Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)I. Brief Introduction :With the publication of The Scarlet Letter in 1850, Hawthorne became famous as the greatest writer living then and his reputation as a major American author has been on the increase ever since. Over the years a good number of biographical and critical studies have been written, and almost all aspects of his life and work have been treated with meticulous care. He is also becoming more and more popular with Chinese readers. Since Chinese translation of The Scarlet Letter appeared in the 1950’s, scholars and readers in China have shown an ever-increasing interest in his works, which offers another testimony of Hawthorne’s power and permanence. II. Life and works:Hawthorne was born on the fourth of July, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy of 17th century New England. Gradually the family fortune declined. His father, a sea captain, died in Dutch Guiana, leaving the widow and the child behind to shift for themselves. Young Hawthorne was intensely aware of the misdeeds of his Puritan ancestors, and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life, to "that blackness in Hawthorne ," as Herman Melville put it . There is a certain amount of truth in the statement that Hawthorne wrote some of his books like The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables as an attempt at expiating the sin of his ancestors.In 1821 Hawthorne went to Bowdoin College, and had Henry Wadsworth Longfellow as a classmate. He also developed a friendship with Franklin Pierce who was to become the 14th President of the United States. From 1825 to 1837 Hawthorne lived in solitude and seclusion. He read widely, became further acquainted with local history, and began to practice writing. His first tale appeared in print in 1830. The year of 1837 saw the publication of his Twice-Told Tales, a collection of short stories, which enjoyed critical attention. Another collection of short stories, Mosses from an Old Manse came out in 1846. All these works, however, brought him neither great fame nor any fortune large enough to relieve him of the harassment of poverty. It was The Scarlet Letter which did it for him: not only did the book make his name as a writer of no small talent, it also brought him the money which made him finally financially comfortable. The House of the Seven Gables came out in 1851, to be followed by The Blithedale Romance in 1852 and The Marble Faun in 1860. During the 4 years (1853-1857) when President Pierce was in office, Hawthorne was the United States consul in Liverpool, England, and later traveled in Italy. He died in 1864.III. Spirit in his works :All his life, Hawthorne seems to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life. Reading his tales and romances, one cannot but be overwhelmed by the "black" vision which these works reveal. Evil exists in the human heart as is evident, for instance, in the short story, it tells us that, though all symbols of tradition and the past have been burned in the bonfire of the life of the New World, the source of evil--- the human heart--- remains intact. Everyone possesses some evil secret as tales like "Young Goodman Brown" set out to prove. Everyone seems to cover up his innermost "evil" in the way the minister tries to convince his people with his black veil. Evil seems to be man’s birthmark. Although Hawthorne is ambiguous and his tales are often capable of more than one interpretation, he is certainly at his best when writing about evil. Most of his works deal with evil one way or another. The blackness of vision which comes as a natural corollary has become his trade mark. It illustrates to some extent the influence that the Calvinist doctrine of"original sin" and total depravity had upon his mind. It also explains Hawthorne’s aloofness from Emersonian Transcendental optimism and his skepticism about it.To Hawthorne sin will get punished, one way or another. As a matter of fact he was said to be often troubled by the thought that the decline of his family’s fortunes had to do with the sins of his ancestors. The House of the Seven Gables is and appalling fictional version of Hawthorne’s belief that "the wrong-doing of one generation lives into the successive ones," and that evil will come out of evil though it may take many generations to happen. It is true that the book concludes on a happy note, and that good triumphs over evil, and love and reconciliation end an enmity, but one feels somehow that the tragic part of the story impresses more. It is also interesting to note that Hawthorne seems to be of the opinion that evil educates. The Marble Faun is a good illustration. What Hawthorne seems to be saying is this, that the achievement is possible only "under the impact of and by engagement with evil-the tragic rise born of the fortunate fall," and that man is better for the crime which brings about the fall.One source of evil in Hawthorne is overweening intellect. The tension between the head (intellect) and the heart (warmth and feeling) constitutes one of the elements which make his writings enchanting. Hawthorn’s intellectual characters are usually villains, dreadful because devoid of fellow feeling. Hollingsworth in The Blithedale Romance and Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter are but a few specimens of Hawthorne’s chilling, cold-blooded human animals. "Rappaccini’s Daughter"is a sad story that seems to be Hawthorne’s view of what science can do to man. Hawthorne’s negative attitude toward science, while it may represent his oblique reaction to the dehumanizing process to which, as we noted somewhere earlier, all thinking minds of his time were hypersensitive, is not always well justifiable. It may reveal a mind befuddled in face of a complex, developing life.