2008-03-03博士考试题

部队博士考试题库及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10题）1. 下列哪项不是军事演习的目的？A. 检验部队训练效果B. 检验武器装备性能C. 增加部队的娱乐活动D. 增强部队实战能力答案：C2. 军事战略的制定需要考虑哪些因素？A. 国家利益B. 军事实力C. 国际形势D. 所有以上选项答案：D3. 下列哪项不是军事训练的基本原则？A. 系统性B. 实战性C. 随意性D. 科学性答案：C4. 部队博士考试主要考察哪些方面的能力？A. 理论知识B. 实战经验C. 创新能力D. 所有以上选项答案：D5. 军事指挥员在作战中应遵循的原则是什么？A. 先发制人B. 以少胜多C. 以多胜少D. 灵活机动答案：D6. 军事理论中，战略与战术的主要区别是什么？A. 战略是长期的，战术是短期的B. 战略是全局的，战术是局部的C. 战略是宏观的，战术是微观的D. 所有以上选项答案：D7. 军事训练中，模拟训练与实战训练的主要区别是什么？A. 模拟训练更安全B. 实战训练更真实C. 模拟训练成本更低D. 所有以上选项答案：D8. 军事装备的现代化主要体现在哪些方面？A. 高科技含量B. 高效能C. 高可靠性D. 所有以上选项答案：D9. 军事情报的收集和分析对于战争胜利的重要性是什么？A. 提供决策依据B. 指导作战行动C. 预测敌方行动D. 所有以上选项答案：D10. 军事心理学在部队中的作用是什么？A. 提高士气B. 增强团队凝聚力C. 提高作战效率D. 所有以上选项答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共5题）1. 军事训练中，以下哪些方法可以提高训练效果？A. 定期进行实战演练B. 引入虚拟现实技术C. 采用游戏化训练D. 增加训练强度答案：ABCD2. 军事战略制定时，需要考虑的国际因素包括哪些？A. 国际政治格局B. 国际经济形势C. 国际军事同盟D. 国际法律约束答案：ABCD3. 军事指挥员在作战中应避免哪些行为？A. 盲目自信B. 忽视情报分析C. 过于依赖技术D. 缺乏应变能力答案：ABCD4. 军事装备现代化的推进措施包括哪些？A. 加强科研投入B. 提升制造工艺C. 引进国外先进技术D. 加强装备维护答案：ABCD5. 军事心理学在部队中的应用包括哪些方面？A. 心理辅导B. 压力管理C. 团队建设D. 作战心理训练答案：ABCD三、判断题（每题1分，共5题）1. 军事演习的目的是增加部队的娱乐活动。

博士笔试考试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪项不是博士生应具备的基本素质？A. 独立思考能力B. 团队合作精神C. 严格遵守学术规范D. 忽视学术道德答案：D2. 博士论文的撰写过程中，以下哪项是正确的？A. 可以抄袭他人观点B. 必须引用他人研究成果C. 所有数据必须真实可靠D. 可以随意篡改实验结果答案：C3. 博士生在学术研究中，以下哪项行为是不被允许的？A. 与导师定期沟通研究进展B. 独立开展实验和数据分析C. 未经允许使用他人研究成果D. 参加学术会议交流思想答案：C4. 博士生在撰写论文时，以下哪项是必须遵守的？A. 只关注自己感兴趣的领域B. 严格遵守论文格式要求C. 可以忽略参考文献的引用D. 可以随意发表未经审核的论文答案：B5. 在博士生学术研究中，以下哪项是重要的？A. 只关注实验结果，忽略理论分析B. 只进行理论分析，不进行实验验证C. 结合实验结果和理论分析，形成完整的研究D. 可以忽略实验中的异常数据答案：C6. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪项是正确的？A. 可以随意更改研究计划B. 必须按照既定的研究计划进行C. 可以忽略研究中出现的问题D. 可以不与导师讨论研究进展答案：B7. 博士生在学术研究中，以下哪项是不被鼓励的？A. 积极参加学术会议B. 与同行进行学术交流C. 独立完成所有研究工作D. 寻求导师和同行的建议答案：C8. 博士生在撰写论文时，以下哪项是必要的？A. 只关注论文的创新性B. 只关注论文的字数C. 必须确保论文的逻辑性和条理性D. 可以忽略论文的格式和排版答案：C9. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪项是不被接受的？A. 遵守学术诚信原则B. 尊重他人的知识产权C. 抄袭他人的研究成果D. 正确引用他人的研究成果答案：C10. 博士生在学术研究中，以下哪项是重要的？A. 只关注个人成就B. 忽视团队合作的重要性C. 积极与团队成员沟通协作D. 可以忽略研究中的伦理问题答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 简述博士生在学术研究中应遵循的基本原则。

