高二英语寒假作业 专题18 综合测试(十八)(测)(含解析)

动名词作主语1．The rain had stopped and a star or two was _________ (可见的) over the mountains. (根据汉语意思填空)【答案】visible【详解】考查形容词。

句意：雨已经停了，远山上的天空中能看到几点疏星。

这里要用visible表示形容词“可见的”。

故填visible。

2．You can stay at my ____________ (村舍) in the country whenever you like. (根据汉语意思填空)【答案】cottage【详解】考查名词。

句意：只要你们愿意，可以呆在我乡下的房子里。

这里要用cottage表示“村舍”。

故填cottage。

3．They've been debating with their neighbours for years over a ________ (边界) issue. (根据汉语意思填空)【答案】boundary【详解】考查名词。

句意：他们为边界问题与邻国争论了多年。

根据汉语意思“边界”以及上文冠词a，可知应填单数名词boundary。

故填boundary。

4．The geography teacher showed me a drawing of the ___________ (冰川) . (根据汉语意思填空)【答案】glacier【详解】考查名词。

句意：地理老师给我看了一幅冰川的图画。

根据汉语意思“冰川”以及上文定冠词the，可知应填名词glacier。

故填glacier。

5．They have no children of their own, but they're hoping to _________ (领养) one. (根据汉语意思填空)【答案】adopt【详解】考查动词。

句意：他们自己没有孩子，但希望能领养一个孩子。

根据汉语意思“领养”可知应填动词adopt，且上文为短语hope to do sth.，可知应填动词原形。

高二英语下Unit18同步测试人教版Ⅰ.单词拼写。

1. We want to know the b___________ of the film.2. He didn't lose heart in his experiment and succeeded on the third t_________.3. I was o_____________ engaged last Sunday, so I refused.4. Your handwriting is hard to read. Please write the letter on a t___________.5. We shouldn’t r_________ different ideas just because we disagree on them.6. The students like physics classes best because the way their teacher teaches a_______ for creativity.7. When we are learning new things, it is important to make use of p________ knowledge.8. If you try to look up every new word you meet while reading, you’ll soon get s________ and it will slow down your reading.9. The difficulties are all in your __________ (想象).10. I think their demands ___________ (不合道理的).Ⅱ.单项填空。

1. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness _______.A.to makeB.to be madeC.makingD.being made2.Only when you have _______ the importance of English,can you learn it well.A.awaredB.awared ofC.realizedD.realized of’t make him do a lot of homework every day._______ he’s only a child of seven.A.First of allB.Above allC.In allD.After all4._______ the weather forecast it will rain heavily late this morning.A.On account ofB.According toC.Because ofD.Due to5.The suit fitted him well _______ the color was a bit bright.A.besidesB.except that5.选B。

高二册 Unit 18Ⅰ.单词拼写1．Hurry up. ______(否那么) you’ll be late.2．Everyone is ______(意识) of the importance of knowledge.3．It is said that he will make an ______(申请) to the club for membership.4．Her furniture is in ______(储存) while she finds a new house.5．The ______(审讯) of the murder case lasted a fortnight.6．Do you know there is a ______(联系) between smoking and heart disease.7．She is kind－hearted. You shouldn’t ______(拒绝) her offer of help.8．In ______(以前的) times, I didn’t realize how valuable his advi ce was.9．They come from different cultures and have different ______(背景)．10．Is there any ______(可能性) that we’ll see you this weekend?[答案]1．Otherwise 2.aware 3.application 4.storage5．trial 6.connection 7.reject 8.previous9．backgrounds 10.possibility/chanceⅠ.完成句子(湖北专用)1．The landlady had a few ____________ to rent for the students.(空房子)2．New evidence has recently ____________(为人所知)．3．The fans ____________(急迫) have a look at the singer, waiting outside the hotel in the cold.4．I recognized her ____________(一……就) I saw her.5．Does these plans ____________(与……一致) your arrangements?6．I know nothing about him ____________(除……之外) he is a singer.7．What I said about him also ____________(适用于) you.8．Choosing what to eat is ____________ as easy as it once ____________.(选择吃什么不像过去那么简单了。

