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ACQUISITION OF SELECTIONAL PATTERNS 1 The Problem

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(from (np France))))) W e then extract from this regularized structure a series of triples of the form
AcrEs DECOLING-92. NAMES.23-28 hot, NANTES,AUG.23-28, 1992
Finally, we generalize these triples by replacing words by word classes. We had previously prep a r e d , by a purely m a n u a l analysis of the corpus, a hierarchy of word classes and a set of s e m a n t i c p a t t e r n s for the corpus we were using. From this hierarchy we identified the classes which were most frequently referred to in the n l a n u a l l y prepared p a t t e r n s . The generalization process replaces a word by the most specific class to which it belongs (since we have a hierarchy with uested classes, a word will typically belong to several classes). As we cxplain in our e x p e r i m e n t section below, we m a d e some runs generalizing just the value and others generalizing both tlle head and the value. As we process the corl)us , we kee t) a count of the frequency of each head-function wdue triple. In a d d i t i o n , we keep s e p a r a t e counts of the number of times each word a p p e a r s as a head, and the n u m b e r of times eacll head-fitnction pair al)pears ( i n d e p e n d e n t of value).
In principle, the semantic patterns could be stated in terms of individual words - this verb can meaningfully occur with this subject, etc. In practice, however, this would produce an unmanageable number of patterns for even a small domain. We therefore need to define semantic word classes for the domain and state our patterns in terms of these classes. Ideally, then, a discovery proeednre for semantic patterns would acquire both the word classes and the patterns from an analysis of the word
1
The Problem
For most natural language analysis systems, one of the major hurdles in porting the system to a new domain is the development of an appropriate set of semantic patterns. Such patterns are typically needed to guide syntactic analysis (as selectional constraints) and to control the translation into a predicate-argument representation. As systems are ported to more complex domains, the set of patterns grows and the task of accumulating them manually becomes more formidable. There has therefore been increasing interest in acquiring such patterns automatically froin a sample of text in the domain, through an analysis of word co-occurrence patterns either in raw text (word sequences) or in parsed text. We briefly review some of this work later in the article. We have been specificaily concerned about the practicality of using such techniques in place of manual encoding to develop the selectional patterns for new domains. In the experiments reported here, we have therefore been particularly concerned with the evaluation of our automatically generated patterns, in terms of their completehess and accuracy and in terms of their efficacy in performing selection during parsing.
only the m o s t probable parse for each sentence. ]:or sentences which still generated N > 1 e q u a l l y - p r o b a b l e parses, we would use a 1/N weight ;us before. 3. In place of a 1/N weighting, we can retine the weights for a l t e r n a t i v e parse trees nsing an i t e r a t i v e procedure a n a l o g o u s to the inside-outside a l g o r i t h m [3]. We hegin by g e n e r a t i n g all parses, as in approach 1. Then, based on the counts o b t a i n e d initially (using 1/N weighting), we can compute the p r o b a b i l i t y for the various triples attd from these tim probabilities of the alt e r n a t i v e parse trees. We can then repeat the process, r e c o m p u t i n g the counts with weightings based on these probabilities. All of these approaches rely on the e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t correct p a t t e r n s arising from correct parses will occur repeatedly, while the d i s t r i b u t i o n of incorrect p a t t e r n s from incorrect parses will be more scattered, and so over a sufficiently large c o r p u s - we cat, distinguish correct from incorrect p a t t e r n s on the basis of frequency.
3
P attern Acquisition
2
Patterns
and Word Classes
The basic mechanism of pattern acquisition is straightforward. A sample of text in a new domain is parsed using a broad-coverage grammar (but without any semantic constraints). The resulting parse trees are then transformed into a regularized syntactic structm'e (similar to the fstructure of Lexical-Fnnctional Grammar). This regularization in particular reduces all different clausM forms (active, passive, questions, extraposed forms, relative clauses, reduced relatives, etc.) into a uniform structure with the 'logical' subject and object explicitly marked. For example, the sentence Fred ate fresh cheese from France. would produce the regularized syntactic structure (s eat (subject (np Fred)) (object (np cheese (a-pos fresh)