北师大历年专业博士入学考试试题教育学原理2008（A）1. 从现代教育的基本价值和功能分析教育对个人发展的意义（25 分）2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的意义（25 分）3. 互联网对青少年交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的看法。

（20 分）剩下的一题为各个方向规定选择的试题。

（30 分）今年实行的是3+1 模式。

2008 （B）（其中第2,3两题与教育学A卷一样，希望后来者有借鉴）1. 论述义务教育的基本特征以及政府应该承担的责任.（35 分）0 a O9 H\&d9L#F C'q"e（d4R2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的指导意义（35分）2……3. 论述互联网对青少年学生交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的对策。

（30 分）2007（A）1、试论现代教育的基本价值和功能及其对个人发展的意义。

（35 分）2、谈谈近年来教育研究方法论方面的若干变化及其意义。

（30 分）3、要求根据材料写篇小文章。

材料太长，我的准考证实在抄不下来哦，但是出自《发展教育学年鉴2 00 3 》，首都师大出版社2003 版。

具体内容是关于现代德育方面的。

（35 分）2007（B）1. 现代教育的价值取向以及与人美好生活的关系2. 评析基础教育课程改革的价值取向3. 有关网络道德教育插入：2007 年教育政治学与教育法真题1、怎样理解法律上的权利与义务的概念及分类。

2、试述教育与法律的关系。

（ ?（h8u-u4o7U'n8|4B3、高校与学生的法律关系辨析。

2007 经管学院的博士考试1. 教育财政公平与效率关系；2. 大学生就业难成因与对策分析；3. 各级教育中“市场化”问题分析；4. 择校问题成因分析；5. 分析人力资本理论与筛选理论关于教育作用的观点。

2006（B）1、从教育的本质属性角度，评析“教育产业化”。

2、现在德育概念有泛化的趋势，广义的德育包括（思想政治教育、道德品质教育、法制教育、心理健康教育等）以及狭义的德育（道德品质教育）概念的各自内涵及相互关系。

博士后期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是博士后研究的特点？A. 独立性B. 创新性C. 短期性D. 专业性2. 博士后研究的目的是？A. 获得学位B. 获得工作经验C. 深入专业领域D. 完成特定项目3. 博士后在研究中通常扮演的角色是？A. 学生B. 教师C. 研究员D. 行政人员4. 博士后研究通常需要多长时间？A. 1-2年B. 2-3年C. 3-5年D. 5年以上5. 博士后研究的成果主要体现为？A. 学术论文B. 专利申请C. 项目报告D. 所有选项都是6. 博士后研究的资助来源可能包括？A. 政府资助B. 企业赞助C. 私人基金会D. 所有选项都是7. 博士后在研究期间需要遵守哪些规定？A. 学术诚信B. 实验室安全C. 知识产权保护D. 所有选项都是8. 博士后研究期间，以下哪项不是常见的学术交流方式？A. 学术会议B. 学术期刊C. 社交媒体D. 学术研讨会9. 博士后研究期间，以下哪种技能不是必要的？A. 研究技能B. 项目管理C. 人际沟通D. 驾驶技能10. 博士后研究完成后，以下哪项不是可能的职业发展方向？A. 大学教授B. 企业研发C. 政府机构D. 艺术创作答案：1. C2. C3. C4. A5. D6. D7. D8. C9. D 10. D二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述博士后研究与博士研究的主要区别。

答案：博士后研究与博士研究的主要区别在于，博士后研究更注重独立性和创新性，通常在博士学位获得后进行，以深入专业领域或完成特定项目为目的。

而博士研究则更侧重于学术训练和学位获取，是一个系统性的研究训练过程。

2. 描述博士后在学术界的作用和贡献。

答案：博士后在学术界的作用和贡献主要体现在推动学术研究的深入发展，通过参与高水平的研究项目，发表高质量的学术论文，促进学术交流和知识传播。

同时，博士后也是学术界培养新一代科研人才的重要途径。

2011年首医人体解剖学真题一、名词解释：3分×10个1、Dentate line；齿状线2、Cisterna chyli；乳糜池3、Pterygoid venous plexus；翼丛：是位于颞下窝内,翼内,外肌与颞肌之间的静脉丛.翼丛收纳与上颌动脉分支伴行的静脉,最后汇合成上颌静脉,回流到下颌后静脉.翼丛与上颌动脉在颞下窝的浅部;翼内,外肌的肌腹,下颌神经及其分支则在该肌的深部.翼丛通过眼下静脉和面深静脉与面静脉相通,并经卵圆孔网及破裂孔导血管与海绵窦相通,故口,鼻,咽等部的感染,可沿上述途径蔓延至颅内.4、阴部管；阴部管位于坐骨直肠窝外侧壁，坐骨结节上方3~4cm处，为闭孔筋膜与会阴浅筋膜共同围成的管状裂隙。

