英语泛读教程3第三册课文翻译Unit7

大学英语三泛读课文翻译美国男性—The American Man我们不厌其烦地谈论“美国男人”，似乎他们身上存在着某种几十年或者十年恒常不变的品质。

当今的美国男人不再是1630年来到新英格兰的快乐的农民了。

他们不再是老脑筋，他们不再以内向的性格为荣，他们不会坐在没有取暖设备的教堂里连做三遍祷告。

在南方，富裕的受母亲制约的种植园主也发展壮大了，但这两种“美国男人”都不像之后东北部发达起来的贪婪的铁路承包商。

而不计后果、为所欲为的西部文明移民也不像他们。

即使在我们自己的年代，公认的模范也发生了戏剧性的变化。

举个例子说，在20世纪50年代，这样一种美国人越来越凸显出来，成为大多数人认可的模范。

这就是50年代的男人。

上班起早贪黑，干活尽职尽责，养家糊口，遵规守纪。

里根就是这类人的典型——固执而坚忍不拔。

这类人弄不懂女人的心，却颇为赏识女人的身体；他们的文化观和文化观的美国部分幼稚而乐观。

他们大都有坚忍不拔、信心十足的品质，但在他们魅力十足、虚张声势的外表下，还有另外的三个特征：孤立、清贫、被动。

他们需要通过自己的敌人来证明自己还活着。

50年代的男人喜欢橄榄球，好斗，他们维护美国，从不流泪，只是默默奉献。

但在这些男人的身上，善于接纳和对人友善的品质消失了。

他们的个性缺乏洋溢感。

他们还缺乏同情心，正是这点怂恿了他们对越战的狂热；就像后来的里根，他的头脑中缺乏那种我们称之为“和平之心”的东西，这使得他对萨尔瓦多那些手无寸铁的人，对这里的老人、失业者、上学的孩子，乃至对穷人都铁石心肠、残暴野蛮。

50年代的男人清楚地知道男人该是什么样，男人的职责是什么，但他们自身孤立和片面的观念弄得他们危机四伏。

到了60年代，又出现了另外一类男人。

越战的荒废和暴虐让他们质疑，自已是否真的知道一个成年男人是什么样子?如果成年等于越战，他们对成年还有一丝一毫的向往吗?同时，女权运动激励男人们开始真切地审视女人，迫使他们开始理解50年代男人苦苦逃避的担忧和苦楚。

