单，明细表sediment n 沉淀物shaft 1 n 光线;电光2 n 隧道，管道shuttle v 穿梭般来回;短程来回运输n [宇航]太空穿梭机slope n 坡，斜坡，斜面;倾斜，坡度soul n 灵魂，心灵;精神spiral a 螺旋形的v 回旋staff n (全体)工作人员stereotype n 旧框框;陈规老套，旧习，成规，定型streamline v 把……做成流线型;调整(机构等)使现代化或提高效率subsidize v 给……补助金，给……津贴，向……发放奖金superficial a 表面的;肤浅的，浅薄的，一知半解的([opp]profound)swamp n 沼泽，沼地，湿地talent n 天资;才能;才能;本领temple n 庙，寺，圣堂，神殿thereby ad 因此，所以timber n 原木，木材，木料;(可做木材的)树木;森林;林场towel n 毛巾;手巾v 用毛巾擦treasure n 财宝，金银财宝，珍宝;珍藏，宝藏trumpet n 喇叭;小号undermine v 掘……的下面，减弱……的基础vacant n (房子等)空着的，没人住的;(位置等)空缺的version n 版本;形式vocal a 声的，(关于)声音的n [语音]元音weather v 使风化wonder 1 a 非凡的，奇异的2 v (对……)觉得惊奇通关秘籍之托福考试必考词汇2单词释义abrupt a 突然的，生硬的acquaint v 使熟识，了解[多用被动语态]agent n 作用物;成分ample a 丰富的，充分的，富有的arch n 拱门;弓形门v 把……做成拱形;使弯做弓形assume 1 v 假定，想象，设想;以……为先决条件2 v 担当，担当axis n 轴，轴线battery n [电]电池(组)bite v 咬，叮，蛰;紧咬n 一小口(食物)，少量(食物) boycott n 联合抵制;联合拒绝购买(使用、销售等) burden n 担子，负担，包袱canopy n (树)冠;冠层cathedral n 大教堂charcoal n (木)炭clerk n 办事员，职员;(商店的)店员commission nv 托付condense v 压缩;使浓缩consist v 有……组成(of);存在于(in);并存，并立(with) convey v 表达(意义);输送;搬运credit 1 v 归(功于某人)2 n 名誉，名望，声望dairy n 牛奶场deity n 神;神性;神的身份devastate v 蹂躏，破坏;使荒废disposal n 处置，处理domestic a 家里的;国内的，本国的eccentric a 特别的，反常的embryo an ([pl]embryos) 胚胎(的)，胚(的)entrance n 入口，大门evoke v 唤起;引起，招致extend v 扩充，扩大，扩展;发挥(力气);连续fatigue n 疲乏，劳累flavor n 风味formidable a 可怕的，可畏的;浩大的funnel n 漏斗，漏斗形物geographic a 地理学的，地理的grasp v 抓住，握紧，抱住，领悟，理解hardship n 困难，困苦hexagon n 六角形，六边形humorous a 有幽默感的，诙谐的，可笑的immobilize v 使不动，使固定in spite of 不管，不顾incorporate v 使混合;使加入inland a 内地的，内陆的intense a 激烈的，剧烈的;紧急的inviting a 引人注目的，吸引人的jurisdiction n 裁判权，司法权，管辖权，管辖范围，权限lava n 熔岩;火山岩limestone n 石灰石loom 1 n 织布机2 v 朦胧消失，(危急、忧虑等)阴森森地靠近makeup n 组成，结构meager a 瘦的;(土地)不毛的;思想贫乏的metropolis n 首都，主要都市;(产业、艺术等的)中心modem n 调制解调器v 用调制解调器联通motivation n 动机;动机因素;动力needlework n 针线活，女红;刺绣，缝纫notion n 意见，见解，想法，看法，观点;学说offensive n 进攻，攻势orientation n 方向;定向;取向pace n 步，步调，速度，进度patent n 专利(权);专利品，特权performance n 执行，实行，演奏;演出pianist n 钢琴家;钢琴师plow n 犁;黎形器具positive a 明确的，乐观的;建设性的;确定的([opp]negative) predict v 预言，预报，预报，预示prior a 在前的;优先的(to)([opp]posterior)propel v 推，推动，驱使publicize v 发表，公布;宣扬，为……做广告radar n 雷达，无线电探测器raw a 未加工的，粗的recreation n 疗养;消遣，消遣regulate v 调整(温度、速度等);管制，掌握renew v 重新开头，重订，更改(契约等)reservoir 1 n 贮水池，水库2 n (学问、精力等的)贮藏，积蓄revere v 敬重，崇敬roar n 轰鸣，喉(声) v 咆哮saber n 军刀，马刀scheme 1 n 系统;协作;组织2 n 方案;方案;路线;设计seemingly ad 表面上地shake v 摇;摇动;摇撼sieve n (细眼)筛，过滤网v 筛，筛选sloth n [动]树懒soup n (浓)汤;浓汤般的东西spirit n 精神，心灵，灵魂stagecoach n 公共马车，驿站马车sterile a 贫瘠的，无生殖力的，毫无结果的strength n 力气，体力;强度，浓度;特长([opp]weakness) subsist v 生存;活下去，维持生命，维持生活superheat v 使过(度加)热swarm 1 n (昆虫的)群，蜂群;大群;大堆2 v 蜂拥而至，涌往;挤满;布满tame v 驯服，制服a 驯服的，温存的temporarily ad 一时地，临时地，临时地thermodynamics n 热力学tin n 锡器;罐头tower 1 n 塔，楼塔;城堡2 v 高耸;赛过;(鹰等)飞翔treat 1 v 对待，待遇;处置;处理2 nv 探讨，论述trunk n 树干;躯干underscore v 在……下面划线;强调vaccinate v (给……)接种(疫苗)vertebrate an 脊椎动物(的)vocation n 职业，行业weave v (wove，woven/weaved)织;编制wool n 羊毛;绒线通关秘籍之托福考试必考词汇3单词释义absent a 不在的，缺席的acquire v 获得aggregate an 聚集(的)，集合(的)，总计(的)，共计(的)analogy n 类比，相像archaeology n 考古学，古物学asteroid a 星状的n 小行星baboon n 狒狒battle n 战，战斗(行动)，交战bizarre a 稀奇奇怪的，不同寻常的brass n (主[pl])黄铜制品;铜管乐器burgeon v 发芽，(突然)进展，急速成长canyon n 峡(谷)cautious a 谨慎的，当心的chest 1 n 箱，柜，匣2 n 胸部，胸腔cliff n 峭壁，断崖commodity n 日用品;商品condor n 秃鹰consistent a 全都的，不冲突的convict v 证明……有罪，宣告……有罪，定……的罪crisscross anv 十字交叉(的)dam n 水闸，坝，堰deliberate a 深思熟虑的，盘算周到的devoid a 无一的，缺……的(of)dispute nv 辩论，争辩;争吵;争端dominate v 操纵，支配echo n 回声，反响v 共鸣emerge v 消失;发生entrepreneur n 企业家;创业人evolve v 进展;进化extent n 程度;广度feasible a 可实行的，行得通的flaw n 瑕疵，缺点formulate v 把……做成公式，用公式表示fur n 毛皮;[pl]兽皮，皮货geologic a 地质学的，地质的grasshopper n 蚱蜢，蝗虫hardware n 五金器具;金属制品，零件，部件;硬件hibernate v 冬眠;蛰居;越冬hunger n 饥，饥饿immortal an 不死的(人、物)incredible a 不行思议的;惊人的inner a (最高级为：innermost;inmost)内部的([opp]outer) intent n 意图;目的involve v 包括，涉及jury n 陪审团，(展览会、竞赛等的)全体评审员，评奖人lavish a 过分大方的;过于丰富的，过度的，铺张的limitation n 限制;界限;极限;限制因素loosely ad 宽松地，松散地mammalian an 哺乳动物(的)meander v 曲曲折折地流;曲折，弯曲microbe n 微生物;(尤指引起疾病的)细菌moderate a 中等的;适度的;有节制的mud n 泥，泥浆;泥淖needy a 贫困的，贫困的notwithstanding adconjprep 虽然，尽管……仍…… official 1 a 官方的，正式的2 n 官员，高级职员origin n 根源，起因，由来;出身，来历pack v 包，把……打包，包装patience n 忍耐，容忍，忍受;急躁，耐性periodic a 周期的，定期的，定时的pigeon n 鸽子pluck v 拔，扯(羽毛等);采，摘(华、果实) possess v 具有(力量、性质等)，把握(学问等) predominant a 把握主权的;有力的，有效的prison n 监狱，拘留所;监禁，禁闭propensity n 倾向，嗜好，癖puddle n (路上的)水坑，污水坑radiate v 辐射;向四周扩展react v 反应;发生反作用;抵抗recruit v 招募(新兵)，召集rehabilitate v 改善，复兴，使复原renounce v 抛弃，放弃，背弃reshape v 给……以新形态(新方针);改造reverse nv 颠倒，倒转，倒退;逆转rocky a 岩石的;岩石重叠的，岩石多的sack n 袋，包;麻袋;硬纸袋scholar n 学者，有文化的人seep v 渗出;漏出;(观念等)渗入shale n 页岩sight n 壮丽;奇观;风景smell n 气味;嗅觉spacious a 宽阔的，宽敞的([opp]cramped) splendid a 杰出的，显著的，宏大的，名声赫赫的stagnant a 停滞的，不流淌的;萧条的，不景气的stew n 炖煮的菜肴v 用文火渐渐煨炖stress 1 n 压力，压迫，紧迫，紧急2 v 着重，强调，加重语气说subspecies ([sing]，[pl])n [生]亚种superintendent n 管理人，监督人，指挥人;(某一部门的)主管，负责人sweat n 汗;出汗tan v 鞣(革)，硝(皮);使晒成棕褐色tenant n 租屋人，房客thickness n 厚度;密度;稠密tip 1 n (塔、手指、尾巴等的)尖，尖端，末端2 v 倾斜;翻倒;翻toxic a 有毒的;中毒的tremendous a 可怕的，惊人的;巨大的;特别的，俚极好的truth n 真理;真实;真相，事实understand v 听说，获悉vacuum n 真空vertical a 垂直的，直立的，直立的，纵的([opp]horizontal)volatile a 挥发(性)的weed n 杂草worm n 蠕虫通关秘籍之托福考试必考词汇4单词释义absorb v 汲取acre 1 n 英亩2 n 地产，土地，耕地aggressive a 好斗的，敢做敢为的，有进取心的，行动乐观的analyze v 分析architecture n 建筑学;建筑(样式、风格);建筑物astonishing a 令人惊异的backbone n 脊骨，脊椎;骨干，主力bay n 湾，海湾，(山中的)凹地blade n (壳、草等的)叶片，叶身;刀片;刀口，刃breach v (对法律、义务等的)破坏;违反，不履行burial n 掩埋，葬礼，墓地can n 盖，罩子cavity n 穴，腔，空腔chief 1 a 主要的2 n 酋长cling v 缠住，绕住commonsense an 常识(的)conduct 1 v 实行;进行2 v 传导，传(热、电等)constant 1 a 稳定的，恒久的2 a 连续不断的convince v 使确信，说服，使承认critic n 批判家damp n 湿气，潮湿a 有湿气的，潮湿的v 弄湿，打湿delicate a 精致的，精致的;(仪器)灵敏的devour v 狼吞虎咽地吃;挥霍disrepute n 坏名声，声名狼藉dot v (-tt-)点缀eclipse n (日、月)食v 使失色;超越，盖过emit v (-tt-)出(声)，发、放(光等)，放射，放射(热等)entry n 入口;门口;登录exaggerate v 夸张，夸大external a 外部的，外面的([opp]interior);表面上的([opp]intrinsic) feat n 卓绝的手艺，技术，本事flax n 亚麻;亚麻皮，亚麻纤维fossil n 化石furnace n 炉子;熔炉v 在炉中烧热(金属)geomagnetic a 地磁的gravity n 重力，引力harm n 损害，损害;危害hide n 兽皮，皮革hurl nv 猛投，猛掷immune a 免疫(性)的incubate v 孵卵;孵化innocent a 天真无邪的;单纯的interact v 相互作用，相互影响involved a 简单的keen a 敏锐的，灵敏的lawn n 草地，草坪，草场limner n 画师，花匠，描述者loyal a 忠诚的;忠实的mammoth 1 n 猛犸(象)(古生代的巨象)2 an 巨物(的)，庞然大物(的);巨大(的)mechanism n 机制，机能;(机械)结构;机械装置(作用) microscopic a 用显微镜可见的;微观的;极微的([opp]macroscopic) modest a 有节制的，适度的，适中的;谨慎的，虚心的multiple 1 a 多重的;复合的，复式的，多数的，多样的2 n [数]倍数negate v 否定，否认;取消，使无效nourishing a 有养分的offshore aad 向海面吹的(地);离岸的(地);海面上的(地) ornament n 装饰，修饰;装饰物(品) v 装饰，修饰;美化paddle n 桨，桨状物;(轮船等的)蹼，桨板patriot n 爱国者;爱国主义者peripheral a 四周的，外围的;(神经)末梢区域的pigment n 颜料，色料，色素plummet v 笔直掉下;突然跌落postage n 邮费pregnant a 怀孕的，有孕的，怀胎的private a 私的，私人的，隐秘的;保密的proper a 适当的，相当的;正值的pueblo n ([pl]pueblos)印第安人的村庄radiation n 发光，放热，辐射线(热，能) ready 1 a 已做好预备(预备)的2 a 现成的，现有的rectangular a 矩形的，长方形的;成直角的reheating n 重新加热rent n 裂缝，缝隙;(意见等的)分裂，分歧reside v 居住;留驻;停留;存在review nv 回顾，评论;再验查;检查rod n 棍棒;杆saddle n 马鞍;鞍score 1 n 刻痕;裂缝;记号2 n 总谱，乐谱;(电影歌舞等的)配乐segment n 部分，节，段v 分割，分裂shallow a (水、器物等)浅的;薄的([opp]deep)signature n 签名，盖章smoke n 烟，烟尘v 用烟熏，熏制span 1 n 一段时间;很小的间隔;片刻，顷刻2 v 横跨，跨越n 跨度，跨距，范围3 v 达到，及staircase n 楼梯;楼梯间(室)stick 1 n 棒，棍;枝条;柴2 v 粘住;贴;使固着;安置stretch v 伸展，伸出;展substantial a 实质的，真正的superior a 较高的，上级的，有优势的，出众的([opp]inferior)sweep n 扫除，打扫v 扫过，擦过，拂过;吹去，刮去tank 1 n [军]战车，坦克2 n 贮水池，池塘tendency 1 n 倾向，趋势2 n 性情，偏好thin a 薄瘦的，细小的，稀疏的v 使薄瘦，使稀疏tire v 疲乏，使疲乏;使厌倦tract 1 n 宽阔的地面;(一大段)土地(森林)，地带;宽阔海面(天空) 2 n (政治、宗教的)短论;小册子;传单trench n 沟，渠v 掘沟tube n 管，管道;管状地下隧道undertake v 担当;承办;着手，从事vague a 模糊的，笼统的vessel 1 n 船，舰;飞船2 n 脉管，血管;导管volcano n 火山weird a 离奇的，奇怪的wrap v 卷，缠(绕);包裹。