其中有阴部内血管和阴部神经通过。

5、Scalene fissure；前、中斜角肌与第一肋之间形成一呈三角形的间隙，称即起自这些细胞，余部则起自椎前神经节。

7、Chorda tympani；鼓索神经8、房室交界区；9、Vincula tendium；10、Mesenteric sinus。

二、选择题：1分×15个，1-10个单选，11-15个多选1、冠状窦的开口部位；2、属特殊内脏感觉性神经节；3、支配胸大小肌的神经；4、旋转加速与减速的感受器；5、泪腺窝位于；6、男性输精管结扎部位；7、左室流出道和流入道的分界；8、甲状腺狭从前方跨气管的哪几个气管环；9、不属于颈丛的分支；10、射精管开口于尿道哪个部位；11、关于心纤维支架叙述正确的是；12、分布于舌的神经有；13、支配蚓状肌的神经有；14、Glisson囊包裹的结构有；15、关于房室束的描述正确的是。

三、简答题：5分×3个1、人体内有哪些具有三个狭窄的器官？名称，狭窄部位及临床意义；2、动脉上的感受器有哪些？名称、位置、感受性质；3、膝关节的构成，运动及相关肌肉。

四、论述题：10分×4个1、论述下列器官的动脉供应和淋巴引流：（1）直肠及肛门；（2）胰；2、下述孔裂均有何结构穿行：（1）颈静脉孔；（2）横突孔；（3）眶上裂；（4）食管裂孔；（5）梨状下孔；3、回答下列名词概念和左右的区别及临床意义：（1）肺门和肺根及肺段；（2）肾窦和肾段及肾蒂；4、论述静脉的相关问题：（1）静脉配布；（2）板障静脉和导静脉；（3）；脊柱的静脉。

