法律英语翻译

法律英语翻译技巧（二）法学语言与法学语言翻译例1：The law holds that the individual is responsible for his acts. The law also indicates what is good and right, and what may and should be done. It also indicates what is evil and wrong, and should not and may not be done. The law further holds that what is evil and wrong is a crime and may not be done, and if done, renders the doer liable to punishment. The law also recognizes the principle that man has free will and that, with certain exceptions, he exercises free will in commission of any crime that he may commit.译文1：法律认为公民应对自己的行为负责。

法律还规定什么是美好的和正确的，规范了哪些事是允许做或应该做的。

同样，法律规范了什么是邪恶的和错误的。

法律还进一步明确规定哪些邪恶的错误的事是不能做的犯罪行为看，如果某人做了这样的事，那么该行为就要受到惩罚。

同样，法律还承认这样一个原则，每个公民除犯罪自由外都具有自由意志，如果某人在各种违法活动中实施其自由意志，那么他就可能触犯法律。

译文2：法律规定人人应对自己的行为承担责任，分清善良和正义，规范了人们的行为准则；法律还认为，作孽枉法即是犯罪，法不可恕，谁要以身试法，必将受到严惩。

法律所主张的原则是：人人享有自由意志的权利；同时也认为，除特殊情况外，人们的自由往往表现在因泛滥自由意志而受到惩罚的行为上。

Legal English (revised version for the students)Ch.1 The Main Features of Legal English一、法律英语的英译：David Mellinkoff（加州大学洛杉矶分校法学院教授）：《The Language of the Law》19631.legal English---Lawful EnglishLegal parlance（说法、用语）/legal lingo（行话、隐语）/legal jargon（行话、黑话）/legalese( 法律八股文)/language of jurisprudence(法理语言)2. the English Language of the Law or shortened as “the language of the law”3. 法律英语与法学英语二、法律英语的范围：是否凡是涉及法律的英语（词汇、表达方法、句子结构……）都是法律英语？英美法学界所公认的法律英语主要是指普通法国家（common-law countries）的法律人所用的习惯语言（customary language），包括某些词汇、短语，或具有特色的一些表达方法(mode of expressions)。

三、法律英语的主要特点：I. precise or exact (准确)正常情况下，起草法律文件时，用词造句务必十分精准（with great exactness），因为一旦笔者的思想、观点、企图落实成文字，即成为法庭判断是非的重要依据，因为按严格解释原则(principle of strict construction)或唯名论原则(principle of nominalism)，尽管实践中还存在推测意图原则(principle of presumed intent)，但其不占主导地位，书面文字仍然是法官解释法律文件的唯一依据。

法律英语用词：ADJOURNMENT英汉-汉英词典是做翻译或传译的必备工作伴侣。

不过，在传译的过程中，会偶尔遇到一些单词在翻译上是不可参照英汉词典的。

其中一个例子就是Adjournment。

在许多法律英汉/汉英词典都把adjournment翻译作“休庭”。

其实，也许有些律师会把“休庭”理解为“押后”或“延期”。

事实上，休庭不是一个太恰当的翻译。

思其义，“休庭”就是“法庭休息”，不审理案子的意思。

但是，adjournment是一种postponement。

换言之，该词表达的是某种事情的延后或者押后。

在法院里所用的adjournment, 是指案件押后或者延期再审理(或聆询)，比如“The court will adjourn this case to next Tuesday.”或“Case adjourned to Tuesday”。

如果把 adjournment 翻译为“休庭”，那是误导的。

因为在法院里，如果提到adjournment，所指的是案子的延期、押后，择日继续审理或议论。

例如，在初审法院里，法官准许adjournment后，各方开始退下;接下来，法官并不是退庭休息，而是继续审理其他的案件。

“休庭”，应该是court in recess或者俗话中的“The court(courtroom) is down.”。

曾经有位法院传译员与我分享她的亲身经历。

当法官说“Adjourned”的时候，该传译员想起她看到的词典译意，于是告诉她身旁的华人被告说“休庭”。

当时身旁的被告很紧张，愣着问：“我的案件就到此为止了?法官不审了?”结果，该传译员连忙改口说：“法官说的是案件押后再审” 。

听到这话，被告方才松了口气，连忙说“谢谢”。

因此，adjournment这个单词应该翻译为“押后”或者“延后”，甚或“(案件)押后”，而不该翻译为“休庭”。

法律英语翻译古旧词法律英语翻译古旧词-hereinHerein: in this 此中，于此。

表示上文已提及的 .，如遇到本合同（中）的 . ，本法（中）的等行文时，用该词。

比如，本法（中）所称的不正当竞争， . 可以译为 unfair competition mentioned herein .此中的herein 意为 in this law 又如本协议（中）的内容，可译为 the contents herein ,此中的herein 意为 in this Agreement .看下面两段文字，可以加深领会herein及其它几个专门用语。

Unfair competition mentioned in this law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services (hereinafter called Goods including services).注：上文中出现了3个法律文件中的专门用语：hereof: of this 关于此点。

在本文件中之意，表示在上文已提及的。

出现本合同的 ..，本文件的时，使用该词。

Criminal LawCriminal Law, branch of law that defines crimes, establishes punishments, and regulates the investigation and prosecution of people accused of committing crimes. Criminal Law includes both substantive law, and criminal procedure, which regulates the implementation and enforcement of substantive criminal law.Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.•司法权•writ of certiorari•开庭•Circuit court•求偿法院•petition•仲裁者•felony•上诉法院•conviction•轻罪•legal consequence •严格责任•mistake of fact •未成年人•crime of negligence •民事损害赔偿•material matter •动机•specific intent •犯意•Put the following terms into Chinese:•grading systems•first degree murder•retributive sentence•aggravated assault•peremptory challenges•presumption of innocence•case at bar•case of first impression•verdict of acquittal•verdict of guilty•Translate the following sentences into Chinese• 1. Under Model Penal Code, intent has the meaning as follows: a person acts with intent with respect to a material element when (1)if the element involves the nature of his conduc or a result thereof, it is his conscious object to engage in conduct of that nature or to cause such a result; and (2) if the element involves the attendant circumstances, he is aware of the existence of such circumstances or he believes or hopes that they exist.•根据《标准刑法典》的规定，故意的意思是：当（1）若一个要件含有行为人行为的性质或结果，他的主观目的则是从事该性质的行为或造成该结果；以及（2）若一个要件含有若干伴随情形，他则意识到该等情形的存在并且相信或希望该等情形存在时，一个人的行为构成针对一重要要件的行为意图。

法律英语翻译-法律英语特点法律英语（Legal English）措辞严谨，句式冗长，结构复杂，甚至一句话能长达一篇文章。

在做好法律英语（Legal English）翻译（translation）之前，清楚认识法律英语（Legal English）的特点（characteristics）至关重要。

同样汉语中的法律用语也同样严谨，结构复杂，清楚的掌握两种语言的法律用语特点（characteristics）在翻译（translation）中会更加有章可循。

法律英语（Legal English）是以英语共同语为基础,在立法和司法等活动中形成和使用的具有法律专业特点（characteristics）的语言。

因此，在法律英语（Legal English）中不仅有众多的具有法律专门意义的特殊词汇（words）,而且由于规定人们权利和义务的法律、法令或契约等法律文书所表述的内容必须准确、严密、客观和规范，不容许丝毫的引伸、推理或抒发和表达感情，因而在法律英语（Legal English）中又形成了许多其特有的句法特点（characteristics），这些词法和句法特点（characteristics）在翻译（translation）过程中必须受到充分重视。

下面我们从词汇（words）、词类使用和句型结构三方面来考察法律英语（Legal English）的文体（style）特点（characteristics）：一、法律英语（Legal English）的文体（style）特点（characteristics）之一：法律英语（Legal English）词汇（words）1.1法律英语（Legal English）用词特点（characteristics）：庄重、规范、书面语较多法律是掌握国家政权的阶级、集团的意志体现,它有鲜明的政策性,权威性。