precious/valuable 珍贵的worthless 毫无价值的thrifty/frugal 节俭的economical 经济实惠的make ends meet 收支平衡stylish 时髦的，现代风格的upscale 高端的costly 昂贵的exquisite 精致的exorbitant price 极度高昂的价格wealthy/affluent 富有的impoverished/needy 贫穷的temptation 引诱;诱惑物outfit 全套装备property 财富jealousy 嫉妒tempting 有吸引力的generosity 慷慨，大方charity 慈善philanthropy 慈善despise 轻视，蔑视botany 植物学botanist 植物学家botanical(botanic) 植物的plant 植物aquatic plant 水生植物parasite plant 寄生植物root 根canopy 树冠层/顶棚foliage(leaf) 叶leaflet 小叶rosette (叶的)丛生stem 茎stalk 杆leafstalk 叶柄shoot(sprout) 嫩芽/抽枝flower 花bud 花蕾petal 花瓣peel(skin) 果皮shell (硬)果壳husk(干) 果壳/(玉米)苞叶trunk 树干?bark 树皮branch 树枝bough 大或者粗的树枝twig 小树枝jungle 丛林?lawn 草坪meadow 草地/牧场prairie 大草原shrub(bush) 灌木cluster 一簇(灌木)fern 蕨类植物herb 草photosynthesis 光合作用chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis共生wither(shrivel， fade) 凋谢blossom 花pollen 花粉nectar 花蜜leaf 树叶pollinate 传授花粉pollination 授粉cell 细胞tissue 组织organ 器官system 系统seed 种子everlasting 永久的orchid 兰花crossbreed 杂交sequoia 红杉root pressure 根压bore 腔/肠cohesion-tension 凝聚压力column 花柱symbiotic 共生的immunity 免疫organism 生物/有机物necrosis 坏死barren 贫瘠futile 无用的carbohydrate(starch) 碳水化合物(淀粉)/醣类glucose 葡萄糖starch 淀粉fat 脂肪protein 蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished 营养不良的nutrition 营养perennial 多年一生的annual 一年一生的evergreen 常绿树larch 落叶松pine 松树spruce 云杉elm 榆树walnut 核桃树redwood 红木树【篇三】语言学1. linguistics 语言学2. linguist 语言学家3. dialect 方言4. accent 口音5. slang (words) 俚语6. grammar 语法7. symbol 符号，象征8. suffix 后缀9. affix 词缀10. prefix 前缀11. root 词根12. lexical 词汇的13. lingual 语言的14. bilingual 双语的15. monologue 独白16. dialogue 对白17. narrator 旁白18. Shakespeare 莎士比亚19. corpus 语料库20. informant 语料提供人21. pronounce 发音22. abbreviation 缩写23. syllable 音节24. vowel 元音25. consonant 辅音26. character 文字27. alphabet 字母28. letter 字母29. word 单词30. phrase 词组31. phonetic 音标32. phonemics 音位学33. p aragraph 段落34. parlance 谈话35. conversation 谈话36. speech 演讲37. lecture 讲座38. intonation 语气，声调39. tone 语气，音符40. emphatic 气势强的41. paraphrase 改写42. syntax 句子构造43. philology 语言学，文献学44. semantics 语义学45. abridge 缩减，删节46 excerpt 摘录47 emend 修订48 synopsis 大纲，梗概49 tag 标签50 genre 体裁，风格。

《iBT 新托福必备专业分类词汇》无老师iBT 新托福必备专业分类词汇托福考试本身是一个专业化的语言水平评测考试，本身专业知识是不应该影响到托福成绩的，但是在设计考试的过程中不可避免地会涉及到一些专业的词汇。

虽然这些词汇在美国人看来是日常中都会遇到的词汇，不应该算是专业词汇。

但是对于中国考生来说，由于教育体制的限制以及平时积累的不足，因此很多考友在面对专业词汇的时候，都感觉手足无措。

而且经常有很多文科生反馈，对于理科文章听不懂，当然也有很多理科生表示，理科的文章不好理解，由于托福考试的文章根本不会很深的涉及专业考试的内部知识原理，因此，唯一的面对不熟悉的专业就不知所云的可能就是对于专业词汇不够熟悉。

本次，无老师搜集了网上一个很强大的专业词汇的版本，进行大刀阔斧的删节为各位考友奉献出这个新托福考试专用的专业分类词汇，将各位考友在考试中可能遇到的专业词汇一网打尽，绝对不留死角。

此分类文件中大量删减了一些过于专业，以至于不可能在托福考试中出现的词汇，而且5页A4纸也十分易于携带，各位考友可以在公车上，地铁上，煲电话粥的时候，甚至听家长碎碎念的时候都可以背这份专业分类词汇！本专业词汇一共分为30大类，天文，地理，生态，人物，经济。

总之，只要是托福考试当中出现过的，这份专业分类词汇之中就一定会出现！而且最后还附上了一份重要学科名称，对于各位考友在听力考试中熟悉该lecture的属于哪一大项十分有帮助！可以说这份资料中所列出的词汇99%以上都是在托福考试之中出现过的，反之亦然。

而且无老师本次特别贴心的加入了无数励志诗词，欢迎各位考友也把自己的单词诗词在微博里@ 给无老师。

^_^新托福最新、1《iBT 新托福必备专业分类词汇》无老师1. ASTRONOMY 天文学astronomical天文的astronomer天文学家galaxy (Milky Way) 银河系astrophysics天文物理学observable可观察到的astrology占星学cluster星团deviate偏离solar太阳的solar system太阳系cosmos (universe) 宇宙solar corona日冕cosmology宇宙学solar radiation太阳辐射infinite无限的planet行星cosmic宇宙的planetoid (asteroid)小行星celestial天的revolve旋转；绕转celestial body (heavenly body)天体twinkle闪烁celestial globe天球仪naked eye肉眼terrestrial …地球仪Mercury水星celestial navigation (astronavigation)天文导航Venus金星stellar星的Earth地球nebula (复数nebulae或nebulas)星云Mars火星nebular(nebulous)星云的；星云状的Jupiter木星dwarf (dwarf star)矮星Saturn土星constellation星座Uranus天王星planisphere平面天球图,星座图Neptune海王星我寄愁心与明月，随君一起背单词。

1.托福口语考试常用的表达词汇1. I know很多学生都喜欢说这个词组。

其实，这种说法并没有任何错误，只是学生们要非常注意场合。

2. Judge这是个基本上所有学生都知道的词，表示判断的意思。

外国人通常非常反感甚至说讨厌别人judge自己，那么这里的judge指的就是告诉自己应该怎么做。

我们经常可以听到老外们说“Don’t judge me. I don’t need to hear that kind of talk. ”意思就是说，我知道应该怎么做，不要告诉我应该做什么，我不要这样的帮助。

这时候，老外通常的反应就是“whatever”，一种不屑一顾的口气。

再例如说，如果你跟一个外国人说你不要怎么样，应该怎么样，他们往往会有一大堆话来反驳你。

其实这除了是因为大多数外国人都有一种从骨子里透出的莫须有的傲气，主要是因为在西方文化里面，这样的judge别人的做法是非常令人讨厌的。

所以学生们要注意。

以上两个例子是大家在托福口语考试常用的表达词汇，其实类似这样让美国人反感的表达方式还有很多，大家在备考托福口语的时候，也能参考一下美国人的思维方式及表达习惯，不要犯太大的错误。