Unit Seven:The ShelterTextSeveral neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their street when an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching. Can it shelter all of them? Does its owner let them in?Here is the st ory……The ShelterRod SerlingSYNOPSIS OF ACT ONE: On a summer evening, a birthday celebration is going on at Dr. Stockton's. Among those present are his neighbors: the Hendersons, the weiss's and the Harlowes. In the midst of it comes unexpectedly over the radio the announcement of the President of the United States declaring a state of emergency of for suspected enemy missiles approaching. The party breaks up and the neighbors hurry home.However, shortly afterwards they return one after another to the stockton house for the simple reason that they want to survive ——want to share with the Stocktons the bomb shelter which is the only one on their street.ACT TWO(abridged)OUTSIDE STOCKTON HOMEHENDERSON: It'll land any minute. I just know it. It's going to land any minute——MRS. HENDERSON: (grabs hold of him) What are we going to do? Throughout above and following dialogue, a portable radio carried by one of the children carries the following announcement: ANNOUNCER'S VOICE: This is Conelrad. This is Conelrad. We are still in a state of Yellow Alert. If you are a public official or government employee with an emergency assignment, or a civil defense worker, you should report to your post immediately. If you are a public official or government employee……MRS. HARLOWE: Jerry, ask again.HARLOWE: Don't waste you time. He won't let anyone in. He said he didn't have any room or supplies there and it's designed for three people.MRS.HENDERSON: What'll we do?HARLOWE: Maybe we ought to pick out just one basement and go to work on it. Poll all our stuff. Food, water, everything.MRS.HARLOWE: It isn't fair. (she points toward Stockton house) He's down there in a bomb shelter completely safe. And our kids have to just wait around for a bomb to drop and ——HENDERSON: Let's just go down into his basement and break down the door?A chorus of voices greet this with assent.As HENDERSON rushes through toward the basement entrance, HARLOWE overtakes him saying:HARLOWE: Wait a minute, wait a minute. All of us couldn't fit in there. That would be crazy to even try.WEISS: Why don't we draw lots? Pick out one family? HARLOWE: What difference would it make? He won't let us in. HENDERSON: We can all march down there and tell him he's got the whole street against him. We could do that.HARLOWE: What good would that do? I keep telling you. Even if we were to break down the door, it couldn't accommodate all of us. We'd just be killing everybody and for no reason.MRS. HENDERSON: If it saves even one of these kids out here——I call that a reason.The voice comes up again.WEISS: Jerry, you know him better than nay of us. You're his best friend. Why don't you go down again? Try to talk to him. Pleased with him. Tell him to pick out one family —— Draw lots or something ——HENDERSON: One family, meaning yours, Weiss, huh?WEISS: (whirls around to him) Why not? I've got a three-month-old infant——MRS. HENDERSON: What difference does that make? Is your baby's life any more precious than our kids?WEISS: (shouting at her) I never said that. If you're going to start trying to argue about who deserves to live more than the next one ——HENDERSON: Why don't you shut your mouth, Weiss? (with a wild, illogical anger) That's the way it is when the foreigners come over here. Aggressive, greedy, semi-Americans——WEISS: (his face goes white) Why you garbage-brained idiot you——MRS. HENDERSON: It still goes, Weiss! I bet you're at the bottom of the list——WEISS suddenly flings himself through the crowd toward the man and there's a brief, hand-to-hand fight between them broken up by HARLOWE who stands between them breathless.HARLOWE: Keep it up, both of you. Just keep it up. We won't need a bomb. We can slaughter each other.MRS.WEISS: (pleading) Marty, go down to Bill's shelter again. Ask him ——WEISS: I've already asked him. It wouldn't do any good.One again the siren sounds and the people seem to move closer together, staring up toward the night sky. Off in the distance we see searchlights.HARLOWE: Searchlights. It must be coming closer. HENDERSON: (as he suddenly pushes HARLOWE aside and heads for the steps) I'm going down there and get him to open up that door. I don't care what the rest of you think. That's the only thing left to do. MAN # 1: He's right. Come on, let's do it.INSIDE THE SHELTERGRACE is holding tight to PAUL. STOCKTON stands close to the door listening to the noises from outside as they approach. There's a pounding on the shelter door that reverberates.OUTSIDE THE SHELTERHENDERSON: Bill? Bill Stockton? You've got a bunch of your neighbors out here who want to stay alive. Now you can open the door and talk to us and figure out with us how many can come in there. Or else you can just keep doing what you're doing —— and we'll fight our way in there.HARLOWE appears and pushes his way through the group and goes over to the shelter door.HARLOWE: Bill. This is Jerry. They mean business out here. STOCKTON'S VOICE: And I mean business in here. I've already told you, Jerry. You're wasting you time. You're wasting precious time that could be use for something else……like figuring out how you can survive.NAM # 1: Why don't we get a big, heavy log to break the door down? HENDERSON: We could go over to Bennett Avenue. Phil Kline has some giant logs in his basement. I've seen them. Let's get one. And we'll just tell Kline to keep his mouth shut as to why we want it. WEISS: Let's get hold of ourselves. Let's stop and think for a minute——HENDERSON: (turning to face WEISS) Nobody cares what you think. You or your kind. I thought I made that clear upstairs. I think the first order of business is to get you out of here.With this he strikes out, smashing his fist into WEISS's face in a blow so unexpected and so wild that WEISS, totally unprepared, is knocked against the wall. His wife screams and, still holding the baby, rushes to him. There's a commotion as several men try to grab the neighbor andHARLOWE is immediately at WEISS's side trying to help him to his feet. Once again the sirens blast.HENDERSON: (should over the noise and commotion) Come on, let's get something to smash this door down.They start out of cellar toward the steps.INSIDE THE SHELTERSTOCKTON slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.GRACE (looks up) Bill? Who were those people?STOCKTON (turning to stare toward the door) "Those people?" Those are our neighbors, Grace. Our friends. The people we've lived with and alongside for twenty years. (then in a different fixed expression and in a different tone) Come on. Paul. Let's put stuff up against this door. Everything we can.The man and boy then start to pile up a barricade, using furniture, the generator, books, any movable object they can get their hands on. OUTSIDE OF THE SHELTERThe mob marches down the street carrying a large heavy log that is perhaps fifteen feet long. Their own shouts mix with the sound of theintermittent siren and with the voice of the announcer on the Conelrad station.ANNOUNCER'S VOICE: We've been asked to once again remind the population that they are to remain calm, stay off the streets. This is urgent. Please remain off the streets. Everything possible is being done in the way of protection. But the military and important civil defense vehicles must have the streets clear. So you're once again reminded to remain off the streets. Remain off the streets!The minute the mob gathers before the STOCKTON house, they smash into it, carrying the giant log. They move down the cellar steps. As the log smashes into the shelter door, the siren goes up louder and more piercing and it is at this moment that we see both WEISS and HARLOW join the men on the heavy log to lend their support to it. INSIDE THE SHELTERSTOCKTON and Paul lean against it as it starts to give under the weight, under the pressure. The air is filled with angry shouts, the intermittent siren, the cries of women and children.INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE SHELTERAnd it all reaches one vast pitch just as the door is forced open. PAUL and STOCKTON are pushed back into the shelter and just at thismoment the light go on in the basement. The siren also reaches its top and then suddenly goes off and there is absolute dead silence for a long moment. Then from the portable radio in the corner comesANNOUNCER'S VOICE: This is Conelrad. This is Conelrad. Remain turned for an important message. Remain tuned for an important message. (a pause) The President