为了维护法律的严肃性,法律、法规遣词造句力求准确,用词正式,语意严谨。

法律英语翻译古旧词法律英语翻译古旧词-heretoHereto: to this，上文已提及的，比如表示“本合同双方”可以说“the Parties hereto”,这里的hereto表示“to this Contract” “本协议附件4”可以译为“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里的hereto表示“to this Agreement”。

读下面的原文，可以进一步理解hereto 在文中的作用。

All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiation, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this commission shall be applied. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.文中两次出现的hereto, 都是限定Parties, 表示the Parties to this Contract 本合同的双方。

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ｔrｉｂunal法学博士学位LL、D (Ｄoｃtorｏf Lａws）法学会ｌａｗsocｉety法学课程legal couｒses法学硕士学位LL、M(Ｍasｔerｏf Lａｗｓ)法学系facｕlty ｏf ｌａw；ｄｅpartｍeｎtｏｆlaw法学学士学位LＬ、B （Bａchelorｏf Laws)Ｊ、D（juｒis doctｏr缩写,美国法学学士)法学院ｌaw ｓchｏol法院公告court announceｍent反诉状ｃoｕntｅrｃlaim房地产律师ｒｅａl eｓｔａtｅｌawyｅr；real propertｙlawyeｒ非合伙律师ａssｏciａtｅlawyer非诉讼业务nｏn－ｌitigation prａctｉｃe高级合伙人senｉor pａrtnｅr高级律师senｉor lawyer各类协议与合同agｒeeｍeｎts anｄcｏntｒacts公安局Pｕblic Seｃurity Bureaｕ公司上市ｐanyｌｉｓtｉng公诉案件puｂlic-prｏsecｕｔｉｎg casｅ公证书nｏtarｉal cerｔifｉcaｔe国办律师事务所sｔate-run law ofｆiｃｅ国际贸易ｉnteｒnatｉｏnａl traｄe国际诉讼ｉnternatiｏnal ｌitｉｇaｔioｎ国内诉讼domｅsticｌitｉgatｉon合伙律师ｐartner lａwyｅｒ合伙制律师事务所law ofｆiｃe in partｎｅr-ship; coｏperating law oｆiｃe 合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, draftｉng aｎd revision会见当事人intervieｗａｃlｉent会见犯罪嫌疑人inteｒvieｗ a criminａｌsｕspecｔ兼职律师pａrt－tｉmｅｌawyｅr监狱ｐrison; jail鉴定结论ｅｘｐｅｒt concluｓiｏｎ缴纳会费membｅrship dues举证责任burden of proof;oｎus ｐrｏｂandi决定书deｃision勘验笔录recｏrｄｏf requesｔ瞧守所detenｔｉon hｏusｅ抗诉书protest控告人accｕｓer;ｐlainaｎt跨国诉讼ｔransｎａtiｏnal liｔｉgation劳动争议lａbor dispuｔeｓ劳动争议仲裁委员会ａrbitratioｎmittｅｅfor laboｒdｉｓpuｔｅs 劳改场refｏrｍ-throuｇh－labor fａrm；prｉsoｎfarm利害关系人ｉｎtｅrestedｐａrｔy;party in ｉnｔereｓt律管处处长ｄirecｔor of laｗyｅr contｒｏｌdeparｔmenｔ律师lawyｅrａｔｔorneｙ; aｔtorney at lａｗ律师惩戒lawｙer ｄisｃipline律师法LａwyeｒＬaｗ律师费ｌaｗyer fｅｅ律师函lawyer’ｓleｔtｅr律师见证lａｗｙer atteｓtatｉｏn/aｕthenｔｉcａtｉoｎ律师见证书ｌawyer ｃertifiｃatioｎ/ａuthentｉcａtion／ｗitness律师卷宗laｗｙer’ｓdoｃile;file律师刊物ｌawyer’ｓjoｕrｎal律师联系电话contact phonｅｎumber of a lａｗyer律师事务所law oｆficｅ；lａw ｆirm律师收费bｉｌliｎg ｂy lａwyer律师网站lawyer wｅbsite律师协会Naｔional Bar（Lawyer) Assｏcｉation律师协会会员mｅmｂer ｏf Ｌaｗyer Aｓｓoｃｉａｔiｏn律师协会秘书长secrｅｔary ｇeｎｅrａl ｏf Baｒ（Lawｙer）Association律师协会章程Aｒｔicｌesｏf Lawyer Assｏcｉtｉon律师业务室lａｗyer’sｏffice律师执业证laｗyｅｒliｃeｎsｅ律师助理ａsｓistant lａｗyeｒ律师资格考试bar ｅxａm;laｗyｅr qｕalifｉｃatioｎｅxaｍ律师资格证lａwyer qｕalifｉcatｉon certｉｆｉcaｔe民事案件ｃivil case民事调解ciｖiｌmeｄiａtioｎ民事诉讼ｃｉｖil ｌitiｇation派出所ｌoｃaｌpolice staｔion; pｏlice substation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件)；determiｎatioｎ（用于终审）;ｓentenｃe(用于刑事案);vｅrdict(由陪审团作出)旁证cｉｒcumstａntial eｖidence企业章程aｒtｉcles of association；artｉclｅs ｏf iｎcorｐoration；byｌaw 企业重组corｐoｒate restrｕcｔuｒe起诉状inｆormaｔion；ｉndictmｅｎｔ取消律师资格dｉsbar全国律师代表大会ＮaｔiｏnaｌＬａwyｅr Coｎgreｓs缺席宣判prｏｎounｃe juｄgemｅｎｔoｒdｅtｅrminａｔiｏn by default 人民法院Ｐｅopｌe’s Courｔ人民检察院Pｅopｌｅ’s Pｒｏcuｒaｔoraｔe认定事实ｄeｔermｉnｅfacts上诉案件case of ｔriａl oｆsecｏnd instaｎce;appellａｔe casｅ上诉人appellａｎt上诉状ｐetｉｔioｎfor appeal涉外律师lawｙers specially hａndｌing foreign-relａtedｍatters申请复议adminisｔrａｔive recoｎsideration peｔitiｏｎ申请加入律师协会appｌｉcatｉon forａdｍission to Law Ａssociatiｏn 申请人petｉtioneｒ; claimant申诉案件aｐpｅal case申诉人(仲裁）claimant; plaiｎtiｆｆ申诉书appeal ｆor revisioｎ, petitｉon ｆｏr reviｓion实习律师apprentｉcｅlawyeｒ；lawｙｅｒin ｐｒｏbation periｏd实习律师证cｅｒtificate of apprentｉce lawｙer视听证据audio-ｖisual ｒefｅrence ｍaterial适用法律applｙlaw to ｆaｃｔs受害人vicｔim书证dｏcumeｎtary eｖｉdenｃe司法部Ministry of Justice司法建议书ｊudiciａl adviｓe司法局JudｉciaｌBuｒｅau司法局副局长deｐuty dirｅctｏr of JuｄiｃiaｌＢuｒeaｕ司法局局长dｉrector ｏf Ｊｕｄｉcial Ｂuｒeau司法统一考试unｉfｏrm judicｉal exam送达seｒvice oｆprocesｓ诉讼litiｇａtｉoｎ; aｃｔｉｏn；lawsｕｉt诉讼当事人ｌitｉgation ｐａrty;lｉｔigｉｏus partｙ诉讼业务liｔigaｔion pｒactice诉状pｌaｉnt;biｌl ｏｆplaint; sｔaｔement of claim推销法律服务promｏｔe/market legal sｅrvｉｃe外国律师事务所fｏreiｇn ｌａw officｅ委托代理合同authoｒized repreｓentａtｉon coｎｔｒａct委托代理人agｅｎt ad liteｍ;ｅntruｓted agenｔ委托授权书ｐower oｆaｔtoｒney物证material evidｅｎce嫌疑人crimiｎal ｓusｐｅct项目融资project fｉnanｃｉｎg项目谈判pｒojｅctｎｅｇoｔiaｔing刑事案件cｒiminａl case刑事诉讼criminａl litigａtion行政诉讼ａｄminisｔraｔive litigatioｎ休庭adｊoｕrn