2.托福口语热门短语? ? ? 1.I’m an office worker. 我是上班族。

2.I work for the government. 我在政府机关做事。

3.I’m happy to meet you. 很高兴见到你。

4.I like your sense of humor. 我喜欢你的幽默感。

5.I’m glad to see you again. 很高兴再次见到你。

6.I’ll call you. 我会打电话给你。

7.I feel like sleeping/ taking a walk. 我想睡/散步。

8.I want something to eat. 我想吃点东西。

9.I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。

CONVERSATION1. 课程相关事务场景♦D iscussion讨论, presentation 发言topic题目, lecture演讲slide滑过,幻灯片library图书馆, collection聚集,收藏品,check in 报到，记录check out借，结账离开librarian图书管理员♦R eport报道, office hour办公时间，师生互动时间, submit上交on disk在磁盘上hard copy纸质版, soft copy电子文件, print打印, computer lab电脑室♦P roject课题，理科生作业tons of大量, cover 包括，写过，报导re-write 重写, research data研究数据database数据库, input输入output输出, , complete完成♦T erm paper,期末论文grade成绩, complicated复杂的, terrible mistake严重的错误, edited version编辑过的版本, overtired过于劳累的, rushing against the clock争分夺秒, mark标记，成绩, draft草稿, print打印, final paper,期末论文maintaining average维持平均, application申请, drop放弃re-take再上一遍, extension延期, discuss讨论, check back查阅记录, re-reading重读, submission服从，提交（物），投降♦e xam schedule考试日程表, term术语,学期（mid-term期中考试）, date日期, book,预定department部门,系, invigilator监考人, sign up注册, sheet纸张,单bulletin board公告栏faculty lounge老师休息室, square广场, draft,草稿dean院系主任, review复习，评论, draw up起草, manually用手，手动的, consult商量，请教, register登记♦P hysiology 生理学, sophomore大二学生, junior student大三学生，senior student 大四学生，second year course大二课程, first year student一年级学生, transfer转学, begin my first lecture开始我的第一堂讲课, introduce介绍, approach接近,方法, laws of physics and chemistry物理和化学定理, process of life生命的过程, vital force生命力, philosophical approach哲学方法, scientific experimentation科学实验♦F inal exam期末考试, midterm期中考试, multiple choice question多选题, essay question问答题,论述题comprehensive exam综合题, subject科目, textbook教科书, class note课堂笔记the final will count for 50% of your grade期末成绩将占你总成绩的50%，research project研究科目, run into problems遭遇问题♦S chool bulletin board学校公告栏, required course 必修课，first year student一年级学生, third year student3年级学生, research paper研究论文, final format最终格式, hand in上交, assignment作业, final grade期末成绩♦different concept不同的观念, hand in上交, issue发出,发行,问题revision 修正，复习, proposed topics所推荐的题目make comment作出评论the most frequent problem很多频繁的问题, broad宽的, preliminary outline最初的纲要, schedule时间表, available可利用的, appointment约定, final outline 最终的大纲, no more than two pages long不超过2个页长，thesis statement 论文观点, precise statement明确的观点, conclusion结论♦W orkshop研讨会, intensive加强的, techniques and skills技术和技能, personal attention 个人的注意力, advantage优势♦C onsecutive summer接下来的夏季, community center社区中心, workshop 研讨会, beginning students初学生, advanced students高学生, last four weeks前四个星期, credit（学分,积分）is awarded给予学分, spring break 美国各大学的春季休息，春假♦D iscuss讨论, administer管理, attendance出席, optional class选修课2. 相关事务+专业讨论场景♦C ourse课程, summer session暑假课程, elective n.选修课程, bird course容易的课程, splendor光彩，显赫, lecture hall,演讲厅lab实验室, tough decision艰难的问题, pick选择,挖, choose选择, relaxed放松, advice劝告♦E nquiry询问, credit course学分课程, off-campus在校外, program课程, remote远程, access使用,进入, internet因特网, degree学位distance education远程教育, diploma毕业证书, requirement要求, format格式, printed materials打印材料, audio-tapes磁带, video视频, teleconferencing 电话对话的, deliver投递, cost花费, fixed date固定日期, history历史，历史学♦D rop降低,退（课）fail,不及格flunk不及格math 数学, rough粗糙的, test,试验med school医学院♦U se your advice使用你的建议, premed医学预科生, introductory course介绍课程, non-science major主修科学, be weak in在某一方面是弱项, do poorly in在某些方面较弱, meet at the same time遇见在同一时间, modern drama course现代戏剧课程♦S emester学期, enroll in登记, 注册graduate course研究生课程, qualified 有资格的, hard time keeping up有困难跟上, favorite interest喜欢的兴趣, challenging反对，挑战的，要求, easy grade 容易混学分的课程♦P ermission to register允许注册, take the prerequisite先决条件, the beginning course课程开始, catalog目录, instructor教员，指导书, previous experience以前的经验, formal training正式的培训, decision决定♦S ignature信号，签名, schedule card选课卡, advisor’s approval导师赞同, quite a heavy load相当沉重的负担, drop the course放弃课程, seminar讨论会♦S ign up for a noncredit course报名没有学分的课程, intermediate level中级的水平, regular meeting定期的会议♦T ransfer转学, bachelor’s degree学士学位, associate degree, selectives选择性的, letters of recommendation推荐信♦H ard course艰难的进程rehearsal练习，训练, extra time额外的时间, once a week一星期一次♦F light program飞行计划，license执照, excellent reputation极好的声望3. 迟到旷课场景♦f eel good感觉好, point out指出, chapter章，回textbook课本, divide分开, project课题, focus重点, due到期的show up显示出, transcribe抄写，email电子信函♦o versleep睡过头, talk about谈论关于♦l ecture series讲座系列, attend出席，照顾，致力于, admission允许,录取♦f ill me in something: to tell sb about recent events,esp because they havebeen away from a place♦e g. You’d better fill me in on what’s been happening.dentist牙科医生, emergency紧急情况，非常时刻, missed somebody’s lecture错过某人的演讲, note笔记，记录，注意, make sense能说的通sense of humor/achievement/responsibility幽默感/成就感/责任感4. 转学场景♦g rad school 研究生院，public university公立的大学, private university私人的大学, community college社区学院, reputation名声class size班级大小, personal attention个人注意力, individual attention特别, interact互相影响, group discussion讨论团体, tuition学费，讲授, expense消费，开支, cost 花费, afford提供, affordable负担的起, location位置, environment环境, large city大城市, small town小城镇, college town学院城镇, top student顶尖学生, application申请，应用, experience经历，经验, special特别的，专车，特刊5. 实验室场景♦L aboratory实验室, research procedure研究程序, lab assistant实验室助手, retrieve information恢复信息, track the course追踪进程, monitor班长，监控，监视器, track the progress跟踪进度♦L ab instructor实验室教员, lab experience实验室经验, setup计划，设置，机构, equipment设备, result结果，产生, grade成绩, lab notebook实验室手册, proper precautions预先措施, protective goggles护目镜, toxic effect of chemicals化学品有毒的影响, lab procedure实验室程序, heavy metal重金属♦W orkbook工作手册，练习本, material重要的，材料, experiment尝试, available可利用的，有效的6. 图书馆场景♦L ibrary图书馆, spread out伸展出去, focus焦点, jam拥挤，果酱, spot地点，认出，恰巧, crowd人群，拥挤, comfy舒服的，轻松的,comfirm证实，far away 遥远的♦f inish完成，结束, renew更新，重申,renew a book续借, library card图书馆卡, late最近的，晚的；晚, mixed up使混合, request请求, fine罚款, overdue 过期的, pay工资，付, process处理，过程, sign符号，签名, suspend推迟，使暂停, privilege优待borrowing privilege借书特权(延长借书的时间)♦L ibrarian图书管理员, facilities设备, reference room资料室, reference material参考资料, dictionary字典, bibliography参考书目, literature guide文学指南, telephone book电话本, periodical room期刊室, newspaper报纸, magazine杂志, academic journal学术期刊, current issue现期刊物, back issue过期发行物, card catalog卡片目录, listed by title通过标题列出, by author and by topic依据作家和题目, call number电话号码♦R eturn返回，报答, shelves架子,check out借, reserve book预定书籍, overnight use 只出借一夜（的书）♦s econdhand bookstore二手书的书店, inscription题词，刻印, front cover封面，机壳前盖, signature签名，信号, poetry book诗卷♦p aperback section平装部分, index索引搜索♦e xit gate大门出口reserve预订，储备, additional copy额外的副本, article 物品，文章7. 课堂内容讨论场景♦b ursary大学奖学金，财务办公室, department部门，系, financial aid财政的援助, monetary财政的, grant授予，同意, determine决定, committee委员会, donor捐赠者, apply for申请，请求, financially金融上, in need在需要, consider认为, out-of-town城外的, requirement要求, website网站, on-line 上线, official官方的，官员, document文件, in person亲自，外貌上♦S cholarship学问，奖学金, available可利用的，有效的, maintain维持, average平均的, mark标记, apply for申请，请求, applicant申请人, committee委员会, honor信用，荣誉, award奖品, candidate候选人, weight 重量, guarantee担保, grade point average (GPA)平均分数, percent百分比, website网站, address地址, rigorous严格的, extra-curricular课外, hardship 困苦, achievement成就，完成, letter of recommendation推荐信, fill满足，被充满, time consuming job耗时的工作, recommend推荐, eligibility合格，适任, enrollment入学，注册8. 论文场景♦O rganize组织, essay小论文topic题目, chosen选择，精选的, broad宽的, narrow it down沿着狭窄的, compare比较, focused专心的，聚焦, interested 感兴趣的, begin开始，首先, discussion讨论, opinion意见，主张, fact实际, support支持, check检查, statistics统计学, percentage百分率, include包括, words语言，字, rough draft草稿, break down打断, subtopic小标题, reference 引用，参考，证明, material题目，主题，一般规则♦R esearch paper研究论文, discuss讨论, theory理论，推测, work progress工作进度♦R eport报告, subject科目, catalog目录, published source已发布的资料, gather material收集材料♦I nformation信息, plagiarize抄袭, failing grade失败的成绩, gather收集, assimilate the information thoroughly彻底地吸收信息, paraphrase释义, capture the mian idea获得主意, quote directly直接地应用, finalize the research paper完成研究论文♦D raft草稿, clear up the problem澄清这一问题9. 实地考查场景♦L ist列表, supply供给, on site, kit装备，工具箱, notebook笔记本, axe斧, glove 手套, instrument工具, measure测量，程度，尺寸, clean使干净，打扫, cancel 取消, weather天气，露天的, clothes衣服, outside外部的，在…范围之外, food 食物, snack小吃, transportation运输, transport运输, dig挖♦T rip leader旅行领袖, participate参与，分享，分担, report报告, field trip野外旅行10. 体育运动场景♦S pring cycling season春天骑自行车的时节, regular hobby一般嗜好, physical fitness routine日常健身例行要做的事, bicyclist骑脚踏车的人, expert riders熟练的骑手♦E ndurance test忍耐力测验, recreational cyclists娱乐骑自行车的人, racers比赛者♦S ki patrol滑雪巡逻队, ski patroller滑雪巡逻员, safety安全♦P hysical education class 体育课, rock climbing攀登岩石, rope绳, belt地带, buckle扣住, safety equipment安全设备,游玩场景♦B reak休息，打破，突变, racket球拍, reserve a court预定一个球场♦R ock concert摇滚音乐会, vacation假期，搬出, weather天气，露天的，风化11. 打工场景♦S ummer break暑假, excellent opportunity极好的机会, practice练习, dilemma 困境, difficult decision困难的决定, plan计划, volunteer志愿者, NGO （nongovernmenal organization）民间组织, chance可能性，机会, share分享, interesting有趣的, spend花费, accept同意, program程序, interview面试, company公司, application申请, apply for申请, money钱, advice建议♦T ough艰苦的, stressed有压力的，紧张的, dread可怕的, cram for the exam 临时抱佛脚（为准备考试）part-time兼职, balance平衡, hit the book k书, energy活力, tired疲倦的, sconsolation安慰, get through到达，做完, fondness爱好♦A nnouncement通告, hire租金，工钱，出租, part-time assistant兼职助理, experience经历, daily每日的♦L aboratory assistant研究室助手, fill out an application填一张申请表, fit into my schedule（将某事）安排进我的时间表♦V ariety of job opportunities多样的工作机会, responsible for有责任的, volunteer志愿者, service服务，维修, postions are open空缺的职位, link of service维修环节, career training职业培训, demand physical endurance需要身体的忍耐力, receive no salary没有薪水收到, pay for living expense支付生活开销, housing and food allowance住房和伙食补助, additional information 额外的信息♦I nternship实习, career opportunities事业机会, working experience工作经历, short term experience简短的学期经验, permanent employment永久就业full-time专职的，全日制的, academic credit学分, supervise管理，指导，监督, hand out分发, career advisory service职业咨询服务, living expense生活开销♦R un奔跑，管理，经营, marathon马拉松赛跑, motivator动力, inspire鼓舞, positive积极的, sponsor保证人，赞助, tons of money许多钱,♦I ntroduce介绍, volunteer志愿者, salary薪水, ceremony典礼, alumni男校友12. 报到注册场景♦R egistration注册，登记，挂号, time时间, determine决定, first year student 一年级学生, mail邮件, designated date指定的日期, specific time特定的时间, admission letter 录取信（通知）, average平均, previous以前的, session会议，学期，开会, pay支付, credit card信用卡, bank银行，岸, teller讲述者，计票员, confirmation slip确认错误, in person亲自♦R egistration注册, date日期，约会, newly admitted student最近承认的学生, undergraduate大学生, junior晚辈，大三学生, sophomore大二年级生, returning student回归生, senior高级的，年长的, check检查, pay attention专心, time时间，定期的, register注册，记录，登记, designated time指定的时间, pay支付, fee小费, financial aid财政的援助, financial officer财政的公务员, sponsor保证人，赞助, authorization letter认可信, on-line上线13. 校园生活场景♦m eal ticket 饭票，student card 学生卡，cafeteria 自助餐厅，move迁居，移动, accent口音，pod豆荚, international group国际团体, major主要的，成年人，主修, lucky幸运的, excellent极好的, booklet小册子, regulation规则，管理, rule规则，统治, conductive传导的, self-policed自身的治安, problem难题, allow允许, smoke烟, cook煮, plug插头, dryer烘干机, voltage电压, alarm警报, kitchen厨房, leftover残余物, clean-up day打扫日, hot water热水, meter 公尺, washroom洗手间, laundry facility洗熨设备, basement地下室, conserving energy保存能力, lounge area休息室, heat高温，压力, air-conditioning空气调节, storage area仓库, permit允许, hallway门厅, community space社区空间, prior notification优先的告示, safe安全的，保险箱, valuable有价值的, housekeeper管家, vacuum cleaner吸尘器, lock锁, key 钥匙, fire prevention equipment炉火预防设备, arrange安排, in advance预先，提前, religious propaganda宗教的宣传, dorm宿舍, furnishing：an article of furniture for the interior of a building, park公园，停放♦R oommate室友, dormitory宿舍，住宅的, unpacking our things取出用品, neat 优雅的，平滑的，齐整的♦H ousing office住宿办公室, living off campus在校外住宿, cost花费, rent租金，出租，租借, utilities实用工具, need a car to commute用一辆车的交换, noisy 响声，嘈杂的, peace and quiet安静♦W inter break寒假, dean院长，系主任, vacation arrangement假期准备, fill up the forms填满表格, heating cost暖气费，temporary accommodation暂时的住处♦H ousing director住宿主管, checkout procedure借出手续, leave for vacation 动身去度假, return your key归还你的钥匙, maintenance crew 物业, residence advisor宿舍舍监, pass around大约经过♦A partment公寓, dump倾倒，倒垃圾, functional功能的, noisy响声，嘈杂的14. 医院场景♦D iagnose诊断, patient’s illness患者的疾病, painful痛苦的, technological advance先行的技术, blood and tissue sample血液和组织样本, diagnostic techniques诊断的技术, detect diseases发现疾病, X rays X射线, side effect 副作用, uncomfortable不安的, endure pain忍耐疼痛♦M edical clinic and infirmary医院, nursing staff护理人员, get sick生病, a really bad cold重感冒, develop terrible coughs发生很糟糕的咳嗽, pneumonia肺炎, stay in the infirmary呆在医院, don’t feel well身体不好, rest more and skip a few classes休息和翘一些课, have medical excuse 请病假, emergency number紧急号码♦M odern medical facility近代的医学设施, health needs健康需要, dental clinic 牙医诊所, maternity ward产科病房, operating room（外科）手术室, special sugery特殊手术, surgeons外科医生♦S tudent Health Services学生健康检查部门, blood pressure（生理）血压, university nutritionists大学营养学家, processed foods加工食品, universityhospital大学医院♦P ain疼痛, discharge排放, slight earache轻微的耳痛, take it easy放轻松♦P revention阻止, symptoms症状, cough咳嗽, fever发热, chill寒心, flu流感, influenza流行性感冒, overtired累过头的, stressed out压得，累得喘不过气, virus病毒, sneeze打喷嚏，喷嚏, airborne virus靠空气传播的病毒, body’s resistance 身体抵抗力, ward off the flu避开流感, immune system免疫系统, fight off illness击退疾病, immunized免疫的，使免疫, vaccine疫苗，疫苗的, university health center大学健康中心。