中国艺术研究院2008年博士入学英语考试题Part I Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this section there are 10 sentences with one word or phrase underlined and 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it with a pencil. Example: [A] [B] [█] [D]1. They arrived at some political agreements that facilitated troop withdrawals.A. establishedB. maximizedC. guaranteedD. promoted2. The psychologist cited several instances of insubordinate behavior.A. neglectedB. worriedC. mentionedD. reduced3. When faced with doubts from some advisers on the attempted invasion, the president ignored them.A. failed to noticeB. put up withC. stood up forD. refused to consider4. He was a zealous supporter of our plan and cleaned up the hall for the Christmas party.A. enthusiasticB. concertedC. giganticD. dedicated5. They are bound to fail if they continue at the risk of all these dangers.A. are unnecessaryB. are certainC. are simpleD. are alternative6. Adverse circumstances compelled him to close his business.A. unfamiliarB. localC. unfavorableD. good7. People of diverse backgrounds now fly to distant places for pleasure, business or education.A. differentB. distinctiveC. divorcedD. separate8. The salesman approached the house cautiously when he saw the vicious dog at the door.A. cautiousB. deliberateC. nervousD. malicious9. It is believed that the recent findings are also applicable to other areas of design engineering.A. practicalB. relevantC. convenientD. comparable10. The enterprise introduced an incentive bonus for high productivity.A. motiveB. initiativeC. encouragementD. entertainment11. He _____ in court that he had seen the prisoner run out of the bank after it had been robbed.A. justifiedB. witnessedC. testifiedD. identified12. Y ou may never experience an earthquake or a volcanic eruption in your life, but you will _____ changes in the land.A. adaptB. adoptC. witnessD. define13. It is understood that the filming of Legends is almost complete and the film is not _____ to be delayed.A. easyB. availableC. possibleD. likely14. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen _____ into human nature.A. intellectB. insightC. perceptionD. understanding15. The Government has therefore agreed to pay authorities extra sums to _____ for their financial losses.A. make upB. turn upC. fill inD. lean on16. With the constant change of the conditions, the outcome is not always _____.A. favorableB. predictableC. dependableD. reasonable17. Y ou will get to the church more quickly if you take this _____ across the fields.A. trackB. passageC. methodD. journey18. A landing on Mars is within the _____ of current physical theory.A. schemeB. scopeC. scrapD. scale19. When products made in factories _____, they are thrown away as garbage.A. come to an endB. are put to useC. are used upD. wear out20. It was with great delight that I read in your February _____ the letter to the Editor written by Prof. Johnson.A. copyB. issueC. magazineD. printingPart II Cloze (10 points)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best ONE and then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it with a pencil.Example: [A] [B] [█] [D]Niagara is an Indian word which means “roaring water”. Indeed, the roar of the falling water of Niagara can be heard ____21____ a distance of 25 kms. Imagine ____22____ of water flowing over a cliff 90 feet high and you will get an idea of that terrible noise. And ____23____ tremendous power the Niagara River has! It moves big rocks about and throws them into the boiling water below. ____24____ ago an oldship without single person on board was put in mid-stream. It sailed down the river ____25____ a toy boat with great speed. Having reached the fall, the ship dropped into the boiling water, never ____26____ again. There were some people who wanted to become famous ____27____ swimming across the most dangerous part of the Niagara River. One of them was Captain Webb who said that he would try to swim cross the Niagara, which ____28____ crowds of people. On the evening of July 21st, 1893, Captain Webb came up to the river and ____29____ a plunge. His having jumped into the water ____30____ many people with horror. Soon, he appeared in the middle of the river. A loud shout went up from the crowd, but a moment later there was ____31____ silence. The man had disappeared under the water. Thousands of eyes ____32____ on the river, but the man was drowned. In 1902, a certain Miss Taylor decided to go over the falls in a barrel. There were different kinds of pillows inside the barrel to prevent her from ____33____. Having examined the barrel carefully, Miss Taylor got in. The barrel was closed and then ____34____ into the water. Having reached the falls, it overturned and was shot down by the terrible ____35____ of the water. When the barrel was finally caught and opened, Miss Taylor came out alive ____36____ with a frightened look in her eyes. Once a crowd of visitors saw a rope ____37____ over from one bank of the river to the other. Then they saw a man ____38____ the rope. The man was an actor, Blondin ____39____. He managed to cross Niagara Falls on a tight rope. The people on the bank were surprised at his ____40____ it so well.21. A. within B. inside C. at D. on22. A. much B. a great number C. mass D. a mass23. A. how much B. what C. so D. how24. A. Sometimes B. Many times C. Much time D. Some time25. A. as B. as if C. like D. likely26. A. to appear B. appearing C. appeared D. appear27. A. for B. by C. through D. from28. A. attracted B. drew C. caused D. pulled29. A. gave B. made C. did D. took30. A. filling B. full of C. filled D. was filled31. A. dead B. dying C. died D. death32. A. being stopped B. were fixing C. were fixed D. fixed33. A. being hurt B. having hurt C. hurting D. hurt34. A. being throw B. throwing C. thrown D. threw35. A. power B. strength C. force D. capacity36. A. therefore B. however C. so D. but37. A. being put B. put C. having put D. putting38. A. step across B. step out onto C. step along D. step on39. A. in name B. under the name of C. by name D. to the name of40. A. done B. having done C. having been done D. being done Part III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best ONE and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening it with a pencil.Example: [A] [B] [█] [D]Passage 1Presidents come and go, but for more than half a century, the queen has always been the queen. So it was perhaps no surprise that Washington went a little gaga on Monday, as Queen Elizabeth II and her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, began an official two-day visit to the capital.Across the Atlantic, Helen Mirren, who won an Academy Award for her portrayal of Elizabeth in “The Queen,” shocked the British conscience over the weekend by turning down an invitation to dine at Buckingham Palace. But on this side of the ocean, Her Majesty was making Americans go weak in the knees.膝部软弱无力的The White House was decorated to perfection for an exclusive white-tie dinner on Monday evening, with President Bush and the first lady, Laura Bush, playing host to the royal couple and 130 other A-list guests. But the morning was reserved for the masses —or, at least, the masses with the kind of connections that warrant an invitation to the formal arrival ceremony on the South Lawn.It was a day for pomp and circumstance讲排场— a military color guard, a fife and drum band in white wigs, red jackets and tricornered hats — punctuated 不时打断；强调by a presidential slip of the tongue口误；失言that lightened the moment during Mr. Bush‟s welcoming remarks. Mr. Bush reminded the 81-year-old queen that she had already dined with 10 American presidents.