of the United States has just announced that the previously unidentified objects have now been definitely identified as being satellites. Repeat. There are no enemy missiles approaching. Repeat, there are no enemy missiles approaching. The objects have been identified as satellites. They are harmless and we are in no danger. Repeat. We are in no danger. The state of emergency has officially been called off. We are in no danger. Repeat. There is no enemy attack. There is no enemy attack. MRS.WEISS: (her eyes closed and crying softly) Thank God. Oh, thank God.WEISS: (in a whisper, his face bruised and blood clotted) Amen to that. HENDERSON: Hey, Marty …… Marty ……I went crazy. You understand that, don't you? I just went crazy. I didn't mean all the things I said. (he wets his lips, his voice shaking) We were all of us …… we were so scared ……so confuse. (he holds out his hands in a gesture) Well, i t's no wonder really, is it? I mean…… well, you can understand why weblew our tops a little ——There's a murmur of voices, a few half-hearted nods, but they're all still in a state of shock.HARLOWE: I don't think Marty's going to hold it against you. (then turning to STOCKTON) I just hope Bill won't hold this —— (he points to the wreckage around him) against us. We'll pay for the damage, Bill. We'll take up a collection right away.As STOCKTON walks past them across the cellar and up toward the stairs, all eyes are on him and there's an absolute dead silence. WEISS: (his voice shaky and nervous) We could …… we could have a block party or something tomorrow night. A big celebration. I think we deserve one now.He looks around smiling at the others, a nervous smiles born of a carry-over of fear and the realization that something has taken hold of all of them now. Something deadening in its effect and disquieting beyond words.STOCKTON takes a step up on the stairs then stops and turns back toward them. His face is expressionless.HARLOWE: (with phony laughter desperately trying to relieve situation) Block party's not a bad idea. (looking around at the others) Anythingto get back to normal.STOCKTON: (looks from face to face and slowly shakes his head) Normal? (a pause) I don't know. I don't know what "normal" is. I thought I did, but I don't any more.HARLOWE: I told you we'd pay for the damages——STOCKTON: (stares at him) The damages? (he nods) I wonder if we realize just what those damages are? (he looks from face to face again) Maybe the worst of them was finding out just what we're like when we're normal. The kind of people we are. Just underneath the surface.I mean all of us. A lot of naked animals who attach such great importance to staying alive that they claw their neighbors to death just for the privilege. (he leans against the stairway wall, suddenly desperately tired, very softly as he turns away from them) We were spared a bomb tonight……but I wonder if we weren't destroyed even without it.He continues up the steps.HEW WORDSsheltern. (sth. that gives) cover or protection 掩蔽（处）synopsis (pl. synopses)n. summary or outline (of a book, play, etc.)提要，梗概celebrationn. marking (of an event or a special occasion) with public or private rejoicings 庆祝celebrate v.midstn. middle partprep. amidstmissilen. 导弹afterwardsad. later, after thatbombn. 炸弹abridgevt. make shorter by using fewer words 缩略，删节grabvt. take roughly, snatch eagerlydialog(ue)n. 对话，对白portablea. that can be easily carried or moved 手提式的carryvt. a person who reads news or introduces people on radio or televisionemployeen. a person who is employedcivil defensea civilian emergency program for protecting people and their property against enemy attacks or natural disaster 民防postn. place of duty岗位designvt. intend; make a drawing or patterns of (sth.) 设计basementn. a room or rooms in a house which are below street level 地下室poolvt. put (thing or money) together, esp. for common advantage 把……集中在一起（共用）stuffn. things in a mass; matterchorusn. sth. said or cried by many people at one time; song fro all to sing together 齐声说的话（或喊声）合唱assentn. agreemententrancen. gate, door, or other opening by which one enters 入口处overtakevt. catch up with 赶上crazya. mad, foolishaccommodatevt. have enough space for; provide with a room in which to live or stay 容纳；向……提供住宿accommodation n.pleadvi. make continual and deeply felt requests 恳求(used for expressing surprise or disapproval)whirlvi. move or travel rapidly; move quickly round and round 飞速移动；旋转infantn. child during the first few years of its life 婴儿preciousa. highly valued; of great value or beauty 珍贵的deservevt. Have a right to; be worthy of 值得illogicala. be against logic; without logic 不合逻辑的；无缘由的foreignern. person belonging to a foreign countryaggressivea. always ready to quarrel; not afraid of opposition; enterprising 挑衅的；放肆的；积极进取的greedya. excessively eager to acquire; wanting to get more than one's share 贪婪的semi-pref. halfidiotn. a very stupid or foolish person 白痴bet(bet or betted)vt. be very sure; risk (money) on the result of a future event 确信；用……打赌fling (flung)vt. move (oneself) violently, esp. in anger throw violently or with force 使（自己）猛扑；用力扔，掷hand-to-handa. in close contact 逼近的，直接交手的slaughtervt. kill (animals, people) in large numbers 屠杀n. penetrating whistle as a warning 警报searchlightn. powerful light with a beam that can be turned in any direction 探照灯poundingn. a severe beating or blow 猛击pound v.reverberatevi. echo repeatedly 回响logn. 原木avenuen. wide street in a towngianta. of great size or forcen. man, animal, or plant much larger than normaln. 拳头blastvi. produce a hard sharp sound 发出刺耳响声cellarn. an underground room, usu. used for storing goods 地窖departvi. leave a placedeparture n.barricaden. barrier of objects put across or in front of sth. as a defense 障碍；街垒generatorn. a machine which generates, usu. electricitymovablea. that can be movedn. a large noisy and disorderly crowd, esp. one that has gathered for mischief or attack 一伙人；一群暴徒intermittenta. pausing or stopping at intervals; not continuous 断断续续的remindvt. tell or cause (sb.) to remember 提醒militarya. connected with soldiers, armies 军事的vehiclen. a means of carrying or transporting sth. 车辆（统称）piercinga. (of sound) very sharp and clear, esp. in an unpleasant way; penetrating 尖厉的；刺穿的pierce v.givevi. bend; yield to pressure 弯曲；塌下n. the degree of highness or lowness of a musical note or speaking voice 声音的高低，调子tunevt. adjust (a radio or television receiver) to respond to waves of a particular frequencydefinitelyad. without a doubt; clearlydefinite a.identifyvt. 认出；识别harmlessa. that cannot cause harmharm n.bruisevt. injure the outside of 碰伤；使（皮肉）青肿clotvt. 使（血等）凝块Amenint. may this be true 阿门（基督教徒祈祷结束时的用语）heyint. (used to call attention or express surprise)scarevt. frightengesturen. movement, usu. of the hands, to express a certain meaning 姿势，手势murmurn. a soft low soundhalf-hearteda. showing little effort and no real interest.wreckagen. the broken parts of a destroyed thing 残骸shakya. shaking or unsteadyblock party(AmE) a party of celebration help in the street by the residents of ablock or neighborhood, esp. to raise funds for a local church or block clubcarry-overn. sth. carried or left over 剩余物realizationn. being or becoming consciousdeadenv. (cause to) lose strength, feeling, brightness, etc.disquietvt. disturbphon(e)ya. pretended; falselaughtern. laughing 笑声desperatelyad. with little hope of success 绝望地；拼命地desperate a.underneathprep. beneath; undernakeda. not covered by clothes; nude 裸体的clawvt. tear, seize, pull with claws or hand 用爪抓stairwayn. 楼梯destroyvt. break to pieces; put an end to 摧毁PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSin the midst ofin the middle ofbreak upcease to be together 散开grad/get/take hold ofget possession of; grasp 抓住break downdestroyfit infind space or room (for sth. or sb.)draw lotsuse lots to decide sth. 抽签make a / the differencehave an effect or influence; matter 有关系，有影响come upgrow louder, stronger or brighterhead formove towards, go tofigure outwork out; understand (sth. or sb.) by thinking 解决，算出；理解，弄清楚or elseotherwise; if notmean businessbe ready to act ( not merely talk); be serous 是当真的heap up 堆起get one's hands onfind; get possession ofin the way ofin the matter of; as regards 在……方面；关于go onbe lit （灯）亮go offstop, discontinuecall offstop or give the order to stop; cancel 停止；取消blow one's top(sl.) explode with anger 在发脾气hold……againstallow(sth) to affect one's judgement of (sb.) 因（某事）而嫉恨（某人）take upbegin, undertakeowing existence to; deriving or resulting from PROPER NAMESStockton斯道克顿（姓氏）Henderson亨德森（姓氏）Marty Weiss马蒂.韦斯Jerry Harlowe杰雷.哈洛Conelrad (short for Control of Electromagnetic radiation) （美国）康纳雷民防广播体系（现已停止使用）Yellow Alert空袭预备警报Grace格雷斯（姓氏及女子名）Paul保罗（男子名）Bennett贝内特大街Phil Kline菲尔.克兰。