新托福IBT听力场景入学：enrollment登记, 注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meetin g开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition, fee 费用placement test开学测试excellent 出色的average 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓:university- president 大学，校长chancellor名誉校长college 学院school 学院dean院长principal 中学校长professor 教授associate professor 副教授assistant professor 助理教授coordinator 班主任，协调人counselor辅导员advisor 指导老师instructor 讲师tutor 个人辅导supervisor 管理人undergraduate 本科graduate 研究生建筑物buildings:canteen.餐厅cafeteria.自助餐厅administration building 行政大楼main building主楼wing/annex配楼teaching building教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂, 礼堂=lecture hall assembly n.集合,集会hallcomputer lab 计算实验室，机房dining hall 食堂选课学科major 主修minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Attend class 上课Miss class 缺课Skip class逃课Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与杂semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要major 主修minor 副修exemption 免修syllabus 教学大纲Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）,openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长teacher/faculty 教师student's advisor 学生顾问physicist 物理学家mathematician 数学家chemist 化学家historian 历史学家statistician 统计学家作业：assignment 作业homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业lab report 实验报告book report 读书报告project 作业presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查survey 调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview .采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)内容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试：mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和BB plus B加A minus A减pass the iexam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆：library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalogue 图书目录classified catalogue 分类目录bibliography 参考书目title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程HypothesisAlternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect dataSurvey, questionnaire ExperimentInterfere, influenceObservationAnalyze dataInterpret dataAnalysisAnalyticalSubjectSampleTreatment groupNon-treatmentControl group校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letter of reference/recommendation CompetitiveBenefit future careerField researchCollect data for papersWaiter, waitress，BabysitterWork at the libraryQualification资格, qualified 合格的Resume, CVfinancial aid经济援助Scholarship FellowshipTeaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Membership 成员资格Career service住宿：宿舍：accommodation n.住处, 膳宿residence hall宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者,室友corridor n. 走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借, 租约landlord 房东landlady女房东rent租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台，sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartmenthouse key 房锁匙床上用品:pillow n.枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被电器类electric appliance(instrument; equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry 洗衣店）utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉range 煤气灶dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶refrigerator (freezer) 冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) 梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题:personalpossessions/property/belongings个人财产get insurance for personal possessions/property/belongsgarbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入讲座场景词汇Geology地质学Slide n. 滑坡Landslide n.山体滑坡Mud泥土, soil土壤Earth n. 土Sink v.下沉Ground water 地下水Irrigation n. 灌溉Freeze, froze, frozen v.冷冻Melt v.融化molten Gravity n.重心Aggravate v.加重Lean v.倾斜Slope n.斜坡Steep adj.陡峭Erode v., erosion n.腐蚀Fossil n.化石Dinosaur n.恐龙Sediment, deposit 沉淀物Marble 大理石granite 花岗岩Ore 矿石Stalactite 钟乳石Refine v. 提炼Platinum v. 铂金Seismology 地震学Vibration, tremor, 震动Wave 波动V olcano, volcanic 火山，火山的V olcanic eruption 火山喷发Magnitude 级数Collision n.碰撞Active adj.积极的Dormant adj.休眠的Extinct adj. 熄灭的Magma n.岩浆Lava n.岩浆Erupt v.喷发explode v.爆炸(explosion)boom n.爆炸Blast n.爆炸Avalanche n.雪崩地球科学Earth’s interior 地球的内部Seismic waves地震波Compression 压缩Shear（a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves）Slow down减慢速度Reflect 反射Depth深度Density 密度Boundary边界Mantle地幔Crust地壳Core地心Continental plate 大陆板块Tectonic plate (地球表面的)构造板块Continental drift 大陆漂移Layer, strata 层Stratify 分层Crack 裂缝Molten lava 融化的岩浆Climatic shift=Climatic changes气候变化Consistent pattern 统一的，始终一致的Solar energy太阳能Radiate 发射，放射Crude approximation 大概的猜测Speculation猜测Cooling down冷却Mechanism 机制Length of the dayPhysical force 体力Imaginary line虚拟线Artificial reservoir 人工水库LatitudeRedistribute再分配，再分布Spin 快速旋转Minerals 矿物质Diverse 多样的Specimen，Sample样品Abundant 丰富的Glassy像玻璃的Amazon stones天河石Firing vapor 炙热的水蒸汽Wipe out 根除，彻底消灭Mt Everest 珠穆朗玛峰Elevation 海拔，海拔增高Precise measurement精确的测量Global Positioning System全球定位系统Longitude 经度Latitude 维度Alternative sources of energy 可替代资源Gas hydrate气体水合物Trap 困住Flame 火焰Potential 潜在的Model 模式Geological fault地质断层Crack 裂缝seismic gap地震活动空白地带postulate 假设chunk 大块cylinder 圆柱cylindrical 圆柱形的ground tilt measurement地倾斜观测evacuate 撤出sedimentary adj. 沉淀性的accumulate 积累商业Insurance 保险Note 注意Contract合约Verbal agreement口头协议Repay 偿还Interest 利息Merchant 商人Cautious 谨慎的Paramount 极为重要的Manufacture 制造Label 标签Contention 所持观点Inform 告知Cost成本Profit利润loss损失Net净的，gross粗略的Supply and demand供求Supply chain供应链Fluctuation 浮动Recession 衰退Depression 萧条Marketing strategies市场营销策略Survey 调查Surplus 剩余Shipment 运输Distribution 分布Retail 零售Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算哲学Socrates, Plato and AristotleTheme 主题Logic 逻辑Rhetoric 修辞Fundamental causes 基本原因Principles of the universe 宇宙的原则Perceive 看待，观察Perception 观点Sense 感觉Soul 灵魂spiritElement 组成成分Reasoning 推理Ration理性, rational有理性的Contemplation 沉思，思考Judgment判断Just公正的，justice公正Justify证明, justification 合理的理由Explicit 明确的Ethics道德规范Ethical theory 伦理理论Moral 有道德的Ultimate truth终极真理Universal 普遍的Search for truth 追求真理Vary v.不相同Intrinsic 内部的Extrinsic 外部的Critic 评论家Old-fashioned 过时的Valuable 有价值的Survive 生存，存活Conservative 保守的Liberal 开放的Impractical不实际的Empirical经验主义的Cognitive 认知的Weaken 削弱Diminish （影响力）减小Medieval 中世纪Renaissance 文艺复兴Doctrine教义,主义,学说Idealism 唯心论，理想主义Epistemology n. 认识论Metaphysics形而上学,玄学Reconcile和解,调停天文学astronomyconstellation星座zodiac （星象学的星座）planet 行星sun 恒星Jupiter 木星Pluto 冥王星Saturn 土星Mercury 水星Mars 火星Venus金星Neptune海王星Uranus天王星Ceres 谷物星（the largest asteroid and the first discovered）White dwarf 白矮星Big Dipper 北斗七星Asteroid belt 小行星带Milky Way 银河系Galaxy n.星系orbit v.运行n.轨道rotate v. 转Axis n.轴track n. 轨道outer space外太空gravity n.重力equator n.赤道tropical 热带的brightness n.亮度dimension n.维度distance n. 距离Eclipse (日月食)Wane, diminish v. 逐渐变小Centripetal 向心Centrifugal 离心Nebula 星云(an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space）Nebulous adj. 星云的Gas 气体(rock, ice, hydrogen, oxygen) Particle 微粒Polar light 极光Astronomical 天文的Astrophysics 天文物理学Big Dipper 北斗七星Black hole 黑洞Celestial天体的Celestial map 天体图Centrifugal force 离心力Chondrite 球粒状陨石Chromosphere太阳的色球层Clockwise 顺时针Cluster 星团，一群星星Comet 彗星Cosmos宇宙,cosmetic宇宙的Cosmology宇宙学Emission 排放物，发射Faint 微弱的Feeble 微弱的Gaseous bodies 气态包Gravitational force 吸引力Greenwich mean time 格林尼治时间High resolution 高清晰度Ignite 引燃Illusive object 幻影物体Image 影响，形象Infinite 无限的Infrared ray 红外射线Interferometer 干扰仪Intergalactic 星系间的International date line 国际日期变更线Interplanetary 星球间的Interstellar星际的Leap year 闰年Light year光年Luminosity光亮度Lunar阴历的，月亮的Massive 巨大的Meteor流星Meteor shower 流星雨Meteorite陨石Meteoroid流星体Molten 融化的Naked eye 裸眼Observatory 天文台Photosphere 光球层Planetarium 天文馆Planetoid 小行星Polestar 北极星Pseudoscience 伪科学Quasar类星体Radiation 辐射Revolution 旋转Rotation 旋转Satellite 卫星Sky atlas天体图Solar corona日冕Space debris 太空垃圾Space shuttle 太空飞船Space suit 太空服Spin 快速旋转Star cluster 星群，星团Stellar 星星的Sunspot 太阳黑子Time difference 时差Time zone 时区表演艺术（舞蹈，电影，音乐etc.）Genre 艺术分类Performing art 表演艺术modern dance piece现代舞concert 音乐会play剧opera歌剧film 电影camera 摄影camera shotanalytical 分析的parallel 平行的ballet芭蕾舞choreographer 舞蹈指导Fine/visual arts 视觉艺术Abstract art抽象艺术landscape风景photography摄影exposure 曝光develop film 冲洗胶卷negative n. 底片portrait(portray v. )肖像, 人像、still life静物sculpture雕塑statue 人物雕像lifelike 逼真的vividanthem国歌Critic 评论家Criticism 批评，评论Review n.评论Masterpiece 杰作Have aesthetic value 有美学价值Aesthetic appeal 美学吸引力Feature 特点Characteristics 特点Distinct adj.与众不同的Unique 独一无二的Style 风格Technique 技巧Gallery n.画馆Edition n.专辑Release v. 发行Debut n.首映Impressionist 印象主义者Impressionism 印象派Perspective 透视法Angle 角度Press/Publishing house出版社Acclaim v. 盛赞mirage海市蜃楼prolific多产Preserve v. 保存Extinct adj.灭绝的，消失的文学Literature 文学Poetry诗歌biography传记autobiography 自传detective stories 侦探小说drama戏剧novel小说Novelist 小说家collection of short stories短篇小说集Allegory寓言Comparative literature比较文学Diary 日记Editorial 社论，重要评论Fiction 小说Aestheticism 唯美Autobiography 自传Descriptive prose 描述散文Fairy tale 童话Futurism 未来派Legend 传说Literary studies 文学研究Narrative prose 叙述性散文Podium 讲台Prose 散文Realism 现实主义School of literature 文学派别Leading character 主要角色Literary criticism 文学评论Literary studies 文学学习Modernism 现代主义Plot 情节Poetry 诗歌Prologue前言Proverb谚语Surrealism 超现实主义美术Art gallery艺廊Calligraphy书法Imitating模仿Landscape painting风景画Oil painting油画Paste粘贴Crayon 蜡笔，粉笔，颜料Pigmentation 颜料Canvas 帆布Wax 蜡Spectrum 光谱Perspective透视画法Poster海报Portrait肖像Model模式，模特mural壁画Panorama全景Pastel drawing蜡笔画Sketch草图Autograph手稿建筑Architecture建筑学Architect建筑师Architectural style建筑风格Art deco 装饰艺术Art moderneGeometric patterns 几何图形Arch 拱门Castle 城堡Cathedral大教堂Framing结构Lobby n. 大厅(entrance hall) Elevator n. 电梯Façade n. 正面Stairs 楼梯Interior 内部的Exterior 外部的Impressionistic style印象派风格Mosque清真寺Pyramid金字塔Revival 复活Renaissance 文艺复兴Medieval中世纪527 (Sofia)-1520音乐Accompaniment 伴奏Audition 试听，试表演Band music 乐队音乐Chord弦乐，弦Classical music古典音乐Concerto 协奏曲Lullaby 催眠曲Duet 二重奏Harmony 和弦，和谐Rock and roll 摇滚Serenade 小夜曲Solo 独奏Sonata 奏鸣曲Symphony 交响乐Ballad歌谣Folk music 民间音乐Prelude 前奏Epilogue 尾声Score 乐谱Note 音符Notation 乐谱，记号法Chord symbol和弦符号Lyrics 歌词Tempo 节奏Melody 主旋律Rhythm节奏Tune 旋律Conduct 指挥Violin 小提琴Viola 中提琴Cello大提琴Oboe双簧管Clarinet单簧管krummhorn['krʌmhɔ:n]n. 变号(一种古双簧乐器)Harp 竖琴考古anthropologist 人类学家ecological 生态的anthropologist 生态人类学家archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学Ancient civilization 古代文明origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同一种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘Scoop铲子ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品pottery 陶器(potter)Porcelain瓷器fossil 化石relic 遗物，文物Rock painting 岩石画antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老skull 颅骨Cranial颅骨的Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的Exhume 挖掘Paleoanthropology Prehistoric史前的Primitive原始的动物微生物Amino acid 氨基酸Antibody 抗体Bacterium 细菌Biotical agencyCalcium钙Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cell细胞Chromosome 染色体Disinfection 消毒Enzymes 酶Fatigue 疲惫Fermentation 发酵Fungus 菌类Gene基因Genetic engineering 基因工程学Glucose 葡萄糖Immunology免疫学Incubation 孵蛋Inflection传染Malaria 疟疾Microbe 微生物Nucleus 细胞核One-celled单细胞的Oxidation氧化Parasitic animal 寄生动物Parasite disease 寄生虫病Parasitology 寄生虫学Pathogen 病菌，病原体Protozoa 原生动物Sanitation 卫生Schistosomiaisis 血吸虫病Starch 淀粉Sterilization 消毒Toxin 毒素Vaccine 疫苗Virus 病毒Yeast 酵母动物living organism 生物bacterium细菌algae海藻coral珊瑚rodent 啮齿类动物primate 灵长类动物ape 猿chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩gorilla 大猩猩monkey n. 猴子mammal 哺乳类动物dinosaur n.恐龙bat (ecolotion) 蝙蝠（声波定位）snowshoe hare 雪兔子raccoon 浣熊polar bear 北极熊snout (动物的)口鼻部;reptile 爬行类动物snake, cobra眼镜蛇, rattle snake 响尾蛇lizard蜥蜴,snail 蜗牛amphibian adj. 两栖动物crocodile 鳄鱼frog n. 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪toad 蟾蜍pond 池塘puddle 水坑insect n.昆虫mosquito 蚊子fly 苍蝇cricket 蟋蟀grasshopper 蚱蜢honey beemonarch butterfly 大花蝶largemigratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweed egg 卵larvae 幼虫caterpillar 毛虫pupa/ chrysalis 茧termite n. 白蚁marine adj. 海洋的beaver 狸whale 鲸shark 鲨鱼dolphin 海豚penguin 企鹅predator n. 捕食者prey n. 被捕食者aquatic adj.水生的shrimp 虾lobster 龙虾clam 蚌crab 螃蟹bird, humming birdartery 动脉scale 鳞片claw爪, paw爪子horn 角hormone 荷尔蒙intestine 肠hive 蜂巢pollen n. 花粉pollinate v.授粉hibernate 冬眠migrate v. 迁徙communicate v. 交流保护色evolve 进化evolution n. 进化endotherm n.温血动物,恒温动物poikilotherm n. 冷血动物beak 鸟嘴enzymes 酵母secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌pancreas 胰腺odor 气味(还有aroma fragrance scent smell)gland 腺体chromosome 染色体植物botany植物学botanist 植物学家tundra苔原;冻土地带,冻原fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类laurel 月桂chestnut tree 栗子树root 根branch 枝stem 茎algae(pl. alga) 海藻organism 有机物birch tree (bark) 桦树crops 谷物corn 玉米maize 玉米chlorophyll 叶绿素amino acids 氨基酸protein 蛋白质nitrogen 氮photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用lichen 地衣,苔藓squash 南瓜one of a group of large vegetables with solid flesh and hard skins, such as PUMPKIN sbean 豆类植物nectar花蜜flower花floral 花的petal 花瓣bloom 开花blossom 花pollen花粉moss 苔藓herbicide 除草剂herb 草本植物herbivorous 食草的classification 分类hierarchy 级别hazardous 有毒害的Meteorology 气象meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家forecast (predict) 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层Convection 对流Stratosphere 同温层Barometer 气压计current （气）流vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid) 潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿；水分saturate 饱和absorb 吸收dew 露frost 霜fog (mist) 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水珠condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体downpour (torrential rain) 大雨tempest (storm) 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard (snowstorm) 暴风雪avalanche (snowslide) 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水Thunder 雷Lightening 闪电breeze 微风Blast 大风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风Cyclone 旋风，飓风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风Monsoon 季风Sandstorm沙尘暴Dust storm沙尘暴tornado (twister, cyclone) 龙卷风Tropical depression热带低气压Wind direction 风向Wind velocity 风速Wind scale 风力funnel 漏斗，漏斗云cumulonimbus 积雨云disaster (calamity, catastrophe) 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没overwhelm v. 淹没drought 干旱Avalanche雪崩Balmy 温和的Chilly寒冷的Frigid僵硬的，严格的Heat-wave热浪Tepid adj.微温的环保environmental protection 环境保护environmentally-friendly 环保的preserve v.保护，保存污染：pollute, pollution, pollutant contaminant n.污染物contaminate v.污染ecosystem生态系统ecology n.生态学antiseptic adj.防腐的atmospheric pollution大气污染垃圾: rubbish, garbage, trash, waste, litter处理: dispose of, burn, bury (landfill), recycle, reduce, reuse,dump回收:glass, paper, water,milk carton牛奶盒, tyre,aluminium cans铝罐,plastic bags, rubbish bags biodegradable packaging可降解包装, throwaway 可丢弃的disposable 可丢弃的discourage v. 不鼓励燃料none-renewable 不可再生的fossil fuels矿石燃料:natural gas, coal, petroleumlimited/finite natural resources 有限的自然资源alternative energy替代能源,replace=substitute v.取代wind power, hydropower水电,solar (lunar) power太阳能,nuclear power核能radioactivity n. 辐射性use up, deplete, exhaust v. 用光，耗尽conserve v. 节省，节约, 污染: water pollution, air pollution,soil pollution土壤污染,noise pollutionsoil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil pollution土壤污染stain n.污染，污点，玷污stink v.发出臭味tar n.焦油toxic chemical 有毒的化学物品fume n.烟，气味light pollution日光污染refuse废物sewage污水pesticide n.杀虫剂chemical waste化学废料congest v.使充满危害动物:poaching非法打猎，盗猎,damage natural habitat破坏自然栖息地,rare breed稀有物种,endangered species濒危物种,extinct adj.灭绝(die out, disappear), animal rights activist动物权益保护者, natural reserve(giant panda大熊猫)自然保护区,protect wild life保护野生动物,preserve v.保护disastrous灾难性的, devastation破坏, have disastrous effect on…对。

