操作系统概念(英文
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名词解释操作系统
操作系统(英语:Operating System,缩写:OS)是一组主管并控制计算机操作、运用和运行硬件、软件资源和提供公共服务来组织用户交互的相互关联的系统软件程序。
根据运行的环境,操作系统可以分为桌面操作系统,手机操作系统,服务器操作系统,嵌入式操作系统等。
操作系统是人与计算机之间的接口,也是计算机的灵魂。
在计算机中,操作系统是其最基本也是最为重要的基础性系统软件。
从计算机用户的角度来说,计算机操作系统体现为其提供的各项服务;从程序员的角度来说,其主要是指用户登录的界面或者接口;如果从设计人员的角度来说,就是指各式各样模块和单元之间的联系。
事实上,全新操作系统的设计和改良的关键工作就是对体系结构的设计,经过几十年以来的发展,计算机操作系统已经由一开始的简单控制循环体发展成为较为复杂的分布式操作系统,再加上计算机用户需求的愈发多样化,计算机操作系统已经成为既复杂而又庞大的计算机软件系统之一。
操作系统概念OperatingSystemconceptsOS⼤题预测进程同步与信号量,对semaphore的定义,wait()和singal()操作进程调度策略,画Gantt图,求各个进程的轮转时间,等待时间,以及平均轮转时间,平均等待时间给出页⾯的引⽤串,根据不同的调度策略(LRU,Opt,FIFO,Clock)进⾏计算,得出缺页次数与缺页率死锁避免,银⾏家算法,系统安全状态(能否找到⼀个安全序列),对于进程的资源请求判断是否会造成死锁(避免算法)给定⽂件的索引结构,计算查找特定记录所需要的磁盘I/O次数,以及⽂件可存储的最⼤⼤⼩操作系统类型简单批处理系统多道程序批处理系统:⽆论何时都有程序在运⾏,从⽽使CPU的利⽤率达到最⼤。
分时系统(time-sharing):在进程之间频繁切换CPU,以便⽤户在程序运⾏时能与其进⾏交互,特点是⽴即响应。
并⾏/多处理器系统:增加吞吐量(多个处理器加速⽐⼩于N),规模经济(资源共享减少开销),增加可靠性(⼀个处理器故障不会导致系统罢⼯)实时系统分布式系统:资源共享,计算加速,可靠性,通信系统调⽤System CallSystem call - the method used by a process to request action by the operating system.Usually takes the form of a trap (software interrupt).Control passes through an interrupt vector to a service routine in the OS, and the mode bit is automatically set to supervisor mode.The OS verifies that the parameters are correct and legal, executes the request, and returns control to the instruction following the system call.参数传递机制Passing parameters to the kernel for a system call must be performed differently than when using an ordinary functional call. This is because a system call is performed by the kernel itself, which typically runs in a completely different address space than the process which made the call. Thus it is not possible to simply place system call parameters onto the process’ stack as this will not be readily available to the kernel. There are three main methods to pass the parameters required for a system call:(1) Pass the parameters in registers (this may prove insufficient when there are more parameters than registers).(2) Store the parameters in a block, or table, in memory, and pass the address of block as a parameter in a register. This approach is used by Linux and Solaris.(3) Push the parameters onto a stack(内核栈); to be popped off by the OS. Block and stack methods do not limitt the number or length of parameters passed.中断InterruptThe occurrence of an event is usually signaled by a (an) interrupt from either the hardware or the software.Hardware may trigger it at any time by sending a signal to the CPU, usually by way of the system bus.硬件中断,⼜称外部中断,由CPU的外部硬件信号引发。