the coｕrｔ; rｅceｓｓ宣判pronｏunce judｇeｍent；determinaｔioｎ宣誓书aｆfidaｖiｔ业务进修aｔtenｄanｃe ｉｎaｄvaｎｃed stｕdieｓ一审案件case of triａｌofｆirst ｉｎｓｔａnｃe与国外律师事务所交流ｍｕnｉcate with fｏreｉgn law ｆirｍｓ原告ｐlａintiff证券律师secｕrities lawｙer证人证言ｔestｉmony ｏf witnｅss；affｉdａvit执行笔录ｅｘeｃution recorｄ执业登记regisｔraｔｉoｎfｏｒpractｉcｅ执业范围scope of pracｔice；spheｒe of ｐracｔｉcｅ；ｐractice arｅａ执业申请practiｃe aｐplｉcation执业证年检annｕａl inspectｉon ｏf ｌaｗyｅr liｃeｎse仲裁arｂitratｉon仲裁案件ａｒbitraｔion casｅ仲裁机构arbｉｔrａtioｎａgency专门律师speｃialｉzｅd lａwyer专职律师profｅsｓｉｏnal ｌawyer; ｆuｌl-ｔiｍe laｗyer撰写法律文章write leｇal thesis资信调查ｃｒeｄｉt stａndiｎｇinveｓtｉgatｉon自诉案件prｉvate pｒoseｃｕtinｇcａsｅ二、诉讼法律案件ｃase案件发回remand／rｉｍit a ｃase (toａloｗcourt)案件名称titｌｅof a cａse案卷材料matｅrials in the case案情陈述书staｔementｏf case案外人ｐｅrｓon othｅr thａn invoｌveｄiｎｔｈe case案值totａｌvaｌue involｖｅd in tｈe casｅ败诉方losｉnｇparｔy办案人员personnel hａｎｄｌiｎg a case保全措施申请书applicatioｎｆor prｏｔectｉve measuｒｅs报案rｅportａcａse (to ｓｅcurｉtｙａuｔhｏrｉties)被告defｅｎdａnt; tｈe aｃcused被告人最后陈述ｆinａｌsｔａｔeｍeｎｔof the accｕseｄ被告向原告第二次答辩rejｏｉnder被害人vｉctim被害人得诉讼代理人vicｔim’sａgenｔad lｉtem被上诉人reｓpondent; thｅａppeｌlee被申请人resｐoｎdenｔ被申请执行人pａrty agaｉnst whoｍexecution ｉs ｆilｅｄ被执行人person subｊecｔtｏｅnｆｏrcemenｔ本诉ｐriｎcipaｌaｃtion必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-ｌｉtiｇation变通管辖jurisdｉctｉｏn byａccｏrd辩护defense辩护律师dｅfｅｎsｅatｔornｅy/ｌａｗｙer辩护人deｆeｎｄｅr辩护证据eｘcｕｌｐatorｙevidenｃｅ；ｄefeｎｓe ｅｖidence辩论阶段stagｅｏf coｕrt debａtｅ驳回反诉ｄisｍisｓa counterｃlaiｍ;reject a counｔeｒcｌaim驳回请求deｎｙ／diｓmiss a mｏtion驳回上诉、维持原判rｅjｅct/dｉsｍiss the appeal and sｕstain the oｒｉｇｉnａｌjuｄgement/ruliｎg驳回诉讼ｄismiss an action/ｓuit驳回通知书notｉｃe ｏf dｉｓｍissａl驳回自诉dismiss/reｊect a private prｏseｃution驳回自诉裁定书ｒuｌingｏf dismiｓｓing private-ｐrosecｕting case补充答辩suppｌemenｔａｒy ａｎsｗｅｒ补充判决sｕpplementary juｄgeｍｅnt补充侦查suｐplementａｒy iｎvｅsｔigation不公开审理ｔriaｌin cａmｅrａ不立案决定书wrｉtten dｅcisｉon oｆno cａｓe-fiｌinｇ不批准逮捕决定书written decisionｏf disapｐrovｉng ａn arrｅsｔ不起诉ｎoｌpｒos不予受理起诉通知书notice ｏf dismｉｓｓal of accusａtioｎbｙtｈe courｔ财产保全申请书applicatioｎfor ａttａchｍenｔ; ａpplication for pｒopeｒty pｒｅseｒvatｉｏn裁定ｏrder; deｔeｒmiｎａｔion(指最终裁定)裁定管辖jｕｒｉsdｉｃｔion by orｄer裁定书oｒdeｒ; ｒulinｇ裁决书ａward采信得证据admitｔｅd evidence查封sealｕp撤回上诉ｗｉthdraｗappeal撤诉ｗｉthdraｗa ｌawsuiｔ撤销立案rｅｖoｋe a casｅplacｅd on fｉle撤销原判，发回重审resｃinｄthe oriｇiｎal judgement anｄrｅmａｎd the cａse ro the orｉginａl cｏurt foｒrｅtriａl出示得证据exhibiｔ除权判决inｖａlidating ｊuｄｇeｍent (ｆor neｇotiaｂle instrｕments)传唤suｍｍon; call传闻证据hearsay答辩anｓwｅr;replｙ答辩陈述书ｓtatemｅnt of ｄeｆeｎcｅ答辩状answｅr; ｒｅplｙ大法官ａssoｃiate justices; justice大检察官deｐｕtｙcｈief procuｒaｔor代理控告agency fｏr accusatioｎ代理申诉agｅｎｃｙfor ａpｐｅａl代理审判员actinｇjudge代为申请取保候审agency fｏr aｐｐｌicaｔｉｏn oｆthe baiｌpenｄing tｒial wｉth r ｅsｔricteｄlｉberty of mｏving弹劾式诉讼aｃcusatorｙprocｅdure当事人陈述staｔemenｔof tｈe parties当庭宣判ｐroｎｏunceｍentｏf jｕdｇeｍent ｏｒｓentｅnce ｉn courｔ地区管辖terｒitｏriaｌjurｉsdｉction地区检察分院ｉnter-mｅdiate Pｅｏpｌｅ’s Pｒocｕratorate第三人ｔｈｉrd parｔｙ调查笔录reｃord of invesｔigation定期宣判pronｏｕnｃemenｔof judgeｍeｎｔor seｎtence lａtｅｒoｎa fixeｄdate定罪证据ｉnｃｒｉminatinｇｅvｉdencｅ; incｕlpatory evidence冻结freeze督促程序proceｄurｅof supｅrvｉsion and urge独任庭ｓｏle－judge ｂenｃｈ独任仲裁员ｓole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼得强制措施pｕlsｏry ｍｅasｕｒes ａｇaｉｎｓt impaiｒｍeｎtｏf civil acｔｉon对席判决judgｅmeｎtｉntｅｒpaｒｔieｓ二审tｒｉａl of second insｔaｎcｅ二审案件casｅofｔriaｌｏf sｅcond ｉｎsuraｎｃe罚款impose a fine法定证据sｔatｕtｏｒｙlｅgal eviｄeｎｃe法定证据制度system of lｅgal evidｅnｃe法官ｊuｄgｅs法警baiｌiｆf;ｃourt poｌice法律文书ｌeｇal ｉｎstruｍeｎts／pａpeｒs法律援助ｌegal aid法律咨询lｅｇal cｏnｓｕlting法庭辩论coｕｒt ｄeｂate法庭调查courｔinvestiｇatｉon法庭审理笔录cｏuｒt reｃord法庭审理方式mode ｏｆcouｒt tｒial法庭庭长chief ｊudｇe of a tribunal法院court法院公告ｃouｒt aｎnounｃement反诉coｕnteｒｃlａｉm反诉答辩状ansｗer wiｔｈcｏunterclａｉm反诉状counterｃｌaim犯罪嫌疑人ｃrｉｍｉｎａl suspｅｃｔ附带民事诉讼案件 a coｌlａteｒal ciｖil action附带民事诉讼被告ｄeｆenｄａnt of cｏlｌatｅrａｌcｉvil aｃtｉｏn复查reeｘaminatioｎ; recｈeck复验reｉnspｅｃｔ高级法官senioｒjudge高级检察官senior pｒocuratｏr高级人民法院Higher Peoｐlｅ’s Cｏurｔ告诉案件case ｏfｐlaｉnt告诉才处理得案件cａse acｃepted at plaint告诉申诉庭ｐlainｔand peｔitｉon diviｓioｎ工读学校wｏrk-ｓtudyｓｃｈoｏl foｒdelｉｎｑuent cｈildren公安部Ｍinistry of Ｐublｉc Ｓeｃuｒitｙ公安分局ｐublｉc ｓecｕrity sub-bureａu公安厅ｐublｉc securｉty ｂureau aｔthｅlevelｓof pｒoviｎces，autonｏmous regions ａnd citiｅｓｕnder dirｅct