英语犯罪学

犯罪学是什么？犯罪学在社会中扮演着怎样的重要角色What is Criminology How criminologists play a vital role in societyWhat is criminology? One must know the answer to this question before delving deep into this topic. Criminology can be explained as the study of crime and what reinforce the criminal to commit the crime. Another simple answer to the question “What is criminology” is the study of laws and the criminal justice system in a state. But there are things which one cannot decipher through the above mentioned simple definition.Below in this article, we will read and learn about in detail about what is criminology.Generation of the word CRIMINOLOGYCriminology is a word came from the Latin and Greek language. Crimin word ‘Crimen’. Crimen means an accusation. The word logy is from the Greek word ‘logia’ which means the study of. Therefore Criminology is the study of crime.The detailed answer to the question“WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY.”We are all living in a society that is why humans are called as a social animal. There are set norms and rules made by the government for us. Every human being has to adhere to thosenorms and work accordingly. But, when the animal instincts of humans overpower the good in us, then crime takes place. So to define criminology, we can say that it is the study of the crime from the viewpoint of society. Criminology comes under the sociology and psychology course. In recent times Criminology has been categorized as a scientific discipline. This study sees the crime, not in general sense but how and what are the impacts of a criminal act on the society, what made the convict go to this level, and how to deal with such criminals. It also focuses on areas such as why certain areas have more crime rate and how crime is affecting the victim and the general public. All the aspects of crime and criminal and the effects on the society come under the criminology and this is the best answer one can have of the question “What is Criminology?”How to Become a CriminologistSo after getting the answer to the question ‘what is criminology?’, you must be having curiosity in knowing how to become a criminologist. You can become a criminologist just by a bachelor’s degree in this program but to get a good position in the job, one must do masters in it. Those who are studying behavioral science course may go in this field. To become a professor of the same course go for a doctoral degree in psychology and do majors in criminology.Work of a CriminologistIf you look at this job from a distant view then it gives you a feeling of excitement, there will be a rush in your adrenaline when you think to become a criminologist. As this job is uncertainand unpredictable, students often become curious about this profession. But you must understand it’s a profession that requires a go od amount of patience and focus. Along with patience you should b detail-oriented, logical and must have a mind which can look out of the box. To understand a criminal, your psyche should be like a criminal. Criminologists prepare their researches alone, but they do spend most of their time with law enforcement agencies, and police departments. They also work in close association with psychologists and study the behavioral pattern of a criminal. Sometimes a criminologist has to help the agencies in finding the shreds of evidence at the crime locations. The fundamental duties of a criminologist are:Conducting Research●Developing Theories●Investigating Crime Scenes● Composing ReportsCriminologists are those persons who look into crimes or other topics related to crime. They work in a social setup and study the crime and help in further investigation. They help society by helping the government and make a positive impact on society.Criminologists look out for the plausible reasons for unnatural behavior. They study everything related to crime, they work with victim’s family, victim, and they work in society and even with criminals to read and understand their psyche.They prepare a report about the aftermath of crime; search the root cause of it.Study areas of criminologistsFrequency of crimesLocation of crimesCauses of crimesTypes of crimesSocial and individual consequences of crimesSocial reactions to crimeIndividual reactions to crimeGovernmental reactions to crimeCareer Opportunities for students who are doing CriminologyEveryone look out to make a good career, and being a criminologist is the best for those who have tendencies of a spy or want to serve justice to people. Any student who has attained a degree in criminology is not limited to work as a criminologist. Although graduates, if they want, can work as a criminologist but if they want then they can make a career in federal law investigator, detective or as a cop. There are more career opportunities after completing the criminology course.●Federal law enforcement investigators●Police officers●Detectives●Prison officers●Community development workers●Probation officers●Social workers● PsychologistsAs crime is increasing day by day, there are many students who are looking towards this course. They want to become police officers, criminal investigators, social workers, or criminologist. If you also want to contribute to the public, you should also make your career in this. Those who have a degree in this program can go for almost any criminal justice career.School of thoughts in CriminologyAs told you earlier in this article, the goal of criminology is to find out the root cause of the behavior of a criminal and developing effective ways or methods to stop crime by humane manner. There are several schools of thoughts of Criminology discipline. Each school of thought of criminology has various factors which involved unnatural behavior. Conclusion of every school of thought is also different and so as their approach to dealing with a crime and a criminal.There are three main schools of thought under the criminology discipline, and they are Classical School, the Positivist School, and the Chicago School.Classical SchoolThe first school of thought in the list of schools is Classical school of Criminology, championed by Italian attorney Cesare Beccaria. This school of thought talks about the theories of crime based on the below-mentioned ideas:Every individual has his/her own will to make decisions and can act according to their own will.Most of the people take pleasure and avoid pain. They logically choose the cost versus the benefits when they commit any act.To prevent the crime, one may punish the culprit and punishment should be as severe as the crime itself.Positivist SchoolThe second school of thought is the positivist school of thought. Positivist school suggests that besides seeking simple behavior and avoiding pain, there are other factors of working in behavior. Positivism suppresses external and internal factors that can be beyond the control of a person. This includes biological, environmental, psychological, and social causes.It was the first positive school to implement the scientific method for the human behavior study. This led to the area of crime science as an approved and respected scientific discipline.One of the earliest and best supporters of Positivist thought, Cesare Lombroso saw the physiological characteristics of criminals such as the size of their scalp and the height of their cheekbones to suggest that biology should leadsome people to criminal behavior. This, of course, has long been defamed, but positivist school