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系统功能语言学英汉对照术语表

系统功能语言学英汉对照术语表

系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表作者：翁素贤提供 转贴自：摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》您要打印的文件是：系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表打印本文系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表―――摘自《系统功能语言学多维思考》AAbitliy 能力 Actor 施动者Addressee 受话者 Addresser 发话者 Agent 施事Anaphoric 指前的 Antonym 反义词 Antonymy 反义意义 Autonomy 自治性 BBehavior 行为Behavioral process 行为过程 Beneficiary 受益者 CCataphoric 指后的 Categorical 绝对的 Categorization 范畴化 Central token 中心标志 Chain 链Channel 渠道 Choice 选择 Clause 小句Clause as theme 句项主位 Cleft sentence 分裂句 Closed system 封闭系统 Coclassisfication 相互区分Coextension相互扩展Coherence连贯Cohesion链接Cohesive chain链接链Cohesive tie链接纽带Cohyponym共同下义词Collocation搭配Collocational chain搭配链Comeronym共同局部关系词Command命令Comment述题Competence（语言）能力Complementarity互补性Congruence一致性Conjunction连接，连词Consonant辅音Consonant grammar协和语法Constructivism构建主义Context语境，上下文Context of culture文化语境Context of situation情境语境Continuity连续体Continuum连续体Conventional meaning常规意义Coocurrence同现Cooperative principle合作原则Coordination并列Coreference相互对应Correspondence对应Critical linguistics批评语言学Cross-coupling交互匹配DDecategorization非范畴化Declarative陈述的Delicacy精密度Dialect方言Dialectal variety方言变体Diatypic variety功能变体Didactic教导性的Direct speech act直接言语行为Discontinuity脱节，间断性Discourse话语Discourse analysis话语分析Distribution分布Dynamic动态的EElegance雅致Ellipsis省略Endophoric指内的Entry condition入列条件Exchange交换Exclusive排他的Exhaustiveness有尽性Existential clause存在句Existential process存在过程Exophoric 指外的Experiential function经验功能Experiential meaning经验意义Explicitness明晰性的Expository说明性的External text外在语篇Extragrammartical语法外的FFalling tone降调Falling-rising tone降升调Falsifiability可反证性Family resemblance家族相似性Feature特征Field of discourse话语范围Finiteness限定性，有限性First-order一级的Formal 形式的，形式主义的，正式的Formal linguistics形式主义语言学Formality正式化Formalization形式化Frozen僵化Function功能Functional linguistics功能主义语言学Functional sentence perspective功能句子观Functional tenor功能基调GGenerative semantics生成语义学Generic structure语类结构，体裁结构，类型结构Genre语类，体裁，类型Gestalt psychology格式塔心理学，完形心理学Given information已知信息Global coherence整体连贯Goal目标，对象Goods & services物品与服务Grammar语法Grammatical metaphor语法比喻Group词组HHearer受话者Heuristic function启发功能Hyponym下义词Hyponymy下义关系Hypotactic从属关系的Hypotaxis从属关系Hypothesis假说，假设IIdeational function概念功能Ideational meaning概念意义Identity chain同一链Ideology思想，意识形态Illocutionary act言外行为Illocutionary function言外功能Imaginative function想象功能Immediate situation直接情景Imperative 祈使的Iimplicature含义，蕴含Inclination意愿Inclusive内包的Incongruence不一致性Indicative直陈的Indirect speech act间接言语行为Inference推理Informal非正式的Information信息Information focus信息中心Information structure信息结构Information unit信息单位Informative function告知功能Instantiation例示Instrumental function工具功能Instrumentality工具性Intention意图Interactional function交流功能Interactionism互动主义Interface接面Internal structure内部结构Inter-organism机体之间Interpersonal function人际功能Interpersonal meaning人际意义Interpersonal