1.Basic building materials include: timber, mud, stone, marble, brick, tile, steel, andcement concrete. Masonry walls are built with stones or bricks, cohered through the use of mortar, first composed of lime and sand. The profusion of aluminum and its anodized coatings provided cladding material that is lightweight andvirtually maintenance free. Glass was known in prehistory and is celebrated for its contributions to Gothic architecture.✓timber [ ♦♓❍♌☜] n. 木材✓marble [ ❍♌●] n. 大理石✓tile [♦♋♓●] n. 饰面砖，瓷砖✓cement concrete [♦♓❍♏⏹♦] [ ⏹❒♓♦] n. 水泥混凝土✓masonry wall [ ❍♏♓♦☜⏹❒♓] [♦●] n. 砖墙，砖瓦墙✓cohere [ ☜◆♒♓☜] v. 粘合✓mortar [ ❍♦☜] n. 砂浆，灰浆✓lime [●♋♓❍] n. 石灰✓profusion [☐❒☜♐◆✞☜⏹] n. 大量(a profusion of 大量的)✓aluminum [ ●◆❍☜⏹☜❍] n. 铝✓anodized coating[ ✌⏹☜◆♎♋♓♎] [ ☜◆♦♓☠] n. 电镀层，电镀膜(anodize [ ✌⏹☜◆♎♋♓] 阳极氧化: 用电解方式给金属面镀上一层保护性或装饰性的氧化物)✓cladding [ ●✌♎♓☠] n. 覆层: 在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层✓celebrated [ ♦♏●☜♌❒♏♓♦♓♎] adj. 著名的✓Gothic [ ♈♓] adj. 哥特式的✓architecture [ ☜♦♏♦☞☜] n. 建筑，建筑学2.Two basic approaches to spanning over masonry walls are post-and-lintelconstruction and arch, vault, and dome construction.✓span [♦☐✌⏹] v. (桥、拱等)横跨✓post-and-lintel [☐☜◆♦♦✌⏹♎●♓⏹♦●] n. 框架(结构)，抬梁式: 在立柱上架梁, 梁上又抬梁, 在宫殿、庙宇、寺院等大型建筑中普遍采用✓arch [ ♦☞] n. 拱(连柱的)✓vault [ ●♦] n. 拱(不连柱的)✓dome [♎☜◆❍] n. 穹隆(结构): 类似于穹隆或圆屋顶的结构3.The Chicago architect Louis Sullivan’s career converges with the so-calledChicago School of architects, whose challenge was to invent the skyscraper or high-rise building, facilitated by the introduction of the electric elevator and the abundance of steel. The building’s skeleton could be erected quickly and the remaining components hung on it to complete it, an immense advantage forhigh-rise buildings on busy city streets.✓architect [ ♓♦♏♦] n. 建筑师✓converge [ ☜⏹☜♎✞] v. 聚合于，集中于一点✓school [♦◆●] n. 学派✓skyscraper [ ♦♋♓♦❒♏♓☐☜] n. 摩天大楼✓facilitate [♐☜♦♓●☜♦♏♓♦] v. 提供便利✓electric elevator [♓●♏♦❒♓] [♏●☜♏♓♦☜] n. 电梯✓abundance [☜♌✈⏹♎☜⏹♦] n. 充裕✓skeleton [ ♦♏●☜♦☜⏹] n. 框架结构，整体框架✓erect [♓❒♏♦] v. 树立，建立✓component [ ☜❍☐☜◆⏹☜⏹♦] n. 零件，构件✓immense [♓❍♏⏹♦] adj. 极大的4.Interior design of apartments and houses, that is, dwellings, usually involves bothpractical and aesthetic decisions. Choices have to be made for almost everyelements, ceilings and lamps, curtains and blinds, corridor and doorway, niches and ledges, grate and ventilations, terraces and staircases, even sewers ordrainers. Sometimes such designs are extended to the façade of the building, & and even to a fountain, or a gardening yard.✓interior design [♓⏹♦♓☜❒♓☜] [♎♓♋♓⏹] n. 室内设计✓dwelling [ ♎♦♏●♓☠] n. 住处，居住空间✓involve [♓⏹●] v. 包括✓aesthetic [♏♦♏♦♓] adj. 美学的✓ceiling [ ♦♓●♓☠] n. 天花板✓curtain [ ☜♦☜⏹] n. 窗帘✓blind [♌●♋♓⏹♎] n. 窗帘: 尤指固定在卷轴上能够拉下来的布质窗帘✓corridor [ ❒☜♎☜] n. 走廊✓doorway [ ♎♦♏✋] n. 门口✓niche [⏹♓♦☞] n. 壁橱✓ledge [●♏♎✞] n. 壁架✓grate [♈❒♏♓♦] n. 壁炉✓ventilation [ ♏⏹♦☜●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 通风设备✓terrace [ ♦♏❒☜♦] n. 阳台✓staircase [ ♦♦♏☜♏♓♦] n. 楼梯✓sewer [ ♦◆☜] n. 排水沟✓drainer [ ♎❒♏♓⏹☜] n. 下水道装置，滤水器✓façade [♐☜♦♎] n. (建筑物的)外立面(正面)✓fountain [ ♐♋◆⏹♦♓⏹] n. 喷泉✓yard [ ♎] n. 庭院5.The lease is a contract of rent under which one party, called landlord or lessor,grants possession and use of the property for a limited term to the other party, who is called tenant or lessee.✓lease [●♓♦] n. 租约✓rent [❒♏⏹♦] n. 租金✓landlord [ ●✌⏹♎●♎] n. 房东✓lessor [ ●♏♦] n. 出租人✓grant [♈❒⏹♦] v. 授与(权利)，让与(财产)✓possession [☐☜♏☞☜⏹] n. 占有，拥有✓property [ ☐❒☐☜♦♓] n. 财产，所有物✓tenant [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹♦] n. 房客✓lessee [●♏♦♓] n. 承租人6. A big city, or metropolis, is often accompanied by suburbs. Such cities areusually associated with metropolitan areas and urban sprawl, creating largeamounts of business commuters. Once a city sprawls far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.✓metropolis [❍☜♦❒♋☐☜●♓♦] n. 大城市✓suburb [ ♦✈♌☜♌] n. 城郊(缩写: sub [♦✈♌])✓be associated with [♌♓] [☜♦☜◆☞♓♏♓♦] [♦♓❆] v. 与……相关✓metropolitan [❍♏♦❒☜☐●☜♦☜⏹] adj. 大城市的✓urban [ ☜♌☜⏹] adj. 城市的✓sprawl [♦☐❒●] n. (城市的)无计划扩展✓commuter[ ☜❍◆♦☜] n. 通勤者: 定期从一地到另一地旅行的人, 如从郊区到城市并回来✓deem [♎♓❍] v. 视为✓conurbation [ ♋⏹☜♌♏♓☞☜⏹] n. (连带卫星城镇和市郊的)大都市✓megalopolis [ ❍♓♈☜●♋☐☜●☜♦] n. 特大城市7.Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazardsof wastes, either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents ofdisease, which include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domesticwastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), etc. Hygienic means of prevention can be practiced by using simple technologies (e. g. latrines, septic tanks), or bypersonal hygiene practices.✓sanitation [♦✌⏹☜♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 公共卫生✓hygienic [♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹♓] adj. 卫生学的(hygiene [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹] 卫生学)✓microbiological [ ❍♋♓❒☜◆♌♋♓☜●♎✞♓☜●] adj. 微生物学的✓agent [ ♏♓♎✞☜⏹♦] n. 媒介✓feces [ ♐♓♦♓] n. 粪便✓domestic [♎☜❍♏♦♦♓] adj. 家庭的✓sewage [ ♦◆♓♎✞] n. 污水✓sullage [ ♦✈●♓♎✞] n. (房屋、街道等排出的)污物✓greywater [ ♈❒♏♓♦♦☜] n. 生活污水✓latrine [●☜♦❒♓⏹] n. 公共厕所✓septic tank [ ♦♏☐♦♓] [♦✌☠] n. 化粪池✓personal hygiene practice [ ☐☜♦☜⏹●] [ ♒♋♓♎✞♓⏹] [ ☐❒✌♦☜♦] v. 个人卫生习惯8. A public utility (usually just utility) is a company that maintains and provides theinfrastructure for a public service. Although utilities can be privately owned or publicly owned, they often involve natural monopolies.✓public utility [ ☐✈♌●♓] [ ◆♦♓●☜♦♓] n. 公用事业✓infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施✓privately owned [ ☐❒♋♓☜♦●♓] [☜◆⏹♎] adj. 私有✓publicly owned [ ☐✈♌●♓●♓] [☜◆⏹♎] adj. 公有✓monopoly [❍☜⏹☐☜●♓] n. 垄断9.The field of transport has several aspects: infrastructure, vehicles, andoperations. Infrastructure includes the transport networks (roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines, etc.) that are used, as well as the nodes or terminals (such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports). Vehicles travelling on the networks will include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains and aircraft. The operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated on thenetwork and the procedures set for this purpose including the legal environment (Laws, Codes, Regulations, etc.) Policies, such as how to finance the system (for example, the use of tolls or gasoline taxes) may be considered part of theoperations.✓vehicle [ ♓♓●] n. 交通工具✓operation [ ♋☐☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 运营✓canal [ ☜⏹✌●] n. 运河✓pipeline [ ☐♋♓☐●♋♓⏹] n. 管道，输送管道✓node [⏹☜◆♎] n. 中转站✓terminal [ ♦☜❍♓⏹●] n. 终点站✓seaport [ ♦♓☐♦] n. 港口✓law [●] n. 法律✓code [ ☜◆♎] n. 法规✓regulation [❒♏♈◆●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 规章制度✓toll [♦☜◆●] n. 通行费✓gasoline [ ♈✌♦☜●♓⏹] n. 汽油10.Rail transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeledvehicles specially designed to run along railways or railroads. Typical railwaytracks consist of two parallel rails, normally made of steel, secured tocrossbeams, termed ties. The ties maintain a constant distance between the two rails; a measurement known as the "gauge" of the track. To maintain thealignment of the track it is either laid on a bed of ballast or else secured to a solid concrete foundation. Rail transport is an energy-efficient andcapital-intensive component of logistics; in contrast, a traditional wagon can carry no more than several tons of freight.✓rail transport [❒♏♓●] [♦❒✌⏹♦☐♦] n. 铁路运输✓conveyance [ ☜⏹♏♓☜⏹♦] n. 运送✓by means of [♌♋♓] [❍♓⏹] [☜] prep. 通过……方式✓consist of [ ☜⏹♦♓♦♦] [☜] v. 由……组成✓secure to [♦♓◆☜] [♦◆] v. 固定在……✓crossbeam [♊❒♦♌♓❍] n. 横梁✓tie [♦♋♓] n. 枕木✓gauge [♈♏♓♎✞] n. 轨距✓alignment [☜●♋♓⏹❍☜⏹♦] n. 直线排列✓ballast [ ♌✌●☜♦♦] n. 道碴✓concrete [ ⏹❒♓♦] n. 混凝土✓energy-efficient [ ♏⏹☜♎✞♓] [♓♐♓☞☜⏹♦] adj. 能源节约的✓capital-intensive [ ✌☐♓♦●♓⏹♦♏⏹♦♓] adj. 资本密集型的✓logistics [●☜◆♎✞♓♦♦♓♦] n. 物流✓wagon [ ♦✌♈☜⏹] n. 四轮马车✓freight [♐❒♏♓♦] n. 货物11.Developments in technology have eroded some of the natural monopoly aspects oftraditional public utilities. For instance, electricity generation, electricityretailing, telecommunication and postal services have become competitive insome countries and the trend towards liberalization, deregulation andprivatization of public utilities is growing, but the network infrastructure used to distribute most utility products and services has remained largelymonopolistic.✓erode [♓❒☜◆♎] v. 侵蚀✓retailing [ ❒♓♦♏♓●♓☠] n. 零售✓postal service [ ☐☜◆♦♦☜●] [ ♦☜☜♦] n. 邮电业✓competitive [ ☜❍☐♏♦☜♦♓] adj. 竞争的✓trend [♦❒♏⏹♎] n. 趋势✓liberalization [ ●♓♌☜❒☜●☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 自由化✓deregulation [♎♓❒♏♈◆●♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 撤销(价格, 费用方面的)管制规定✓privatization [ ☐❒♋♓☜♦☜♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 私有化✓infrastructure [ ♓⏹♐❒☜♦♦❒✈♦☞☜] n. 基础设施✓distribute [♎♓♦♦❒♓♌◆♦] v. 分配✓monopolistic [❍☜⏹☐☜♊●♓♦♦♓] adj. 垄断的12.An aspiring master would have to pass through the career chain from apprenticeto journeyman before he could be elected to become a master craftsman. He would then have to produce a sum of money and a masterpiece before he could actually join the guild.