计算机网络实验lab1

单元一局域网组建任务一局域网认识一、实验目的1、初步掌握计算机网络的定义，计算机网络的功能及计算机网络的分类；2、掌握按地理范围分类的四大计算机网络，即局域网、广域网、城域网和互联网。

重点了解局域网的结构及网络系统的设置；3、掌握计算机网络的五种拓扑结构，即总线型、星型、环形、树型和网状型。

重点掌握总线型、星型。

二、实验内容1、到学院网络中心、教学机房或者其他相关单位了解计算机网络结构，并画出拓扑结构图，分析属于什么网络结构；2、观察每台计算机是如何进行网络通信的，了解计算机网络中的网络设备；3、了解每台计算机上使用的网络标识、网络协议和网卡的配置。

三、实验原理1、计算机网络的定义。

计算机网络，是指将地理位置不同的具有独立功能的多台计算机及其外部设备，通过通信线路连接起来，在网络操作系统，网络管理软件及网络通信协议的管理和协调下，实现资源共享和信息传递的计算机系统。

2、计算机网络的分类。

计算机网络类型的划分标准各种各样，根据网络的覆盖范围划分为局域网、城域网、广域网、国际互联网；按网络的拓扑结构划分为总线型网络、星型网络、环型网络、树状网络、混合型网络；按传输介质划分为有线网、无线网；按网络的使用性质划分为公用网、专用网，当然还有一些其他的分类标准。

四、实验步骤组织学生三至五人为一小组，分别到学院网络中心、教学机房或者其他相关单位，完成本次实验的内容，并写出实验报告。

LAB1：观察计算机网络的组成本实验是以计算机教学机房为例，观察计算机网络的组成，并画出网络拓扑结构图（学生可以根据现有的条件，到相关的计算机网络实验实训基地观察）。

1、记录联网计算机的数量、配置、使用的操作系统、网络拓扑结构等数据；2、了解教学机房设备是如何互联的（根据现有条件，了解相应网络设备）；3、认识并记录网络中使用的其他硬件设备的名称、用途及连接的方法；4、画出网络拓扑结构图；5、根据网络拓扑结构图分析网络使用的结构。

LAB2：观察计算机网络的参数设置经机房管理人员许可后，打开计算机进入系统，查看计算机的网络参数，并记录主要的网络配置参数。

lab1_网线的制作及对等网络配置和资源共享-实验报告
学号：123012009xxx 姓名：Email：xxxxx@xxxxxxxx 日期：2010年月日实验一网线制作及对等网络配置和资源共享
一、实验目的
1. 理解直连线和交叉线的应用范围，掌握直连线和交叉线的制作方法。

2.了解对等网络基本配置中包含的协议、Windows网上邻居互访的基本条件。

3. 学习所在系统共享目录的设置和使用方法
4.掌握在实验室环境和虚拟机环境下的对等配置和资源共享
二、实验环境
PC机、RJ45卡线钳、水晶头、双绞线、测试仪Windows xp或Windows 2000、局域网VMware
三、实验内容
1. 制作RJ45网线
2. TCP/IP协议和NETBUI协议的安装、卸载和配置
3. 熟悉所在机器的主机名、所属工作组，了解网络基本配置中包含的协议。

4.掌握TCP/IP协议环境下，计算机网络属性的设置，并与仅安装NETBUI 协议的环境相比较：二者是否都需要进行网络属性设置，网上邻居的访问速度如何等。

5. 设置和停止共享目录
6. 熟悉VMware，并在VMware环境下重复实现上述实验内容
四、实验要求
两人一组，完成两种标准的水晶头制作及对等网配置
五、实验项目性质
验证性
七、实验步骤
八、实验结果与分析
（描述最终得到的结果，并进行分析说明，可能的误差原因）
学号：123012009xxx 姓名：Email：xxxxx@xxxxxxxx 日期：2010年月日
七、总结
（说明实验过程中遇到的问题及解决办法；新发现或个人的收获；未解决/需进一步研讨的问题或建议新实验方法等）。