theme人际主位Interpretative semantics解释语义学Interrogative疑问的Intonation语调Intra-organism机体内部KKey口吻，调式LLanguage acquisition device语言习得机制Language语言Level(of language)（语言的）层次Lexical词汇的Lexical cohesion词汇链接Lexis词汇Linguistic determinism语言决定论Linguistic relativity语言相对论Local coherence局部连贯Locutionary act言内行为Logical function逻辑功能Logical meaning逻辑意义London School伦敦学派MMacrofunction宏观功能Macrorule宏观规则Macrostructure宏观结构Marked有标记的Material process物质过程Meaning potential意义潜能Mental process心理过程Mental text内在语篇，心理语篇Meronym局部关系词Meronymy局部关系Metafunction纯理功能Metalingual元语言的Metaphor比喻Microfunction微观功能Missing link脱节Modality情态Mode of discourse话语方式Modifier修饰成分Modular system模块系统Modulation意态Monosystem单系统Mood语气Multiple theme复项主位NNarrative陈述性的Network网络New information新信息Nominal group名词词组Non-constructivism非构建主义Non-structural非结构的OObligation义务Obligatory element必备成分Offer提供Old information旧信息，已知信息Open system开放系统Opposition对立，对立体Option选择Optional element非必备成分PParadigmatic纵聚合的Paratactic并列关系的Parataxis并列关系Parole言语Participant参与者Patterns of thematic progression主位推进模式Performance（语言）运用Peripheral token外围标记Perlocutionary act言后行为Person人称Personal function个体功能Personal tenor个人基调Persuasive说服性的Phatic communion寒暄语Phatic function寒暄功能Phonological 音系层的Pitch音高，音调Pitch contour音调曲线Point of departure起点Polarity极性Politeness principle礼貌原则Polysystemic多系统的Pragmatic function实用功能Pragmatics语用学Prague school布拉格学派Predicator预设Presupposition假设Probability盖然性，或然性Process过程Proposal提议，建议Proposition命题Protolanguage原型语言Prototype原型Pseudo-cleft sentence假分裂句QQualifier（名次词组中心词后面的）修饰成分Question问题，提问RRank级Rankshift 级变Realization体现Register语域Regulatory function控制功能Relational process关系过程Relevance相关Repetition重复Residue剩余部分Resource源泉Restriction制约Rheme述位Rising升调Rising-falling tone升降调Role角色Role relationship角色关系Rule规则SSapir-Whorf hypothesis萨丕尔－沃尔夫假说Scale-and-category grammar阶与范畴语法Schema theory图示理论Second-order二级的Selectional restriction选择性限制Semantic anomaly语义异常Semantic configuaration语义组合，语义配置Semiotic符号Semiotics符号学Semogenesis创义Similarity chain相似链Simple theme单项主位Situation情景Slot空位Social function社会功能Speaker讲话者Speech act言语行为Speech function言语功能Speech role言语角色Statement陈述Static静态的Stratificational grammar层次语法Structural结构的Structural operation结构运作Structure结构Style风格Subject主语Subordination从属Substitution替代Sub-system子系统Superordinate上义词Synonym同义词Synonymy同义关系Syntagmatic横组合的System系统Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Systemic-functional linguistics系统功能语言学TTagmemics法位学Tenor of discourse话语基调Tense时态Term(in a system)（系统中的）项目Text语篇Textual function语篇功能Textual meaning语篇意义Textual theme语篇主位Texture语篇特征，谋篇机制Thematic progression主位推进Thematic structure主位结构Theme主位Token标记Topic话题Topical sentence主题句Topical theme话题主位Transference转义Transformation转换Transformational-generative grammar转换生成语法Transitivity及物性Truth condition真值条件UUnit单位Unmarked无标记的VValidity可信度Value值，价值Variety变体Verbal event言语事件Verbal group动词词组verbal process言语过程Voice语态Vowel元音W Word词Page 11of 11系统功能语言学英汉术语对照表2014-2-14 /Article_Print.asp?ArticleID=214。