Unit 11 TextInvented WordsNew words appear in English every day. Do you know how these words are born? Read the following passage to find various ways English words are invented.Scholars guess that English has about 600 000 words, but there are probably more. New words continue to come into the language at such a rate that no dictionary could possibly keep up with them. The old words which were born centuries ago in the Anglo-Saxon, Germanic and French languages make up four fifths of the English language. The other one fifth is made up partly of borrowed words and partly of three other kinds of words: words from the names of peoples and places; imitative words; and invented words.Ampere, volt and watt are all units of electricity, and they are named for the men who discovered them; Andre M. Ampere, a French physicist; Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist; and James Watt, a Scottish engineer and inventor. Nowadays we all drink pasteurized milk, that is, milk which is clean and purified. Pasteurized gets its name from Louis Pasteur, a French doctor who invented the process for purifying milk. There are many words like this in the English language.There is no need to say anything else about these words, for they speak for themselves. You can probably think of many more.Then there are the invented words. English-speaking people have always made up words as it suited them, and they continue to do so every day. One kind of invented word is one which is made up of two other words. Dictionaries call this kind of word a compound. If you put "play" and "thing" together, you get the compound,whole words. Most prefixes and suffixes come from Latin or Greek, and each has a special meaning of its own. When we add a prefix before a word or a suffix at the end of it, we change its meaning. For example, the prefix re- means "again." If we add re- to "do" or "paint", we get two new words meaning "do again" and "paint again." Un- means "the opposite of" or "not." By adding un- to "happy" or "kind", we get "unhappy" or "unkind", meaning "not happy" and "not kind." The suffix -ness means "the condition of." "Happiness" and "kindness" are the conditions of being happy and kind. It is easy to see the meanings of unhappiness and unkindness. The word to which we attach the prefixes and suffixes is called the root word. In a word like unkindness the root word is kind.Some words, like astronaut, are made up entirely of Greek or Latin prefixes and suffixes. Astro- is a Greek prefix meaning "having to do with the stars"; naut- means "having to do with sailing." So, an astronaut is a "star-sailor." Other words can be root words, prefixes or suffixes, depending on where they come in the word. Remember, the prefix comes first, the root word second, and the suffix last. As an example, let's take the word "graph" and build several different invented words with it by adding prefixes and suffixes to it or using it as a prefix or suffix. Graph by itself means anything which is shown to us in pictures or writing. For instance, your teacher might want to keep track of your reading progress by drawing a graph of your reading test scores, or a businessman might draw graphs which show the ups and downs of his company's sales records. Now, by adding the prefixes and suffixes listed below to graph, we can make several new words. Notice that graph is part of aYou may have noticed that you can make even other words using some of these prefixes and suffixes without graph. "Biology" is the study of life. What do you think is the meaning of "biologic"? If the prefix anti- means "against," what does "antibiotic" really mean? There are hundreds of Latin and Greek prefixes in the English language, and the possibilities for inventing new words are endless. Every day, as we make new discoveries in science and technology, we invent new words to describe them. Many of these new words are combinations of root words and prefixes and suffixes which have already existed in English for centuries.Another kind of invented word is the nonsense word. Some nonsense words are used for a while by only a few people and then disappear completely from the language, never to be used again. Others, when they become popular enough and are used over a period of time, become a permanent part of the language. If enough people decide and agree on the meaning of an invented word, it is here to stay. Some examples of everyday modern words which probably began as nonsense words centuries ago are: bad, big, lad, lass, chat, job and fun. Linguists guess that these are nonsense words because they have not been able to trace them back to any of the ancestor languages. Just who invented them, and when or where remains a puzzle. Puzzle itself is one of these mystery words. No one knows where it came from.Lewis Carroll, author of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, was a great inventor of nonsense words. As a matter of fact, he created a whole language of nonsense. Most of Carroll's nonsense words are not used in English, except for "chortle." Chortle, Carroll tells us, is a cross between a chuckle and a snort. The word is formed by packing two different meanings together in it. The dictionary calls such words blends. A fairly recent blend, which, unfortunately, we hear almost every day, is "smog," a combination of smoke and fog.People invent nonsense words by combining certain sounds that just seem to fit the things or actions they describe. Often we make up words for anything which is basically rather silly. Spoof was invented by an English comedian some fifty years ago. It means "to poke fun at." Hornswoggle was used a great deal in the United States during the nineteenth century, and it means "to cheat." If a dishonest politician wants to hornswoggle the taxpayers, he invents a "boondoggle," which is a useless, expensive project which does nobody any good. Fairly recently someone invented the word "gobbledygook." When people talk or write using long, fancy words that really mean nothing, we call it gobbledygook. Unfortunately, many people use gobbledygook because they want to seem more important than they are, or because they don't really want people to understand what they mean or what they are doing. So, when the dishonest politician wants to hornswoggle the public with a boondoggle, he usually explains things in gobbledygook.When Lewis Carroll was writing his books the word gobbledygook had not been invented yet, but Carroll would have known exactly what it meant. Carroll loved to spoof or poke fun at people who used fancy, important-sounding words when simple language would have done better. In one part of Through the Looking Glass, Alice has a conversation with Humpty Dumpty in which Humpty Dumpty insists words can mean whatever he wants them to mean. Alice insists that this is impossible. If everyone did that no one would understand anyone else. The conversation goes like this:"But 'glory' doesn't mean 'a nice knockdown argument'," Alice objected."When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean －neither more nor less.""The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things.""The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be the master －that's all."The question is, just as Humpty Dumpty said, which is to be master. But Humpty Dumpty used words in an odd way, and that made him a master of gobbledygook, not a master of language. A master of language knows what words really mean, and where they come from; knows when to use big, important ones and when to use the shorter, equally important simple ones. Winston Churchill was a great British prime minister. He was also a great writer, truly a master of language. He said once, "Short words are best, and old words when they are short, are best of all."(1545 words) 译文：新造词英语中每天都有新词出现。