2021年高二下学期寒假作业检测（期初开学）英语试题含答案高二英语本试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分，满分100分，考试时间100分钟第Ⅰ卷第一部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题：每小题2分，满分30分）AHelen Thomas, born on August 4, 1920, is a famous news reporter for the Hearst News Service, and a member of the White House Press Corps．She served for fifty—seven years as a correspondent and White House bureau chief for United Press International(UPI)．She is called“ First Lady of the Press”．Born in Kentucky，Helen Thomas was raised in Detroit，Michigan where she attended public schools and later graduated from Wayne State University. Upon leaving college，Helen served as a copy girl in an old pany in Washington．In 1943，Ms Thomas joined United Press International and the Washington Press Corps．Thomas served as president of the Women’s National Press Club from 1959 to 1960．In November，Helen began covering then president-elect John F. Kennedy, following him to the White House in January 1961 as a UPI correspondent(通讯员)．She later became White House bureau chief for UPI, where she was employed until her resignation on May 17,xx．Thomas then became a White House correspondent and a columnist．Thomas was the only woman journalist traveling with then President Nixon to China in January,1972．She has traveled around the world several times with Presidents Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush, and Clinton，during the course of which she covered every Economic Summit．The World Almanac and Book of Fact has cited her as one of the 25 Most Influential Women in America．On March 21, xx, Thomas was called upon directly by President Bush for the first time in three years．Thomas asked Bush about Iraq．Helen Thomas has written four books and she is also a popular speaker at events nationwide．1.What’s the correct order of the events?a．Thomas joined the United Press International and the Washington Press Corps．b．Thomas traveled with President Nixon to China．c．Thomas served as president of the Women’s National Press Club．d．Thomas resigned．e．Thomas was called upon by President Bush．f．Thomas became a White House correspondent and a columnist．A．a, b, c, d, e, f B．a, c, b, d, f, e C．a, c, b, d, e, f D．a, d, e, f, c, b2.Which of the following is NOT true?A．Thomas made speeches about events nationwide．B．Thomas has written four books．C．Thomas covered every Economic Summit when traveling with US presidents．D．Thomas became a correspondent after she graduated from university．3.According to the passage , we can know that _____________. A．Thomas is called “ First Lady of America ”．B．President Bush received Thomas once in his term．C．Thomas is the most influential woman in America.D．Thomas traveled to China with president Nixon several times.4.The passage tells us that Thomas______________________. A．was very poor when she was young．B．served as president of the Women’s National Press Club for three years．C．has written many books and is popular worldwide．D．traveled with President Nixon to China without any other woman journalist .BOne bitterly cold day, a snowstorm blew into our area. Needing firewood, I quickly set out with my best friend, Bruce, to look for a tree to cut down. I was glad to have Bruce along. Cutting down a tree in a snowstorm can be dangerous. So it was important to have a friend who could warn me of dangers.When I chose a big 23-meter-tall tree and prepared to cut it down, my best friend suddenly warned me, “Don’t cut down that tree! It’s too close to the power line!” I wasn’t sure about it. So I decided to disregard his warning. I wanted to finish the job quickly and go home. So I began cutting down the tree. When the tree fell, there was no longer any doubt that my friend was right.The tree caught the power line, bringing it to the ground. I considered cutting the tree off the line. After all, ele ctricity can’t travel through wood, so I could safely remove the tree. As I reached out my finger to touch the tree, pain ran up my arm and through my head. I had been shocked!After I returned home and told my mother what had happened, she quickly called the power pany. Workers from the power pany soon arrivedon the scene. One of them asked if I had touched the tree, and when I told him I had, his face turned pale.“You should have been killed,” he said.So why am I still alive? It was my boots that saved my life.Within two hours, the workers removed the tree. Soon the snowstorm calmed down—but not my mother.Even though she was glad I wasn’t hurt, my mother was well serious with me. After all, I shouldn’t have brushed off my friend’s warning.Through this experience, I learned that it’s important to listen to people who offer a different perspective. Taking the time to listen might actually save a lot of time and trouble. It certainly would have kept me from getting the “shock of my life”.5.The underlined word “disregard ”in the second paragraph means “________”.A．pay no attention to B．take notice ofC．consider D．follow6. In spite of Bruce’s warning, the author still cut the tree because ________.A．he wasn’t sure whether Bruce was right and was anxious to go home B．he was sure there would be nothing to happenC．he didn’t hear his friend’s warning at all because of the blowing windD．he was angry with his friend and didn’t want to listen to him7.The author wrote the passage mainly to _______.A．give an account of one of his terrible experiencesB．make us know it’s important to listen to people who offer a different perspective (观点) through his experienceC．tell us not to cut trees down any moreD．remind us to be careful while working8. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? A．But for his boots, the writer would have died.B．The writer regretted having brushed off his friend’s warning. C．The writer knew nothing about electricity.D．When the tree was cut down, the writer realized his friend was rightCPrinceton UniversityLocationThe University is in Princeton, New Jersey. It is an hour's train ride south of New YorkCity and an hour's train ride north of Philadelphia.StudentsThere are 4, 600undergraduates(本科生) . Therearealso 1,900 graduate students , butPrinceton is unusual among universities in having a student body made up largely ofundergraduates.FacultyPrinceton has about 700 full-time faculty members(教员). There are another 300 0r sopart-time and visiting faculty. All faculty members at Princeton are expected to teach andresearch.DegreesPrinceton offers two undergraduate degrees: the bachelor (学士)ofarts ( A. B. )degreeand the bachelor of science inengineering ( B. S. E. ) degree.Academic YearAn academic year runs from September to late May and lasts two terms ( fall and spring).A normal course load is four or five courses per term , although many students take extracourses.ResidencesPrinceton provides housing for all undergraduate students. Freshmen and second-yearstudents are required to spend their first two years in one of five colleges. Each college hasits own dining hall,mon rooms and puter centers.Fees and Expenses ( Academic Year xx)Tuition (学费) : $29 ,910Room and board :$8 ,387Other expenses( books , telephone , etc. ) :$3 ,083Total: $41,3809. How many kinds of faculty members are there in Princeton University? ___________A. One.B. Two.C. Four.D. Three.10. In Princeton University, an undergraduate will pay at least __________for the AcademicYear xx besides tuition.A. $41,380B. $52,850C. $11 ,470D. $8 ,38711. In what way is Princeton University different from other American universitiesaccording to the text?A. It has five colleges.B. Its students are mainly undergraduates.C. It provides housing for all undergraduate students.D. All the faculty members at Princeton are expected to teach and research.12. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Princeton offers two undergraduate degrees.B. An academic year lasts about nine months in Princeton University.C. Undergraduates should spend their first two years in one of five colleges.D. It's about an hour's train ride from Princeton University to the north of New York City.DElectric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be more dirty than their gasoline-powered cousins.People in California love to talk about "zero-emissions vehicles," but people in California seem to be clueless about where electricity es from. Power plants most all use fire to make it. Aside from the few folks who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators. Generators are fueled by something - usually coal, oil, but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants. There are a few wind farms and geothermal plants as well, but by far we get electricity mainly by burning something.In other words, those "zero-emissions" cars are likely coal-burning cars. It's just the coal is burned somewhere else so it looksclean. It is not. It's as if the California Greens are covering their eyes - "If I can't see it, it's not happening." Gasoline is an incredibly efficient way to power a vehicle; a gallon of gas has a lot of energy in it. But when you take that gas （or another fuel） and first use it to make electricity, you waste a nice part of that energy, mostly in the form of wasted heat - at the generator, through the transmission lines, etc.A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far - so electric cars burn more fuel than gas-powered ones. If our electricity came mostly from nukes, or geothermal, or hydro, or solar, or wind, then an electric car truly would be clean. But for political, technical, and economic reasons, we don't use much of those energy sources.In addition, electric cars' batteries which are poisonous for a long time will eventually end up in a landfill. And finally, when cars are the polluters, the pollution is spread across all the roads. When it's a power plant, though, all the junk is in one place. Nature is very good at cleaning up when things are not too concentrated, but it takes a lot longer when all the waste is in one spot.13. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Electric cars are not actually clean .B. Electric cars are better than gasoline-powered ones.C. People cast doubts on electric cars' batteries.D. Gasoline is an efficient way to power a vehicle.14．The electricity we get from a gallon of gas may make our car run __________.A．not less than 25 miles.B．more than 25 miles.C．not more than 25 miles.D．no less than 25 miles.15．It can be inferred from the passage that __________.A．being green is good and should be encouraged in munications B．electric cars are not clean in that we get electricity mainly by burning something.C．zero-emissions vehicles should be chosen to protect our environment.D．electric cars are now the strong vehicle pared withgasoline-powered cousins.第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