LAB-1：IEEE802标准和以太网数据链路层协议分析一．实验目的1.掌握以太网的报文格式2.掌握MAC地址、MAC广播地址的作用3.理解数据链路层协议的工作机制，掌握数据链路层帧（Ethernet II）的报文格式4.掌握网络协议编辑器软件（科来数据包生成器）的使用方法5.熟练掌握网络协议分析软件（WIRESHARK）的使用方法二．实验内容与步骤1.捕获真实的MAC帧●主机A、B作为一组，主机B启动协议分析软件，并设置只提取ICMP协议数据包的捕获过滤条件，主机A PING主机B，检查主机B捕获的数据包，并分析记录MAC帧格式●记录实验结果2.理解MAC地址的作用●主机A、B、C、D作为一组，主机A PING 主机C，主机B、D启动协议分析软件，并设置只提取源MAC地址为主机A的数据包捕获过滤条件，检查主机A所发送的ICMP数据帧，并分析该帧的内容。

●记录实验结果3.编辑并发送MAC广播帧●主机A、B、C、D作为一组，主机D启动协议编辑器，并编辑一个MAC帧（目标MAC: FFFFFFFFFFFF，源MAC: 主机D的MAC地址，协议类型或数据长度：大于0X600，数据字段：编辑长度在46-1500字节之间的数据），主机A、B、C启动协议分析软件，并设置只提取源MAC地址为主机D的数据包捕获过滤条件，主机D发送已编辑好的MAC帧，主机A、B、C捕获和检查是否有主机D所发送的MAC数据帧，并分析该帧的内容。

●记录实验结果三．实验结果分析与思考1. 在实验步骤2中，为什么有的主机会收到ICMP数据包而有的主机收不到？2. 在实验步骤3中，简述FFFFFFFFFFFF作为目标MAC地址的作用，主机A、B、C是否均可以收到主机D的广播帧？3. 结合实验结果，说明MAC广播帧的作用范围？四．实验报告1．按上述实验步骤与内容撰写实验报告（抄袭他人实验结果，双方均不计成绩）2．要求说明实验时间、地点及同级成员名单。

LAB1实验报告语法检查：正确性检查：1.bitAnd源代码：return ~(~x|~y);思路：可以直接运用摩尔定律，写出与的等价形式。

2.getByte源代码：return (x>>(n<<3))&0xff;思路：向右移动3n位，再用11111111B按位与，截取出所需要的字节3.logicalShift源代码：int logic=~(((1<<31)>>n)<<1);return logic&(x>>n);思路：设置一个变量logic，并通过算数移位将其前n为设置成0，后面32-n位设置为1。

利用这个变量按位与移位后的x即可。

4.bitCount源代码：int bitCount(int x) {int result;int half_one=(0x55)|(0x55<<8);int one=(half_one)|(half_one<<16);int half_two=(0x33)|(0x33<<8);int two=(half_two)|(half_two<<16);int half_three=(0x0f)|(0x0f<<8);int three=(half_three)|(half_three<<16);int four=(0xff)|(0xff<<16);int five=(0xff)|(0xff<<8);result=(x&one)+((x>>1)&one);result=(result&two)+((result>>2)&two);result=(result+(result>>4))&three;result=(result+(result>>8))&four;result=(result+(result>>16))&five;return result;}思路：主要还是使用二分法，通过以为设置五个字符串：010101010101010101010101 0101 01010011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 00110000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 11110000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 11110000 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111分别通过按位与统计1的个数，并将个数记录在下一个字符串1出现的位置。