第页Hawthorne’s aesth eticsIV. Hawthorne’s aestheticsHis aesthetics is clearly enunciated in the prefaces to his larger fictions, particularly those to The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, and The Marble Faun. Like Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and Henry James after him, Hawthorne repeatedly complained about "the poverty of materials" in a land where "there is no shadow, no antiquity, no mystery, no picturesque and gloomy wrong, nor anything but a commonplace prosperity, in broad and simple daylight" ("Preface to The Marble Faun") and where "there has never been… the genial atmosphere which a literary man requires in order to ripen the best harvest of his mind" ("The Custom-House: Introductory to The Scarlet Letter"). A man with any literary ambition would have to resort to the help of his imagination, "to recall what was valuable in the past," and "to raise up from dry bones" a treasure of even as small an interest as a rag of scarlet cloth ("The Custom-House"). He would have to try "to connect a bygone time with the very Present," "to relate a legend, prolonging itself, from an epoch now gray in distance, down into our own broad daylight" ("Preface to The House of the Seven Gables"). In this way he may be able to create "a neutral territory, somewhere between the real world and fairy-land where the Actual and the Imaginary may meet, and each imbue itself with the nature of the other" ("The Custom-House"). Thus Hawthorne took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition. "Romance and poetry, like ivy, lichen, and wall flowers, need Ruin to make them grow" ("Preface to The Marble Faun"). With their mist brooding over the real world and turning it into a "cloud-land," antiquity and history enable him to "dream strange things, and make them look like truth."Hawthorne was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative. It is not only "the poverty of materials" in America that led him, as he says in his prefaces, to write romances rather than novels; there is also his Puritan prudence to consider--- romance allowing him to treat the physical passions obliquely and to avoid violating the human heart.Now let us take a look at The Scarlet Letter in which all elements of his thinking and aesthetics seem to find an adequate expression. The story is simple but very moving.Hawthorne’s art is cumulative. Many of his earlier stories had treated themes that led to The Scarlet Letter. Puritan severity toward sex and matrimony and its tendency to suppress bright color and true feeling and the stern Puritan punitive measure of making an adulteress wear a scarlet emblem of sin as a warning to the general run of mankind. In all these and The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne drew heavily from the New England past. Literary historian A. H. Quinn perceptively states that Hawthorne is at his best when dealing with sin, the supernatural, and New England past. The Scarlet Letter is set in the 17th century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the Puritan past.The way in which Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism. The load of didacticism is nowhere heavier and the desire to elevate nowhere stronger than it is, perhaps, in this 19th-century American classic. One wonders whether it is a story of love or a story of sin. What he was, predominantly concerned with was the moral, emotional and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general and those complicated in it in particular. In the strong character of Hester Prynne we see the tension between society and solitude. The Scarlet Letter is not a praise of a Hester Prynne sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Hawthorn’s female characterstend to fall into two broad categories, the blond and effete, and the dark-haired and sensual Oriental type. Attractive, appealing and mildly aggressive, she gives the impression that she represents sexual guilt as love with her is fatal, but she is really pure and innocent, and dies to go to Heaven, too good for a world which cannot accommodate her. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen. Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual, imperceptible change which the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame," Adultery," but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers changes it to "Able." Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying "Angel."The Scarlet Letter shows Hawthorne, the literary artist, at his best. In craftsmanship perhaps only The Great Gatsby can touch it in American Literature: Both works are a kind of cultural allegory, about different phases of American cultural history; both are structurally compact in a tiny frame and impregnated with meaning. All the major figures have complex psychologies; there are a semblance of interior monologues which reveal their states of mind. One salient feature of Hawthorne’s art is his ambiguity, of which the technique of multiple view employed in the last part of the book offers a good illustration. Here in the "Conclusion" people are heard to offer different views concerning the sign of th e letter A on the dead minister’s chest. The author’s refusal to commit himself gives his work a richness which would otherwise have been impossible to achieve. There is a strong fairy-tale element in the story. It reads like a kind of romance, with two lovers coming together, finally united in death. Little Pearl acts like the forsaken child asking for recognition, and kissing her father (toward the end of the book) seems to break a spell. We note Hawthorne’s use of the supernatural, too. The response of P earl to the symbol of sin on her