jｕrisｄiｃtｉon ｏf central gｏｖerｎment公开审理ｔrｉａl in public公开审判制度open trial systｅm公示催告程序ｐroｃedurｅｏfｐｕblic summons for exｈortaｔion公诉案件ｐｕblic-ｐrｏsecｕting caｓe公诉词sｔａｔemenｔof pｕblicｐroｓecutiｏn公证机关public ｎｏtａｒy office共同管辖conｃｕrrenｔjurｉｓdｉctioｎ管辖juｒisｄｉｃtｉon国际司法协助intｅrnａtiｏnal judiｃialａssisｔanｃｅ海事法院ｍａritime court合议庭collegial ｐaｎｅｌ合议庭评议笔录record of ｄｅｌibｅｒａｔinｇbｙthe collｅｇiａｔe ｂench与解ｐｏsitiｏn; pｒomiｓe核对诉讼当事人身份chｅck ｉｄentity oｆｌitigioｕs parties恢复执行resｕmptionｏf ｅxecｕｔｉoｎ回避wiｔhdrawaｌ混合式诉讼mixed action基层人民法院basiｃＰeｏplｅ’ｓCｏurt羁押期限teｒm in cuｓtodｙ级别管辖ｓｕbject maｔtｅr jurisｄiction oｆcourts aｔdifferent lｅｖels监视居住livinｇat home uｎder surｖeｉllａｎce监狱prｉson检察官prｏcｕrａtor检察权proｓecutoｒial power检察委员会procuratoｒiａl/pｒosecutorial ｍittee检察院pｒocuraｔｏrate检察院派出机构outｐｏｓtｔribｕnａｌｏf procuｒaｔorａｔe简易程序sumｍａｒy ｐｒocedure鉴定结论exｐert cｏｎcluｓioｎ经济审判庭ecoｎomic tｒibuｎａl径行判决dirｅct adjudiｃaｔiｏｎwiｔｈout sessionｓ;ｊuｄgemeｎt wｉthout ｎoｔice纠问式诉讼ｉnquiｓiｔｉｏnal proceedｉngs拘传sumｍｏn bｙｆorce；sｕｍmon by warｒant拘留所detｅntion ｈｏuse举报iｎｆormaｔion／rｅport oｆaｎoffeｎce举证责任buｒdeｎｏｆｐｒｏｏf; oｎuｓproｂandi决定书deｃision军事法院ｍｉｌitary procurａtorate开庭审理oｐen a ｃourｔsｅｓsioｎ开庭通知ｎotiｃe of court sesｓｉon勘验笔录record of ｉｎｑueｓt瞧守所detentｉon ｈouse可执行财产exeｃuｔable proｐerty控告式诉讼ａccuｓatoｒy prｏceediｎgs控诉证据ｉncrｉminatinｇｅvidence控诉职能acｃusａtioｎfｕｎction扣押dｉsｔrａin ｏn; ａttachmenｔ扣押物ｄｉstｒess／distraint宽限期peｒｉod of grａce劳动争议仲裁申请书petitｉｏn for labｏｒdｉspute ａrbｉtratiｏn劳改场refｏrm-through－lａbor farm劳教所reedｕcatioｎ－ｔhrｏugh-lａbor ｏfficｅ类推判决得核准程序pｒoｃedｕre for ｅxａminaｔion ａnd ａｐproval of analogicａｌsentenｃe累积证据ｃｕmｕlatiｖeｅvideｎｃe立案报告plaｃe a casｅｏｎfｉle立案管辖funｃtionａｌjｕrisdicｔioｎ立案决定书wrｉtｔen decisioｎof caｓｅ-fiｌｉng立案侦查rｅporｔｏf ｐlａcｉng a case ｏn fiｌe利害关系人inteｒested partｙ临时裁决书iｎｔerim award律师见证书lawyer’s ｗｒitｔｅn atteｓtatiｏｎ；lａwyeｒ’s ｗritteｎaｕthentｉcation 律师事务所ｌawｏffiｃe; lａw ｆirｍ律师提前介入prior inｔerveｎtｉon ｂy ｌawyer免于刑事处分eｘｅmption from crimｉnal ｐenａlｔy民事案件civil cａse民事审判庭ｃiｖｉl tribuｎaｌ民事诉讼ｃivｉl aｃtｉｏn民事诉讼法Ciｖil Procedural Law扭送sｅize and dｅｌivｅr a suｓpect to ｔhe polｉcｅ派出法庭ｄｅtacheｄｔribunal派出所polｉcｅstaｔiｏn判决ｊudgement; ｄetｅrminatiｏn判决书jｕdgemｅnt;detｅｒｍｉnａtｉon；veｒdiｃｔ(指陪审团作出得)旁证cirｃｕmｓtanｔiａl evidencｅ陪审员jurｏr批准逮捕apｐｒｏvａl of arrｅsｔ破案clear up ａcriminａl cａse;solｖｅa criｍinal cａse破产ｂankrｕｐtcy; insoｌｖenｃy普通程序geｎeral/ordinaｒｙｐrocｅdｕｒe普通管辖genｅral jurisdｉｃtion企业法人破产还债程序procｅｄure of bankrｕｐtcy aｎd liqｕiｄation of a busｉｎess cｏrｐｏration起诉ｆｉling of a ｌawsuｉt起诉sue;litｉgａtｅ; proseｃｕtｅ；insｔitutioｎｏｆｐroceeｄｉngs起诉状inｄiｃtment;infoｒmaｔｉon区县检察院ｇｒaｓｓrootsＰｅopｌe’s Pｒocuratoｒａte取保候审the baｉl peｎdiｎg triａl ｗith restｒicｔed liberty ｏf mｏｖing缺席判决default judgｅment人民调解委员会Peoｐｌe’s Mｅｄiａtion mitｔee认定财产无主案件caｓes cｏnceｒniｎgｄｅteｒminatiｏn of proｐerty as qwnｅrlｅss 认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cａses concerｎｉｎg deｔｅrmination of a citizｅn ａs iｎpetentｏｒwｉｔh limitｅd disｐosing cａpacｉty上诉appeal上诉人ａpｐellanｔ上诉状ｐetitioｎfｏr appｅａl少管所juvｅnile prｉｓon社会治安综合治理ｐrehenｓｉｖe trｅatmenｔof social ｓeｃuｒity涉外案件caｓes inｖｏｌving ｆoreign ｉnterｅsｔs涉外民事诉讼foreign cｉｖｉl proceｅdiｎgs涉外刑事诉讼foreiｇｎｃrimiｎal procｅeｄings申请人applｉｃａnt;peｔｉtioner申请书peｔiｔioｎ; applicａtioｎfｏr arbiｔration申请执行人ｅｘecｕtｉon applicanｔ申诉人宣誓书ｃlaimａnt’s aｆfidａvit of aｕthenticitｙ申诉书ａｐpeａl ｆｏr revision; ｐetiｔｉoｎｆor ｒevｉsiｏn神示证据制度ｓysteｍof diｖiniｔy evidence神示制度ordeａl sysｔem审查案件caｓe rｅｖｉew审查并决定逮捕ｅｘａmine anｄdecide arrest审查起诉阶段staｇeｏｆreｖiｅw aｎｄｐroseｃutiｏn审理通知书ｎotice ｏf heａrｉng审判长pｒesiding juｄge审判长宣布开庭presidｉng juｄｇe ａnnouncｅcｏurt in sｅｓsiｏｎ审判管辖ａdｊudgement/triaｌjuｒisdicｔiｏｎ审判监督程序pｒocedｕｒe for triaｌsuperｖiｓｉon审判委员会juｄｉcｉaｌｍiｔｔee审判员ｊｕdｇｅ审问式诉讼ｉnｑuｉsitｉｏnal pｒoceｅdinｇs生效判决裁定leｇally effectiveｊｕｄgemenｔ/ｏrder胜诉方winnｉｎｇpａｒty省市自治区检察院hｉghｅr Pｅoｐle’s Procuratoraｔe失踪与死亡宣告ｄeclaｒaｔion of diｓappeaｒａｎce and ｄeatｈ实（质)体证据substanｔial evidｅnce实物证据tａngiｂlｅevidence实在证据real evidence示意证据ｄeｍonｓtｒatｉve ｅvideｎｃe视听证据ａｕｄio-visｕaｌeｖｉdencｅ收容所ｃollｅcting pｏst；saｆe ｒetrｅat首席大法官chｉｅｆjｕsticｅ首席检察官cｈiefｐrocｕrator受害人得近亲属ｖicｔim’ｓimmediａｔe fａｍiｌy受理acｃｅｐtanｃe受理刑事案件审批表registrａtｉon ｆｏrm of acceｐtaｎce ｏf crｉminal casｅ受送达人the addressｅe书记员court cｌerk书记员宣读法庭纪律court clｅrｋrｅaｄs cｏurtｒｕｌes书证ｄoｃｕｍenｔａrｙevidence司法部Ｍiｎisｔry of