Lab 1Part 1: Intro LabSTEPS•Start up your favorite web browser, which will display your selected homepage. •Start up the Wireshark software. You will initially see a window•To begin packet capture, select the Capture pull down menu and select Options. This will cause the “Wireshark: Capture Options” window to be displayed•You can use most of the default values in this window, but uncheck “Hide capture info dialog” under Display Options. The network interfaces (i.e., the physical connections) that your computer has to the network will be shown in the Interface pull down menu at the top of the Capture Options window. In case your computer has more than one active network interface (e.g., if you have both a wireless and a wired Ethernet connection), you will need to select an interface that is being used to send and receive packets (mostly likely the wired interface). After selecting the network interface (or using the default interface chosen by Wireshark), click Start. Packet capture will now begin - all packets being sent/received from/by your computer are now being captured by Wireshark!•Once you begin packet capture, a packet capture summary window will appear. This window summarizes the number of packets of various types that are being captured, and (importantly!) contains the Stop button that will allow you to stop packet capture. Don’t stop packet capture yet.•While Wireshark is running, enter the URL: /wireshark-labs/INTRO-wireshark-file1.html and have that page displayed in your browser. In order to display this page, your browser will contact the HTTP server at and exchange HTTP messages with the server in order to download this page, as discussed in section 2.2 of the text. The Ethernet frames containing these HTTP messages will be captured by Wireshark.•After your browser has displayed the INTRO-wireshark-file1.html page, stop Wireshark packet capture by selecting stop in the Wireshark capture window. This will cause the Wireshark capture window to disappear and the main Wireshark window to display all packets captured since you began packet capture. You now have live packet data that contains all protocol messages exchanged between your computer and other network entities! The HTTP message exchanges with the web server should appear somewhere in the listing of packets captured. But there will be many other types of packets displayed as well. Even though the only action you took was to download a web page, there were evidently many other protocols running on your computer that are unseen by the user. We’lllearn much more about these protocols as we progress through the text! For now, you should just be aware that there is often much more going on than “meet’s the eye”!•Type in “http” (without the quotes, and in lower case – all protocol names are in lower case in Wireshark) into the display filter specification window at the top of the main Wireshark window. Then select Apply (to the right of where you entered “http”). This wil l cause only HTTP message to be displayed in the packet-listing window.•Select the first http message shown in the packet-listing window. This should be the HTTP GET message that was sent from your computer to the HTTP server. When you select the HTTP GET message, the Ethernet frame, IP datagram, TCP segment, and HTTP message header information will be displayed in the packet-header window3 . By clicking plusand-minus boxes to the left side of the packet details window, minimize the amount of Frame, Ethernet, Internet Protocol, and Transmission Control Protocol information displayed. Maximize the amount information displayed about the HTTP protocol. (Note, in particular, the minimized amount of protocol information for all protocols except HTTP, and the maximized amount of protocol information for HTTP in the packet-header window).•Exit WiresharkQuestions1、List up to 10 different protocols that appear in the protocol column in the unfiltered packet-listing window in step 7 above.EAP、NBNS、UDP、LLMNR、ARP、ICMPV6、SSDP、DHCPV6、TCP、IGMPV22. How long did it take from when the HTTP GET message was sent until the HTTP OK reply was received? (By default, the value of the Time column in the packetlisting window is the amount of time, in seconds, since Wireshark tracing began. To display the Time field in time-of-day format, select the Wireshark View pull down menu, then select Time Display Format, then select Time-of-day.)So the time is 20:17:16:703005000 – 20:17:16:275189000 = 0.427816(seconds)3. What is the Internet address of the (also known as)? What is the Internet address of your computer?So the IP address of the is 128.119.245.12, and the IP address of my computer is 172.19.4.142.4. Print the two HTTP messages displayed in step 9 above. To do so, select Print from the Wireshark File command menu, and select “Selected Packet Only” and “Print as displayed” and then click OK.The first HTTP messages:The second HTTP messages:Part 2: HTTP Lab1.The Basic HTTP GET/response interactionSTEPS•Start up your web browser.•Start up the Wireshark packet sniffer, as described in the Introductory lab (but don’t yet begin packet capture). Enter “http” (just the letters, not the quotation marks) in the display-filter-specification window, so that only captured HTTP messages will be displayed later in the packet-listing window. (We’re only interested in the HTTP protocol here, and don’t want to see the clutter of all captured packets).•Wait a bit more than one minute (we’ll see why shortly), and then begin Wireshark packet capture.•Enter the following to your browser /wireshark-labs/HTTP-wireshark-file1.html Your browser should display the very simple, one-line HTML file.