高二英语Test for Unit 18I. 单项选择 (共10小题，每题2分，共计20分)1. That spilt coffee has left a ______ on the carpet.A. diagramB. labelC. signalD. mark2. Don't leave the water _____while you brush your teeth.A. runB. runningC. being runD. to run3. It is said that she ___lives in hospital.A.no moreB.not any moreC.no longerD.not any longer4. --- Have you called _____ Mr. Brown?--- Yes, I’ve called _____ his office.A. at; onB. on; atC. in; withD. on; with5. The servants were cleaning the house, _______ the return of the family.A. in preparations forB. making preparations toC. in preparation forD. making preparation to6. Elephants would ______ if men were allowed to shoot as many as they wished.A. die ofB. die outC. die downD. die away7. ______ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.A. That was from StephenB. It was Stephen whomC. It was from Stephen thatD. It was Stephen that8. This five-star hotel offers ______ facilities and services.A. a range ofB. a kind ofC. a series ofD. a sort of9. I don’t know which ______ expert will be______ the project.A. experience; in charge ofB. experiencing; in the charge ofC. experienced; in charge ofD. skilled; in the charge of10. ---Andrew won’t like it, you know.--- ______? I don’t care what Andrew thinks!A. So howB. So whatC. So whereD. So whyII. 完形填空〔15小题，每题2分，共30分〕Some people have very good memories, and can 11 learn quite long poems by 12 . There are other people who can only 13 things that they have said again and again.A 14 memory is a great help in learning a language. 15 learn his own language by remembering 16 he hears when he is a small child. Some children 17in their own country, and they seem to learn two languages 18 as easily as one. In school it is not so easy to learn 19 foreign languages because students have so 20 times for it and they are busy with other lessons, too.A man’s mind is rather like a camera, but it takes photos not only 21 what we see but also what we feel, hear, smell and taste. When we take a real photo 22 a camera, there is much to do when the photo is finished and 23 to show to our friends. In the same way there is much work 24 before we can keep a picture 25 in our minds.〔〕11. A. easy B. easily C. interesting D. interestingly〔〕12. A. heart B. mind C. memory D. attention〔〕13. A. notice B. recognize C. remember D. learn 〔〕14. A. good B. poor C. rich D. bad 〔〕15. A. Nobody B. Somebody C. Everybody D. Anybody〔〕16. A. that B. which C. / D. what 〔〕17. A .live B. don’t live C. didn’t live D. lived 〔〕18. A. almost B. mostly C. nearby D. hardly〔〕19. A. the B. this C. one D. a 〔〕20. A. much B. little C. many D. few 〔〕21. A. about B. at C. with D. of 〔〕22. A. as B. for C. of D. with 〔〕23. A. included B. ready C. clear D. sure 〔〕24. A. to be done B. to be doing C. having been done D. being done〔〕25. A. up B. on C. ever D. foreverIII. 阅读理解〔15小题，每题2分，共30分〕AThe young Mother set her foot on the path of life. “Is this a long way?〞 she asked. And her guide said, “Yes, and the ways are hard. And you will be old before you reach the end of it. But the end will be better than the beginning.〞The young Mother had her golden days. She played with her children, and gathered flowers for them along the way, and bathed them in the clear streams, and the sun shone on them.Then the night came, and the storm. The children shook with fear and cold, the Mother drew them close and covered them with blankets, the children said, “Mother, we are not afraid, for you are with us.〞When the morning came, there was a hill ahead. The children climbed and grew tired. Now and then the Mother said to the children, “A little patience and we are there.〞 So the children climbed, when they reached the top they said, “Mother,we would not have done it without you.〞 Lying down at night, the Mother looked up at the stars and said, “This is a better day than the last, for my children have learned how to face hardship. Yesterday I gave them courage. Today I have given them strength.〞The next day came strange clouds which darkened the earth—clouds of war, hate and evil, and the children got frightened and shook all over, the Mother said, “Look up. Lift your eyes to the light.〞 The children looked and saw above the clouds an everlasting glory, it guided them beyond the darkness. That night the Mother said, “This is the best day of all, for I have shown my children hope.〞The days went on and the Mother grew old. She was little and bent while her children were tall and strong. When the way was rough, they lifted her, for she was as light as a feather, and at last they came to a hill, and beyond they could see a shining road and a golden gate open wide.The Mother said, “I have reached the end of my journey. Now I know the end is better than the beginning, for my children can walk alone.〞 The children stood and watched her as she went on alone, and the gate closed after her. They said, “We cannot see her, but she is with us still. She is a living presence.〞Mother is always with you. She’s the whisper of the leaves as you walk down the street, she’s the smell of bleach in you freshly laundered socks, and she’s the cool hand on your forehead when you’re not well. Your Mother lives inside your laughter and your tear drops. She’s your first home and she’s the map you follow. Nothing on earth can separate you.26. What three things does the Mother show her children?A. Flowers, clouds and hillsB. Courage, strength and hopeC. Tear drops, maps and leavesD. Storm, hardship and glory27. The underlined word “golden gate〞 suggests ________.A. a gate which is made of shining goldB. a gate which separates effort and hopeC. a gate which stops wind and stormsD. a gate which lies between life and death28. What feeling does the author intend to pass on you?A. SadnessB. PityC. SorrowD. BeautyBAmericans: Restless? Illiterate〔文盲〕？Americans are queer people; they can’t rest. They have more time, more leisure, shorter work hours, more holidays, and more vacations than any other people in the world. But they can’t rest. They rush up and down across their continent as tourists; they move about in great herds to conventions〔大会〕; they search the wilderness; they flood the mountains; they keep the hotels full. But they can’t rest. The scenery rushes past them. They learn it, but they don’t see it. Battles and monuments are announced to them on a tour bus. They hear them, but they don’t get them. They neverstop moving; they rush up and down as Shriners, Masons, Old Graduates, Bankers —they are a new thing each day, always rushing to a reunion or something. So they go on rushing about till eventually the undertaker〔殡葬工〕gather them to a last convention.Americans are queer people; they can’t read. They have more schools, and better schools and spend more money on schools and colleges than all Europe. But they can’t read. They print more books in a year than the French print in ten. But they can’t read. They cover their country with one hundred thousand tons of Sunday newspapers every week. But they don’t read them. They’re too busy. They use them for fires and to make more paper with. They buy eagerly thousands of new novels at two dollars each. But they read only page one. Their streets are full of huge signs. They won’t look at them. Their streetcars are filled with advertising; they turn their eyes away. Transparent colors, cart wheels, and mechanical flares whirl and flicker in the crowded streets at night. No one sees them. Tons of letters pour into the mail boxes, through the houses, and down the garbage cans. No one reads them.29. The underlined word “queer〞 mean _________________.A. strangeB. difficultC. forgetfulD. friendly30. According to the text, when do the Americans stop rushing about?A. When they are not allowed to.B. When they feel tired and sleepy.C. When they stop breathing eventually.D. When they are seriously ill in bed.31. The Americans know the places of battles and monuments ______________.A. by driving there in personB. when they are on the tour busC. from books and magazinesD. from their friends and co-workers32. Why does the writer write this passage?A. To tell people the Americans are illiterate.B. To prove the Americans to be a queer nation.C. To make fun of the American way of life.D. To give the readers information about USA.CNot being able to fall asleep or stay asleep is not a disorder in itself but a sign of some other problems, often a physical one.If you have trouble sleeping, the American Sleep Disorders Association suggests that, for a week or two, you put down the time you go to bed, get up, exercise, and drink coffee, tea or wine. The purpose is to find the habits that may affect your sleep.Then:a. Don’t drink coffee in the six hours before going to bed.b. Stop smoking and drinking at bedtime.c. Don’t sleep during the day.d. Go to bed at the same time every night. Set your alarm clock for the same time every morning and get up at that time, whether or not you sleep well.e. Use the bedroom only for sleep. Read, watch TV, eat and talk elsewhere.f. Take sleeping pills according to your doctor’s directions and don’t take them for longer than three weeks at a time.g. If you haven’t fallen asleep within 15 minutes of going to bed, don’t turn over worrying about it. Get up and read or watch TV until you are sleepy, then return to bed.If you continue to have trouble sleeping, ask your doctor for help or go to a sleep-disorders center.33. According to the passage, there is probably if you are not able to fall asleep or stay asleep.A. a bad way of sleepingB. a disorder in sleepC. a physical reasonD. a problem caused by the brain34. If you have trouble sleeping, you should try to_______.A. ask a doctor for help or go to a sleep-disorders centerB. put down the time you do things every dayC. do more physical exerciseD. find out the cause first35. According to the passage, which of the following would be the best way to help yousleep well?A. Taking some sleeping pills every day.B. Reading books before you go to bed.C. Setting your alarm clock at night.D. Forming good living habits.36. The author writes this article in order to________.A. tell us not being able to fall asleep is a serious diseaseB. provide us with some suggestions on sleep problemC. persuade us not to go to see the doctors when we are illD. help the American Sleep Disorders Association to find the causes of not being able tofall sleepDEvery human being, no matter what he is doing, gives off body heat. The usual problem is how to get rid of it. But the designers of the Johnstown campus (校园) of the University of Pittsburgh set themselves the opposite problem—how to collect body heat. They have designed a collection system which uses not only body heat, but the heat given off by such objects as light bulbs and refrigerators as well. The system works so well that no fuel is needed to make the campus’s six buildings comfortable.Some parts of most modern buildings—theaters and offices as well as classrooms, are more sufficiently heated by people and lights and sometimes must be air-conditioned (使用空调的) even in winter. The technique of saving heat and redistributing (再分配) it is called “heat recovery〞. A few modern buildings recover heat, but the University’s system is the first to recover heat from buildings and reuse it in others.Along the way, Pittsburgh has learned a great deal about some of its producers. The harder a students studies, the more heat his body gives off. Male students send out more heat than female students, and the larger a student is, the more heat he produces. We may conclude that the hottest prospect for the Johnstown campus would be a hard working overweight male genius (天才).37. What is the characteristic of the buildings on Johnstown campus of the Universityof Pittsburgh?A. They collect body heat to control the temperature inside.B. They are more comfortable to live in than other buildings.C. They use the light bulbs to heat the classroom.D. They use less fuel to keep the classroom cool.38. According to the passage, the technique of heat recovery is used _______.A. to find the producers of heatB. to provide heat for the hot water systemC. to make the campus more beautifulD. to collect heat and reuse it39. The underlined phrase “the hottest prospect〞 in this passage refers to ______.A. the person who suffers most from heatB. the person who needs more heat than othersC. the person who gives off most heatD. the person who makes better use of heat40. Which of the following may be the best title for this passage?A. Recovery of Body HeatB. Modern Building’s Heat SystemC. Body Heat and Its ProducersD. Ways of Heating BuildingIV. 新概念(共10小题，每题2分，共计20分)1. _____ at his map, he informed us that the next village was a ______ twenty miles away.2. As we ______ over the dusty track, we swerved to _____ large boulders.3. Because of this, we kept looking back, ______ if we were leaving a _____ of oil andpetrol behind us.4. The workmen struggled ______ and one of them lost his ________.5. Permission was ______ and a policeman _______ him to a pay phone.答案：单项选择：1-5 DBCBC 6-10 BCACB完型填空：11-15 BACAC 16-20 DBADB 21-25 DDBAD阅读理解：26-30 BDDAC, 31-35 BCCDD 36-40 BADCA新概念1. Glancing, mere2. bumped, avoid3. wondering, trail4. fiercely, temper5. granted, accompanied解析：单项选择:3. no more 放在句首或句尾使用，no longer可用于实义动词前，助动词和连系动词后，也可用在句首或句尾。