✓aspiring [☜♦☐♋♓☜❒♓☠] adj. 有志向的✓master [ ❍♦♦☜] n. 大师✓pass through [☐♦] [ ❒◆] v. 经过✓apprentice [☜☐❒♏⏹♦☜♦] n. 学徒✓journeyman [ ♎✞☜⏹♓❍☜⏹] n. 学徒期满的职工✓masterpiece [ ❍♦♦☜☐♓♦] n. 杰作✓actually [ ✌♦☞◆☜●♓] adv. 实际上✓guild [♈♓●♎] n. (中世纪的)行会13.A craftsperson who perhaps has at first sold craft items only to friends or atlocal bazaars may find that increased demand leads to a wider clientele and sales by mail order, at crafts fairs, or through a shop.✓craft [ ❒♐♦] adj. 手工制作的✓bazaar [♌☜] n. 集市✓clientele [ ●♋♓☜⏹♦♏●] n. 顾客✓fair [♐♏☜] n. 市集14.There is a fine line of distinction between crafts produced by amateur hobbyistsfor their personal satisfaction and those made by gifted artisans with a view toward the use and enjoyment of others.✓fine [♐♋♓⏹] adj. (区别)微小的，细微的✓distinction [♎♓♦♦♓☠☞☜⏹] n. 区别✓amateur hobbyist [ ✌❍☜♦☜] [ ♒♋♌♓♓♦♦] n. 业余爱好者✓artisan [ ❒♦♓⏹] n. 工匠15.Fabric weaving involves interlacing warp and weft. The yarn threads of warp arearranged parallel to one another and held in tension on a loom, while the single thread wefts pass over or under the warp threads to create a solid or patterned piece of clothes. To create larger pieces, a treadle loom is usually needed.✓fabric weaving [ ♐✌♌❒♓] [ ♦♓♓☠] n. 纺织编织✓involve [♓⏹●] v. 包括✓interlace [ ♓⏹♦☜●♏♓♦] v. 使交织✓warp [♦☐] n. 织物上纵的方向的纱或线✓weft [♦♏♐♦] n. 织物上横的方向的纱或线✓yarn threads [ ⏹] [ ❒♏♎] n. 纺线丝✓parallel [ ☐✌❒☜●♏●] adj. 平行的✓tension [ ♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 绷紧状态✓loom [●◆❍] n. 织布机✓solid [ ♦●♓♎] adj. 结实的✓treadle loom [ ♦❒♏♎●] [●◆❍] n. 脚踏织布机16.Basketry is the craft of making baskets and bags, mats, rugs, and other itemsthrough weaving, plaiting, and coiling techniques, using materials such as reed, cane, rush, sisal fiber, ash-wood splints, and ropes twisted from strands of hemp.✓basketry [ ♌♦☜♦❒♓] n. 编篮工艺✓mat [❍✌♦] n. 垫子✓rug [❒✈♈] n. 地毯✓plait [☐●✌♦] v. 打褶✓coil [ ♓●] v. 缠绕✓reed [❒♓♎] n. 芦苇✓cane [ ♏♓⏹] n. 藤条✓rush [❒✈☞] n. 灯心草✓sisal [ ♦♋♓♦☜●] n. 波罗麻: 一种分布在墨西哥和中美洲的植物✓fiber [ ♐♋♓♌☜] n. 纤维✓ash-wood [✌☞♦◆♎] adj. 梣木的✓splint [♦☐●♓⏹♦] n. 薄木条✓twist [♦♦♓♦♦] v. 捻✓strand [♦♦❒✌⏹♎] n. 股✓hemp [♒♏❍☐] n. 大麻纤维17.In ornamental knotting, cotton, linen, or jute cord is used to make bags, wallhangings, and containers.✓ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的✓knotting [ ⏹♦♓☠] n. 结形花边，流苏✓cotton [ ♋♦⏹] n. 棉布✓linen [ ●♓⏹☜⏹] n. 亚麻布✓jute cord [♎✞◆♦] [ ♎] n. 黄麻绳✓wall hanging [♦●] [ ♒✌☠♓☠] n. 壁毯18.In quilting, three layers of fabric (a decorative top layer, filler, and a liner) arestitched or tied together.✓quilt [ ♦♓●♦] v. 缝被子✓quilting [ ♦♓●♦♓☠] n. 被子面料✓layer [ ●♏♓☜] n. 层✓decorative [ ♎♏☜❒☜♦♓] adj. 装饰性的✓filler [ ♐♓●☜] n. 填充物✓liner [ ●♋♓⏹☜] n. 衬里✓stitch [♦♦♓♦☞] v. 缝合19.Many useful objects can be fashioned from leather, using such special tools asleather shears, punches for carving thick leather, thonging chisels, and lacing needles.✓fashion [ ♐✌☞☜⏹] v. 制造✓leather [ ●♏❆☜] n. 皮革✓shear [☞♓☜] n. 剪刀✓punch [☐✈⏹♦☞] n. 打孔器✓carve [ ] v. 切割✓thong [ ☠] v. 给……装上皮带子✓chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子✓lace [●♏♓♦] v. 穿线✓needle [ ⏹♓♎●] n. 针20.Ceramic objects can be molded completely by hand or thrown on a potter’s wheel.When the clay hardens, it is fired in a high-temperature oven, or kiln, tostrengthen it. To make the object waterproof, glazes may then be applied and the piece fired again.✓ceramic [♦☜❒✌❍♓] adj. 陶器的✓mold [❍☜◆●♎] v. 塑造✓throw [ ❒☜◆] v. 在陶轮上形成✓potter's wheel [ ☐♦☜♦] [♦♓●] n. 陶轮✓clay [ ●♏♓] n. 粘土✓oven [ ✈☜⏹] n. 烤炉✓kiln [ ♓●⏹] n. 窑✓waterproof [ ♦♦☜☐❒◆♐] adj. 防水的✓glaze [♈●♏♓] n. 釉料21.Such basic woodworking techniques as sawing, joining, and finishing can beemployed to make a wide variety of useful and ornamental objects, from jewelry boxes to picture frames.✓woodworking [ ♦◆♎♦☜♓☠] adj. 木工的✓sawing [ ♦♓☠] n. 锯✓joining [ ♎✞♓⏹♓☠] n. 拼接✓finishing [ ♐♓⏹♓☞♓☠] n. 抛光✓ornamental [ ⏹☜❍♏⏹♦●] adj. 装饰性的✓picture frame [ ☐♓♦☞☜] [♐❒♏♓❍] n. 相框22.Carpenter tools include saws, planes, flat-edged chisels, semicircular gouge,boring tools such as brace, drills, and measuring tools such as steel rules,C-clamp, squares and trisquare, etc.✓carpenter [ ☐♓⏹♦☜] n. 木匠✓saw [♦] n. 锯✓plane [☐●♏♓⏹] n. 刨✓chisel [ ♦☞♓●] n. 凿子✓gouge [♈♋◆♎✞] n. 半圆凿✓boring [ ♌❒♓☠] n. 钻(孔)✓brace [♌❒♏♓♦] n. 手摇曲柄钻✓drill [♎❒♓●] n. 钻孔机✓C-clamp [♦♓●✌❍☐] n. C型夹✓square [♦♦♏☜] n. 直角尺✓trisquare [ ♦❒♋♓♦♦♏☜] n. 曲尺23.The tenon, a rectangular or square projection from the end of one member, fitssnugly into the mortise cut in the second member, thus joining the twoperpendicularly.✓tenon [ ♦♏⏹☜⏹] n. 榫✓projection [☐❒☜♎✞♏☞☜⏹] n. 凸出物✓snugly [ ♦⏹✈♈●♓] adv. 紧紧地✓mortise [ ❍♦☜♦] n. 榫眼✓perpendicularly [ ☐☜☐☜⏹♎♓◆●☜●♓] adv. 垂直地24.Finishes serve to protect and preserve the wood and to bring out the beauty ofthe grain. Pieces are finished with rasps, files, and sandpaper. Common finishes include waxes, oils, bleaches, fillers, stains, shellac, varnish, lacquer, sealers, and paints, including enamels.✓bring out [♌❒♓☠] [♋◆♦] v. 显示出✓grain [♈❒♏♓⏹] n. 纹理图案✓rasp [❒♦☐] n. 粗锉: 一种有锋利凸起的钝锉✓file [♐♋♓●] n. 锉刀✓sandpaper [ ♦✌⏹♎☐♏♓☐☜] n. 沙纸✓wax [♦✌♦] n. 石蜡✓bleach [♌●♓♦☞] n. 漂白✓filler [ ♐♓●☜] n. 填料: 用于在完工前将木头、塑料或其它建筑表面填入孔、裂缝或洞✓stain [♦♦♏♓⏹] n. 着色剂: 能够渗透表层并着深色的一种液体物质, 尤用于木头上✓shellac [☞☜●✌] n. 虫胶清漆: 用于涂饰木料的物质✓varnish [ ⏹☜☞] n. 清漆: 用于把表面涂成坚硬的物质, 有光泽的透明的膜✓lacquer [ ●✌☜] n. 天然漆: 一种用作表面涂层的光滑的树脂般的物质✓sealer [ ♦♓●☜] n. (油漆)封底层: 一种密封物质, 比如用来给平面上胶的油漆或清漆的底层✓paint [☐♏♓⏹♦] n. 油漆✓enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆: 一种玻璃似的, 烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层25.Paints are formed by mixing a pigment and a binder, a fluid vehicle, such aslinseed oil, that solidifies when exposed to air. A varnish is a transparent solution that solidifies into a protective coating. Opaque and colored varnishes are called lacquers.✓pigment [ ☐♓♈❍☜⏹♦] n. 色素✓binder [ ♌●♋♓⏹♎☜] n. 粘合剂✓vehicle [ ♓♓●] n. 调漆料: 与油漆混合在一起以供使用的一种物质, 如润滑油等✓linseed oil [ ●♓⏹♦♓♎] [ ♓●] n. 亚麻油✓solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] v. (使)凝固✓expose [♓♦☐☜◆] v. 暴露✓transparent [♦❒✌⏹♦☐♏☜❒☜⏹♦] adj. 透明的✓solution [♦☜●◆☞☜⏹] n. 溶液✓coating [ ☜◆♦♓☠] n. 涂层✓opaque [☜◆☐♏♓] adj. 不透明的26.Cookery involves a diverse array of cuisines. Food may be immersed in liquidssuch as water, stock, or wine (boiling, poaching, stewing); immersed in fat or oil (frying); exposed to vapor (steaming and, to some extent, braising); exposed to dry heat (roasting, baking, broiling); and subjected to contact with hot fats (sauting).✓cookery [ ◆☜❒♓] n. 烹饪✓diverse [♎♋♓☜♦] adj. 不同的✓cuisine [ ♦♓♓⏹] n. 烹饪法✓immerse [♓❍☜♦] v. 浸没✓stock [♦♦] n. 浓汤✓wine [♦♋♓⏹] n. 酒✓boil [♌♓●] v. 煮✓poach [☐☜◆♦☞] v. 水煮✓stew [♦♦◆] v. 炖: 用小火烧或慢慢地煮沸来烹饪食物✓fat [♐✌♦] n. 油脂✓fry [♐❒♋♓] v. 油炸✓vapor [ ♏♓☐☜] n. 蒸汽✓steam [♦♦♓❍] v. 蒸✓braise [♌❒♏♓] v. 炖: 先用油炒, 然后在有盖容器中炖✓dry heat [♎❒♋♓] [♒♓♦] n. 干热✓roast [❒☜◆♦♦] v. 烘烤✓bake [♌♏♓] v. 烘焙✓broil [♌❒♓●] v. 烤✓subject to [ ♦✈♌♎✞♓♦] [♦◆] v. 使经受✓contact [ ⏹♦✌♦] n. 关联✓saute [♦♦♏♓] v. 炒27.Essential modern kitchen equipment includes the following: a stove, or range;sink; work surface; various knives, pots and pans; such utensils as spatulas,whisks, specialized spoons, and rolling pins; a more highly specialized array of gear for producing pastries and other baked goods; and more recentsophisticated equipment such as blenders, food processors, and microwave ovens.✓kitchen [ ♓♦☞♓⏹] n. 厨房✓stove [♦♦☜◆] n. 炉子✓range [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] n. 火炉✓sink [♦♓☠] n. 水槽✓work surface [♦☜] [ ♦☜♐☜♦] n. 工作台✓knife [⏹♋♓♐] n. 刀子✓pot [☐♦] n. 锅✓pan [☐✌⏹] n. 平底锅✓utensil [ ◆♦♏⏹♦●] n. 器具✓spatula [ ♦☐✌♦☞☜●☜] n. (调拌用的)刮铲✓whisk [♦♓♦] n. 搅拌器✓spoon [♦☐◆⏹] n. 匙✓rolling pin [ ❒☜◆●♓☠] [☐♓⏹] n. 擀面杖✓gear [♈♓☜] n. 设备✓pastry [ ☐♏♓♦♦❒♓] n. 点心✓sophisticated [♦☜♐♓♦♦♓♏♓♦♓♎] adj. 复杂精巧的✓blender [ ♌●♏⏹♎☜] n. 搅拌器✓microwave oven [ ❍♋♓❒☜◆♦♏♓] [ ✈☜⏹] n. 微波炉28.In ancient times mosaics were a form of floor decoration made of small pebblesand later of cut or shaped pieces of marble, hard stone, glass, terra-cotta,mother-of-pearl, and enamels. The shaped pieces, in the form of small cubes, are called tesserae. The tesserae are embedded in plaster, cement, or putty to hold them in place.✓mosaic [❍☜◆♏♓♓] n. 镶嵌工艺✓pebble [ ☐♏♌●] n. 鹅卵石✓marble [ ❍♌●] n. 大理石✓terra-cotta [♊♦♏❒☜♋♦☜] n. 赤陶✓mother-of-pearl [ ❍✈❆☜❒☜☐☜●] n. 珍珠母✓enamel [♓⏹✌❍☜●] n. 瓷漆: 一种玻璃似的, 烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的保护性或装饰性的覆盖层✓cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体✓tessera [ ♦♏♦☜❒☜] n. 镶嵌物✓embed [♓❍♌♏♎] v. 镶嵌✓plaster [ ☐●♦♦☜] n. 石膏✓cement [♦♓❍♏⏹♦] n. 水泥✓putty [ ☐✈♦♓] n. 油灰✓in place [♓⏹] [☐●♏♓♦] adv. 在适当的位置29.Molten glass was tinted in a wide range of colors with metal oxides and thenpoured on a flat surface such as a marble slab to form a disk of colored glass;this was scored with a sharp tool and broken into strips and cubes.✓molten [ ❍☜◆●♦☜⏹] adj. 熔化的✓tint [♦♓⏹♦] v. 给……着色✓ a wide range of [☜] [♦♋♓♎] [❒♏♓⏹♎✞] [☜] adj. 