初中英语语法全解——句子
成分
一、主语
主语是句子的主体。它表示句子所说的是谁或是什么。主语一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。
二、谓语
谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语是与主语密切相关的动作或状态，是对主语的叙述。谓语由动词来充当。谓语大体上可以分为两类：简单谓语和复合谓语。
1.简单谓语
简单谓语：由一个动词或短语构成。
He read the poem aloud.
2.复合谓语
复合谓语：一般由两个部分构成，如：“助动词+实义动词”“情态动词+实义动词”“系表结构”等。
I can’t read your writing.
三、主谓一致
英语中，主语和谓语在人称和数方面要保持一致。主谓一致包含三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
（1）语法一致原则
主语和谓语通常在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
1.单数名词（代词）、不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；复数名词（代词）作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The school needs help to teach music.
2.当and或both...and...连接并列主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Parents and students were invited to the school concert last night.
3.不定代词either,neither,each,one,the
other,anybody,anyone,anything,something,someone,something,everything,everybody,everything,nobody,no one,nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Everything that you learn becomes apart of you and changes you.
高频考点
“either/neither of+复数名词或代词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式或复数形式皆可。
Neither of them is/are good at swimming.
重点拓展
"the other/another+可数名词单数”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;但“the other+名词复数”或“the
other/another+数词(两个及两个以上)+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
There are two foreign boys in our class. One boy is from Canada,and the other boy is from England.
The other two students are talking with each other in every English.
4."each, one，each one，every one等+of+名词或代词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Each of us has a schoolbag.
Every one of the students is preparing for the exam.
5.“a number of+名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数
A number of issues were discussed.
疑难辨析
the number of+名词复数”作主语时，“谓语动词用单数形式。
The number of people is increasing.
6.“a lot o f（lots of, plenty of, a pile of, most of）+名词”和“分数或百分数+名词”等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；如果是可数名词复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。
A lot of people are coming to the meeting.
Most of the food is delicious.
7.由“a pair（a kind...）+of+名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“...pair（kinds...）of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.
Many kinds of rice are grown in China.
8.某些只有复数形式的名词（如：clothes, trousers, shirts, pants, shoes, gloves等）作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
How much are those black trousers?
They’re nine dollars.
9.主语后跟有with, together with, along with, besides, but, except, as well as, including, rather than, like, in addition to等词或短语时，谓语动词的形式仍然与其前面的主语保持一致。
However, life with a pig isn’t always perfect.
10.不定式或动词-ing作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
She said that learning basic table manners was her biggest challenge.
（2）意义一致原则
意义一致又叫概念一致，即谓语动词是单数形式还是复数形式主要看所表达的意义。
1.集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数主要根据主语的意义来决定。如：family, group, class, team, company, government等。如果集体名词表示整体概念，谓语动词必须用单数形式；如果集体名词表
