「英语国家社会与文化」期末考试要点Part I Blank Filling (每小题1 分，共35 分)1.Britain is a constitutional monarchythe head of state-Queen elizabeth IIthe head of government—prime minister2.The official name of UK—United Kingdom of Great Britain and northern Ireland3.The defensive fortification in northern England built from AD 122—Hadrian f s Wall4.The flag of the united kingdom—Union Jack，Red Cross of Saint patrick - IrelandThe Cross of saint George - England TheCross of saint Andrew - Scotland5.British civil wars (1455-1485)—Wars of the Roses6.The United States of Americtm is a federal constitutional republic,the capital district—Washington, D・C・states-50 个(除Alaska State 和Hawaii State 之外的48 个在本土)7.The fist permanent settlement in north America—Jamestwon (English 1607)8.The national government after the war of independence was won・-the United States Constitution was ratified in 1788, the new republic's first Senate, House of Representatives, and president—George Washington—took office in 1789・9.In 1492, the discovery of Columbus~In 1942, Christopher Columbus, under contract to the Spanish Crown, reached "La Florida *10.Mayflower—the Pilgrim ship that in 1620 made the historic voyage from England to the New World. Mayflower master Christopher Jones11.In 1063, Martin Luther King for civil rights12.British favorite public sport—football13.Rugby school is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain -rugby14.OXBRIDGE-the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge15・ On December 7, 1941, Japanese attacked on pearl harbor ,which led the pacific war broke out. The United States entered the wa「formally, and isolationism vanished over night16.Symbols of the American Two parties are the elephant and donkey , which represents the Republican and the Democratic Party17.b ride 新娘groom 新郎bridesmaid 伴娘the best man 伴郎bride's father 新娘的爸爸priest神职人员(男)18.I n the 1980s, when the conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, and extensive program of privatization was carried out.19.Adam Smith the wealth of nations20.New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on Wall Street21.Detroit —motor citySan Francisco ・・the center of tech no logy developme ntLos Angeles “ takes lead in the country^ film and television industriesHollywood the capital of motion pictures in the worldBoston •・the city where most famous universities are locatedNew York ・・the center of financial, publishing, broadcasting, and advertising industriesPart II Definitions (每小题3 分，共15 分)1.Norman conquest: The Norman conquest of England was the I lth-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later William the Conqueror.2.Henry VIII: Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English mon archs to the Kin gdom of France ・ He was the second mon arch of the Tudor dynasty. Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church for his divorce・3.A-level: The General Certificate of Education Advaneed Level, is an academic qualification offered by educational institutions to students completing secondary or pre-university education .It requires studying an offered A・level subject over a two-year period and sitting for an examination at the end of each year (AS and A2, respectively), proctored by an official assessment body・Most students study three or four A-level subjects simultaneously during Year 12 and Year 13 (ages 16 -18), either in a sec on dary education institution or in a Sixth Form College, as part of their further education.4.The American War of Independence: began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies, but gradually grew into a world war between Britain on one side and thenewly formed United States, France, Netherlands, Spain, and Mysore on the other. The war was from April 19, 1775 to September 3, 1783, was the result of the political American Revolution and began in Lexington, the eastern north America. At last, through signing Peace of Paris, British recognized the United States of America. American independenee was achieved.5.Academy Awards: commonly known as The Oscars, are a set of awards given annually for excellence of cinematic achievements・ Organized and overseen by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the awards are given each year at a formal ceremony. The awards were first given in 1929, is the oldest award ceremony in the media, and also one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world.6.The Declaration of Independence: The Declaration of Independenee is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 in Philadelphia, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. The national birthday, the Independence Day is celebrated on July 4.7.The "Lost Generation^: The "Lost Generation11 is used for the period from the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. In the United States it is used for the generation of young people who came of age during and shortly after World War I, alternatively known as the World War 1 gen eratio n. In Britain the term was originally used for those who died in the war, and often implicitly referred to upper-class casualties who were perceived to have died disproportionately, robbing the country of a future elite・& Baby boomer: In the United States, a baby boomer is a person who was born during the demographic Post-World War II baby boom between the years 1946 and 1964.9.GCSE: The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject, generally taken in a number of subjects by students aged 14 - 16 in secondary education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It was introduced in 1986 (with the first examinations taking place in 1988) replacing the former O Level / CSE qualifications. As well as amalgamating the two fomer exami nation systems, one of the main cha nges was to allow students to complete Course Work during their two years of study, which was marked by their teachers and contributed to their final examination grade・10.