UNIT 1 创造性思维的艺术约翰·阿代尔创造性对人类发展至美重要。

下面的文章里，约翰·阿代尔为求实的创造性思维者提供了一些颇有见地的见解和技巧。

创造性思维在今天的重要性不需要强调。

在你的职业中或工作领域,如果你能够发展提出新思想的能力,你就有竞争优势。

在你的个人生活中，创造性思维也能将你带上创新活动之路。

它可以丰富你的人生,尽管并非总是以你期待的方式。

人类创造力人类不可能凭空创造东西。

有一次，一位来宾极为仔细地参观了亨利·福特的汽车公司，然后见到了福特。

来宾心中充满了惊奇和崇敬，他对这位实业家说:“福特先生，25年前起家时几乎一无所有的人，不可能实现这一切。

”福特回答说，“这个说法可不太对。

每个人都是靠所有拥有的东西来起家。

这里什么都有——所需要的一切,它们的基本点和实质性的东西都已存在。

”潜在的材料，也就是可以做成或建构成某种东西的元素之成分或者实质的材料，都已存在于我们的宇宙。

你可能已经注意到,我们倾向于将创造性这个词用在与使用的原材料很不一样的产品上。

鲁宾斯的一幅名作，就是蓝色、红色、黄色和绿色的蠕虫般颜料在艺术家画板上的集合。

物质材料，对艺术家来说是颜料和画布;对作家来说是纸和笔——完全是次要的。

这里的创造，更多的是在大脑之中。

感知、思想和感觉都在一种观念或想象中结合起来。

当然，艺术家、作家或作曲家还需要使用技巧和技术，在画布或纸上把头脑中构想出来的东西塑造成型。

和普通意义上的创造性一样，创造性思维遵循同样的原则。

我们的创造性想象必须有可以加工的对象。

我们不能凭空产生新的思想。

如上面福特所说的那样，原材料都在那里。

有创造力的大脑在原材料中看到可能性和相关性,而创造力不强的大脑却看不到。

这一结论让我们大大地松了一口气。

你不用凭空构想新的想法。

作为创造性思维者,你的任务是将已经存在的想法或元素组合在一起。

如果最终把人们从未想过可以联系起来的想法或事物，用看似不可能却很有价值的方式组合起来，那人们就会认为你是创造性思维者。

泛读课本中的翻译Unit6P143 英译中1.Y et the truth is that we are raising a generation that is to an alarming degree historically illiterate.The problem has been coming on for a long time,like a disease,eating away at the national memory.然而，实际情况是，我们正在培养的一代人对历史的无知已到了令人担忧的地步。

这一问题由来已久，就像疾病一样，吞噬着国人的记忆力。

2.In fact,one can go forth into the world today as the proud product of all but a handful of our 50 top institutions of higher learning without ever having taken a single course in history of any kind.事实上，在我们顶尖的50所高校中，一个学生即使从未修过任何一门历史课，也照样可以作为各校引以为荣的产品输出到当今的世界，只有为数不多的几所高校例外。

3.History is——or should be——the bedrock of patriotism,not chest-pounding kind of patriotism but the real thing ,love of country.历史是——或者说应该是——爱国主义的基石，倒不是那种催胸顿足的爱国主义，而是那种实实在在的对国家的爱。

4.In the aftermath of September 11,2001,history can be a source of strength and of renewed commitment to the ideals upon which the nation was founded.2001年的9.11事件后，历史可以成为一种力量的源泉，一种让我们振作起来为理想献身的动力。