高二英语寒假作业18命题人：张敬伟审核人：王红玲训练日期：2月 18日A“How to Train Your Dragon” by British author Cressida Cowell is one of the best pieces of children’s literature. A child can make a whole alternative universe with a vivid imagination and Toothless, the hero’s hunting dragon, thus turning a rainy day into an adventure of a lifetime. However, if you have never read the book but instead choose to see the film version, you might think you were seeing a new-age war movie meant for adults rather than children.Let’s look at “Where the Wild Things Are” for further discussion. The story centers around a lonely eight-year-old boy named Max, who sails away to an island. Creatures living there declare Max their king.What an amazing piece of children’s literature! A treasure for every child’s library. Yet, children were crying in the movie theatre. Owls were falling from the sky, chicken’s arms were being torn off, and a child was running around a dark abandoned world fighting evil as the only human. It was almost as if Hollywood could not imagine children enjoying a movie for its basic literature content. Hollywood might be right. But more and more its audiences are complaining that there is an increased amount of violence in children’s stories today than in the past.While there appears to be a trend in our society to make more violence more accessible to younger children, books and literature are generally an exception. I truly believe that children’s literature has become more vivid, and more colorful. This is a great treasure for the children, and is certainly not violent. What has changed the children’s stories of today is not the writers, but the film industry. In some way, children’s literat ure is just being strangely twisted. I wonder how much influence the author have over this.1. The Text is mainly about ________.A. two good books for childrenB. how a book is adapted into a filmC. whether children should go to moviesD. whether children’s literature is getting more violent2. It can be inferred that the film “Where the Wild Things Are” is _______.A. movingB. frighteningC. interestingD. amazing3. According to the text, the author thinks that ________.A. the film industry’s treatment of children’s literature is wrongB. writers should provide more colorful works for childrenC. there is an increase in violence in children’s literatureD. children should read books rather than see films.4. How does the text mainly develop?A. By inferring.B. By giving explanations.C. By providing examples.D. By making comparisons.Action speak louder than words 事实胜于雄辩BGray hair is simply a part of the normal aging process, and the rate you go silver is genetically predetermined. Going gray is not associated with earlier death, and premature graying is not, generally speaking, a sign of an illness or ill health in younger adults. There are, however, some specific health conditions associated with gray or white hair, but for most of us, going gray is just a fact of life.Hair color comes from the pigment melanin(黑色素), which determines your individual shade. Hair without any melanin is pure white. The pigment is produced in cells called melanocytes, which inject pigment into the hair. At some point in everyone's lifetime, these cells slow down and eventually stop producing color. Scientists have yet to identify the exact mechanism by which melanocyte cell death occurs.A study of more than 4,000 women and men from 20 countries determined that about 75% of people between the ages of 45 and 65 have some gray hair. In general, people of European descent grayearliest followed by Asians and Africans. It's interesting to note that a lucky 1 in 10 has no gray hair by retirement age. Beginning at age 30, your chances of having gray hair go up 10-20% per decade.It may feel like you have more grays after a stressful event, but that's probably because middle age is basically a series of anxiety-ridden events. Between working, raising kids, and caring for older parents, the "sandwich" years of 45-65 can be stressful, especially for women. They are also when we naturally start to look older.At this point, there is still no silver bullet to keep away the grays.5. What would be the best title for this passage?A. Going gray.B. Tips to make hair color lastC. Why does hair turn gray?D. Gray hair is in fashion.6. Which of the following is a true statement according to the passage?A. Scientists have found out how to prevent hair from turning gray.B. Europeans are more likely to gray than Asians and Africans.C. Gray hair means poor health or a sign of illness.D. Everyone will inevitably get gray hair by retirement age.7. Which is not among the reasons for hair turning gray according to the passage?A. Being physically weak.B. Stress from different sides.C. Death of melanocyte cell.D. Genetic factors.8. What does “silver bullet” in the last paragraph probably mean?A. Make-upB. Scientific research.C. Chemical weapon.D. Cure.The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today对明天做好的准备就是今天做到最好寒假作业18 1--5 DBAC 6--8 CBAD。