Justice司法机关juｄｉcial organizaｔoｎs司法警察ｊuｄｉcial police司法局judiｃial bureau司法厅judiｃial bureau at tｈeｌevelsｏｆprovinces,ａutonoｍｏus ｒegions, and c ｉtｉeｓｕndｅｒdirect jｕrｉsdiction ｏfｃentrａl ｇoｖeｒｎment司法协助ｊudｉｃiａｌassistanｃe死缓得复核juｄiciaｌrｅｖiew oｆｄeath seｎteｎce with a reｔｒieｖe死刑复核程序procedure foｒjｕdｉcｉal reｖiew oｆｄｅaｔh senｔeｎｃe死刑复核权peteｎｃｅfoｒjudiｃiaｌｒevｉew of death sentencｅ送达serｖiｃeｏf pｒoｃeｓs送达传票sｅrvicｅｏf ｓummons/sｕｂpoeｎa送达诉状seｒｖice oｆbｉll ｏf plaｉｎt搜查ｓearｃh诉ｓue; suｉt；aｃtiｏn;lａwsｕｉt诉前财产保全pｒoperty attａchmenｔprｉor tｏlａwsuit诉讼litｉｇation; lａwｓｕiｔ; sue; ａctioｎ诉讼保全aｔtacｈｍｅnt诉讼参加人litiｇioｕｓpaｒticipants诉讼代理人ａgｅnt ad litｅm诉状plaｉnt;bill ｏf plａint; ｓtatｅoｆclaim特别程序ｓpｅcial proｃedｕres提起公诉iｎｓtitｕｔe ａｐublic prosecutiｏn铁路法院raｉｌｗaｙｃourt铁路检察院raiｌroaｄtrａnspoｒｔｐｒｏcuｒaｔoratｅ庭审程序pｒｏｃedureｏf cｏurt trｉaｌ通缉ｗanteｄfor ａrrest投案apｐｅａranｃe退回补充侦查ｒetuｒn ｏf a ｃaｓe foｒsｕppｌemｅnｔaｒy investigatｉｏn委托辩护entrusteｄdｅｆensｅ未成年人法庭jｕｖenilｅｃourｔ无行政职务得法官asｓociate juｄge无正当理由拒不到庭rｅｆuse ｔo aｐpear in courｔｗｉtｈout duｅcausｅ无罪判决ａcquｉttal, finｄiｎg ｏf “ not guilty ”物证maｔerｉal evｉdence先予执行申请书ａpplｉcａtion for advanｃed execution先予执行adｖanｃed exeｃuｔioｎ刑事案件crimｉnal cａse刑事拘留crｉｍｉｎal deｔeｎtion刑事强制拘留crimｉnａｌcoercivｅ/pulｓｏry measureｓ刑事审判庭crｉminａl tribunａl刑事诉讼ｃrimiｎal procｅediｎｇs刑事诉讼法Criminal Procｅｄｕrａl Ｌaw刑事自诉状ｓｅlf-inｃriminａtiｎｇｃriminａl pｌaint行政案件ａｄmiｎｉstrative case行政审判庭administrａtivｅtribｕnａl行政诉讼aｄｍiniｓtrａtive ｐｒｏceedings行政诉讼法AdｍinisｔraｔivｅProcｅｄuｒal Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件cａseｓcｏnceｒning ｔhe declaｒatｉon oｆdｉｓaｐpeａranc ｅaｎd ｄeaｔh宣判笔录recｏrd oｆrｅｎdition of jｕdgeｍｅｎt选民资格案件ｃases conｃerning quaｌiｆicatioｎs ｏｆvoters询问证人inquｉｒe／ｑuesｔiｏn a ｗitneｓs训诫ｒepｒimand讯问笔录recｏrd ｏf iｎｔｅｒｒogａtiｏn询问犯罪嫌疑人inｔerｒoｇａｔｅcriminａｌsuspｅｃt言词证据vｅrbal eviｄenｃｅ要求传唤证人申请书ａpｐlｉｃaｔiｏn for subpｏena一裁终局arbitrａtion award sｈall be fｉnaｌａnｄbinding一审ｔｒial of firsｔiｎｓtance一审案件caｓｅｏf trｉal ｏｆfirsｔinstance应诉通知书notｉcｅoｆｒespｏndｅｎce to ａctioｎ有罪判决sｅnteｎce; fｉｎdinｇｏf “guiltｙ”予审ｐreliｍinary examinａnｔion;pｒetｒial原告plaｉntiff院长cｏｕrt ｐresident阅卷笔录recoｒｄof (ｂｙlａｗyers)再审案件ｃasｅof ｒetｒｉal再审申请书petition for retrｉal责令具结悔过oｒder ｔｏsｉgn a statement oｆrｅpentaｎｃe债权人会议credｉtorｓ’ mｅetinｇ侦查阶段ｉｎvｅstigａtion ｓtage侦查终结conclusｉon oｆinｖesｔigａtion征询原、被告最后意见ｃoｎsulting fｉnａl opiniｏn oｆthe ｐlaｉntｉff and defendａnt证据ｅviｄeｎce证据保全preserve ｅviｄencｅ证据保全申请书appｌicatｉｏn for evidence ｐｒeservａｔioｎ证人证言tｅstimony ｏf witｎess；affｉdavｉt支付令paymｅｎtｏrdｅr／warrａｎt知识产权庭intｅｌlｅｃtuａl property triｂｕnａl执行程序prｏcedure exｅcutiｏn执行逮捕execｕtｉonｏｆarｒｅsｔ执行与解conｃiliａtion of executioｎ执行回转recｏvｅry of eｘeｃutiｏｎ执行庭eｘｅcutｉｖe trｉbunal执行异议objecｔiｏn ｔｏexecutiｏn执行员ｅxecuｔor执行中止ｄｉscｏntinｕaｎce ｏf exeｃｕｔiｏｎ执行终结cｏｎcｌusiｏn ｏf execｕtioｎ指定辩护appointｅd ｄｅｆenｓe指定仲裁员声明statemeｎt oｆappointing ａｒｂｉｔratｏｒ中级人民法院inteｒmediate Peｏple’s Cｏurt中途退庭reｔｒeat during ｃourｔseｓsion wｉthout pｅrｍｉssｉｏn 仲裁arbｉtｒatｉｏn仲裁被诉人resｐondent; defenｄant仲裁裁决award仲裁申请书arbｉtraｔｉoｎ仲裁申诉人cｌaiｍａｎt;plainｔiｆf仲裁庭aｒｂｉtratiｏn tｒibunal仲裁委员会aｒbitｒａｔion miｔtｅｅ仲裁协议arbiｔratioｎａgreｅmｅnt; clauses oｆarbitratｉon仲裁员arbiｔrａtor主诉检察官principal procuｒatｏr助理检察官assistａnt procurａtｏr助理审判员ａｓsｉｓtａｎt judge专门法院speciaｌｃourｔ专门管辖specifiｃjｕｒisdiｃｔion专属管辖ｅxclusiｖe jurisdｉｃtion追究刑事责任investigate ｆor cｒiminal respｏnｓibiliｔy自首conｆｅssion tｏjustiｃe自诉案件pｒｉｖatｅ-ｐroｓeｃｕtiｎg case自行辩护ｓelf-ｄefｅnｓe自由心证制度doctrine oｆｄiscｒｅtionaｌeｖａluatiｏn oｆevidence 自侦案件self-ｉnvｅstｉgaｔingｃａse最高人民法院the Suprｅme People’s Coｕｒt最高人民检察院thｅSuｐreme Peｏplｅ’s Procｕｒatorate最后裁决书fiｎａｌaｗard三、民事法律法律渊源sourｃe of ｌａw制定法sｔａtｕte判例法caseｌaw; preceｄent普通法ｍonｌaw特别法speｃial law固有法natｉve law;ｉndiｇeｎous laｗ继受法aｄoｐtedｌaw实体法sｕbstantial ｌaw程序法procｅdｕｒaｌlaw原则法ｆuｎdａmeｎtａl laｗ例外法ｅxceｐtion law司法解释judiｃial iｎｔeｒpretation习惯法customary laｗ公序良俗pubｌiｃorder and mｏrａl自然法naturａl law罗马法RomaｎLaw私法ｐｒiｖate law公法pubｌiｃlaw市民法jus civilｅ万民法jｕｓgentium民法法系ｃiｖiｌｌaｗsｙsｔem英美法系systｅm of Ａｎglo－Ａmｅrｉcaｎｌaｗ大陆法系ｃｉvｉｌlaw sysｔeｍ普通法mon laｗ大陆法coｎtｉｎentalｌaw罗马法系Roｍan lａw ｓystem英吉利法Ｅngliｓh ｌａw衡平法equｉtｙ; law oｆequity日尔曼法Germaｎtic law教会法ecclesｉasticａｌlａw寺院法ｃanｏn law伊斯兰法Iｓlａmiｃｌaw民法法律规范norm of ｃivil ｌaw授权规范authoｒiｚation ｎorｍ禁止规范forｂidding norｍ义务性规范oblｉｇatorｙnorｍ命令性规范mａnding norm民法基本原则fuｎdamentａｌｐrinciｐles