“Y ou helped our nation celebrate its bicentennial in 17 ——” he went on, stopping to correct himself before 1776 could slip out. The crowd erupted in laughter, and the president and the queen turned to each other for a long, silent gaze. Then, Mr. Bush turned back to the crowd with an explanation. “She gave me a look,” he said, “that only a mother could give a child.”Mr. Bush had been the recipient of such a look once before in the queen‟s presence —from his own mother, back in 1991, when the first President and Mrs. Bush played host to their own state dinner for the queen. By several different accounts, including Mr. Bush‟s own,Barbara Bush told the queen that she had seated her son far away from Her Majesty, for fear he might make a wisecrack.Then, to his mother‟s horror, he did, telling the queen that he was his family‟s black sheep and asking, “Who‟s yours?” The queen, apparently not amused, replied tartly, “None of your business.”If the queen was not amused on Monday, she did not show it. “I‟m sure she accepted it for what it was — a slip of the tongue,” said her press secretary,新闻秘书Penny Russell-Smith.41. It may be inferred from the passage that ________.A. U.S. presidents like to come and goB. the queen has always been in powerC. the queen was much esteemed by U.S. peopleD. Queen Elizabeth II began an official visit to the capital42. Helen Mirren shocked the British conscience because she_______.A. refused to dine at Buckingham Palace with the QueenB. won an Academy Award for her portrayal of ElizabethC. sailed cross the Atlantic aloneD. Her Majesty was making Americans go weak in the knees43. What happened at Mr. Bush‟s welcoming remarks?A. He made a serious mistake.B. He made a slip of the tongue.C. He played joke with the Queen.D. He made a laugh stalk himself.44. We may infer from the context that the bicentennial of American nation celebration is held in________.A. 1776B. 1876C. 1976D. 199145. We may infer from the context that “black sheep” (Line 2, Para. 7) probably means________.A. a sheep of black colorB. a very strange personC. a valuable member of the familyD. a worthless member of a respectable groupPassage 2After a 37-year advertising career at Y oung & Rubicam, Peter A. Georgescu is finding time to promote a few causes that are as dear to him.Mr. Georgescu, 66, who once managed well-known campaigns like the ''Softer Side of Sears,'' retired as chairman and chief executive of Y oung & Rubicam in 2000, but he says he is now in ''the most wonderful chapter of my life.''It is an apt metaphor because his book, The Source of Success(Jossey-Bass, $27.95) is being published this month. The book aims to explain what Mr. Georgescu views as the two major challenges facing America: economic competition from the emerging economies of China and India and a need to foster more creativity within American companies.''The only way this nation can compete with those that produce high-quality products at a lower price is by generating ideas that build a special relationship with consumers,'' he said. ''Everyone has buildings and technology; those are commodities. The only leverageable asset in the future will be creativity.''Any profit from his book will go to a charity慈善；施舍called Better Chance, which finds bright children in some of the nation's poorest neighborhoods and helps them to attend outstanding high schools, including private prep schools like the Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire.Mr. Georgescu, an Exeter alumnus, received a bachelor's degree学士学位in political science 政治学from Princeton and an M.B.A. from Stanford before starting atY oung & Rubicam in 1963.He said he counted himself lucky to have gained admission to Exeter in 1954, when he arrived in the United States at the age of 15 from his native Romania after spending seven years in a Communist labor camp.''I had been cleaning sewers, and I spoke little English, but someone gave me a chance,'' he said. ''I want to do that for other young people who are disadvantaged.'' He also volunteers as a board member董事会成员of the New Y ork Philharmonic. In the business world, he holds the title of chairman emeritus of Y oung & Rubicam and serves as a director for several companies.He and his wife, Barbara, live in Manhattan and have a son and three granddaughters. He rises at 6 a.m. most days to run five miles, partly along the East River.''That's how I torture myself,'' he said.46. From the first 3 paragraphs we know that Mr. Georgescu is ________.A. an authorB. an advertiserC. the author of the ''Softer Side of Sears''D. chairman and chief executive of Y oung & Rubicam47. What are Mr. Georgescu views about the major challenges facing America?A. China and India andB. Competition and creativity.C. Competition from the emerging economies.D. A need to foster more creativity within American companies.48. According to Mr. Georgescu, the future of economic competition lies in_______.A. good ideasB. consumersC. commoditiesD. creativity49. We may infer from the context that “Exeter” (Line 1, Para. 6) is the name of ________.A. a high schoolB. a charityC. a small townD. a refugee shelter50. The best title for the passage may be ________.A. A M anager‟s 37-year Advertising CareerB. The Source of SuccessC. Two Major Challenges Facing AmericaD. A Grateful Student Returns the FavorPassage 3I t is hard to get any agreement on the precise meaning of the term …social class‟. In everyday life, people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale. The criteria we use to place a new acquaintance,however, are a complex mixture of factors. Dress, way of speaking, area of residence in a given city or province, education and manners all play a part.In the eighteenth-century one of the first modern economists, Adam Smith, thought that the …whole annual produce of the land and labor of every country‟ provided revenue to …three different orders of people: Those who live by rent, thos e who live by wages, those who live by profit‟. Each successive stage of the industrial revolution, however, made the social structure more complicated.Many intermediate groups grew up during the nineteenth-century between the upper middle class and the working class. There were small-scale industrialists as well as large ones, small shopkeepers and tradesmen, officials and salaried employees, skilled and unskilled workers, and professional men such as doctors and teachers. Farmers and peasants continued in all countries as independent groups.During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the possession of wealth inevitably affected a person‟s social position. Intelligent industrialists with initiative made fortunes by their wits which lifted them into an economic group far higher than their working-class parents. But they lacked the social training of the upper class, who despised them as the …new rich‟.They often sent their sons and daughters to special schools to acquire social training. Here their children mixed with the children of the upper classes were accepted by them, and very often found marriage partners from among them. In the same way, a thrifty, hard-working labourer, though not clever enough himself, might save for his son enough to pay for an extended secondary school education in the hope that he would move into a …white-collar‟ occupation, carrying with it a higher salary and move up in the social scale.In the twentieth century the increased taxation of higher incomes, the growth of the social services, and the wider development of educational opportunity have considerably altered the social outlook. The upper classes no longer are the sole, or even the main possessors of wealth, power and education, though inherited socia l position