•Stop Wireshark packet capture.Before we answer these questions, there are the HTTP messages.Questions1. Is your browser running HTTP version 1.0 or 1.1? What version of HTTP is the server running?Both of them are 1.12. What languages (if any) does your browser indicate that it can accept to the server?zh-CN3. What is the IP address of your computer? Of the server?The IP address of my computer is 172.19.49.122. The IP address of the server is 128.119.245.12.4. What is the status code returned from the server to your browser?2005. When was the HTML file that you are retrieving last modified at the server?Wed ,01 Apr 2015 13:14:19 GMT6. How many bytes of content are being returned to your browser?128 bytes7. By inspecting the raw data in the packet content window, do you see any headers within the data that are not displayed in the packet-listing window? If so, name one. No.2.The HTTP CONDITIONAL GET/response interactionSTEPS•Start up your web browser, and make sure your browser’s cache is cleared, as discussed above.•Start up the Wireshark packet sniffer•Enter the following URL into your browser /wireshark-labs/HTTP-wireshark-file2.html Your browser should display a very simple five-line HTML file.•Quickly enter the same URL into your browser again (or simply select the refresh button on your browser)•Stop Wireshark packet capture, and enter “http” in the display-filter-specification window, so that only captured HTTP messages will be displayed later in thepacket-listing window.•(Note: If you are unable to run Wireshark on a live network connection, you can use the http-ethereal-trace-2 packet trace to answer the questions below; seefootnote 1. This trace file was gathered while performing the steps above on one of the author’s computers.)Questions8. Inspect the contents of the first HTTP GET request from your browser to the server. Do you see an “IF-MODIFIED-SINCE” line in the HTTP GET?No9. Inspect the contents of the server response. Did the server explicitly return the contents of the file? How can you tell?Yes. Because we can see a line of “Line-based text data: text/html” and thecontent below the line.10. Now inspect the contents of the second HTTP GET request from your browser to the server. Do you see an “IF-MODIFIED-SINCE:” line in the HTTP GET? If so, what information follows the “IF-MODIFIED-SINCE:” header?Yes. Wed, 01 Apr 2015 05:59:01 GMT11. What is the HTTP status code and phrase returned from the server in response to this second HTTP GET? Did the server explicitly return the contents of the file? Explain.304 Not Modified. No, because the content have been in the cache.3.Retrieving Long DocumentsSTEPS•Start up your web browser, and make sure your browser’s cache is cleared, as discussed above.•Start up the Wireshark packet sniffer•Enter the following URL into your browser /wireshark-labs/HTTP-wireshark-file3.html Your browser should display the rather lengthy US Bill of Rights. •Stop Wireshark packet capture, and enter “http” in the display-filter-specification window, so that only captured HTTP messages will bedisplayed.•(Note: If you are unable to run Wireshark on a live network connection, you can use the http-ethereal-trace-3 packet trace to answer the questions below; seefootnote 1. This trace file was gathered while performing the steps above on one of the author’s computers.)Questions12. How many HTTP GET request messages were sent by your browser?Just one.13. How many data-containing TCP segments were needed to carry the single HTTP response?Four.14. What is the status code and phrase associated with the response to the HTTP GET request?200 ok15. Are there any HTTP status lines in the transmitted data associated with a TCP induced “Continuation”?No.4. HTML Documents with Embedded ObjectsSTEPS•Start up your web browser, and make sure your browser’s cache is cleared, as discussed above.•Start up the Wireshark packet sniffer • Enter the following URL into yourbrowser /wireshark-labs/HTTP-wireshark-file4.html Your browser should display a short HTML file with two images. These two images are referenced in the base HTML file. That is, the images themselves are notcontained in the HTML; instead the URLs for the images are contained in the downloaded HTML file. As discussed in the textbook, your browser will have to retrieve these logos from the indicated web sites. Our publisher’s logo is retrieved from the web site. The image of our book’s cover is stored at the server.•Stop Wireshark p acket capture, and enter “http” in the display-filter-specification window, so that only captured HTTP messages will be displayed.•(Note: If you are unable to run Wireshark on a live network connection, you can use the http-ethereal-trace-4 packet trace to answer the questions below; seefootnote 1. This trace file was gathered while performing the steps above on one of the author’s computers.)Questions16. How many HTTP GET request messages were sent by your browser? To which Internet addresses were these GET requests sent?There are four HTTP GET request messages were sent by my browser.One for the HTML:128.119.245.12One for an object: 165.193.140.14Two for another object: 128.119.240.90. The first time it get a 302 Found, then it send a GET message again. In the Last it get a 200 OK.17. Can you tell whether your browser downloaded the two images serially, or whether they were downloaded from the two web sites in parallel? Explain.Parallel. We can see that the second request is send just after the first request is sent, rather than waiting for the reception of the first image.5.HTTP AuthenticationSTEPS•Make sure your browser’s cache is cleared, as discussed above, and close down your browser. Then, start up your browser• Start up the Wireshark packet sniffer• Enter the following URL into your browser /wireshark-labs/protected_pages/HTTP-wiresharkfile5.html Type the requested user name and password into the pop up box.• Stop Wireshark packet capture, and enter “http” in the display-filter-specification window, so that only captured HTTP messages will be displayed later in the packet-listing window.• (Note: If you are unable to run Wireshark on a live network connection, you can use the http-ethereal-trace-5 packet trace to answer the questions below; seefootnote 1. This trace file was gathered while performing the steps above on one of the author’s comput ers.)Questions18. What is the server’s response (status code and phrase) in response to the initial HTTP GET message from your browser?401 Authorization Required。