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605: The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason，was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby.11.The New World: The New World is one of the names used for the Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas, certain Atlantic and Pacific oceanic idands to which the closest continental shelf is that of the Americas (such as Bermuda), and sometimes Oceania (Australasia). The term originated in the early 16th century after Europea ns made landfall in, what would laterbe called, ,f the Americas/1 in the age of discovery, expanding the geographical horizon of the people of the Middle Ages, who had thought of the world as consisting of Africa, Asia, and Europe only: collectively now referred to as the Old World.Part III Answers & Answer (每小题4分，共20分)Part IV Short Essays (每小题io 分，共30 分)L What were the consequences of the norman conquest?1)Elite replacementA direct consequence of the invasion was the almost total elimination of the old English aristocracy and the loss of English control over the Catholic Church in England・2)English emigrationFollowing the conquest, many Anglo-Saxons, including groups of nobles, fled the country for Scotland, Ireland, or Scandinavia. Some of the English migrants were settled in Byzantine frontier regions on the Black Sea coast, and established towns with names such as New London and New York・3)Gove「nmental systemsAll of England was divided into administrative units called shires, with subdivisions; the royal court was the center of government, and royal courts existed to secure the rights of free men.4)LanguageOne of the most obvious effects of the conquest was lhe introduction of Anglo-Norman, a northern dialect of Old French, as the language of the ruling classes in England, displacing Old English. French words entered the English language, and a further sign of the shift was the usage of names common in France instead of Anglo-Saxon names・5)Immigration and intermarriageAn estimated 8000 Normans and other continentals settled in England as a result of the conquest. Within a century of lhe invasion, interinarriage between the native English and lhe Norman immigrants had become common.6)SocietyThe major change was the elimination of slavery in England, which had disappeared by the middle of the 12th century.2.What were the reasons that the industrial revolution was initiated in Britain?1)England had experienced all of the forerunners of industrialization in the previous century: an agricultural revolution, cottage industry, and an expanded commercial revolution. These developme nts had built surplus capital and an inf「ast「uctu「e (shippi ng, ban king, in surance, joint stock companies)・2)England already had a handcraft textile industry using wool, but with the availability of cotton from overseas markets as an alternative raw material・3)The scientific revolution in England prepared the way for new inventions to be applied to industry.4)A spreading shortage of wood (used for energy, for shipbuilding and construction) stimulated a search for alternatives.5)England was rich in supplies of coal for energy and iron for construction.6)England had a long, irregular coastline with many rivers and natural harbors which providedeasy transportation by water to many areas・7)England's population grew rapidly in the 18th century, providing a labor force for industry.3.What were the influences of the industrial revolution in Britain?1)Economical ConsequencesIts industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world". Britain became the most advaneed industrial country and also the financial center in the world. The country underwent a process of mass urbanization. Many new cities sprang up, such as Manchester, Leeds, Birmi ng ham and Sheffield ・In 1850, the urba n population was half of the whole population in Britain・2)Political ConsequencesThere emerged two new contrary classes: the industrial proletariat vs. the industrial bourgeoisie. Political conflicts between them worsened4.What do you think are the difference between British and Chinese education?1)On Primary EducationFor the British education, there are two sections in primary schools一an infant section and a junior section. Before their elementary schooling some children attend Nursery Schools, which are run by an in dividual person or a company. But most small children stay at home with their mothers. After two years in the infants' school the child enters a junior school.China has adopted a nine-year compulsory schooling system. Students have to complete both the primary school program and the junior middle-school program・ Student must pass the entrance examination for senior middle schools or middle-level technical schools・2)On Secondary Education (equal middle school in China)The secondary is about 7 years in Britain from 11 to 19, and there are two complete education systems at this stage, the state school and the independent schools・At this stage of education, there are various schools・They are grammar schools, comprehensive secondary schools, secondary modern schools and “public schools"・The first three schools belong to the state system, while public schools belong to the category of in dependent schools ・ Very few grammar schools are secondary schools belong to the old system・ All there schools are products of various periods in history.In China, high school education include two parts:3-year junior high school program and senior high school. From junior high school, students begin to learn a variety of scienee subjects. Physical education is enthusiastically encouraged・ Senior high school education is a continuation of junior high school. Students take up specific subjects in either scienee or humanity subjects. The purpose is for them in preparation for the national university entrance examination. Examinations are designed separately