still carries considerable prestige.Many people today are hostile towards class distinctions and privileges and hope to achieve a classless society. The trouble is that as one inequality is removed, another tends to take its place, and the best that has as far been attempted is a society in which distinctions are elastic and in which every member has fair opportunities for making the best of his abilities.51. How do we place people in society in relation to ourselves, according to the text?A. Mainly by their way of speaking.B. According to the place where they were born.C. According to a complex mixture of factors.D. By regarding them inferior to ourselves.52. Adam Smith‟s social make-up was invalidated by________.A. the growing-up of upper middle classB. the successive stages of the industrial revolutionC. the influence of the working classD. the inheritance of social positions53. Which class do small shopkeepers and tradesmen belong to?A. working classB. middle classC. upper classD. upper middle class54. Which of the following statements does NOT truly describe the new rich?A. They sent their children to special schools to receive education.B. They were lack of social training of the aristocracyC. They were often men of initiative and intelligenceD. They did not allow their children to marry the upper class55. What happened to the class differences in the twentieth century?A. They have been partly smoothed out.B. They increased taxation of higher incomes.C. They have made the social services grow.D. They widely enhanced the education developmentPassage 4The co-operative spirit that is present in such pack-hunters as wolves is largely absent from the world of the primate. Competitiveness and dominance is the order of this day.Competition in the social hierarchy is, of course, present in both groups, but it is less tempered by co-operative action in the case of monkeys and apes. Complicated, coordinated maneuvers are also unnecessary: sequences of feeding action do not need to be strung together in such a complex way. The primate can live much more from minute to minute, from hand to mouth.Because the primate‟s food supply is all around it for the taking, there is little need to cover great distances. Groups of wild gorillas, the largest of the living primates, have been carefully studied and their movements traced, so that we now know that they travel on average about a third of a mile a day. Sometimes they move only a few hundred feet. Carnivores, by contrast, must frequently travel many miles on a single hunting trip. In some instances they have been known to travel over fifty miles on a hunting journey, taking several days before returning to their home base. This act of returning to a fixed home base is typical of the carnivores, but is far less common amongst the monkeys and apes. True, a group of primates will live in a reasonably clearly defined home range, but at night it will probably bed down wherever it happens to have ended up in its day‟s meanderings. It will get to know the general region in which it lives because it is always wandering back and forth across it, but is will tend to use the whole area in a much more haphazard way. Also, the interaction between one troop and the next will be less defensive and less aggressive than is the case with carnivores. A territory is, by definition, a defended area, and primates are not therefore, typically, territorial animals.A small point, but one that is relevant here, is that carnivores have fleas but primates do not. Monkeys and apes are plagued by lice and certain other external parasites, but, contrary to popular opinion, they are completely flealess, for one very good reason. To understand this, it is necessary to examine the life-cycle of the flea.This insect lays its eggs, not on the body of its host, but amongst the detritus of its victims sleeping quarters. The eggs take three days to hatch into small, crawling maggots. These larvae do not feed on blood, but on the waste matter that has accumulated in the dirt of the den or lair. After two weeks they spin a cocoon and pupate. They remain in this dormant condition for approximately two weeks before emerging as adults, ready to hop on to a suitable host body. So for at least the first month of its life a flea is cut off from its host species. It is clear from this why a nomadic mammal, such as a monkey or ape, is not troubled by fleas. Even if a few stray fleas do happen to hop on to one and mate successfully, their eggs will be left behind as the primate group moves on, and when the pupae hatch there will be no host …at home‟ to continue the relationship.56. The writer says of the social life of monkeys and apes that they ________.A. are not allowed by their social code to dominate other individuals before they have competed with each otherB. compete during the day, but turn to a co-operative pattern when darkness fallsC. have to be on constant watch against other species that might drive them awayD. live in a very competitive society57. According to the writer, gorillas ________.A. prefer to stay near their homeB. move from place to place within a limited areaC. are followed when they travel by other animalsD. move around looking for food according to a fairly regular pattern58. The writer says that primates show little hostility________.A. towards soldiers and other human beingsB. except towards animals such as lions, leopards, tigers or wild catsC. unless their own particular area is invadedD. towards other groups of the same species of monkey or ape59. Monkeys and apes are not troubled by fleas because ________.A. the fleas, when fully developed, are not normally where the primates areB. they do not mind the fleasC. the harmful type of flea rarely gets onto themD. the fleas relationship with them is important biologically60. It can be inferred from the passage that the co-operative spirit present in such pack-hunters as wolves is largely absent from the world of the primates because ____.A. wolves are more defensive and aggressive than primatesB. primates are more friendly than wolvesC. it is not so difficult for primates to obtain food as for wolvesD. pirates are not territorial animalsPart IV Translation (25 points)Section A: (15 points)Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Standing in the right spot in this gigantic city and hills draped with apartment complexes can remind you of Hong Kong, the density of habitation will recall Tokyo and the river-spanning brawn, replete with an immense new structure over the Y angtze that echoes the Brooklyn Bridge, might recall New Y ork.Everywhere one looks here, there are new expressways, new bridges and towering new housing complexes rising, so many in fact that it is the occasional glimpse of something old, rather than the sight of anything new, that takes one‟s breath away.China has built megacities before, of course. The country‟s rich east abounds with them, strung along the coast from Tianjin in the north to Shenzhen in the far south like so many pearls. But the swift rise of Chongqing represents a new departure: a major push by Beijing to spread the fruits of China‟s economic boom to the country‟s vast interior, home to three Chinese in four.One after another, the big cities of the interior have eagerly entered the race to urbanize, with many openly brandishing the objective of becoming a “world city” within a few years. But whether judged by its size, its ambition or the scale of transformation, Chongqing, with its 12 million people, remains in a class by itself.Section B: (10 points)Directions:Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.一九七八年，我们党召开具有重大历史意义的十一届三中全会，开启了改革开放历史新时期。