（寒假总动员）2015年高三英语寒假作业专题08 非谓语动词（学）非谓语动词非谓语动词是高中英语教学法的重点和难点，也是历届高考的重点项目。

不仅单项填空、语法填空中，而且完形填空、短文改错中都反复考查。

命题热点多是一些常用动词及特殊动词对其后的非谓语动词的形式（不定式、过去分词及动词的-ing形式）不同要求。

有时也涉及到非谓语动词的完成式和否定式以及非谓语动词作状语时还要注意逻辑主语一致性原则。

解题过程中要紧紧把握主、被动关系和时间来确定非谓语动词的形式。

【重点知识整合】非谓语动词试题解题方法：1．非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点，切不可记住几个条条框框就去乱套。

真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：①具有句子结构的知识，要分得清简单句与复合句，陈述句与祈使句。

②具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语。

③具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词，双宾动词和复宾动词。

一些最基础最常用的动词的用法应当烂熟于胸。

④具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析30词左右长度的复合长、难句。

2．理解分析非谓语动词的句法功能，重点掌握不定式、动名词作宾语的区别；不定式、分词作补语的区别；不定式、分词作状语的区别；独立主格的用法；不定式、分词作定语的区别。

3．解答考查非谓语动词的题目时，一定要保持头脑冷静。

一般要遵循以下解题思路：①解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的功能（如状语、定语或宾补）；②找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动）；③搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式；④将该选项置入空中，看是否能够做到字从意顺，或是否能传达有效信息、完成交际任务。

重点知识整合一非谓语动词的句法功能重点知识整合二分词、不定式作宾补用法要点一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1．感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役动词have 后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词（不带to 的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词。