lab 1双绞线跳线的制作与测试lab1双绞线跳线的制作与测试实验1双绞线跳线的制作与测试【实验目的】理解直通线和交叉线的应用范围，掌握直通线和交叉线的制作方法。

【实验设备和环境】1.rj45水晶头、卡线钳、双绞线、测试仪；2.3~4人一组；【有关概念和原理】所谓跳线，是指两端均有一个水晶头的网线。

网线使用的就是rj-45水晶头。

rj45水晶头由金属片和塑料形成，特别须要特别注意的就是插槽序号，当金属片直面我们的时候从左至右插槽序号就是1-8，这序号搞网络联线时非常关键，无法弄错。

这里，按照t568b（t568a）的标准制作双绞线。

t568b和t568a为美国电子电气工程师协会（eia/tia）两种双绞线制作标准。

其中t568b标准在以太网中应用较广泛。

t568b管脚编号t568a管脚编号按照双绞线两端线序的不同，我们一般划分两类双绞线：①直通线双绞线线缆的两端采用同一种标准，即为同时使用t568b标准或同时使用t568a标准。

②交叉线双绞线在制作时一端采用t568b标准，另一端采用t568a标准。

线序如下：直通线：12345678a端：橙白，橙，绿白，蓝，蓝白，绿，棕白，棕；b端：橙白，橙，绿白，蓝，蓝白，绿，棕白，棕。

交叉线：12345678a端：橙白，橙，绿白，蓝，蓝白，绿，棕白，棕；b端：绿白，绿，橙白，蓝，蓝白，橙，棕白，棕。

在展开设备相连接时，我们须要恰当的挑选线缆。

我们将设备的rj45USB分成mdi和mdix两类。

当同种类型的USB通过双绞线互连时，采用交叉线；当相同类型的USB通过双绞线互连时采用直通线。

通常主机和路由器的USB属mdi，交换机和集线器的USB属mdix。

比如，路由器和主机相连，使用交叉线；交换机和主机相连则使用直通线。

主机路由器主机交叉交叉路由器交叉交叉直通n/a直通交换机mdix交换机mdi直通直通交叉直通交叉n/an/a直通交叉直通集线器直通直通交叉直通交叉交换机mdix直通交换机mdi集线器n/a直通备注：n/a则表示不容相连接。

常用网络命令的使用及Wireshark的简单使用目的：熟悉ping、ipconfig、netstat、tracert、arp等命令的使用；了解真实环境下的网络通信过程；Wireshark实验工具安装，以HTTP协议为例简单使用Wireshark。

实验步骤：一．常用网络命令的使用1.ping命令ping是一个测试程序，如果ping运行正确，你大体上就可以排除网络访问层、网卡、modem的输入输出线路、电缆和路由器等存在的故障，从而减小了问题的范围。

基本用法：Ping IP地址，如下：使用ping命令来查找问题所在或检验网络运行情况的典型次序：ping 127.0.0.1ping 本机ip （断掉网线后结果？）ping 局域网内其他ipping 网关ipping 远程ipPing 域名ping ip -t——连续对ip地址执行ping命令，直到被用户以ctrl+c中断。

ping ip -l 2000——指定ping命令中的数据长度为2000字节，而不是缺省的32字节。

ping ip -n——执行特定次数的ping命令。

2.ipconfig命令该命令用于检查网络TCP/IP配置的信息,如IP地址、MAC地址、DNS等。

ipconfig、ipconfig /all、ipconfig /renew、ipconfig /release等stat命令该命令用户显示各协议相关的统计及数据，一般用于检查本地主机的各个端口的网络连接情况。

不同种类：netstat –r 显示网络各种通信协议的状态netstat –E 显示以太网层的数据统计情况netstat –A 显示网络中有效连接的信息netstat –N 显示所有已经建立的连接4.tracert命令该命令用于检查由本地主机到目标主机所经历的路由信息。

5.arp命令arp命令显示和修改地址解析协议（ARP）缓存中的项目。

二．W ireshark的简单使用1.wireshark下载安装软件下载地址：https:///download.htmlWireshark使用教程：https:///docs/安装流程：1.下载时选择与实验机器型号对应的版本2.打开wireshark安装程序3.按照默认设置完成安装2.Wireshark的简单使用：Http协议分析（详细流程见英文文档：Wireshark_HTTP_v6.1.pdf）在这部分中，我们将以Http协议为例，学习掌握Wireshark的简单使用，探讨HTTP 协议的几个方面：基本/响应交互，HTTP消息格式，检索大型HTML文件，检索HTML 文件嵌入对象，HTTP身份验证和安全。