2005一、简答题（20）：1.肿瘤的定义，肿瘤与反应性增生的区别和联系。

2.乙性脑炎的镜下病理改变。

3.乳头状甲状腺癌的病理特点。

4.列举导致心、肺、肠、脑等坏死的疾病，及坏死类型。

二、论述题（40）：1.举例五种肉芽肿性疾病，病理特点及具有诊断价值的病理改变。

2.原发性肺结核的病变特点、病理变化过程、预后。

3.病例分析：一个典型的慢性支气管炎--肺气肿--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病变过程，病理变化与临床表现的联系。

4.多在半年内可痊愈的肝炎，问其属于哪一型肝炎？结合病理特点，分析为何可在半年内痊愈•国家医学考考试中心2006年病理学（博士统考题）简答1：1、goodpasture综合症，机制，特征，临床表现。

2、简述粥样硬化及其继发改变。

3、凋亡/坏死形态区别4、慢性组塞肺气肿的发病机制。

问答题：1、肿瘤转移概念，途经及特点2、细胞缺氧的损伤机制3、什么是栓塞，栓塞的后果。

4、纤维素性炎好发部位是什么，各部位基本特征及其结局多选题：肝硬化原因，造成肾小球基膜增厚的慢性肾小球肾炎的类型，混合血栓组成，慢性阻塞性肺炎特点哮喘的病理特点B型题（6题）colon病的好发位置肠结核的好发位置肠伤寒的好发位置单选题：（只记得不会的）3个胚胎层起源的是畸胎瘤2008年博士生入学考试病理学考试题（全国统考）一、选择题（每题1分，共40分）A型题1-21题1.肿瘤的淋巴道转移首先出现在2.显示淀粉样变性的特殊染色3.可导致DIC的是4.槟榔肝可发展成为5.引起脾、肾、肺梗死的常见原因6.哪个部位假膜性炎能对机体产生严重后果7.颈部淋巴结肿大，病理活检查见乳头状结构，最可能是8.诊断高分化鳞状细胞癌的主要根据9.属于恶性肿瘤的是10.狼疮性肾炎最常见组织类型11.乳房的TNM分期12.乳房橘皮样外观常见于13.子宫早期浸润癌是指14.肾细胞癌可能出现的临床表现15.甲状腺髓样癌的组织来源16.膜增生性肾小球肾炎的主要病变17.不属于乙型脑炎的病变是18.革囊胃指19-21是给病例分析是什么病A3、A4型题22-27B1型题28-35X型题36-40二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1.毛细血管再生的过程2.AIDS病程的三个阶段3.Hodgkin淋巴瘤的组织学诊断依据4.膜性肾小球肾炎的病理变化三、论述题（每题10分，共40分）1.急性炎症过程中血流动力学改变2.风湿性心内膜炎的病理变化3.葡萄胎组织学特点及临床病理联系4.消化性溃疡的好发部位，病变特点，溃疡经久不愈和患者产生疼痛的原因*这么好的东西居然没人顶，真是服了*20071、卵巢组织发生分类，各举一例2、原发综合征病变特点及预后3、炎症介质？主要功能，并各举一例4、胃溃疡病的病理变化？5、二尖瓣狭窄病因、病理变化，血流动力学及心脏变化6、慢性肾小球肾炎及慢性肾盂肾炎多尿夜尿的机理7、血栓？下肢深静脉血栓的影响？8、慢性支气管炎、肺气肿与肺心病的病变及相互关系。

中国社会科学院社会发展系考博真题导师分数线内部资料一、专业的设置、招生人数及考试科目院系(招生人数)专业(招生人数)研究方向导师考试科目508社会发展系(4)030301社会学(4)01社会组织与社会结构李汉林①1001英语②2080社会理论、历史与方法（社发系）③3152社会组织与社会结构02发展社会学沈红①1001英语②2080社会理论、历史与方法（社发系）③3153发展社会学03社会发展政策葛道顺①1001英语②2080社会理论、历史与方法（社发系）③3154社会发展政策二、导师介绍李汉林，社会发展系博士生导师。

1953年11月出生于湖北省。

1983年毕业于德国比勒菲尔特大学（Bielefeld University），社会学博士学位。

现任中国社会科学院社会发展战略研究院院长、研究员，国际社会转型研究学会执行委员会执行委员、国际社会科学理事会执行委员。

学科专业：社会学，主要研究方向：社会组织与社会结构，社会发展与社会变迁，制度社会学。

主要著作：《中国社会发展年度报告（2012）》，2012；《社会景气与社会信心研究》，2012；《中国单位社会》，2004；《中国单位组织变迁过程中的失范效应》，2005。

主要学术论文：“转型社会中的整合与控制》，2007；《关于中国单位制度变迁的思考》，2007；《变迁中的单位制度》，2008主要承担课题：2006-2009年，国家社科基金重点项目，“中国制度变迁过程中的员工参与”；2007-2009年，中国社会科学院重大课题，“90年代以来工会的角色与作用”；2007-2009年，中德合作课题，“转型时期中国企业的员工参与”；2010-2013年，交办课题，“中国发展经验研究”主要获奖情况：2007年，《中国单位社会》获第六届中国社会科学院科研成果二等奖，荣誉称号：人社部“百千万人才”、享受国务院特殊津贴。

沈红，社会发展系博士生导师。

1965年5月出生于北京。

博士后期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是博士后研究的特点？A. 独立性B. 跨学科性C. 短期性D. 创新性答案：C2. 博士后研究通常需要多长时间？A. 1年B. 2年C. 3-5年D. 5年以上答案：C3. 博士后研究的主要目标是什么？A. 发表论文B. 获得学位C. 获得研究经验D. 教授课程答案：C4. 博士后研究的资金来源通常包括哪些？A. 政府资助B. 企业赞助C. 个人投资D. 所有以上答案：D5. 博士后研究期间，研究者通常需要承担哪些责任？A. 指导研究生B. 申请研究资金C. 参与学术会议D. 所有以上答案：D6. 博士后研究期间，研究者需要提交哪些材料？A. 研究计划B. 研究进展报告C. 研究成果报告D. 所有以上答案：D7. 博士后研究期间，研究者如何评估自己的研究进展？A. 通过导师评估B. 通过同行评审C. 通过自我评估D. 所有以上答案：D8. 博士后研究期间，研究者可以申请哪些类型的研究资金？A. 基础研究资金B. 应用研究资金C. 国际合作项目资金D. 所有以上答案：D9. 博士后研究期间，研究者如何提高自己的研究能力？A. 参加研讨会B. 阅读相关文献C. 与同行交流D. 所有以上答案：D10. 博士后研究期间，研究者如何扩大自己的学术网络？A. 参加学术会议B. 发表论文C. 与同行合作D. 所有以上答案：D二、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. 简述博士后研究的重要性。

答案：博士后研究对于推动科学发展和技术创新具有重要意义。

它不仅为研究者提供了一个深入研究和提高研究能力的机会，也为学术界和产业界培养了高水平的研究人才。

2. 描述博士后研究与博士研究的主要区别。

答案：博士后研究与博士研究的主要区别在于，博士后研究更加注重独立性和创新性，研究者通常需要自己设计研究项目并申请资金，而博士研究则更侧重于对现有知识的学习和掌握。

3. 阐述博士后研究期间可能遇到的挑战。