mother’s breast is adumbrated so that a mystic influence is apparently felt. The appearance of the symbol A in the sky is another good example of Hawthorne’s consummate skill to manipulate the reader’s credulity: He pushes him into a twilight atmosphere in which all things, natural or otherwise, may become probable. The use of the supernatural can be seen as a hallmark of Hawthorne’s art. The voice of the dead , the contact with the spiritual world, the denial of a natural law, the supernatural allegory and vivid studies of the supernatural--- all these and more are enough to demonstrate Hawthorne’s flair for the supernatural.Hawthorne’s influence has been great. He was accorded due recognition by his contemporary James Russ ell Lowell in the latter’s A Fable for Critics. He changed Herman Melville’s original scheme for his Moby-Dick. The Jamesian psychological realism may have taken its cue from Hawthorne’s soul-searching works. Other realists like William Dean Howells learned to use Hawthorne’s fiction as the bench-mark for their novel-writing practice. In this century William Faulkner and some Gothic novelists clearly show their indebtedness to him. If Hawthorne’s reputation is still rising, it is indeed as it should be. As Henry James put it, "Hawthorne’s work will remain… Among the men of imagination he will always have his niche."参考：迈克尔·莱恩. 文学作品的多重解读. 北京：北京大学出版社，2006. 2.6.。
美国文学选读期末试卷（A）Part Ⅰ: Choose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.(10 points in all, 2 point for each)Group 1Column A Column B（）1. Benjamin Franklin a. Moby Dick（）2.Edgar Allan Poe b. The Cast of Amontillado（）3. Ralph Waldo Emerson c. The Scarlet letter（）4. Nathaniel Hawthorne d. Self-Reliance（）5. Herman Melville e. The AutobiographyPart ⅠⅠ: Gap filling (10 points in all, 1 point for each).1.‘The Old Man and the Sea’ is written by ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ .2.Samuel Langhorne Clemens is better known by the pen name ______ _______ .3.‘the remains of my relations’ means ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿in Chinese.4.‘I must not only punish but punish with impunity’ means ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿in Chinese.5.＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿is regarded as the first person to write the detective novel in the west.6.Ralph Waldo Emerson is the supporter of ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.7.Herman Melville is the famous ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿and poet of America.8.In 1836, a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life ofAmerica. It was entitled ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿by Emerson.9.The historical novel ‘Scarlet Letter’ describes the17th century’s life style of the＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿in North America.10.In Herman Melville’s Moby Dick’, as the opposite of the human being, the whale stands for＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.Part ⅠⅠⅠ: Reading Comprehension (40 points in all, 2 points for each).AHow canI travel a lot, and I find out different “styles” (风格) of directions ever y time 1 ask “I get to the post office?”Foreign tourists are often confused (困惑) in Japan because most streets there don’t have names; in Japan, people use landmarks (地标) in their directions instead of street names. Forexample, the Japanese will say to travelers, “Go straight down to the corner. Turn left at the bighotel and go past a fruit market. The post office is across from the bus stop.”In the countryside of the American Midwest, there are not usually many landmarks. There areno mountains, so the land is very flat; in many places there are no towns or buildings within miles.Instead of landmarks, people will tell you directions and distances. In Kansas or Iowa, for example,people will say, “Go north two miles. Turn east, and then go another mile.”People in Los Angeles, California, have no idea of distance on the map; they measuredistance in time, not miles. “How far away is the post office?” you ask. “Oh,” they answer, “iabout fiv e minutes from here.” You say, “Yes, but how many miles away is it?” They don’t It’s true that a person doesn’t know the answer to your question sometimes. What happens in suchtan, Mexico, no onea situation? A New Yorker might say, ‘Sorry, I have no idea.” But in Yucathey usuallyPeople in Yucatan believe that “I don’t know” is impolite,answers “I don’t know.”give an answer, often a wrong one. A tourist can get very, very lost in Yucatan!1. When a tourist asks the Japanese the way to a certain place they usually _________A. describe the place carefullyB. show him a map of the placeC. tell him the names of the streetsD. refer to recognizable buildings and places2. What is the place where people measure distance in time? _________A. New York.B. Los Angeles.C. Kansas.D. Iowa.3. People in Yucatan may give a tourist a wrong answer ________A. in order to save timeB. as a testC. so as to be politeD. for fun4. What can we infer from the text? _________for travelers to understand cultural differences.A. It’s importantB. It’s useful for travelers to know how to ask the way properly.C. People have similar understandings of politeness.D. New Yorkers are generally friendly to visitors.BHeroes of Our TimeA good heartDikembe Mutombo grew up in Africa among great poverty and disease. He came toGeorgetown University on a scholarshipto study medicine —but Coach John Thompson got alook at Dikembe and had a different idea. Dikembe became a star in the NBA, and a citizen of theUnited States. But he never forgot the land of his birth, or the duty to share his fortune with others.He built a new hospital in his old hometown in the Congo. A friend has said of this good-heartedman: “Mutombo