[自学考试密押题库与答案解析]外语教学法自考题模拟4

[自学考试密押题库与答案解析]外语教学法自考题模拟4

A.selection principle
B.gradation selection principle
C.four skills principle
D.presentation principle
答案:C[解析] 口语法是以语法为基础的教学法，给语言课程建立了一个选择(Selection)的科学理论，并制定了一系列选择标准，语法和词汇按难易程度分层次教学(Gradation)，新的语言点通过有意义的情景活动得到展示与练习(Presentation)。因此排除C。
问题:4. An ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language in a Grammar-Translation classroom is to enable the learners to______.
A.think and communicate in the target language
B.get a practical command of the four basic skills of the language
C.get the same types of abilities that native speakers have
D.read and translate its literature.
A.Cognitive theory
B.Suggestopaedia
C.Acculturation theory
D
答案:C[解析] 文化认同说产生于20世纪70年代末，是由美国的舒曼(Schumann)和安德森(Anderson)提出的，指的是一种文化的成员要想在另一种文化之中行动自如，他们就得改变自己的态度、知识结构和行为举止。选项A的代表人物是皮亚杰，着重研究人的认知能力对语言习得的影响；选项B是新兴的外语教学法暗示法，与本题无关；选项D是由乔姆斯基提出的语言习得机制(Language Acquisition Device)，认为儿童天生脑中就有一个语言习得机制来习得语言。
二语习得第二章

二语习得第二章


section one: Errors and error analysis
step1. Identifying errors step2. Describing errors step3. Expaining errors step4. Error evaluation
Identifying errors
the free variation
Variability constitutes an essential stage in the acquistion of grammatical structures.
begin acquire other verb forms but initially they use these interchaneably with the simple form start to use the forms systematically
Learners vary in their use of L2 according to: the linguistic context the situation context the psycholinguistic context
the free variation
the linguistic context
paint(future,present and past time) painted(for past time)
painted(in planned discourse) paint (in unplanned discourse) elimainate non-target forms and painted(consistently use the target language form to to refer to past time) perform the same function as native speakers
英语语言学练习题_key