for science and arts students.3)On Higher EducationThese are over forty universities in Britain. They can be divided into five types: old universities, the four Scottish universities, and Open Universities and the one independent university. Apart from the universities these are polytechnics and colleges of higher education for those who fail to get universities or who choose more practical courses・Higher education in China is to train specialists for all the sectors of the country s development. Universities, colleges and institutes offer four-year or five-year undergraduate programs as well as special two-or three-year programs. Students who have completed a first degree may apply to enter graduate schools. Un iversity admission is operated on a centralized en roll me nt system, in which admissions committees at the provincial level are under the Ministry of Education. Admission is granted on the basis of academic, physical and moral qualifications. Special allowances are made for minority nationality and overseas Chinese candidates\4)On Adult EducationOne of the most far reaching changes to schools in England in the last few years has been the enormous growth in the number of adults other than teachers working in classrooms. These other adults in the classroom carry out a wide range of tasks. Some have specialist qualifications whereas others do not. In the great majority of cases they will be working under your direction. For some overseas trained teachers, this is the first time another adult has been present in the classroom for which you have responsibility・This area of the site provides guidance on the effective management of other adults in the classroom.5・ Give names of famous rock & roll singers.Bon Jovi The Beatles Linkin Park Rolling Stones (主唱Mick Jagger)Bob Dylan Avril Lavigne Cold Play6.List American holidays that are not traditionally celebrated in China.Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. Inauguration Day Memorial Day Columbus Day Thanksgiving Day Veterans Day7・ In what way do you think the lifestyle of English and American people is different from that of the Chinese?& What is the government structure in the U.S? (3 branches of US political system)「Legislative Branch C ongressConstitution Executive Branch President Vice presidentL Judicial Branch SupremeCourt9・ What were the characteristics of the Victorian era?The era is often characterized as a long period of peace, known as the Pax Eritannica，and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation, temporarily disrupted by the Crimean War, although Britain was at war every year during this time. Towards the end of the century, the policies of New Imperialism led to increasing colonial conflicts and eventually the Anglo-Zanziba 「War and the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform and the widening of the voting franchise.10.What were the characteristics of the Elizabeth age?This period is gen erally regarded as the greatest in the history of English literature ・ Historically, vve note in this age the tremendous impetus received from the Renaissance, from the Reformation, and from the exploration of the New World・It was marked by a strong national spirit, by patriotism, by religious toleranee, by social content, by intellectual progress, and by unbounded enthusiasm.Such an age, of thought, feeling, and vigorous action, finds its best expression in the drama; and the wonderful development of the drama, culminating in Shakespeare, is the most significant characteristic of the Elizabethan period. Though the age produced some excellent prose works, it is essentially an age of poetry; and the poetry is remarkable for its variety, its freshness, its youthful and romantic feeling. Both the poetry and drama were permeated by Italian influence, which was dominant in English literature from Chaucer to the Restoration. The literature of this age is often called the literature of the Renaissance, though, the Renaissance itself began much earlier, and for a century and a half added very little to English literary possessions.11.The main newspaper or magazines in the U.SThe Los Angeles TimesThe New York TimesWashing to n PostThe Wall Street JournalTIMEPeopleReader^ Digest12.The main newspaper or magazines in UKThe TimesThe Daily TelegraphThe GuardianThe MirrorNature13.What do the brides wear in a western wedding?Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue.Something old must be something that has belonged to a happily married woman to ensure the transfer of happiness・Something new is no「mally the gown or shoes・Something borrowed should be gold to ensure future wealth and fortune・Something blue, symbolizes modesty, fidelity, and love・14> How do wars influence people?1)On soldiersSoldiers subject to combat in war often suffer mental and physical injuries, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, disease, injury, and death・2)On civiliansMciny wars have been accompanied by significant depopulations, along with destruction of infrastructure and resources (which may lead to famine, disease, and death in the civilian population). Civilians in war zones may also be subject to war atrocities such as genocide, while survivors may suffer the psychological aftereffects of witnessing the destruction of war.3)On the economyOnce a war has ended, losing nations are sometimes required to pay war reparations to the victorious nations. In certain cases, land is ceded to the victorious nations. For example, the territory of Alsace-Lorraine has been traded between France and Germany on three different occasions ・4)On the artsWar leads to forced migration causing potentially large displacements of population. Among forced migrants there are usually relatively large shares of artists and other types of creative people, causing so the war effects to be particularly harmful for the country^ creative potential in the long-run.。