Unit 7The Chaser‎John Henry Collie‎r1 Alan Austen‎, as nervou‎s as a kitten‎, went up certai‎n dark and creaky‎stairs‎in the neighb‎o rhood‎of Pell Street‎, and peered‎about for a long time on the dim hallwa‎y before‎he found the name he wanted‎writte‎n obscur‎e ly on one of the doors.2 He pushed‎open this door, as he had been told to do, and found himsel‎f in a tiny room, which contai‎n ed no furnit‎u re but a plain kitche‎n table, a rockin‎g-chair, and an ordina‎r y chair. On one of the dirty buff-colour‎e d walls were a couple‎of shelve‎s, contai‎n ing in all perhap‎s a dozen bottle‎s and jars.3 An old man sat in the rockin‎g-chair, readin‎g a newspa‎p er. Alan, withou‎t a word, handed‎him the card he had been given. “Sit down, Mr. Auste n‎,” said the old man very polite‎l y. “I am glad to make your acquai‎n tance‎.”4 “Is it true,” asked Alan, “that you have a certai‎n mixtur‎e that has … er … quite extrao‎r dinar‎y effect‎s?”5 “My dear sir,” replie‎d the old man, “my stock in trade is not very large —I don’t deal in laxati‎v es and teethi‎n g mixtur‎e s — but such as it is, it is varied‎. I think nothin‎g I sell has effect‎s which could be precis‎e ly descri‎b ed as ordina‎r y.”6 “Well, the fact is …” began Alan.7 “Here, for exa mpl‎e,” interr‎u pted the old man, reachi‎n g for a bottle‎from the shelf. “Here is a liquid‎as colour‎l ess as water, almost‎tastel‎e ss, quite imperc‎e ptibl‎e in coffee‎, wine, or any other bevera‎g e. It is also quite imperc‎e ptibl‎e to any known method‎of autops‎y.”8 “Do you mean it is a poison‎?” cried Alan, very much horrif‎i ed.9 “Call it a glove-cleane‎r if you like,” said the old man indiff‎e rentl‎y. “Maybe it will clean gloves‎.I have never tried. One might call it a life-cleane‎r. Lives need cleani‎n g someti‎m es.”10 “I want nothin‎g of that sort,” said Alan.11 “Probab‎l y it is just as well,” said the old man. “Do you know the price of this? For one teaspo‎o nful, which is suffic‎i ent, I ask five thousa‎n d dollar‎s. Never less. Not a penny less.”12 “I hope all your mixtur‎e s are not as expens‎i ve,” said Alan appreh‎e nsive‎l y.13 “Oh dear, no,” said the old man. “It would be no good chargi‎n g that sort of price for a love potion‎, for exampl‎e. Young people‎who need a love potion‎very seldom‎have five thousa‎n d dollar‎s. Otherw‎i se they would not need a love potion‎.”14 “I am glad to hear that,” said Alan.15 “I look at it like this,” said the old man. “Please‎a custom‎e r with one articl‎e, and he will come back when he needs anothe‎r. Even if it is more costly‎. He will save up for it, if necess‎a ry.”16 “So,” said Alan, “you really‎do sell love potion‎s?”17 “If I did not sell love potion‎s,” said the old man, reachi‎n g for anothe‎r bottle‎,“I should‎not have mentio‎n ed the other matter‎to you. It is only when one is in a positi‎o n to oblige‎that one can afford‎to be so confid‎e ntial‎. “18 “And these potion‎s,” said Alan. “They are not just … just … er …”19 “Oh, no,” said the old man. “Their effect‎s are perman‎e nt, and extend‎far beyond‎the mere casual‎impuls‎e. But they includ‎e it. Oh, yes they includ‎e it. Bounti‎f ully, insist‎e ntly. Everla‎s tingl‎y.”20 “Dear me!” said Alan, attemp‎t ing a look of scient‎i fic detach‎m ent. “How very intere‎s ting!”21 “But consid‎e r the spirit‎u al side,” said the old man.22 “I do, indeed‎,” said Alan.23 “For indiff‎e rence‎,” said the old man, “they substi‎t ute devoti‎o n. For scorn, adorat‎i on. Give one tiny measur‎e of this to the young lady — its flavou‎r is imperc‎e ptibl‎e in orange‎juice, soup, or cockta‎i ls — and howeve‎r gay and giddy she is, she will change‎altoge‎t her. She will want nothin‎g but solitu‎d e and you.”24 “I can hardly‎believ‎e it,” said Alan. “She is so fond of partie‎s.”25 “She will not like them anymor‎e,” said the old man. “She will be afraid‎of the pretty‎girls you may meet.”26 “She will actual‎l y be jealou‎s?” cried Alan in a raptur‎e. “Of me?”27 “Yes, she will want to be everyt‎h ing to you.”28 “She is, alread‎y. Only she doesn’t care about it.”29 “She will, when she has taken this. She will care intens‎e ly. You will be her sole intere‎s t in life.”30 “Wonder‎f ul!” cried Alan.31 “She will want to know all you do,” said the old man. “All tha t has happen‎e d to you during‎the day. Every word of it. She will want to know what you are thinki‎n g about, why you smile sudden‎l y, why you are lookin‎g sad.”32 “That is love!” cried Alan.33 “Yes,” said the old man. “How carefu‎l ly she will look after you! She will never allow you to be tired, to sit in a draugh‎t, to neglec‎t your food. If you are an hour late, she will be terrif‎i ed. She will think you are killed‎, or that some siren has caught‎you.”34 “I can hardly‎imagin‎e Diana like that!” cried Alan, overwh‎e lmed with joy.35 “You will not have to use your imagin‎a tion,” said the old man. “And, by the way, since there are always‎sirens‎, if by any chance‎you should‎, later on, slip a little‎, you need not worry. She will forgiv‎e you, in the end. She will be terrib‎l y hurt, of course‎, but she will forgiv‎e you —in the end.”36 “That will not happen‎,” said Alan ferven‎t ly.37 “Of course‎not,” said the old man. “But, if it did, you need not worry. She would never divorc‎e you. Oh, no! And, of course‎,she will never give you the least, the very least, ground‎s for —uneasi‎n ess.”38 “And how much,” said Alan, “is this wonder‎f ul mixtur‎e?”39 “It is not as dear,” said the old man, “as the glove-cleane‎r, or life-cleane‎r, as I someti‎m es call it. No. That is five thousa‎n d dollar‎s, never a penny less. One has to be older than you are, to indulg‎e in that sort of thing. One has to save up for it.”40 “But the love potion‎?” said Alan.41 “Oh, that,” said the old ma n, openin‎g the drawer‎in the kitche‎n table, and taking‎outa tiny, rather‎dirty-lookin‎g phial. “That is just a dollar‎.”42 “I can’t tell you how gratef‎u l I am,” said Alan, watchi‎n g him fill it.43 “I like to oblige‎,” said the old man. “Then custom‎e rs come back, later in life, when they are better‎off, and want more expens‎i ve things‎. Here you are. You will find it very effect‎i ve.”44 “Thank you again,” said Alan. “Good-bye.”45 “Au revoir‎,” said the man.解酒水艾伦·奥斯丁，紧张得像只小‎猫，心里七上八下‎、忐忑不安的进‎了裴尔街区的‎一个楼道，黑乎乎的楼梯‎咯吱咯吱直响‎。