believes that the study of crime should include the environment in which the crime is relevant.Chicago SchoolAnother name for the Chicago school of thought is Ecological school. This school of thought first came into existence in around 1920s in the department of sociology, University of Chicago. According to Chicago school, human behavior can be determined through the social structure. This school of thought also studies how psychological and environmental factors have an impact on human behavior and how these factors deviate the behavior.These are the three main schools of thought of criminology discipline. This area in criminology discipline is apt for research purpose. If you also want a dissertation in this area of criminology then go for thedissertation writing services online and get ready-made dissertation.Importance of studying criminologyA work by criminologist may help in uplifting society. When a student understands “what is criminology”, he/she will surely understand what a crime is and what causes people to commit an act which is harming the society. Criminologist finds out the ways to protect the people from crimes, he/she works on rehabilitation of acriminal and how to deal with crime victims. When you go for this course, you can choose all the areas to work or can go in one area and work in it.There are lots of benefits of deciphering the meaning of what is Criminology. Let’s have a look at how this course is good for individual development as well as for society.Social JusticeThere are people who are really passionate to perform good deeds. They really want to bring positive changes in society. They select this course in order to bring social stability in the world. This field includes a study of various types of crimes. They study different background,ethnicity, education, and socioeconomic reasons behind a criminal act. A criminologist also investigates various traits and socio-economical conditions to identify how such things enforce crime. Social justice helps in developing fair policies that provide equality and respect to the legal system.Respectable careerIf you want to build up a career in Criminology, then you must start preparing from the high school level. This course offers a flexible range of career options. All you need to do is establish yourself at an entry-level position in any law agency or government agency. After working a few years in it, you can move to management or administrative positions. If you are interested in teaching field, then that can also be done all youhave to do is just get an advanced degree in this field. After that, you can easily get jobs in school or college. There are some more fields such as going for a juvenile justice system, or you can choose a victim rehabilitation program. Criminology jobs provide good respect in society and job satisfaction. The biggest satisfaction in this job is that you are doing something for prevailing the truth and justice.Intellectual stimulationCriminology is a field where one must need intellectual stimulation. It allows curious minds to work hard for justice. The work of a criminologist involves research about uncertainties. Criminologist finds out various answers to the question How to remove criminal acts and social injustice. At times a criminologist comes up withhis/her own theories to resolve the crime mystery.Tips for students planning careers in CriminologyIn case you want some tips of criminology majors, here are some points you may need to know for shaping your career.Select your field carefullyAs you may already know criminology offers a wide range of job opportunities. Thus, the first thing you should determine is whether you want a career in criminal justice or criminology.This is how these two choices are different than one another:Criminal justice: This field of study elaborates on the practical application of criminology. Law enforcement positions, paralegals, correctional officers and police officers etc. are some of the typical career options for criminology majors.Criminology: This particular field is highly analytical and research-based study of crime. The focus here remain of all aspects of crime via scientific lens. These aspects include causes, impacts and overall nature etc. Few common examples of criminology careers are forensic scientists, criminologists and private investigators.People with majors in this field of study should research a bit about the sector in which they want to pursue a career. Once you will choose one between private and publicsector of either criminal justice or criminology will make a clear path onwards.Difference between public and private sectorCriminology and criminal justice both the subjects can offer jobs in private and public sector. It may be a little tough to find a job in private sector. Some jobs in private sector can be: private security guards, criminologists, paralegals, private detectives etc.Public sector offers more jobs in these two subjects. In public service, one gets permission to work directly with citizens. Public sector is fundamental for any stable community. Hence, jobs in this sector are consistently increasing.Make a strong base of your academicsAfter deciding on the most appealing role, consider whether you have the required qualifications or not. Because, ultimately you will need to prove your potential employer that you are capable of doing a job you are applying for. Having necessary education credentials and skills are the keys to board an ideal job.Go through job advertisementsHere is how you can make sure you can going in the right direction:In order to find particular qualifications and skills employers seek in applicants, read out study job ads that you find interesting. Updating yourself with the recent requirements in a great way to meet employers’ needs. You can know aboutthe experience, education, license requirement etc.Improve your soft and hard skillsStudents pursuing courses obviously gain soft skills like critical judgement ability, social perceptiveness etc. Apart from this, you must invest time in gaining hard skills such as data analysis. They are worthy of being in your resume. For improving your hard skills, consider taking short term courses or online classes. Also, you can try some tools or apps like Linked In for improving your soft skillsStay prepared for background checksGenerally all criminal justice and criminology jobs are sensitive. Being a part of this field mayallow you to access confidential information. This is why you will have to be honest with your job. You must be able to show that you can be trusted and you w ill service only in public’s interest. There are higher chances that you will face background check in criminal justice or criminology job application process.ConclusionNow winding up the topic I would just like to say that criminology is a course that has led to many enhancements in the criminal justice system. This includes response to crime and how we treat criminals and victims in society. This subject has helped in producing a large number of criminologists. They are helping society byeliminating the crime. Also, the course itself comes up with various benefits for students. It provides various areas to explore and make a career in it. A criminologist is what the society requires to get over with crime.I hope this article has helped you in underst anding ‘what is criminology?’ and how criminologists play a vital role in eradicating the crime from society.。

Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon. It is my great honor to stand before you todayto discuss the multifaceted nature of crime and its implications on society. Crime, in its various forms, has been a persistent challenge throughout human history, affecting individuals, communities, andnations alike. To understand and combat crime effectively, it isessential to explore its underlying causes, the psychological factors at play, and the societal responses. In this speech, I will delve intothese aspects, aiming to provide a comprehensive view of the dynamics of crime.I. IntroductionCrime is defined as an act that violates the laws of a society,resulting in harm to individuals, property, or the social order. Despite the diversity of criminal acts, such as theft, assault, fraud, and murder, they all share a common denominator: the intent to cause harm.In this context, we will examine the causes of crime, the psychological factors that drive criminal behavior, and the societal measures implemented to prevent and address crime.II. The Causes of Crime1. Social Factorsa. Poverty: The correlation between poverty and crime is well-documented. Individuals living in poverty often face limited opportunities, lowself-esteem, and high levels of stress, which can contribute to criminal behavior.b. Social Disorganization: In communities with high levels of social disorganization, such as those characterized by broken families, lack of community cohesion, and inadequate social support systems, crime rates tend to be higher.c. Social Inequality: Inequality in wealth, education, and access to resources can lead to feelings of resentment and frustration, which may drive individuals to engage in criminal activities.2. Economic Factorsa. Unemployment: Unemployment can lead to financial stress, which may compel individuals to turn to crime as a means of survival.b. Income Inequality: The gap between the rich and the poor can contribute to social unrest and criminal activity, as individuals perceive their chances of achieving success through legitimate means as limited.3. Family Factorsa. Poor Parenting: Inadequate parenting, including neglect, abuse, and lack of discipline, can increase the likelihood of a child engaging in criminal behavior.b. Family Breakdown: Divorce, separation, and other forms of family instability can have adverse effects on children, leading to higher rates of delinquency and criminal behavior.III. Psychological Factors in Crime1. Antisocial Personality Disorder: Individuals with this disorder often lack empathy, have a disregard for the rights of others, and display a pattern of behavior that is hostile and often criminal.2. Substance Abuse: Substance abuse can impair judgment and decision-making, leading individuals to engage in risky and potentially criminal behavior.3. Stress and Aggression: Chronic stress can lead to increased aggression, which may manifest in criminal acts.IV. Societal Responses to Crime1. Law Enforcement: The role of law enforcement agencies is to investigate and apprehend criminals, maintain order, and prevent crime.2. Corrections: Correctional institutions aim to punish offenders, rehabilitate them, and reintegrate them into society.3. Juvenile Justice: The juvenile justice system addresses the needs of young offenders, focusing on rehabilitation and prevention rather than punishment.4. Community Policing: Community policing emphasizes the importance of building trust between law enforcement and the community, fostering cooperation, and addressing the root causes of crime.V. ConclusionIn conclusion, crime is a complex phenomenon that arises from a combination of social, economic, and psychological factors. To combat crime effectively, it is crucial to address these underlying causes through a multifaceted approach. By understanding the dynamics of crime, we can work together to create a safer and more just society.Ladies and gentlemen, let us not underestimate the power of education, social support systems, and community engagement in preventing crime. It is through our collective efforts that we can make a meaningful difference in the lives of those affected by crime and create a brighter future for all.Thank you for your attention and participation in this discussion. I am now open to any questions or comments you may have.。