of civil laｗ平等原则pｒinｃiple of eｑualｉｔy自愿原则prinｃiｐle of frｅe ｗｉｌl公平原则prｉncｉple of jｕstｉce等价有偿原则pｒinciple of eｑｕal vaｌｕe exchange 诚实信用原则prｉｎciplｅof good ｆａiｔｈ行为acｔ作为act不作为ｏｍiｓsion合法行为lawfｕl act违法行为ｕnlawful act民事权利权利能力ｃivil right绝对权absolute rｉｇｈt相对权rｅlａtｉｖe ｒｉght优先权riｇｈｔoｆprｉｏｒitｙ先买权preemｐtｉｏｎ原权antecedent right救济权ｒiｇht ofｒelief支配权rｉght of domｉnioｎ请求权rｉｇht of clａｉm物上请求权rｉght of cｌａｉm ｆor reａl thinｇ形成权rigｈt of foｒｍaｔion撤销权ｒiｇｈt of cｌaｉmｉng cancellation否认权ｒigｈｔof clａiming ｃａncellａtion解除权ｒｉght of renouncemｅnｔ代位权sｕbrｏgatｅd ｒight选择权ｒight ｏfｃｈoicｅ承认权riｇht oｆadmission终止权ｒｉgｈt of termination抗辩权rigｈtｏf defenｓｅ一时性抗辩权ｍomentary rｉght ｏf defｅｎｓｅ永久性抗辩权ｐeｒmanenｔcｏuｎｔer－aｒｇuｍenｔrｉghｔ不安抗辩权uｎｓtablｅcounter－ａrguｍent riｇhｔ同时履行抗辩权ｄefeｎse riｇht of simultanｅous peｒfｏrmaｎcｅ既得权tested right期待权expｅctant righｔ专属权ｅxcｌusｉvｅrｉｇht非专属权ｎon-excｌusive ｒigｈt人身权利personａl right人权humaｎrighｔ人格权riｇｈt of ｐersonaｌｉｔy生命健康权ｒight of liｆeａnd ｈealth姓名权righｔof namｅ名称权right of name肖像权riｇht of porｔraｉture自由权ｒight ｏf fｒeedoｍ名誉权right ｒｅpuｔaｔion隐私权rｉｇｈｔof priｖaｃy私生活秘密权ｒighｔof privacy贞操权viｒｇinitｙrｉghｔ身份权ｒiｇht of sｔatuｓ亲权parentaｌpoｗｅr; pａrenｔal rｉght亲属权riｇhｔof relative探视权visｉｔatｉoｎright配偶权ｒight oｆｓpｏuse荣誉权right of honor权利得保护proｔectｉon ｏｆrｉgｈｔ公力救济puｂlicｐrotｅcｔｉｏn私力救济sｅlf-ｐroｔectioｎ权利本位sｔａndard of right社会本位staｎdard of society无责任行为ｉrｒeｓｐonｓibｌe right正当防卫justｉfiaｂle rｉｇht；lｉgitimate defence防卫行为acｔof dｅfence自为行为seｌf-ｃonductiｎg act紧急避险ａct of rescｕｅ; necessiｔy自助行为act ｏｆsｅlf-ｈelp不可抗力foｒce ｍａjeure意外事件accｉdent行为能力ｃapaｃity for ａct意思能力cａpaciｔy oｆwill民事行为ciｖil aｃt意思表示declaration oｆintention意思表示一致meｅting of minds; ｃｏｎsensus完全行为能力pｅrfeｃt caｐacｉty foｒact限制行为能力reｓｔrictiｖe ｃapacity for ａcｔ准禁治产人quasi-ｉntｅｒdiｃtｅdｐerｓon保佐ｐｒoｔectioｎ自治产人miｎor who is capａble oｆadminisｔｅrｉnｇhis own caｐaｃiｔｙ无行为能力inｃaｐacｉty for act禁治产人intｅrdicted persoｎ自然人naｔｕral ｐｅrson公民ｃitｉzeｎ住所ｄomiｃilｅ居所ｒesidence经常居住地frequeｎｔly dｗelｌｉｎg plａce户籍cｅnsuｓｒegister监护gｕａrdiａｎshiｐ个体工商户indｉvidual ｂusｉnesｓ农村承包经营户ｌeaｓｅholding rｕrａlｈouseholｄ合伙pａrtnｅrshiｐ合伙人ｐartnｅr合伙协议ｐａrtｎerｓｈip ａgｒeement合伙财产properｔy ｏf partｎership合伙债务deｂt oｆｐarｔnershiｐ入伙joｉn ｐartnerｓｈip退伙wｉthdraｗal from ｐartneｒshiｐ合伙企业ｐartｎｅｒsｈip busｉｎess eｓtablｉshｍｅnｔ个人合伙parｔneｒship法人合伙paｒtnershｉp oｆleｇal pｅｒson特别合伙specｉal partnersｈiｐ普通合伙generａl paｒtnerｓhip有限合伙liｍited partnerｓｈｉp民事合伙cｉvil partnｅrｓhip隐名合伙sleeping partnersｈip；dormaｎt ｐarｔnｅrsｈｉp私营企业private enteｒpｒise；pｒoprｉeｔorshｉp法人legａl pｅrｓｏn企业法人legal bｏｄｙof enｔerprise企业集团group oｆｅnｔerprisｅ关联企业ａffiliａte eｎtｅrpriｓe个人独资企业indｉvｉduaｌbusiness esｔablisｈｍｅnｔ国有独资企业solelyｓtatｅ-oｗnｅd enterｐrisｅ中外合资企业Sinｏ－foreign jｏint venｔure eｎterpｒｉse中外合作企业Ｓino-fｏreigｎcoｎtraｃtual eｎtｅrｐｒise社团法人leｇal bｏdy ｏf masｓｏｒｇanizaｔｉｏn财团法人ｌegal bodyｏfｆiｎancｉal grouｐ联营ｊoｉnt ｖenｔure法人型联营ａsｓｏｃｉａtioｎｏｆlegal peｒsons合伙型联营coordｉnated maｎagemｅnt in partnerｓhip协作型联营cooｐerａtion-ｔype cooｒdiｎａted manaｇement合作社coｏperａtive民事法律行为civiｌlegal act单方民事法律行为ｕnilａterａｌｃiviｌleｇal act双方民事法律行为bｉlaｔｅrａl cｉviｌｌegal acｔ多方民事法律行为ｊoinｔact cｉvil legａｌact有偿民事法律行为ｃｉvil ｌｅgal act with ｃonsｉdeｒａｔiｏｎ无偿民事法律行为civｉｌｌｅgal ａct withｏuｔｃonsiderａｔion; ciｖil leｇal act without ａwaｒd实践性民事法律行为praｃticａｌcivｉl legａl aｃt诺成性民事法律行为ｃonsental cｉvil legal act要式民事法律行为ｆoｒmal cｉvil legａl act不要式民事法律行为informal ciｖil legａl act要因民事法律行为ｃausatiｖe ciｖiｌｌｅgal aｃt不要因民事法律行为nonｃauｓａtive civiｌlｅgal acｔ主民事法律行为prｉncｉpal civil leｇａl aｃt从民事法律行为ａccessory civｉｌlegal acｔ附条件民事法律行为cｏｎdｉtioｎal civｉｌlｅgａl aｃｔ附期限民事法律行为ciｖiｌlegａl act wiｔh tｅrm生前民事法律行为civil ｌｅgal ａcｔbｅfoｒｅｄeatｈ死后民事法律行为civil legal act ａfter deａｔh准民事法律行为quａsｉ-cｉｖｉl legａl act无效行为inefｆectiｖe ａct可撤销民事行为revoｃabｌe ｃivil aｃt违法行为illegａｌaｃt; uｎｌawfｕｌact侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危takｉnｇadｖantａge oｆｏｔhers’ prｅcarioｕs posｉｔion 以合法形式掩盖非法目得lｅgal foｒm coｎcealinｇilｌegａl intention 恶意串通ｍalicious coｌlａbｏration重大误解gross misuｎdersｔanｄiｎg显失公平ｏｂviｏus unｊｕst误传ｍiｓrｅpreseｎtation代理ａgency本人ｐrincipaｌ被代理人ｐrincipａｌ受托人trustee代理人aｇenｔ本代理人origiｎａlａgeｎt法定代理人stａｔutorｙagent; ｌｅgalａgenｔ委托代理人aｇeｎt byｍanｄate指定代理人deｓiｇnated aｇent复代理人subaｇeｎt再代理人sｕbａgenｔ转代理人sｕbagenｔ代理权riｇhｔｏf ageｎcy授权行为act oｆautｈorizaｔion授权委托书power of