（寒假总动员）2015年高二英语寒假作业专题18 练习（十八）（练）（含解析）I．单选选择() 1. Water is limited and can only be ________ to those who need most.A．allocated B．gotC．arranged D．made( ) 2. The foreign visitors visited the Shanghai World Expo Park, ________ by the mayor.A．accompanying B．accompaniedC．attending D．attended()3. People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, and this creates further problems.A. in shortB. in returnC. in doubtD. in turn()4. I'm ________ of watching TV; let's go for a walk.A．bored B．tiredC．scared D．fed()5. The stranger stood up, his sharp eyes ________ on my face.A．were fixed B．being fixedC．fixed D．fixing()6. It's high time that you ________ even harder at your lessons as the exam is around the corner. A．work B．will work C．worked D．have to work()7 — Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.— Thanks. You ______ it. I could manage it myself.A. needn’t doB. needn’t have doneC. mustn’t doD. shouldn’t have done()8 --- I think you’ve _________ the point.--- What?--- I meant you haven’t understood the most important thing.A. got toB. lostC. missedD. come to()9. Look at the trouble I am in. If only I _____ your advice.A. followedB. would followC. had followedD. should follow()10. I didn’t know your telephone number; otherwise, I ___ you long ago.A. had rungB. have rungC. would have rungD. would ringII．完型填空I’ve always had strong opinions of how love should be expressed, but others had their own ways of showing care.What I 1 most about visiting my boyfriend’s parents is the loud tick of the clock in the din ing room as we 2 ate our meal. With so little conversation I was quick to 3 his family as cold. When we got into the 4 to go home, his father su ddenly appeared. 5 , he began to wash his son’s windscreen. I could feel he was a caring man through the glass.I learned another le sson about love a few years later. My father often 6 me early in the morning. “Buy Xerox. It’s a good sharp price,” he might say when I answered the phone. No pleasant 7 or inquiry about my life, just financial instructions. This manner of his 8 me and we often quarreled. But one day, I thought about my father’s success in business and realized that his concern for my financial security lay behind his 9 morning calls. The next time he called and told me to buy a stock, I 10 him.When my social style has conflicted with that of my friends, I’ve often felt 11 . For example, I always return phone calls 12 and regularly contact with my friends. I expect the same from them. I had one friend who rarely called, answering my messages with short e-mails. I rushed to the 13 : She wasn’t a good friend! My anger 14 as the holidays approached. But then she came to a gathering I 15 and handed me a beautiful dress I had fallen in love with when we did some window-shopping the previous month. I was 51 at her thoughtfulness, and regretful for how I’d considered her to be 16 . Clearly I needed to change my expectations of friends.Far too often, I ignored their 17 expressions, eagerly expecting them to do things in my 18 . Over the years, however, I’ve learned to 19 other persons, love signs.1.A. remember B. enjoy C. value D. admire2. A. excitedly B. nervously C. silently D. instantly3.A. regard B. treat C. take D. think4.A. bus B. train C. car D. plane5.A. Punctually B. Carefully C. Proudly D. Coldly6.A. visited B. interrupted C. warned D. telephoned7.A. greeting B. meeting C. apology D. explanation8.A. interested B. angered C. encouraged D. surprised9.A. long B. short C. warm D. polite10.A. praised B. remembered C. blamed D. thanked11.A. content B. guilty C. curious D. disappointed12.A. in order B. in turn C. without delay D. without difficulty13.A. feeling B. suggestion C. judgment D. belief14.A. disappeared B. grew C. helped D. declined15.A. opened B. refused C. hosted D. invited16.A. depressed B. upset C. fascinated D. shocked17.A. uncaring B. dishonest C. unhappy D. uncooperative18.A. unique B. common C. pleasant D. familiar19.A. opinion B. way C. mind D. life20.A. send B. read C. give D. expressIII．阅读理解They are the sort of friends who are so close that they trust each other with their lives. If one falls, the other is ther e to catch him. They are Wellman, whose legs were permanently injured nine years ago in a rock-climbing accident, and Corbett, an experienced rock climber. Together, they climbed up Half Dome, the famous 2,000-foot rock in the Yosemite National Park, through one of the most difficult routes(路线). During the climb, Corbett took the lead, hit in the metal spikes（尖状物）that guided the ropes and climbed up. Then, after Wellman pulled himself up the rope, Corbett went down to remove the spikes and c limbed up again. This process was repeated time and again, inch by inch, for 13 days.Wellman’s job was not easy either. He got hims elf up the rope through upper body strength alone. In all, Wellman figured that he had done 5,000 pull-ups up the rope on the climb.However, when the two men first met, they never talked about climbing. “He knew that was how I got injured.” Wellman said. Until one day Wellman decided that he wanted to climb again and they started training.Their climb of Half Dome was not all smooth. At one point, pieces of rock gave way, and Corbett dropped down quickly. Wellman locked their rope in place, stopping the fall at 20 feet. His quick action probably saved his friend’s life.“Your partner can save your life —you can save your partner’s life,” Wellman said as the pair received congratulations from friends. “There are real close ties.”1.Which of the followi ng was a challenge for Corbett in climbing Half Dome?A. To climb up to remove the spikes.B. To climb it twiceC. To do 5,000 pull-ups up the rope.D. To lock the rope in place.2.Why did the two men never talk about climbing when they first met?A. Corbett was poorly trained.B. Wellman had lost interest in climbing.C.Corbett didn’t want to hurt Wellman’s feelings.D. Wellman hadn’t decided whether to climb again.3.What do we know about Wellman?A. He stopped rock-climbing for some time.B. He climbed Half Dome by himself.C. He was disabled in a traffic accident.D. He was saved by Corbett during the climb.4.The main idea of the text is that .A. two heads are better than oneB. friendship is precious in lifeC. the disabled should never give upD. a man can be destroyed but cannot be defeated。