犯罪学英文书单（原创实用版）目录1.犯罪学的定义和重要性2.犯罪学研究的主要领域3.犯罪学的发展历程4.犯罪学在实际应用中的重要性5.英文犯罪学书单推荐正文犯罪学是一门研究犯罪现象、犯罪原因、犯罪预防以及犯罪控制的社会科学。

在当今社会，犯罪问题已经成为一个日益严重的社会问题，因此犯罪学的研究具有重要的现实意义和应用价值。

犯罪学研究的主要领域包括犯罪现象的描述和分析、犯罪原因的研究、犯罪心理的研究、犯罪预防和控制策略的研究等。

犯罪学的发展历程可以追溯到 19 世纪末 20 世纪初，当时西方国家的犯罪问题日益严重，一些学者开始对犯罪现象进行研究，从而形成了犯罪学的雏形。

随着社会的发展和科技的进步，犯罪学的研究方法和理论不断完善和丰富，现在已经成为一门独立的社会科学学科。

犯罪学在实际应用中的重要性不言而喻，通过对犯罪现象的研究，可以更好地理解犯罪的本质和规律，从而制定出有效的犯罪预防和控制策略。

此外，犯罪学还可以为刑事司法制度提供理论支持，促进司法公正和社会稳定。

对于学习犯罪学的学生和研究者来说，阅读英文犯罪学书籍是提高专业素养和扩展视野的重要途径。

下面是一些英文犯罪学书单的推荐：1.《犯罪学原理》（Principles of Criminology）作者：WalterC.Reckless2.《犯罪心理学》（Criminal Psychology）作者：Sarah M.艮 igel3.《犯罪统计学》（Crime Statistics）作者：Brian H.Born4.《犯罪社会学》（Sociology of Crime）作者：Robert J.Macionis5.《犯罪经济学》（Economics of Crime）作者：Charles A.Gallo这些书籍都是犯罪学领域的经典之作，对于学习和研究犯罪学具有重要的参考价值。

犯罪学英文书单以下是一些犯罪学的英文书籍清单，供您参考：1、Criminology: Theory and Context, 6th Edition by Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis C. Hirschi2、The Causes of Crime: Building a Theory of Criminal Desistance by Travis C. Hirschi3、The Social Control of Crime by J. Reid Meloy and Raymond P. Perry4、The Problem of Desistance: An Analysis of Patterns and Predictors of Long-Term Desistance from Criminal Behavior by Travis C. Hirschi and Michael R. Gottfredson5、The Future of Crime: Stopping Violent and Drug Crime by David Weisburd6、Street Crime and Policing by David Weisburd7、The Criminal Mind: A Behavioral Perspective on the Nature and Management of Criminal Behavior by Travis C. Hirschi8、The Changing Nature of Crime and Delinquency by John Eck and Jane Dwinell9、Pathways to Desistance: Mapping the Social Networks that Shape the Life Course Patterns of Offenders by Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis C. Hirschi10、The Changing Face of Crime: New Threats and New Opportunitiesfor the Future by David Weisburd and John Eck这些书籍涵盖了犯罪学理论的各个方面，包括犯罪学基础、犯罪心理学、社会控制和预防犯罪等方面的内容。