广泛的✓metal oxide [ ❍♏♦●] [ ♦♋♓♎] n. 金属氧化物✓pour on [☐❒] [ ⏹] v. 把……倾泻在……上✓flat [♐●✌♦] adj. 扁平的✓marble slab [ ❍♌●] [♦●✌♌] n. 大理石板✓score [♦] v. 刻痕✓strip [♦♦❒♓☐] n. 条✓cube [ ◆♌] n. 立方体30.Portraits can be executed in any medium, including sculpted stone and wood, oil,painted ivory, pastel, encaustic on wood panel, tempera on parchment, carved cameo, and hammered or poured metal.✓portrait [ ☐♦❒♓♦] n. 肖像✓sculpt [♦✈●☐♦] v. 雕刻✓ivory [ ♋♓☜❒♓] n. 象牙✓pastel [☐✌♦♦♏●] n. 彩色蜡笔画✓encaustic [♓⏹♦♦♓] n. 蜡画✓tempera [ ♦♏❍☐☜❒☜] n. 蛋彩画✓parchment [ ☐♦☞❍☜⏹♦] n. 羊皮纸✓cameo [ ✌❍♓☜◆] n. 浮雕✓hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] v. 锤打✓pour [☐❒] v. 浇注31.Sculpture (from Latin, "to carve"), three-dimensional art concerned with theorganization of masses and volumes. The two principal types have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the round and relief sculpture.✓sculpture [ ♦✈●☐♦☞☜] n. 雕刻✓mass [❍✌♦] n. 质量✓volume [ ●☜❍] n. 体积✓principal [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐☜●] adj. 主要的✓freestanding [ ♐❒♓♦♦✌⏹♎♓☠] adj. (雕刻、建筑物等)独立的，自力撑持的✓in the round [♓⏹] [❆☜] [❒♋◆⏹♎] adj. 雕刻成立体的，栩栩如生的，表现无余的✓relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕32.Casting is accomplished in two stages: &(1) an impression or negative mold isformed from the original — a clay model, for instance — and &(2) a positive cast or reproduction is made of the original work from the negative impression.✓casting [ ♦♦♓☠] n. 铸造✓impression [♓❍☐❒♏☞☜⏹] n. 印痕✓negative mold [ ⏹♏♑☜♦♓] [ ♦♦] n. 凹模✓clay [ ●♏♓] n. 黏土，泥土✓positive cast [ ☐♓♦♓] [ ♦♦] n. 正像✓reproduction [ ❒♓☐❒☜♎✈☞☜⏹] n. 复制品33.Pitch depends upon the rate of vibration, or frequency, of sound waves thatproduce a particular tone. Most Western music was based on 12 equivalentintervals per octave; however, a great deal of Western folk music conforms to pentatonic scale, the best-known form of which contains no half steps.✓pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高✓vibration [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 振动✓frequency [ ♐❒♓♦☜⏹♦♓] n. 频率✓tone [♦☜◆⏹] n. 音调✓equivalent interval [♓♦♓☜●☜⏹♦] [ ♓⏹♦☜☜●] n. 等间隔的音程✓octave [ ♦♏♓] n. 八度音程(音阶)✓folk [♐☜◆] adj. 民间的✓conform [ ☜⏹♐❍] v. (+to/with)遵照，依照✓pentatonic [ ☐♏⏹♦☜♦⏹♓] adj. 五声音阶的✓scale [♦♏♓●] n. 音阶✓step [♦♦♏☐] n. 音级✓relief [❒♓●♓♐] n. 浮雕34.Rhythm is the way music uses time, which includes characteristics such asduration of tones and silences, and patterns of duration.✓rhythm [ ❒♓❆☜❍] n. 节奏✓characteristic [ ✌❒♓♦☜❒♓♦♦♓] n. 特性✓duration [♎◆☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 持续时间35.The most important and style-defining patterns are formed by pitches thatoverlap with one another in time, producing a chord, or harmony. Two or more tones heard simultaneously may belong to separate melodies that fit welltogether, but which occupy different octave registers, have distinct rhythmic patterns, or otherwise have different shapes or contours.✓style-defining [♦♦♋♓●♎♓♐♋♓⏹♓☠] adj. 定义完整的，仔细定义过的✓overlap [ ☜◆☜●✌☐] v. 与……重叠✓chord [ ♎] n. 和弦✓harmony [ ♒❍☜⏹♓] n. 和声✓simultaneously [♦♋♓❍☜●♦♏♓⏹♓☜♦●⍓] adv. 同时地✓melody [ ❍♏●☜♎♓] n. 曲调✓occupy [ ♋◆☐♋♓] v. 占用，填满✓register [ ❒♏♎✞☜♦♦☜] n. 音域✓distinct [♎♓♦♦♓☠♦] adj. 截然不同的✓rhythmic patterns [ ❒♓❆❍♓] [ ☐✌♦☜⏹] n. 有节奏的模式✓contour [ ♋⏹♦◆❒] n. (音调或声调的)升降曲线，变化方式36.Score, musical notation for a multipart composition, in which the music to beperformed by each voice or instrument is written with clefs on a separate staff, all the staves being aligned one above another.✓score [♦] n. 乐谱✓notation [⏹☜◆♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 谱号(musical notation 音乐记谱法)✓composition [ˌ ❍☐☜♓☞☜⏹] n. 乐曲✓perform [☐☜♐❍] v. 演奏✓instrument [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 乐器✓clef [ ●♏♐] n. 谱号✓staff [♦♦♐] n. 五线谱✓align [☜●♋♓⏹] v. 排列37.Orchestra, ensemble of musical instruments, in the narrowest sense, thecharacteristic ensemble of Western music, having as its core a group ofbowed-string instruments of the violin family, augmented by woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments.✓orchestra [ ☜♦♦❒☜] n. 管弦乐✓ensemble [♋⏹♦❍♌●] n. 合奏✓musical instruments [ ❍◆♓☜●] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 乐器✓core [ ] n. 中心✓bowed-string [♌♋◆♎♦♦❒♓☠] adj. 演奏弦乐的✓violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴✓augment [  ♈❍♏⏹♦] v. 增补，扩充✓woodwind [ ♦◆♎♦♓⏹♎] n. 木管乐器✓brass [♌❒♦] n. 铜管乐器✓percussion [☐☜✈☞☜⏹] n. 打击乐器38.Percussion instruments are referred to as membranophones if they producesound through the vibrations of a stretched skin or other membrane. They are called idiophones if they produce sound through their natural resonance when struck, rubbed, plucked, or shaken. Drums are membranophones; hollowed logs, bells, gongs, xylophones, and pianos are examples of idiophones.✓membranophone [❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 膜鸣乐器✓stretched [♦♦❒♏♦☞♎] adj. 有弹性的✓membrane [ ❍♏❍♌❒♏♓⏹] n. 膜✓idiophone [ ♓♎♓☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 体鸣乐器✓resonance [ ❒♏☜⏹☜⏹♦] n. 共振✓strike [♦♦❒♋♓] v. 敲击✓rub [❒✈♌] v. 摩擦✓pluck [☐●✈] v. 拨(弦)✓shake [☞♏♓] v. 摇晃✓drum [♎❒✈❍] n. 鼓✓hollowed log [ ♒♋●☜◆♎] [●♈] n. 中空的原木✓bell [♌♏●] n. 铃，钟，钟琴✓gong [♈☠] n. 锣✓xylophone [ ♋♓●☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 木琴✓piano [☐♓⏹☜◆] n. 钢琴39.Wind instruments, or aerophones, produce sound by vibration, which may beproduced by performers’ lips (brass), a column of air split across a sharp edge (flutes, pipes, whistles), or by one or two reeds, as with instruments such as the clarinet, saxophone, oboe, bassoon.✓wind instrument [♦♓⏹♎] [ ♓⏹♦♦❒◆❍☜⏹♦] n. 管乐器✓aerophone [ ♏☜❒☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 管乐器✓column [ ●☜❍] n. 柱✓split [♦☐●♓♦] n. 裂缝✓edge [♏♎✞] n. 边缘✓flute [♐●◆♦] n. 长笛，横笛✓pipe [☐♋♓☐] n. 风笛✓whistle [♦♓♦●] n. 口哨✓reed [❒♓♎] n. 簧片✓clarinet [ ●✌❒☜⏹♏♦] n. 单簧管，黑管✓saxophone [ ♦✌♦☜♐☜◆⏹] n. 萨克斯管✓oboe [ ☜◆♌☜◆] n. 双簧管✓bassoon [♌☜♦◆⏹] n. 大管，巴松40.The string, or chordophone, family has several branches. In one branch, whichincludes the zither, dulcimer, strings are stretched across a flat body. In asecond branch, each instrument has a neck, for example the lute, guitar, or violin.A third branch includes plucked instruments with multiple strings, such as thelyre or the harp, where each string produces only one pitch.✓string [♦♦❒♓☠] n. 琴弦✓chordophone [ ♎☜◆♐☜◆⏹] n. 弦乐器✓zither [ ♓❆☜] n. 齐特琴: 与中国的“筝”相似✓dulcimer [ ♎✈●♦♓❍☜] n. 洋琴✓neck [⏹♏] n. 琴颈✓lute [●◆♦] n. 琉特琴✓guitar [♈♓♦] n. 吉他✓violin [ ♋♓☜●♓⏹] n. 小提琴✓lyre [ ●♋♓☜] n. 里拉，(古希腊的)七弦竖琴: 古希腊的一种弦乐器✓harp [♒❒☐] n. 竖琴41.The modern pianoforte has six major parts: & (1) The frame is usually made ofiron. At the rear end is attached the string plate, into which the strings are fastened. In the front is the wrest plank, into which the tuning pins are set. Around these is wound the other end of the strings, and by turning these pins the tension of the strings is regulated. & (2) The soundboard, a thin piece offine-grained spruce placed under the strings, reinforces the tone by means of sympathetic vibration. & (3) The strings, made of steel wire, increase in length and thickness from the treble to the bass. The higher pitches are each given two or three strings tuned alike. The lower ones are single strings made heavier by being overspun – that is, wound around with a coil of thin copper wire. & (4) The action is the entire mechanism required for propelling the hammers (wrapped with felt) against the strings. The most visible part of the action is the keyboard, a row of keys manipulated by the fingers. The keys corresponding to the natural tones are made of ivory or plastic; those corresponding to the chromatically altered tones, of ebony or plastic. & (5) The pedals are levers pressed down by the feet. The damper, or loud pedal, raises all the dampers so that all the strings struck continue to vibrate even after the keys are released. The use of these pedals can produce subtle changes in tone quality. & (6) According to the shape of the case, pianos are classified as grand, square, and upright. Grand pianos are built in various sizes, from the full concert grand, 2.69 m long, to the parlor or baby grand, less than 1.8 m long.✓pianoforte [☐♓✌⏹☜◆♐♦♏♓] n. 钢琴✓frame [♐❒♏♓❍] n. 骨架✓rear [❒♓☜] adj. 后面的✓attach [☜♦✌♦☞] v. 附加✓fasten [ ♐✌♦⏹] v. 使固定，加固✓plank [☐●✌☠] n. 支架(wrest plank (校准弦音的)扭钥架)✓tuning pin [ ♦◆⏹♓☠] [☐♓⏹] n. 调音弦轴✓wind [♦♓⏹♎] v. 绕，缠✓tension [ ♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 压力，张力✓regulate [ ❒♏♈◆●♏♓♦] v. 调节，校准✓fine-grained [ ♐♋♓⏹♈❒♏♓⏹♎] adj. 纹理细腻平整的✓spruce [♦☐❒◆♦] n. 云杉质木材✓reinforce [ ❒♓♓⏹♐♦] v. 加强✓sympathetic vibration [ ♦♓❍☐☜♏♦♓] [ ♋♓♌❒♏♓☞☜⏹] n. 共振✓treble [ ♦❒♏♌●] n. 高音部分✓bass [♌♏♓♦] n. 低音部分✓pitch [☐♓♦☞] n. 音高✓overspin wire [ ☜◆☜♦☐♓⏹] [ ♦♋♓☜] n. 缠弦✓coil [ ♓●] n. 一卷✓action [ ✌☞☜⏹] n. 机械装置✓mechanism [ ❍♏☜⏹♓☜❍] n. 机械装置✓propel [☐❒☜☐♏●] v. 推动✓hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] n. 音锤✓felt [♐♏●♦] n. 毡制品✓manipulate [❍☜⏹♓☐◆●♏♓♦] v. (熟练地)操作、使用(机器等)。