believes that God has given him this chance to do great things.”Success and kindnessAfter her daughter was born, Julie Aigner-Clark searched for ways to share her love of musicinand art with her child. So she borrowed some equipment, and began filming children’s videosher own house. The Baby Einstein Company was born, and in just five years her business grew tomore than $20 million in sales. And she is using her success to help others — producing childsafety videos with John Walsh of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Juliesays of her new program: “I believe it’s the most important thing that I have ever done. I believethat children have the right to live in a world that is safe.”Bravery and courageA few weeks ago, Wesley Autrey was waiting at a Harlem subway station with his two littlegirls when he saw a man fall into the path of a train. With seconds to act, Wesley jumped onto thetracks, pulled the man into the space between the rails, and held him as the train passed rightabove their heads. He insists he’s not a hero. He says: “We have got to show each other somelove.”5. What was Mutombo praised for? .A. Being a star in the NBA.B. Being a student of medicine.C. His work in the church.D. His willingness to help the needy.6. Mulombo believes that building the new hospital is .A. helpful to his personal developmentB. something he should do for his homelandC. a chance for his friends to share his moneyD. a way of showing his respect to the NBA7. What did the Baby Einstein Company do at its beginning? .A. Produce safety equipment for children.B. Make videos to help protect children.C. Sell children’s music and artwork.D. Look for missing and exploited children.8. Why was Wesley Autrey praised as a hero? .A. He helped a man get across the rails.B. He stopped a man from destroying the rails.C. He protected two little girls from getting hurt.D. He saved a person without considering his own safety.CTom was one of the brightest boys in the year, with supportive parents. But when he was 15he suddenly stopped trying. He left school at 16 with only two scores for secondary schoolsubjects. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer group.The lack of right male role models in many of their lives — at home and particularly in theschool environment — means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselvesagainst.They don’t see men succeeding in society so it doesn’t occur to them that they could make something of themselves. Without male teachers as a role model, the effect of peer actions andstreet culture is all powerful. Boys want to be part of a club. However, schools can provide theenvironment for change, and provide the right role models for them. Teachers need to be trained toYou have to do it one to one, because that is when youstop that but not in front of a child’s peers.see the real child.It’s pointless sending a child home if he or she has done wrong. They see it as a welcome dayoff to watch television or play computer games. Instead, schools should have a special unit wherea child who has done wrong goes for the day and gets advice about his problems — somewhere hecan work away from his peers and go home after the other children.9. Why did Tom give up studying? .A. He disliked his teachers.B. His parents no longer supported him.C. It’s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.10. What seems to have a bad effect on students like Tom? .A. Peer groups.B. A special unit.C. The student judges.D. The home environment.11. What should schools do to help the problem schoolboys? .A. Wait for their change patiently.B. Train leaders of their peer groups.C. Stop the development of street culture.D. Give them lessons in a separate area.12. A teacher’s work is most effective with a schoolboy when he.A. is with the boy aloneB. teaches the boy a lessonC. sends the boy home as punishmentD. works together with another teacherDFar from the land of Antarctica, a huge shelf of ice meets the ocean. At the underside of theshelf there lives a small fish, the Antarctic cod.For forty years scientists have been curious about that fish. How does it live where most fishwould freeze to death? It must have some secret. The Antarctic is not a comfortable place to workand research has been slow. Now it seems we have an answer.Research was begun by cutting holes in the ice and catching the fish. Scientists studied thefish’s blood and measured its freezing point.C and many tiny pieces ofThe fish were taken from seawater that had a temperature of-1.88°ice floating in it. The blood of the fish did not begin to freeze until its temperature was lowered toC. That small difference is enough for the fish to live at the freezing temperature of the-2.05°ice-salt mixture.blood kept it from next research job was clear: Find out what in the fish’s The scientists’ freezing. Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein never before seen inthe blood of a fish. When it was removed, the blood froze at seawater temperature. When it wasput back, the blood again had its antifreeze quality and a lowered freezing point.Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules（分子）held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, it is calleda glycoprotein. So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein, or AFGP.13. What is the text mainly about? .A. The terrible conditions in the Antarctic.B. A special fish living in freezing waters.C. The ice shelf around Antarctica.D. Protection of the Antarctic cod.14. Why can the Antarctic cod live at the freezing temperature? .A. The seawater has a temperature of -1.88°C.B. it loves to live in the ice-salt mixtureC. A special protein keeps it from freezing.D. Its blood has a temperature lower than -2.05°C..15. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?A. A type of ice-salt mixture.B. A newly found protein.C. Fish blood.D. Sugar molecule.in the last paragraph 16. What does “glyco-” in the underlined word “glycoprotein” mean? .A. sugarB. iceC. bloodD. moleculeEIf your boss asks you to work in Moscow th is year, he’d better offer you more money to doso —or even double that depending on where you live now. That’s because Moscow hasjust beenmost expensive city for the second year in a row by Mercer Humanfound to be the world’sResources Consulting.Using the cost of living in New York as a base, Mercer determined Moscow is 34.4 percentmore expensive including the cost of housing, transportation, food, clothing, household goods and entertainment.A two-bedroom flat in Moscow now costs $4,000 a month; a CD $24.83, and an internationalnewspaper $6.30, according to Mercer. By comparison, a fast food meal with a hamburger is asteal at $4.80.London takes the No. 2 place, up from No. 5 a year ago, thanks to higher cost of housing anda stronger British pound relative to the dollar. Mercer estimates London is 26 percent moreexpensive than New York these days. Following London closely are Seoul and Tokyo, both ofwhich are 22 percent more expensive than New York, while No. 5 Hong Kong is 19 percent morecostly.Among North American cities, New York and Los Angeles are the most expensive and arethe only two listed in the top 50 of the world’s most expensive cities. But both have fallen since study —New York came in 15th, down from 10th place, while Los Angeles fell tolast year’s42nd from 29th place a year ago. San Francisco came in a distant third at No. 54, down 20 placesfrom a year earlier.Toronto, meanwhile, is Canada’s most expensive city but fell 35 places to take 82nd place worldwide. In Australia, Sydney is the priciest place to live in and No. 21 worldwide._________17. What do the underlined words “a steal” in Paragraph 3 mean?A. an act of stealingB. something deliciousC. something very cheapD. an act of buying18. London has become the second most expensive city because of _________A. the high cost of clothingB. the stronger pound against the dollarC. its expensive transportationD. the high prices of fast food meals19. Which city is the third most expensive on the list? _________A. Tokyo.B. Hong Kong.C. Moscow.D. Sydney.20. Which city has dropped most on the list in North America?A. New York.B. Los Angeles.C. San Francisco.D. Toronto.Part IV: Translation (40 points in all, 20 points for each).1.When he found I would leave him, he took care to prevent me getting employment in anyother printing house of the town by going round and speaking to every master, whoaccordingly refused to give me work. I then thought of going to New York as the nearestplace where there was a printer; and I was the rather inclined to leave Boston when I reflectedthat I had already made myself a little obnoxious to the governing party; and from thearbitrary proceeding of the Assembly in my brother’s case, it was likely I might if I stayedsoon bring myself into scrapes, and further that my indiscreet disputations about religionbegan to make me pointed at with horror by good people as an infidel or atheist. I determinedon the point, but my father now siding with my brother, I was sensible that if I attempted to goopenly means would be used to prevent me.2. He had a weak point－－this Fortunato－－although in other regards he was a man to berespected and even feared. He prided himself upon his connoisseurship in wine. Few Italians have the true virtuoso spirit. For the most part their enthusiasm is adopted to suit the time and opportunity, to practice imposture upon the British and Austrian millionaires. In painting and gemmary, Fortunato, like his countrymen, was a quack, but in the matter of old wines he was sincere. In this respect I did not differ from him materially;－－I was skillful in the Italian vintages myself, and bought largely whenever I could.答卷Part Ⅰ: Choose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.(10 points in all, 2 point for each)1 2 3 4 5Part ⅠⅠ: Gap filling (10 points in all, 1 point for each).1. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ;2. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ;3. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ;4. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ;5. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ;6. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ;7. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ; 8. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ; 9. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ;10. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ;Part ⅠⅠⅠ: Reading Comprehension (40 points in all, 2 points for each).1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Part IV: Translation (40 points in all, 20 points for each).1.2.。
Unit 6 T ext BHigher Education in the United States 美国的高等教育1 In the United States,a student who has finished high school may want to continue in higher education．在美国，一名中学生高中毕业后，如果想继续接受高等教育，There are several ways to continue in higher education in the United States．他可以有以下几种选择方式：There are universities, colleges，community colleges，and technical or vocational schools．综合大学、四年制学院、社区学院、职业或技术学院。
Each of these kinds of higher education will be described below．对这几种高等教育方式，下文将分别加以介绍。
2 A university is much larger than a college．It is larger for two reason.综合大学比四年制学院规模大，表现在两个方面。
First，a university in the United States usually has several different colleges in it.首先，美国综合大学通常设有若干个学院。
Each college within a university has a special subject area．每个学院都有专门的学科领域。
There may be a college of liberal arts where humanities，social science ,natural science, and mathematics are taught．一般设有文学院，开设的课程有人文学科、社会科学、自然科学和数学等。