寒假作业（18）一、小题练习1、I am struggling to polish up my English now. If only I _______ hard in senior one!A. studyB. studiedC. had studiedD. should study2、—Do you have Betty’s phone number?—Yes. Otherwise, I ___________ able to reach her yesterday.A.hadn’t beenB.wouldn’t have beenC.weren’tD.wouldn’t be3、The old worker insisted that he ________ old, and _______ back to the working post again.A. wasn’t; was sentB. be not; send;C. isn’t; sentD. wasn’t; be sent4、I wish I ______ photography then. If so, I could give you a hand at present.A.studiedB.had studiedC.havestudied D.will study5、The suggestion came from the chairman ______ the new rule ______.A.what; was developedB.that; was developedC.what; be developedD.that; be developed6、It is required in the library regulations that any book borrowed__________(return) by due time, or the borrower will be fined.7、If only I __________(have) more confidence in the English speech contest held last week!8、Catherine would rather that she _____________(take) the pain instead of her baby. We can’t imagine how upset she was.9、I lost your phone number. Otherwise, I (contact) you long before.10、But for my teachers’ encouragem ent, I ____________(get) discouraged by the difficulties I met.11、The government desired that everyone paid attention to the rule.12、Robert wishes that he studied business instead of history when he was at university.13、If I was you, I would go there by plane. Flying is faster.14、The order came that the medical supplies were sent to the village without delay.15、Doctor Tom worked hard as if he have never felt tired.二、阅读理解There was once a jar of fresh, clean water. Every drop of water in the jar felt immensely proud of being so clear and pure. Day after day they would congratulate each other on how clean and beautiful they were. That was, until one day when one of the drops got bored with his ultra-clean existence. He wanted to try what it was like being a dirty drop.The other drops tried to talk him out of it, but he stuck to his guns. Hardly realizing, when the drop came back all dirty, he turned all the other drops in the jar into dirty drops, too.They tried to get clean again, but couldn't. They tried everything to shake off the dirtiness. Finally, much later, someone dipped the jar in a fountain, and only when a lot of clean water entered the jar, did the drops regain their old transparency and purity. Now they all know that if they all want to be nice clean drops, then each and every one of them has to stay clean, even if they find it difficult. That drop that succeeded in being dirty has realized that correcting the mistake of one single drop needs a lot of work for everyone else.The same happens with us and our friends. If we want to live in a jar of clean water, each one of us will have to be a clean drop. None of us should try being the dirty drop who spoils everything. How about you? What are you? A clean drop?1.One of the drops made a change because he _______.A.got tired of his state of existing.B.was less beautiful than other drops.C.wanted to dirty othersD.was too proud a drop2.We can infer from Para.2 that the drop was ________.A.confidentB.braveC.dangerousD.stubborn3.Realizing the trouble he caused, the drop that succeeded in being dirty must have felt very ________.A.pleasedB.importantC.sorryD.proud4.What’s the writer’s purpose of writing this article?A.To blame the drop for his foolish mistake.B.To advis e readers to be “a clean drop”.C.To tell readers how to work together effectively.D.To tell readers the way to be “ a clean drop”.三、根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