TOEFL Vocabulary（托福分类词汇）The new TOEFL vocabulary | new TOEFL vocabulary Download The new TOEFL vocabulary | new TOEFL vocabulary Download Part 1. astronomy1 astronomy astronomyAstronomy astronomyAstronomical astronomicalAstronomical Observatory ObservatoryAstronomer astronomerAstrophysics AstrophysicsAstrology AstrologyPseudoscience pseudoscienceCosmos (universe) universeCosmology cosmologyInfinite unlimitedCosmic cosmicCosmic radiation cosmic radiationCosmic, rays cosmic raysCelestial daysCelestial, body (heavenly, body) celestial bodies Celestial, map (sky, Atlas) celestial bodies Celestial sphere celestial sphereDwarf (dwarf, star) dwarf starsQuasar quasars, QSRsConstellation constellationGalaxy (Milky, Way) New River systemCluster clusterSolar system solar systemSolar corona coronaSolar eclipse solar eclipseSolar radiation solar radiationPlanet planetPlanetoid (asteroid) asteroid Revolve spin, turn around Twinkle blinkNaked eye naked eyeMercury mercuryVenus VenusEarth earthMars MarsJupiter JupiterSaturn SaturnUranus UranusNeptune NeptunePluto PlutoOrbit orbitSpin rotationSatellite satelliteLunar lunarMeteor meteorMeteor Shower Meteor ShowerMeteoroid meteoroidMeteorite meteoriteComet cometSpace (outer, space) space, outer space Spacecraft (spaceship) spacecraft Spaceman (astronaut) astronaut, astronaut Space suit spacesuit, spacesuitSpace shuttle space shuttleSpace Telescope Space TelescopeAstronaut astronautsStar starsStellar stellarIntergalactic intergalactic Interstellar between stars Interplanetary interplanetary Asteroid asteroidNebula NebulaSpace debris space junkAmmonia ammoniaCorona coronaChromosphere chromosphere Photosphere chromosphereConvection zone troposphereVacuum vacuumInfrared ray infraredChondrite chondrulesAbsolute magnitude absolute magnitudeRadiation radiationEmission emission, emissionHigh-resolution high definitionInterferometer jammerThe new TOEFL vocabulary | new TOEFL vocabulary Download 2 Geography GeographyGeography GeographyGeographer geographerHemisphere hemisphereMeridian meridians, meridiansParallel parallel rings, parallelsLatitude longitudeLongitude accuracyElevation elevationAltitude heightTemperate latitudes temperate regionsHorizon HorizonEquator equatorTropics tropicsArctic ArcticAntarctic (Antarctica) AntarcticExpedition AdventureTime zone time zoneTopography terrain, topographyPlain plainPlateau (Highland) heightsLowland lowlandsBasin basinCavern (cave) caveTerrain regionSubterranean (underground) below the groundCoastland coastal areasIsland IslandsContinental island continental island Volcanic island volcanic islandCoral island Coral IslandIslet IslandPeninsular PeninsulaContinent continentContinental shelf continental shelf Ranges rangeValley Gorge峡谷峡谷通道（海峡）海峡遥感遥感的陆地地球的，陆地的地热（地热）地热地磁（地磁）地磁大陆漂移大陆漂移学说海底扩张海床扩展蒸发蒸发盐度含盐度海底海床沙沉淀物，沉积物热带热带的温带温带的寒冷的寒带的形成形成冻胀冻胀现象斯通卵石新托福分类词汇|新托福分类词汇下载3地质地质学地质学家地质学家地壳地壳地幔地幔核心地核大陆地壳大陆地壳海洋地壳海洋地壳层（地层，地层地层复数）板板块故障断层断层面断层面断裂带断层带裂缝（裂缝；分）断裂分解（分解）分解侵蚀腐蚀化石化石火成岩火成岩沉积岩沉积岩变质岩变质岩石英石英石灰石石灰岩大理石大理石花岗岩花岗岩结石岩成的岩石圈岩石圈岩浆岩浆矿物矿物矿石矿石存款矿床铂白金，铂银银铜黄铜铝铝锡锡铅铅锌锌镍镍水星汞，水银钠钠创业板宝石钻石钻石翡翠绿宝石红宝石红宝石冰川冰川冰川冰川的冰期（年龄段）冰川期冰碛冰渍冰山冰山火山火山活跃的火山活火山死火山死火山休眠火山休眠火山火山喷发喷发坑火山口熔岩火山岩浆火山火山的火山灰火山尘火山灰火山灰地震（地震；地震；地震）地震地震地震的地震地震学震级级地震波地震波灾难灾变新托福分类词汇|新托福分类词汇下载4人类学家人类学家古人类学家古人类学家生态人类学家生态人类学家心理人类学家心理人类学家起源起源是起源于祖先祖先人类人（科）齐同一种族（种类）的部落部落家族氏族考古学家考古学家开挖挖掘挖掘（挖掘）挖掘废墟遗迹，废墟仍然遗迹，遗骸神器手工艺品文物遗物，文物古董古物，古董古代古代，古老石器时代的石器时代青铜时代（青）铜器时代铁器时代的铁器时代旧石器时代的旧石器时代的中石器时代的中石器时代的新石器时代的新石器时代的考古考古学人类学人类学形态形态学颅骨颅骨颅颅骨的新托福分类词汇|新托福分类词汇下载5生态生态学生态学家生态学家生态系统生态系统平衡（自然）自然界生态平衡动物动物群植物植物群雨林雨林食物链食物链酸雨酸雨温室效应温室效应红外辐射红外线辐射臭氧层（臭氧层）臭氧层紫外辐射紫外辐射污染污染污染控制污染控制空气污染空气污染水污染水污染噪声污染噪音污染土壤污染土壤污染无公害无污染污染物污染物有害（有毒）有毒的烟雾（有毒）废气浪费废物固体废物固体垃圾污水（废水）污水污水净化污水净化污水处理污水处理分贝（噪音）分贝新托福分类词汇|新托福分类词汇下载6气象气象气象气象气象学家气象学家预测（预测）预报气候气候大气大气层对流层对流层电流（气）流气相蒸汽蒸发蒸发湿（湿；湿润；湿润）潮湿的湿度湿度水分潮湿；水分饱和饱和露露霜霜雾（雾）雾烟雾烟雾滴小水珠凝聚浓缩水晶水晶体大雨（暴雨）大雨风暴（风暴）暴风雨细雨细雨淋浴阵雨冰雹冰雹暴风雪（雪）暴风雪雪崩（雪崩）雪崩降水（雨、露、雪等）降水微风微风大风大风旋风旋风台风台风飓风飓风龙卷风（龙卷风、飓风）龙卷风漏斗漏斗，漏斗云灾难（灾难，灾难）灾难破坏破坏淹没淹没干旱旱灾新托福分类词汇|新托福分类词汇下载7化学化学化学性质化学特性，化学性质化学成分（化妆）化学成分化学剂化学试剂化学反应化学反应化学变化化学变化化学键化学键化工设备化学器械物质（物质；材料）物质元元素周期表周期表氢氢氧氧氮氮氦氦碳碳钙钙硅硅硫硫碘碘复合化合物油气碳氢化合物衍生衍生物炼金术炼金术石油天然气（油）石油石油产品石油产品原油原油完善提炼，精炼汽油汽油甲烷甲烷解溶液溶解溶解溶剂溶剂溶解性可溶性衔接聚合力胶粘合力原子原子核原子核电子电子中子中子质子质子分子分子粒子粒子离子离子粒子加速器粒子加速器催化（催化催化作用复数）催化剂催化剂人工人造的synthetic 合成的synthetic fiber 人造纤维polymer 聚合物polymerization 聚合作用plastic 塑料dye 染料cosmetics 化妆品新托福分类词汇 | 新托福分类词汇下载8. the physics 物理the physics 物理力学 mechanics "thermodynamics 热力学acoustics 声学electromagnetism 电磁学optics 光学dynamics 动力学force 力velocity 速度acceleration 加速度the equilibrium 平衡statics 静力学motion 运动the inertia 惯性gravitation 引力relativity 相对gravity 地心引力vibration 震动medium (media) 媒质frequency 频率wavelength 波长pitch 音高intensity 强度echo 回声resonance 回声, 洪亮sonar 声纳ultrasonics 超声学electricity 电static electricity 静电magnetism 磁性, 磁力a magnet 磁体electromagnet 电磁magnetic field 磁场the electric current 电流direct current (dc) 直流电alternating current (ac) 交流电the electric circuit 电路the electric charge 电荷the electric voltage 电压the electric shock 触电electric appliance 电器conductor 导体insulator 绝缘体semiconductor 半导体battery (cell) 电池dry battery 干电池storage battery 蓄电池electronics 电子学electronic 电子的electronic component (part) 电子零件integrated circuit 集成电路chip 集成电器片, 集成块electron tube 电子管vacuum tube 真空管transistor 晶体管amplification (名词) 放大amplify (动词) 放大amplifier 放大器, 扬声器oscillation 震荡optical 光 (学) 的optical fiber 光学纤维lens 透镜, 镜片convex 凸透镜concave 凹透镜microscope 显微镜telescope 望远镜magnifier 放大镜spectrum 光谱ultraviolet 紫外线x rays x 射线gamma rays 射线. gamma.infrared rays 红外线microwaves 微波the dispersion 色散transparent 透明translucent 半透明opaque 不透明的新托福分类词汇 | 新托福分类词汇下载9 mathematicsmathematics 数学mathematician 数学家arithmetic 算术calculation 计算calculator 计算器african ant eating mammal 算盘numeral 数字sum 和total (sum total) 总和, 总数the aggregate 总计fraction 分数, 小数decimal 十进位, (十进) 小数digit 数字, 数位percentage 百分比addition 加法plus 加上subtraction 减法minus 减去multiplication 乘法multiplication table 乘法表multiply 乘以the times 乘以power 乘方square 平方division 除法divide 除以algebra 代数quantity 表示量的数 (或符号) equation 方程式, 等式the formula 公式root 根geometry 几何几何的)the dimension 维parallel ajd. 平行的 n. 平行线quadrilateral 四边形广场正方形地区面积矩形长方形，矩形多边形多边形立方体立方形体积体积球球形圆圆形椭圆（椭圆）椭圆形锥圆锥形围圆周直径直径半径半径三角三角形角角度（角）度微积分微积分微分微分学积分积分学功能函数概率概率统计统计定量量的，数量的定性质的，质量的推理（推理）推论，演绎感应归纳新托福分类词汇|新托福分类词汇下载10农业农业农业（农业）农业农业农业的土地（土壤）土壤；土地水土保持土壤保护土壤侵蚀泥土流失淤泥粉砂，泥沙粘土黏土，湿土冷土块土地土地的，农业的试点（试验）试验性的耙（耙）耙，耙土岭田埂沟犁沟情节（补丁）小块地牧场农场，牧场林种植园果园果园幼儿园苗圃苗床苗床镰刀镰刀铲铲，锹（平头）铲铲接稿拖拉机拖拉机培养耕作（到）播种（种子）播种收获收割杂草除草灌溉灌溉肥（化肥）肥料喷雾喷洒（农药）杀虫剂（农药）杀虫剂害虫害虫锈锈病粮食（谷物）谷物，谷粒粮仓（粮仓）粮仓磨碾，磨小麦小麦玉米玉米水稻大米大麦大麦高粱高粱燕麦燕麦黑麦黑麦小米粟，小米蔬菜蔬菜园艺园艺学水培水栽法，营养液栽培法温室（温室、温床）温室白菜洋白菜生菜生菜芥末芥菜菠菜菠菜西兰花花椰菜黄瓜黄瓜茄子茄子辣椒辣椒南瓜南瓜番茄西红柿甜菜甜菜胡萝卜胡萝卜萝卜小红萝卜豌豆豌豆大豆大豆芹菜芹菜大蒜大蒜韭菜韭菜洋葱洋葱头马铃薯土豆花生花生芝麻芝麻棉花棉花畜牧业（畜牧业）畜牧业牧场牧场畜牧家畜家禽（鸡）家禽牛牛，家畜水牛野牛奶牛（奶牛）奶牛奶牛场乳牛场干草（作饲料用）干草干草堆干草堆饲料（饲料）饲料槽饲料槽仓库（棚）牲口槽稳定的厩，马厩牛棚牛棚猪圈（猪圈，猪圈）猪圈羊圈（羊圈）羊栏栖（鸡舍）鸡舍养鱼场养鱼场水产养殖水产养殖新托福分类词汇|新托福分类词汇下载11动物动物进化论达尔文学说自然选择自然选择类纲为了目家庭科属属亚目亚目物种种无脊椎动物无脊椎动物A cluster of cluster (shrubs) Fern fernsHerb grassPhotosynthesis photosynthesis Symbiosis symbiosisWither (shrivel, fade) withers Pollen pollenPollinate teaches pollen Pollination pollinationCell cellTissue tissueOrgan organSystem systemSeeds seedsEverlasting permanentOrchid orchidsPollinate pollinationCrossbreed hybridizationShrub bushSequoia SequoiaRoot pressure root pressureCohesion-tension condensation pressure Bore cavity, intestineColumn styleSymbiotic symbiosisImmunity immunizationOrganism organisms, organic compoundsNecrosis necrosisBarren barrenFutile useless!Carbohydrate (starch) carbohydrate (starch), carbohydrate Glucose glucoseStarch starchFat fatProtein proteinVitamin vitaminsCalorie calories (units of heat)Malnourished malnourishedNutrition nutritionThe new TOEFL vocabulary | new TOEFL vocabulary Download 13 politics politicsConstitution ConstitutionLegislation legislationDemocrats DemocratsRepublicans Republican PartyAmendment amendmentCongress US CongressSenate SenateHouse of Representatives house of Representatives Monarchy monarchyAnarchism anarchismFederal system federalismPresidential system presidential system Municipal, municipal, municipalMetropolitan MetropolitanCentralized centralizedIdeology ideologyManeuver wipeTariff tariffImmigrant immigrantsInstitutionalize institutionalizationElection electionVote voteOfficeholding servedVeto vetoAmerican Revolution American Revolution / war of independence Independence War American Revolutionary WarAmerican, Civil, War, American Civil WarRadical radical, radicalOverturning subversiveIndependent independentBreathtaking exciting!Military militaryColonize colonization, ColonialPer capita per capitaTreason treasonConspiracy conspiracyImprisonment imprisonmentRelease releasePardon amnestyAccusation condemns the chargesWelfare benefitsPatronage sponsoredUnionization combinationThe new TOEFL vocabulary | new TOEFL vocabulary Download 14 Education EducationEducator educatorHigher education higher educationMoral character moral qualityDomain domainFaculty facultyAlumni AlumniTreasurer life Commissioner, finance minister Elective system elective systemCurriculum course (collectively)Discipline disciplines, managementLearn, by, rote, rote learning15 music musicMusical instrument instrumentsOrchestra bandString stringWind bandShook rattle shook rattlePound drum beat the drumFootbeat point your foot and stamp your feet Percussion concussion, percussion instruments Note notesScore notationMovement movementFanatical maniaHillbilly music country musicFolk music folk musicPop music pop musicClassical music classical musicJazz Jazz16 psychology psychologyMental psychologicalPhysical physical, physical, physical Spiritual mindConformity conformity Majority majorityMinority minority阈值判断（心理学）初始性判断主题受实验对象17人人物艺术家艺术家编导舞蹈编排家评论家批评家讽刺讽刺作家发明家发明家传记作家自传作家雕塑家雕塑家女性主义女权主义者人道主义人道主义者意象意象派诗人慈善家慈善家业主业主凡人犯人前先驱傀儡名誉领袖弟子学徒学徒学徒机械机械工简约的简单抽象派艺术前卫前卫派境内领域体裁风格，体裁偏心古怪的奇怪的怪诞的，奇数的不稳定的奇怪的奇怪的怪异的，不可思议的独特的独一无二的浪漫的浪漫的无辜的天真的，无罪的失恋的相思病苦的情感情绪的，情感的多愁善感的感伤的，多愁善感的这无精打采的，无生命力的家长家长的，族长的刚僵化的备用简朴的笨拙的笨拙的神经紧张的曲折曲折的当代当代的著名的受欢迎的。