Unit 7The ChaserJohn Henry Collier1 Alan Austen, as nervous as a kitten, went up certain dark and creaky stairs in the neighborhood of Pell Street, and peered about for a long time on the dim hallway before he found the name he wanted written obscurely on one of the doors.2 He pushed open this door, as he had been told to do, and found himself in a tiny room, which contained no furniture but a plain kitchen table, a rocking-chair, and an ordinary chair. On one of the dirty buff-coloured walls were a couple of shelves, containing in all perhaps a dozen bottles and jars.3 An old man sat in the rocking-chair, reading a newspaper. Alan, without a word, handed him the card he had been given. “Sit down, Mr. Austen,” said the old man very politely. “I am glad to make your acquaintance.”4 “Is it true,” asked Alan, “that you have a certain mixture that has … er … quite extraordinary effects?”5 “My dear sir,” replied the old man, “my stock in trade is not very large —I don’t deal in laxatives and teething mixtures — but such as it is, it is varied. I think nothing I sell has effects which could be precisely described as ordinary.”6 “Well, the fact is …” began Alan.7 “Here, for example,” interrupted the old man, reaching for a bottle from the shelf. “Here is a liquid as colourless as water, almost tasteless, quite imperceptible in coffee, wine, or any other beverage. It is also quite imperceptible to any known method of autopsy.”8 “Do you mean it is a poison?” cried Alan, very muc h horrified.9 “Call it a glove-cleaner if you like,” said the old man indifferently. “Maybe it will clean gloves. I have never tried. One might call it a life-cleaner. Lives need cleaning sometimes.”10 “I want nothing of that sort,” said Alan.11 “Probably it is just as well,” said the old man. “Do you know the price of this? For one teaspoonful, which is sufficient, I ask five thousand dollars. Never less. Not a penny less.”12 “I hope all your mixtures are not as expensive,” said Alan appre hensively.13 “Oh dear, no,” said the old man. “It would be no good charging that sort of price fora love potion, for example. Young people who need a love potion very seldom have five thousand dollars. Otherwise they would not need a love potion.”14 “I am glad to hear that,” said Alan.15 “I look at it like this,” said the old man. “Please a customer with one article, and he will come back when he needs another. Even if it is more costly. He will save up for it, if necessary.”16 “So,” said Alan, “you really do sell love potions?”17 “If I did not sell love potions,” said the old man, reaching for another bottle, “I should not have mentioned the other matter to you. It is only when one is in a position to oblige that one can afford to be so confidential. “18 “And these potions,” said Alan. “They are not just … just … er …”19 “Oh, no,” said the old man. “Their effects are permanent, and extend far beyond the mere casual impulse. But they include it. Oh, yes they include it. Bountifully, insistently. Everlastingly.”20 “Dear me!” said Alan, attempting a look of scientific detachment. “How very interesting!”21 “But consider the spiritual side,” said the old man.22 “I do, indeed,” said Alan.23 “For indifference,” said the old man, “they substitute devotion. For scorn, adoration. Give one tiny measure of this to the young lady — its flavour is imperceptible in orange juice, soup, or cocktails — and however gay and giddy she is, she will change altogether. She will want nothin g but solitude and you.”24 “I can hardly believe it,” said Alan. “She is so fond of parties.”25 “She will not like them anymore,” said the old man. “She will be afraid of the pretty girls you may meet.”26 “She will actually be jealous?” cried Alan in a rapture. “Of me?”27 “Yes, she will want to be everything to you.”28 “She is, already. Only she doesn’t care about it.”29 “She will, when she has taken this. She will care intensely. You will be her sole interest in life.”30 “Wonderful!” cried Alan.31 “She will want to know all you do,” said the old man. “All that has happened to you during the day. Every word of it. She will want to know what you are thinking about, why you smile suddenly, why you are looking sad.”32 “That is love!” cried Alan.33 “Yes,” said the old man. “How carefully she will look after you! She will never allow you to be tired, to sit in a draught, to neglect your food. If you are an hour late, she will be terrified. She will think you are killed, or that some siren has caught you.”34 “I can hardly imagine Diana like that!” cried Alan, overwhelmed with joy.35 “You will not have to use your imagination,” said the old man. “And, by the way, since there are always sirens, if by any chance you should, later on, slip a little, you need not worry. She will forgive you, in the end. She will be terribly hurt, of course, but she will forgive you —in the end.”36 “That will not happen,” said Alan fervently.37 “Of course not,” said the old man. “Bu t, if it did, you need not worry. She would never divorce you. Oh, no! And, of course, she will never give you the least, the very least, grounds for —uneasiness.”38 “And how much,” said Alan, “is this wonderful mixture?”39 “It is not as dear,” said the old man, “as the glove-cleaner, or life-cleaner, as I sometimes call it. No. That is five thousand dollars, never a penny less. One has to be older than you are, to indulge in that sort of thing. One has to save up for it.”40 “But the love potion?” said Alan.41 “Oh, that,” said the old man, opening the drawer in the kitchen table, and taking outa tiny, rather dirty-looking phial. “That is just a dollar.”42 “I can’t tell you how grateful I am,” said Alan, watching him fill it.43 “I like to oblige,” said the old man. “Then customers come back, later in life, when they are better off, and want more expensive things. Here you are. You will find it very effective.”44 “Thank you again,” said Alan. “Good-bye.”45 “Au revoir,” said the man.解酒水艾伦·奥斯丁，紧张得像只小猫，心里七上八下、忐忑不安的进了裴尔街区的一个楼道，黑乎乎的楼梯咯吱咯吱直响。

UNIT 1 新造词 (1)UNIT 2 英国人的谨慎和礼貌 (4)UNIT 3 打破魔术的气泡 (7)UNIT 4 寻找可以依靠的坚实臂膀 (8)UNIT 5 艰难登顶 (10)UNIT 6 药对了，病人错了 (13)UNIT 7自己的房间 (16)UNIT 8 反对吸烟的角色扮演 (18)UNIT 9 梦与睡眠一样重要吗? (20)UNIT 10 诚信原则 (23)UNIT 11 非言语交际 (26)UNIT 1新造词英语中每天都有新词出现。

你知道这些词是怎么产生的吗？阅读下文你就能找到造英语单词的各种方法。

学者们估计英语大约有600 000个单词，不过也许更多。

新的词语不断进入英语，其速度之快，大概没有一本字典能跟得上。

几个世纪以前，源于盎格鲁•撒克逊语、日尔曼语以及法语的原有词汇，占英语的五分之四。

余下的五分之一，一部分外来词组成，另外的部分由其它三种词组成，它们是：表示人名、地名的专有名词；象声词以及新造的词。

安培、伏特和瓦特都是电学的计量单位，它们都是用发现者的名字命名的，他们分别是是法国物理学家安德烈• M•安培、意大利物理学家阿勒森德罗•伏特、苏格兰工程师兼发明家詹姆士•瓦特。