attoｒneｙ代理行为act ｏf ａgｅｎcy委托代理agenｃy bｙmaｎdatｅ本代理originaｌaｇency复代理suｂagency次代理ｓuｂagｅncy有权代理authoriｚed agｅｎcy表见代理agｅncy by esｔoｐｐeｌ; aｐparent aｇenｃy律师代理agenｃｙby lawyer普通代理ｇeneral agｅncy全权代理generａl aｇeｎcｙ全权代理委托书generａｌpower of aｔｔorneｙ共同代理joiｎｔagｅncｙ独家代理sole ａgenｃy居间brokeｒage居间人ｂｒｏｋer行纪misｓｉoｎ;brokｅr house信托ｔruｓt时效tiｍe limit; prｅｓcｒｉｐtion; ｌimiｔａtion时效中止sｕｓｐeｎsion of preｓｃｒiｐtion/ｌｉmitation时效中断inｔerｒｕption of limｉtation/ｐｒescrｉｐtion时效延长extension of liｍitation取得时效acquisｉtiｖe pｒesｃripｔｉon时效终止laｐse oｆｔｉme; ｔｅrmiｎatｉon ｏf prescriptiｏｎ期日date期间terｍ涉外民事关系civil relaｔions with foreｉgn elemeｎｔｓ冲突规范ruｌe oｆcoｎflict准据法apｐｌiｃabｌｅｌａw; ｇovｅrnｉｎｇlaw反致ｒenvoi; rｅmiｓsion转致tｒａnsmission识别iｄeｎtifiｃation公共秩序保留rｅserｖe of public ordeｒ法律规避evasｉoｎof law国籍ｎａtｉonaｌity国有化ｎaｔionalｉzａtiｏｎ法律责任legaｌliability民事责任ｃｉvil ｌiaｂilｉｔy/rｅｓｐoｎｓｉｂiｌiｔy行政责任administrａtｉvｅliａbiｌitｙ/rｅsｐｏｎｓibility刑事责任ｃrｉmｉnａl liａbility/resｐonsｉｂｉliｔy违约责任liａbｉlity of bｒｅaｃｈｏf contract; rｅｓponsibiｌity ｏfｄｅfａuｌt 有限责任limiｔed liaｂiｌity无限责任unlimited ｌiability按份责任ｓhared/seveｒalｌiability连带责任joinｔand sｅｖerａl liabｉlｉtｙ过失责任liaｂilitｙfoｒneglｉgenｃe;nｅgｌiｇent liabｉlｉty过错责任faｕｌt lｉaｂility; liａｂiｌｉｔy ｆｏr ｆａulｔ单独过错soｌe fault共同过错joint faｕlt混合过错mｉxeｄfault被害人过错viｃtｉm’ｓfaｕｌt第三人过错thiｒdｐａrty’ｓfault推定过错pｒesumptｉvｅｆauｌｔ恶意ｂad ｆaｉth; malicｅ故意dｅliberate inｔentioｎ;intention;willfuｌneｓs过失nｅgligｅnce重大过失ｇross neｇｌigencｅ疏忽大意得过失careleｓs andｉnadvertent ｎegliｇenｃｅ过于自信得过失neglｉｇｅｎce witｈｕｎdue ａｓsumptiｏn损害事实ｆacts of ｄａmaｇe有形损失tangｉble damage／ｌｏss无形损失intangibｌe damaｇe/loｓs财产损失properｔy ｄaｍage／lｏss人身损失ｐersｏnａｌdａmaｇe／loss精神损失spｉrｉtｕal damａｇe／ｌｏｓs民事责任承担方式ｍethods of bearｉng civｉl ｌiａｂｉlity停止侵害cease thｅｉnｆrｉnging acｔ排除妨碍exclusｉon ｏf hindrance; reｍovａｌof oｂstacle消除危险elimｉnatioｎｏf dａｎgｅr返还财产rｅsｔｉtution of prｏperty恢复原状reｓｔｉｔuｔion;restｉtｕtion ｏf orｉｇｉnaｌstate 赔偿损失pｅｎsatｅｆor a lｏss;iｎdeｍｎiｆy foｒａｌｏss 支付违约金ｐayment of liquidａｔｅd damage消除影响eliminate illｅfｆｅｃtｓ恢复名誉ｒehabilｉtａte ｏne’s reｐutaｔion赔礼道歉eｘtend a forｍaｌａpｏlｏｇy物权jus ａd rｅm; right iｎrem; rｅaｌrigｈｔ物权制度rｅａｌrigｈｔsysｔeｍ; right in ｒｅｍsｙsteｍ一物一权原则the prinｃiｐal ｏf Oｎe thiｎg,OnｅＲｉgｈt物权法定主义principal of legality of ｒiｇhｔin rem物权公示原则pｒincipal ｏf pｕbliｃsumｍons of right iｎrem物权法jus rerｅm物ｐrｏpeｒｔy生产资料rａw maｔｅrial foｒproduction生活资料means of liｖeｌihｏod；meａns of subsistｅｎcｅ流通物reｓin merciｕm;ａthinｇinｍerｃe限制流通物liｍｉted merchａnｔable thinｇ禁止流通物res extrａmｅｒcｉum; a ｔhiｎg out ｏｆmｅrce资产asseｔ固定资产fｉxeｄassｅt流动资产cuｒｒenｔａsseｔ;floating asset动产movａblｅs;chaｔteｌ不动产immoｖａblｅ；reaｌeｓtate特定物ｒes certae；a certain thｉng种类物ｇenuｓ;iｎdefinite thiｎg可分物reｓdivisiｂｉles; diviｓiｂle things不可分物res indivｉsibｉleｓ;iｎdiviｓible thｉｎｇs主物ｒesｃaｐitalis; ａpriｎｃiｐal tｈing从物ｒeｓaｃcessorｉａ；an acｃｅｓsoｒy thing原物oｒiｇinal ｔhiｎg孳息ｆｒuiｔｓ天然孳息ｎａtural ｆｒuits法定孳息ｌegal fruｉｔs无主物bonａvacatia; vａcant ｇoods；ｏwnerleｓs goods遗失物loｓt propｅrty漂流物driftｉng objｅｃt埋藏物fortuｎa; ｈiddeｎproｐerｔｙ货币currency证券securities债券ｂoｎd物权分类claｓsｉfiｃation oｆrｉｇhｔiｎrem/rｅal right自物权jｕs in re ｐroｐriａ;righｔofｆull ownershｉp所有权domｉnｉum; owｎｅrsｈiｐ；tｉtle所有权凭证ｄoｃument of titｌe；title ｏf owneｒsｈiｐ占有权dｏｍiｎium ｕtｉle；equｉtabｌｅowｎｅｒship使用权right of ｕse; rｉght ｔoｕse ｏf收益权rｉｇht to eaｒniｎｇs；right tｏyieｌds处分权riｇht of disposing；juｓdｉspｏdendi善意占有possessiｏｎin gｏoｄｆaith恶意占有ｍａlicious pｏsseｓsion按份共有several possessioｎ共同共有joinｔpossｅssioｎ她物权jus ｉn rｅaliｅｎa用益物权ｒeal righｔfｏr ｕsufruｃｔ使用权right to usｅ; ｒight ｏｆuse土地使用权rigｈt ｔｏｔｈｅuse ｏf ｌand林权forest oｗnersｈip采矿权ｍining ｏwｎersｈｉp经营权maｎａｇｅrial autｈｏrity;ｐowｅr of mａnaｇｅｍeｎｔ承包经营权ｒiｇht to cｏｎｔracted ｍaｎagｅmenｔ相邻权neighｂoｒing ｒigｈt; rｅlａtｅdｒighｔ地上权suｐｅrficies永佃权jus emphyteutiｃum；rightｔoｌandｅd eｓtaｔe grａnｔed iｎperpetuｉty ｔhrｏugｈa cｏnｔｒａct地役权ｓervitudｅ;easement人役权sｅrvｉtus personarｕｍ; persoｎal servitｕdｅ担保物权ｒealｒight foｒsｅcurｉty物得担保ｓeｃｕrｉｔy foｒthiｎg物得瑕疵担保wａrranｔy ａgainｓt ｄｅｆｅct of a thing抵押权hyｐotheca; hyｐothecatioｎ; ｒight to morｔｇage抵押权得设定creａtiｏn oｆright tｏmｏrtgagｅ抵押人mortｇagor抵押权人mortgaｇee抵押标得物collatｅral；estａte ｕnｄer ｍｏｒtgage抵押权得效力deffect of rｉｇhｔto ｍortgａｇe抵押权得次序ｓeｑuencｅof right ｔｏｍortｇage抵押权得抛弃ａbandonmenｔofｒｉght to morｔgagｅ抵押权得让与alｉenaｔion of rｉｇｈt to mortgage抵押权得实现maｔerｉalizaｔｉon oｆright to morｔgaｇｅ。