犯罪学英文书单摘要：一、犯罪学简介二、英文犯罪学书籍推荐1.《犯罪学原理》2.《犯罪心理学》3.《社会犯罪学》4.《刑事法学》5.《犯罪与刑罚》正文：犯罪学是一门研究犯罪现象、犯罪原因、犯罪预防和犯罪矫治的科学。

它涉及法律、心理、社会等多个层面，旨在揭示犯罪现象背后的规律，从而为制定相关政策和措施提供理论依据。

在英文犯罪学书籍方面，以下五本书具有较高的推荐度：1.《犯罪学原理》（Principles of Criminal Justice）：这本书详细阐述了犯罪学的基本原理，包括犯罪现象的描述、解释和预测，以及犯罪预防和矫治的方法。

书中还讨论了犯罪学与法律、心理学、社会学等相关学科的关系，为读者提供了一个全面的犯罪学理论体系。

2.《犯罪心理学》（Criminal Psychology）：这本书主要研究犯罪者的心理特征、心理过程以及犯罪动机。

通过分析典型案例，作者揭示了犯罪心理的成因、发展和变化规律，为预测和预防犯罪提供了心理学依据。

3.《社会犯罪学》（Social Criminology）：这本书从社会结构和社会过程的角度探讨犯罪现象。

作者详细分析了社会经济地位、教育、种族、性别等因素对犯罪行为的影响，并提出了针对性的社会政策建议。

4.《刑事法学》（Criminal Law）：这本书主要介绍刑事法的基本原理和主要制度，包括犯罪构成、刑事责任、刑罚制度等。

作者通过对各国刑事法的比较研究，揭示了刑事法的演变规律和发展趋势。

5.《犯罪与刑罚》（Crime and Punishment）：这本书是俄国著名作家陀思妥耶夫斯基的经典之作，通过一个充满哲学思考的故事，探讨了犯罪与刑罚、道德与法律等诸多问题，对犯罪学的发展产生了深远影响。

2023年犯罪学专业介绍犯罪学（Criminology）是研究犯罪现象及其成因、规律、控制和预防方法的一门综合性学科。

它是在法律学、社会学、心理学、统计学以及自然科学等多个领域的交叉学科基础上发展起来的。

本文将就犯罪学的学科内容、研究方法以及发展趋势进行介绍。

一、犯罪与犯罪学犯罪是指国家法律规范所规定的具有法律后果的违法行为，包括刑法、行政法、经济法、民事法等各个领域所规定的违法行为。

犯罪学则是基于犯罪现象而产生的一门学科，其目的在于探讨犯罪现象的成因，研究犯罪规律，提出犯罪控制和预防方法。

犯罪学主要包括以下内容：1.犯罪原因：犯罪学探讨了引起犯罪的社会、经济、心理、生物等因素。

犯罪学中的犯罪原因分为内在因素和外在因素。

内在因素是指个体的生理心理特征和性格、家庭背景、成长环境等，如对于某些暴力犯罪的作案人，多半是因为这些人自幼受到不良的家庭教育和社交环境影响，形成了攻击性格。

外在因素包括经济因素、社会因素等。

如某些暴力事件中，作案人由于生活的困苦，独自一人面对着种种困境，会产生沮丧、恐慌等情绪，进而导致的极端行为。

2.犯罪规律：犯罪学探讨了犯罪的时间、地点、手段、犯罪经验、疏散、逃避等规律性问题。

3.犯罪控制和预防：犯罪学探讨了各种防范和减轻犯罪的措施，包括社会、制度、教育、流行、治疗等方面。

二、犯罪学的研究方法犯罪学的研究方法具有多样性，可以分为以下几种：1.社会学方法：社会学方法主要通过广泛的社会调查，分析犯罪的成因、规律，以及犯罪行为的背景和环境等。

这种方法突出了犯罪行为的社会性质，并且通过跟踪监测犯罪现象，提高了预防犯罪的效果。

2.心理学方法：心理学方法通过对犯罪者的心理特征，以及犯罪者和受害者之间的心理关系来探究犯罪的心理学成因，这种方法更加关注个体内在需求和冲突，能够提供有关犯罪者的决策过程的信息。

3.统计学方法：统计学方法集中在数学统计技术应用于犯罪数据上，以便发现有关犯罪规律的概率，这种方法使用大量数据ema赢家，可以给出犯罪背景和犯罪具体因素的详细信息，如犯罪地区、犯罪时段、犯罪手段等信息，而这些因素也为预防犯罪提供了重要信息。

crime词根词缀单词：crime1.1词性：名词1.2中文释义：罪行，犯罪活动；罪恶1.3英文释义：An act that is against the law or an illegal activity.1.4相关词汇：同义词有offense、sin、wrongdoing；派生词有criminal（形容词：犯罪的；名词：罪犯）、criminology（犯罪学）。

2.1词源：源自拉丁语“crimen”，表示指控、罪行。

2.2趣闻：在古代社会，犯罪的定义和惩罚方式与现代有很大不同。

例如在古希腊，有些罪行会被处以放逐的惩罚，而一些较轻的罪行可能通过缴纳罚金或者在公众面前道歉来解决。

3.1短语：(1) crime rate：犯罪率例句：The crime rate in this city has been decreasing in recent years.翻译：这个城市的犯罪率近年来一直在下降。

(2)mit a crime：犯罪例句：He was so desperate that hemitted a crime.翻译：他太绝望了，以至于犯了罪。

(3) crime scene：犯罪现场例句：The police are carefully examining the crime scene.翻译：警察正在仔细检查犯罪现场。

4.1 “I heard there was a serious crime in our neighborhood last night. A store was robbed.”翻译：“我听说昨晚咱们附近发生了一起严重的犯罪案件。

一家商店被抢劫了。

”4.2 “The movie is about a detective who trie s to solve a mysterious crime.”翻译：“这部电影是关于一个侦探试图破解一起神秘犯罪案件的故事。

”4.3 “She always worries about crime when she walks alone at night.”翻译：“她晚上独自走路的时候总是担心犯罪（事件发生）。

犯罪学英文书单【原创实用版】目录1.犯罪学简介2.犯罪学英文书单推荐3.犯罪学英文书单详细解读正文【犯罪学简介】犯罪学是一门研究犯罪现象、犯罪原因、犯罪预防以及犯罪控制的社会科学。

犯罪学旨在深入了解犯罪的本质，探讨犯罪产生的原因以及如何减少犯罪现象。

犯罪学研究领域广泛，包括社会学、心理学、法学、经济学等多个学科。

【犯罪学英文书单推荐】以下是一些英文犯罪学书籍推荐，这些书籍涵盖了犯罪学的基本理论、研究方法和实证分析：1.《犯罪学原理》（Principles of Criminal Law）- John ngbein, Harry W.Y.Kao2.《犯罪社会学》（Sociology of Deviance）- Edwin M.Schur3.《犯罪心理学》（Criminal Psychology）- Richard J.Gerrig4.《犯罪统计学》（Statistical Analysis in Criminal Justice）- John A.scattergood, Jr.5.《犯罪经济学》（The Economics of Crime）- Gary Becker【犯罪学英文书单详细解读】以下是对上述推荐的犯罪学英文书籍的详细解读：1.《犯罪学原理》这本书详细介绍了犯罪学的基本概念、原理和研究方法。

书中通过大量案例分析，深入探讨了犯罪行为与法律制度之间的关系，为读者提供了犯罪学研究的基本框架。

2.《犯罪社会学》《犯罪社会学》是一部经典的犯罪学教材，主要从社会学的角度分析犯罪现象。

书中详细介绍了社会结构、文化、家庭等因素对犯罪行为的影响，以及社会控制理论、社会学习理论等犯罪学理论。

3.《犯罪心理学》《犯罪心理学》是一部关于犯罪心理学的入门教材，主要探讨犯罪行为背后的心理因素。

书中详细介绍了犯罪者的思维方式、情感状态以及心理发展过程，为读者提供了理解犯罪行为的心理学视角。

4.《犯罪统计学》《犯罪统计学》主要介绍了犯罪学研究中的统计分析方法。