今天我们都喝用巴氏灭菌法消毒的牛奶，这种奶即清又纯。

巴氏灭菌法便得名于法国医生路易斯•巴斯德，是他发明了消毒牛奶的制作方法。

在英语中像这样的词有许多象声词代表它们模仿的事物或行为的声音。

现举例如下：嗡嗡滴答砰砰咕哝喳喳嚎啕扑通啪啪嘀咕咯咯嘤嘤呼哧对于上述单词无需再作任何解释，因为它们不言自明。

或许你还可以想出更多类似的单词来。

接下来是新造的词。

讲英语的人总是根据需要创造词汇，而且每天仍在这样做。

一种新造的词是由另外两个词构成的。

字典里将这种词称为复合词。

如果把“玩耍”和“物品”放在一起，我们就可以得到复合词“玩具”。

你还能为下表添加多少类似的词呢？雨衣奶昔楼上停顿前灯关闭帆船楼下收入标题除了把两个词放在一起之外，我们还可以给单词添加一些成分，即前缀和后缀。

新视野大学英语泛读教程课文填空Unit7Heroes for TodayThe Gift of ReadingFor 40 years Brother Augustus de Rozario has been ________ b lind people in Malaysia and Singapore with a ________ service — a library of Braille books. The 71-year-old Catholic （天主教的）lay brother understands the __________ o f living without sight: He was blinded by an illness at the age of 24He learned how to read and write in Braille and was _________ f rom Penang to the Princess Elizabeth School for the Blind in Johor Baharu. Realizing that his young students’ education was________ restricted by the lack of Braille books in English, Augustus began buying some with his own money. Later，he ________ a Braille typing machine and, with the help of an assistant, began transcribing books.Augustus was also one of the first teachers in Malaysia to encourage blind students to ________ a secondary education. “Without his__________ ，I wouldn’t be where I am today，” says Mat Hassan, a former student who went on to become Malaysia’s first blind lawyer.In 1960 Augustus _________ t he Brother Augustus of Mary Library for the Visually Handicapped （有生理缺陷的），which now has 2,000 titles. It mails books, freeof charge（免费地），to 100 blind people around Malaysia and Singapore. It also _______ dictionaries and other reference materials to students.Since retiring in 1988, Augustus has devoted most of his __________ t ime to the library. He ________ with a full-time librarian （图书馆皆理员）and a part-timesecretary in his tiny office at St. Xavier’s secondary school in Pakistan， Bangladesh and China.Thanks to the ________ of a computer and Braille printer from the Old Caverians Club of Kuala Lumpur, Augustus recently entered the digital age. He is now building a digital library that will save space and allow __________ to listen to books on their computers at home.“As long as I have breath left in me,” he says，“I will __________ t o do this work•”Tarsier ManWhen Carlito Lito Pizarras was growing up in Corella on the Philippine Island of Bohol, he ________ t arsiers （眼镜猴）for his father. The tiny animals were from trees around the village at night. His father __________ a nd sold them to tourists.When Pizarras was 12, he decided to keep a pet tarsier, and to learn more about their eating habits. He began _________ them in the wild. Soon he had a group of tarsiers in cages behind his house.Over the next decade Pizarras noticed that tarsiers were __________ ，due tohunting and slash（砍伐）-and-burn farming of their habitat. So he made a decision. “I don’t want to ___________ tarsiers any more，” he told his father.Pizarras worked his farm all day and tended to his tarsiers at night. He bred_______ of them. After the babies ________ ，he would walk deep into the forest and set them free.Then, in the early 1980s，government and university researchers from Manila began showing up （露lil） and _______ about tarsiers. Pizarras learned that the animal he was trying to protect was an obscure（罕见的）and threatened _______ ，and that American primatologists （灵长R 动物学家）were not able to ________ his success in captive （被猎获的）breeding （饲养）.Now after 30 years of working with the animal, Pizarras is himself an_______ . In 1996, a group of Bohol residents established the Philippine Tarsier Foundation to help save it. “The founders were eager to start wo rk and were lucky because Lito was already here，” says foundation office manager Danny Nazareno.“He gave us a _______ start.n The group, which hired Pizarras as a field officer，has established a research center and a _________ b reeding area. Thanks in part to the foundati on’s efforts, the tarsier has worked its way into the Philippine tourist brochures fail to feature an _______________ of the striking creature.Pizarra’s________ as “the tarsier man” has also grown. When England’s Prince Charles visited the country in 1997, Pizarras made a __________ presentation of a pair of tarsiers at the Philippine presidential palace.Now，when people arrive at the Philippine Tarsier Foundation’s sanctuary （禁猎区），Pizarras is _______ introduced. “I’m the tarsier man，” he says with a smile and an outstretched hand.Clean SweepLate last year，Wassana Pongkhet，or Dao as she’s called by her classmates, saw discarded snack （零食）wrappers （包装纸）and milk cartons scattered all over her school grounds and felt they could be ________ f or good use. So the Grade Six student set up the “Bank of Garbage，” which she hoped would ________ other students with handicraft （手工艺品）materials for school projects and __________ them not to litter （乱扔）.Dao, 12, and her friends at Wat Samaklee Sutthawat School in Bangplad erected nine garbage bins: for milk packs, milk cartons，ice-cream sticks, ice-cream cups, water bottles, small yoghurt bottle，tiny jelly （果冻）cups, aerated（使泡腾）water cans and snack packs. Then they collected the garbage from the bins, washed it and _________ i t in the sun. The cleaned garbage was stored in a “bank” for any student who needed handicraft material.At first, young students couldn’t differentiate （区分）the __________ bins and were unable to use them ________ . So Dao and her team set out （试图）to_______ them about the project.Today, few pieces of rubbish are _________ on the school grounds and the building is ________ with handiwork made from recycled garbage such asmobiles made of jelly cups, colorful flowers from snack packs and tablecloths frommilk packs.“The Bank of Garbage doesn’t make a_________ ，but it’s advantageous （有利的）in many ways，” says Dao. The school saved m oney by using the recycled garbage decorations instead of having to buy other decorations. Better still, students now _______________ throw their garbage in the bins or give it to the bank.acquired asking assistance borrowers caught challenges g) collected h) continue i) decorated j) disappearing k) donation l) dozens m) dried n) eagerly o) educate p) encourage q) established r) expert. s) head t) image u) kill v) match w) matured x) precious y) profitz) properly aa) protected bb) proudly cc) provide dd) providing ee) pursueff) reputation gg)seen hh)severely ii) spare jj) species kk) stuffed II) supplies mm) symbolic nn) transferred oo) various pp) watching qq) works p^a)b)c)d)e)o。

Unit 7 Space explorationSpace explorationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSpace explorationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSpace exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft. While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the early 20th century that allowed physical space exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries. Various criticisms of space exploration are sometimes made.Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of space exploration was driven by a "Space Race" between the Soviet Union and the United States; the launch of the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, the USSR's Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 craft on July 20, 1969 are often taken as the boundaries for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard V ostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) in 1965, the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971.After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station.From the 1990s onwards, private interests began promoting space tourism and then private space exploration of the Moon (see Google Lunar X Prize).In the 2000s, the People's Republic of China initiated a successful manned spaceflight program, while the European Union, Japan, and India have also planned future manned space missions. The United States has committed to return to the Moon by 2018 and later Mars. China, Russia, Japan, and India have advocated manned missions to the Moon during the 21st century, while the European Union has advocated manned missions to both the Moon and Mars during the 21st century.。