英语语言学练习题_key

英语语言学练习题Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B.Column A1.displacementngue3.suprasegmental feature4.deep structure5.predication analysis6.idiolect7.pidgin8.mistakes 9.interlanguage10.motivation11.arbitrarinesspetence13.broad transcription14.morphology15.category16.errorsponential analysis18.context19.blending20.culture21.learning strategies22.selectional restrictions23.phrase structure rules24.culture diffusionColumn BA.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native languagenor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts nlearning a second language. 21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part ofculture B. 24E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social,gender, and age variations. 6F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speakdifferent languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents----- arguments and predicates. 5H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorizationproperties. 4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18Q.The way of word formation by which new words may be formed by combining parts of other words. 19R. A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 15S. A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach believes that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components. 17T.The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.12U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V. A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only. 13W.They reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language, not self-corrigible. 16X.They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” This quotation is a good illustration of thea____ nature of language. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; thedescription of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, andperformance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Competence4.In the production of vowels the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no o____. Thismarks the essential difference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the a____ of the phoneme. Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the same phonetic environment. They aresaid to be in c____ distribution. Complementary7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as i____. Intonation8.The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the most part purely grammaticalmarkers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements: head, specifier,and c____. Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning, conceptualist view holds that there is no direct linkbetween a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind. concept12.The sense relation bet ween “animal” and “dog” is called h____.hyponymy13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningthe c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class. Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials of “World Health Organization”. Acronym17.According to Halliday, language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a r____.Register18.In cross-cultural communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become partof culture B, thus bringing about the phenomenon of cultural d____. Diffusion19.While the first language is acquired s____, the second or foreign language is more commonlylearned consciously. Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “v”, which is afeature of all vowels and some consonants in English. V oice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called s____ features.Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and rules for word f____.Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____. Morpheme25.The sense relation between “autumn” and “fall” is called s____. Synonym26.H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonymy27.In daily communication, people do not always observe the four maxims of the co-operativeprinciple. Conversational i____ would arise when the maxims are flouted. Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”.Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regardingregional, social, gender, and age variations. Idiolect30.RP, the short form of “R____ Pronunciation” refers to the particular way of pronouncingstandard English. Received31.B____ refers to the situation that in some speech communities two languages are used sideby side with each having a different role to play. Bilingualism32.A: Where does Gérard live? B: Somewhere in the South of France. B’s answer violates themaxim of q . quantity33.Traditional behaviorists view language as behavior and believe that language learning issimply a matter of i____ and habit formation. Imitation34.I____ refers to learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither thenative language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. Inter-language35.M_____ can be defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, havinga strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. Motivation36.By saying language is p__________, we mean that every language contains an infinitenumber of sentences, which however, are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words. Productive37.D_______affixes create new words and very often cause a change in grammatical class.Derivation25.S r e s t r i c t i o n s c o n s t r a i n t s o n w h a t l e x i c a l i t e m c a n g o w i t h o t h e r s.Selectionalrestrictions38. E reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language, not self-corrigible.Errors39.“Piece” and “peace” belong to h. homophones40.Material culture, as the term itself, is concrete, substantial and o . observable41. C are committing the speaker himself to some future course of action. Commissives42.Meat originally meant “food” but now refers to “edible part of an animal”, this is an exampleof n of meaning. Narrowing43.The word “edit” is formed through b. back formation44. D refers to the property that human language can communicate about things that areabsent as easily as about things that are present. Displacement45.P is a phonetic unit, which does not necessarily distinguish meaning. Phone46.The word “unreliability” consists of morphemes. 547.Child directed speech is also called m . motherese48.C strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned.Cognitive49.The [i:] sound is n in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in allthese sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m]. nasalized50. A l act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literalmeaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. Locutionary51.There are two versions of CPH. While the strong one suggests that children must acquiretheir first language by p or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.Puberty52.The mode of a lecture on semantics in the English Department could be identified as o .oral53.T of discourse to a great extent determines the level of formality and the level oftechnicality of the language we use. Tenor54.Errors suggest failure in competence, and m suggest failure in performance. Mistakes Ⅲ.Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics, ____ form the part of language which links together the soundpattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics and semanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and semantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e., how the sounds are perceived bythe hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop? ____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental, voiceless fricative? ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back, open and unrounded vowel? ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound? _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. [ŋ]8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair?____A. bat, biteB. kill, pillC. peak, pig,D. meat, seat9.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the inflectional morphemes except____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes? ____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD. undesirability12.The pair of words “dead and alive” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonyms13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as stylistic synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y: John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y: My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.When we violate any of the maxims of Co-operative Principle, our language might become____.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which of the following is an instance ofdirectives? ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I’m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang19.The word “Kodak” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means of clipping?_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.According to Halliday, mode of discourse refers to the _____ of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisition believes that language learning issimply a matter of imitation and habit formation? ____.A.The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example of overgeneralization? ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr. Krashen? ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. Input HypothesisC. Language Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operative Principles?A.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator of transformational generative grammar?A. F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M. A. K. Halliday27.When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and childrenlearn it as their first language, it becomes .B. A. creole... pidgin B. pidgin... creoleC. C. regional dialect... sociolectD. sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e., how a speaker uses his speechorgans to articulate speech sounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatory phonetics29.We know the verb “put” requires an NP followed by a PP or Adv. Thus, the process of puttingwords of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntactic characteristic is called .A. categorizationB. subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30.Which of the following words contains a front, close and unrounded vowel? ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to the derivational morphemes except____.A. fasterB. writerC. lovelyD. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words?____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words “borrow and lend” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonyms34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized as collocational synonyms?____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y: John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37.According to Searl’s classification of speech acts, which of the following is Not an instanceof directives? ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with us?D. I have never seen the man before.38.The word “brunch” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.According to Halliday, field of discourse refers to the _____ of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" isknown as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisition holds that human beings arebiologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking? ____.A. The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by Eric Lenneberg? ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant52.When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy”means .A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week." obviously violatesthe maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words “north” and “south” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-association?A. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56.describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59.refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaningand in the part of speech.A. BlendingB. Back-formationC. ClippingD. Conversion60.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the study of general linguistics?A. soundB. structureC. meaningD. application61.Many Chinese learners of English use although and but in the same sentence. This is aninstance of .A. transferB. interferenceC. overgeneralizationD. cross-association62.If the sounds appear in the same environment, and the substitution of one another result inchange of meaning. The sounds belong to .A. free variationsB. allophonesC. phonemesD. speech sounds63.The following pairs all belongs to “reversal antonyms” except.A. push / pullB. buy / sellC. employer / employeeD. pass / fail64.Please tell which of the following semantic relations is held within sentence.A. presuppositionB. entailmentC. inconsistencyD. contradiction65.Which kind of morphological process does the following words: desks, easier, worked,John’s illustrate?A. derivationB. inflectionC. compoundingD. affixation66.Which of the followings is NOT an analysis of learners’ language?A. contrastive analysisB. error analysisC. predication analysisD. interlanguage67.Bull: [+BOVINE], [+MALE], [+ADULT] is an example of .A. componential analysisB. predication analysisC. compositionalityD. selection restriction68.The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a wordA. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B. is related to the thing it refers to.C. is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers.D. is the image it is represented in the mind.Ⅳ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general, but not any particular language, e.g. English,Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as the natural or primary medium of humanlanguage. F3.In narrow transcription, we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols only while inbroad transcription we transcribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language. Tplete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence. T6.Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the mosthighly developed, is acoustic phonetics. F7.The meaning of t he word “seal” in the sentence “the seal could not be found” cannot bedetermined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that human beings are biologicallyprogrammed for language. T9.According to co-operative principle, the conversational participants have to strictly observethe four maxims, so that the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in people under different cultural background.T11.A child who enters a foreign language speech community by the age of three or four can learnthe new language without the trace of an accent. T12.In communication it will never be the case that what is grammatical is not acceptable, andwhat is ungrammatical may not be inappropriate. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14.Since there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds, language is absolutelyarbitrary. F15.V owels may be distinguished as front, central and back according to the manner of articulation.F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teachingand learning. F17.A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls onthe first element, and the second element receives secondary stress. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word. T20.According to the innatist view of language acquisition, only when the language is modifiedand adjusted to the level of children’s comprehension, do they process and internalize the language items. F21.When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires a language-specific culture andbecomes socialized in certain ways. T22.According to Austin, the performative utterance is used to perform an action, it also has truthvalue. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever they start and whatever kinds oflanguage samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language hastwo levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situationswhile linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. F26.Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme. T27.We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of acompound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts. F28.The meaning of an utterance is, in a sense, richer than the meaning of the sentence fromwhich it is derived. T29.People in the west tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments more than Chinesespeakers and they tend to accept thanks and compliments more than we Chinese do. TⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. What arethey and how are they related to each other? P662.According to Halliday, what is register? What are the social variables that determine theregister? P117-118语言学练习题3.What are the main features of human language that essentially make it different from otheranimal communication systems? P8-94.Give a brief illustration to the “semantic triangle” suggested by Ogden and Richards.P63-645.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is performing while making an utterance?Give an example to illustrate this. P80-826.Explain with examples the three notions: phone, phoneme, allophone.P23-24Ⅵ. Essay question.1.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making anutterance? Give an example to illustrate this? P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP? Illustrate with examples how flouting these maximsgives rise to conversational implicature? P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are not well formed. What rules doeseach of the following sentences violate? And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning? Please illustrate briefly.1) He ated the cake yesterday.2) We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3) The table intended to marry the chair.4) My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section 5.5.2 (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1. The meaning of sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components. And itincludes both grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, which is governed bythe grammatical rules of the language. Any violation can result in mistakes, making a sentence unacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated” and 2) has “will gone”;3. But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether asentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions, in other words, constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed, yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example, as we can find in sentence3) and 4), no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children’s story and there isno red pears usually in the world. Therefore, some selectional restrictions have been violated.11共11页。