高二英语（下）阶段综合测试四(Unit 17一Unit 18)总分1 时间90分钟成绩评定Ⅰ．单项选择(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)从A、B、C和D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1.It was not a serious illness, and she soon it.A. got overB. got on withC. got aroundD. got out of it2.I have done much of the work. Could you please finish in two days?A. the restB. the otherC. anotherD. the Others3.The most important thing about cotton in history is part that it played in Industrial Revolution.A. /; /B. the; /C. the; theD. a; the4.There's a feeling in me we'll never know what a UFO is.A. thatB. whichC. of whichD. what5. I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.A. WhileB. SinceC. AsD. If6.I don't think there is much sense them advice. They won't take it.A. to giveB. to givingC. in giveD. in giving7.The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain as the plane was making a landing.A. seatB. seatingC. seatedD. to be seating8.Robert is said abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.A. to have studiedB. to studyC. to be studyingD. to have been studying9.--How would you like your coffee?-- .A. It's well doneB. Very niceC. One cup. That's enoughD. The stronger, the better10. you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.A. ForB. Now thatC. OnceD. When11.If David carries on working like this, he'll sooner or later.A. break downB. break away fromC. break upD. break out12.I felt very disappointed when my repeated request that I join the club wasA. replacedB. resistedC. rejectedD. removed13. As far as I am concerned ,education is about learning and the more you learn,A. the more for life are you equippedB. the more equipped for life you areC. the more life you are equipped forD. you are equipped the more for life14.When I watched the film, I slowly became aware of the fact cultural differences couldn't stop people understanding each other.A. whichB. whereC. whetherD. that15.There came the news that the visiting team had gained a victory the home team with a score of 4 to 3.A. againstB. towardC. uponD. overⅡ．完形填空(共；每小题1.5分，满分30分)As soon as Linda went into the department that sold raincoats, she 16 there was something unusual in the 17 .18 there was a salesman and a saleswoman. That was very unusual in the women's coat department. He asked if he could be 19 any help. But when she said that she was just , he did not seem to be 21 . He did not look very much like a salesman, 22 .A second later a raincoat 23 her eye. She asked a question about it. He did not 24 hear her at first. She asked again. She 25 to know if he had any coats like it with a detachable lining. He did not seem to 26 what a detachable lining was. She explained. Then she went on looking. She 27 that the salesman seemed to be 28 another customer in the department all the time. The other customer, a middle-aged woman, 29 the department. The salesman 30 went to the phone and told somebody on the other end that the woman had gone and had 31 two leather belts without paying for them. Then he turned to Linda and32 that he was not a 33 at all but a store detective. Later, Linda 34 in the paper thata woman had been arrested for stealing some belts from a departmentstore or, in other 35 , for shoplifting.16. A. decided B. imagined C. sensed D. said17. A. state B. situation C. room D. atmosphere18. A. At first B. Suddenly C. Immediately D. First of all19. A. with B. for C. of D. haveA. playingB. inspectingC. lookingD. helping21. A. listening B. believing C. understanding D. knowing22. A. too B. either C. as well D. also23. A. drew B. interested C. impressed D. caught24. A. already B. even C. ever D. still25. A. appreciated B. wanted C. managed D. missed26. A. understand B. remember C. hear D. find27. A. explained B. noticed C. recognized D. knew28. A. seeing B. watching C. following D. inspecting29. A. entered B. stole something from C. searched D. left30. A. secretly B. immediately C. suddenly D. slowly31. A. taken B. robbed C. hid D. bought32. A. showed B. pointed out C. apologized D. explained33. A. salesman B. policeman C. manager D. customer34. A. wrote B. knew C. read D. discovered35. A. paper B. words C. explanation D. meaningⅢ.阅读理解(共;每小题2分,共40分)阅读下列短文,从每所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D )中选出最佳选项AThe wedding took place in a Birmingham hotel. The bride and her father arrived in a new black American sports ear. Her father looked nervous and uncomfortable in front of the cameras. The bride wore a silk wedding dress. She smiled nervously at the waiting photographers and went to room on the first floor where she met her future husband for the very first time.Carla Germaine and Greg Cordell were the winners of a radio station's competition. The aim of the competition was to tlnd two strangers prepared to marry, without having met each other. Miss C.ermaine, 23, is a model. Mr Cordell, 27, is a TV salesman. They were among the two hundred people who entered for a peculiar "experiment" organized by BMRB radio in Binningham, England. Greg and Carla were among eight finalists who were interviewed live on radio. They took a lie detector(测谎仪) test and the station 'also spoke to their friends and family about their personalities. The competition judges included an astrologer(占星家) who declared that they were suited.The couple celebrated their wedding with a wedding breakfast and a party for 100 guests in the evening, but not everyone shared their joy. Miss Gennaine's mother looked anxious throughout the wedding and Mr Cordefl's parents are reported to be less than delighted.Organizations, including the marriage guidance service Relate, have criticized(批评) the marriage. As one person put it, "We have enough problems getting young people to take marriage seriously without this. Marriage should always be about love."The couple are now on a Caribbean honeymoon followed by journalists. Their other prizes include a year's free use of wonderful apartment in the centre of Birmingham, and a car. But will it last?36. How did the couple's parents react to the wedding?A. The bride's mother shared their joy.B. The bride's father felt uncomfortable about the wedding.C. The bridegroom's parents were quite delighted.D. The bridegroom's parents were not that joyful.37. Some experts believe that .A. marriage without the couple's meeting each other first ends up in failureB. young people nowadays are too careless about marriageC. taking a lie detector test can not solve all the marriage problemsD. most young people take marriage seriously except this couple38. One of the prizes for the couple is .A. to spend their honeymoon wherever they likeB. to use an apartment free for some timeC. to have a wedding dress freeD. to own an American sports car39. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Two Strangers and a WeddingB. A Wedding Based on LoveC. A Short-Lived MarriageD. A Well-Matched CoupleBPeople had known about steam power :for hundreds of years. But they did not know how to apply it to machines. About 300 years ago, some engineers discovered that they couldn’t use steam power to force water out of deep mines. This helped miners dig deeper than ever. But little more was done with steam power until one man, James Watt, discovered to make steam turn a wheel.When he was a boy, James Watt's parents had scolded(责骂) him for playing with mechanical things. There were few advanced machines then And almost nobody could make a living by fixing them. So Wart's parents thought that playing around with machines was a waste of time. But someone asked Watt to repair a steam coal-mine pump. Watt fixed the pump and he began to build models of other pumps.Once Watt had built his first steam engines, steam power was used to do many things. Machines were built that could weave(编织), grind(磨) flour, drive a boat or a train, and even make other machines.Nearly anything that needed pushing or turning could be powered by steam. Within 50 years of Watt's invention, steam engines were producing and transporting things in ways that were impossible by hand, wind, or water power.40. Steam power was not used to turn a wheel untilA. three hundred years agoB. it was applied to the mining industryC. James Watt grew into a very clever boyD. James Watt found out a way of doing so41. As a boy, James WattA. was fond of playing with mechanical thingsB. was often scolded for playing with steamC. was often scolded for playing with complicated machinesD. couldn't make a living by fixing complicated machines42. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage'?A. To Watt, playing around with machines was a waste of time.B. Nobody asked watt to repair steam coal-mine pumps.C. When Walt was young, his parents didn't allow him to play with machines.D. Fixing machines was beyond Watt's power.43．Since the invention of James Watt’s steam engines，．A．wind power has been of no use to manB．water power has not been used any longerC．everything has been able to be powered by steamD．steam power ’has been widely usedCIt is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education．Nevertheless(虽然如此)，it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to sch001．The difference between schooling and education implied(暗指，含有)by this mark is important．Education is nine more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling．Education knows no limits．It can take place anywhere，whether in the shower or on the job，whether in a kitchen or on a tractor．It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning．The agent of education can vary from respected grandparent to the people arguing about politics on the radio from a child to a famous scientist．Whereas schooling has a certain predictability(可预料性)，education quite often produces surprises．A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions．People receive education from infancy(婴幼儿)on．Education，then，is a very broad，inclusive term．It is a lifelong process，a process that starts long before the start of school，and one that should he a necessary part of one’s entire life．Schooling，on the other hand，is specific，formalized process，whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next．3Nroughout a country，children arrive at school at about the single time，take the assigned(指定的)seats，are taught by Ekrt adult，use similar textbooks，do homework，take exits，and so on．The pieces of reality that are to be learned，whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government，have been limited by the subjects being taught．For example，high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their society or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with．There are clear and undutiful conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling．44．The passage is organized by ．A．giving examples of different schoolsB．telling a story about excellent teachersC．1isting and discussing several educational problemsD．telling the difference between the meanings of two related words45．Which of the following statements does the passage support?A．Education systems need to be changed as soon as possible．B．Without formal education，people won’t be able to read mad write．C．Going to school is only part of how people become educated．D．Schooling is of no use because students do similar things every day．-46．What does the writer mean by using the expression “children interrupt their education to go to school ”in Paragraph 1 ?A．All of life is an education．B．Learning takes place everywhere．C．Education is totally destroyed by schooling．D．Schooling prevents people from discovering new things．47．What is the main idea of this passage?A．The best schools teach a variety of subjects．B．Education and schooling are quite different experiences．C．The more years students go to school，the better their education is．D. Students benefit from schools，which require long hours and homework．DThe agriculture revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things：the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture．Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce(not widely seen)。