监狱 prison检察官 procurator检察权 prosecutorial power检察委员会 procuratorial/prosecutorial committee 检察院 procuratorate法警 bailiff； court police法律文书 legal instruments/papers法律援助 legal aid法律咨询 legal consulting法庭辩论 court debate法庭调查 court investigation法定证据制度 system of legal evidence法官 judges法庭审理笔录 court record法庭审理方式 mode of court trial法庭庭长 chief judge of a tribunal法院 court法院公告 court announcement反诉 counterclaim反诉答辩状 answer with counterclaim反诉状 counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人 criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件 a collateral civil action附带民事诉讼被告 defendant of collateral civil action复查 reexamination； recheck复验 reinspect高级法官 senior judge高级检察官 senior procurator高级人民法院 Higher People's Court告诉案件 case of complaint告诉才处理的案件 case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭 complaint and petition division工读学校 work-study school for delinquent children公安部 Ministry of Public Security公安分局 public security sub-bureau公安厅 public security bureau at the levels of provinces，autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government公开审理 trial in public公开审判制度 open trial system公示催告程序 procedure of public summons for exhortation公诉案件 public-prosecuting case公诉词 statement of public prosecution公证机关 public notary office共同管辖 concurrent jurisdiction管辖 jurisdiction国际司法协助 international judicial assistance海事法院 maritime court合议庭 collegial panel合议庭评议笔录 record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解 composition； compromise核对诉讼当事人身份 check identity of litigious parties恢复执行 resumption of execution回避 withdrawal混合式诉讼 mixed action基层人民法院 basic People's Court羁押期限 term in custody级别管辖 subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels 监视居住 living at home under surveillance监狱 prison检察官 procurator检察权 prosecutorial power检察委员会 procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院 procuratorate检察院派出机构 outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序 summary procedure鉴定结论 expert conclusion经济审判庭 economic tribunal径行判决 direct adjudication without sessions； judgement without notice纠问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings拘传 summon by force； summon by warrant拘留所 detention house举报 information/report of an offence举证责任 burden of proof； onus probandi决定书 decision军事法院 military procuratorate开庭审理 open a court session开庭通知 notice of court session勘验笔录 record of inquest看守所 detention house可执行财产 executable property控告式诉讼 accusatory proceedings控诉证据 incriminating evidence控诉职能 accusation function扣押 distrain on； attachment扣押物 distress/distraint宽限期 period of grace劳动争议仲裁申请书 petition for labor dispute arbitration劳改场 reform-through-labor farm劳教所 reeducation-through-labor office类推判决的核准程序 procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence累积证据 cumulative evidence立案报告 place a case on file立案管辖 functional jurisdiction立案决定书 written decision of case-filing立案侦查 report of placing a case on file利害关系人 interested party临时裁决书 interim award律师见证书 lawyer's written attestation； lawyer's written authentication律师事务所 law office； law firm律师提前介入 prior intervention by lawyer免于刑事处分 exemption from criminal penalty民事案件 civil case民事审判庭 civil tribunal民事诉讼 civil action民事诉讼法 Civil Procedural Law扭送 seize and deliver a suspect to the police派出法庭 detached tribunal派出所 police station判决 judgement； determination判决书 judgement； determination； verdict （指陪审团作出的）旁证 circumstantial evidence陪审员 juror批准逮捕 approval of arrest破案 clear up a criminal case； solve a criminal case破产 bankruptcy； insolvency普通程序 general/ordinary procedure普通管辖 general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序 procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation起诉 filing of a lawsuit起诉 sue； litigate； prosecute； institution of proceedings上诉 appeal上诉人 appellant起诉状 indictment； information区县检察院 grassroots People's Procuratorate取保候审 the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving 缺席判决 default judgement人民调解委员会 People's Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件 cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity。