DESIGN METHODOLOGY OF SUPERCRITICAL CO2 BRAYTON CYCLE TURBOMACHINERIES

计算机设计研究方法英文回答：Computer design research methodologies encompass a wide range of approaches to the study and development of computer systems. These methodologies include:Architectural Simulation: This approach involves creating a model of a computer system and running experiments on it to evaluate its performance and behavior. Architectural simulation can be used to explore design alternatives, optimize system parameters, and identify potential bottlenecks.Benchmarking: This approach involves running a set of standard tests on a computer system to compare its performance to other systems. Benchmarking can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different design choices, identify areas for improvement, and track system performance over time.Case Studies: This approach involves studying real-world examples of computer systems to identify design patterns, best practices, and common pitfalls. Case studies can provide valuable insights into the practical challenges and trade-offs involved in computer design.Formal Verification: This approach involves using mathematical techniques to prove that a computer system meets certain specifications. Formal verification can help to identify design errors and ensure that the system behaves as intended.Hardware Prototyping: This approach involves building a physical prototype of a computer system to test its functionality and performance. Hardware prototyping can be used to validate design concepts, identify implementation issues, and fine-tune system parameters.Iterative Design: This approach involves repeatedly designing, implementing, and testing a computer systemuntil it meets the desired requirements. Iterative designcan help to refine the design and identify areas for improvement.Measurement and Analysis: This approach involves collecting and analyzing data from a computer system to understand its behavior and identify potential problems. Measurement and analysis can be used to optimize system performance, identify bottlenecks, and troubleshoot issues.Performance Modeling: This approach involves creating mathematical models of computer system performance topredict how the system will behave under different conditions. Performance modeling can be used to evaluate design alternatives, optimize system parameters, andidentify potential performance issues.中文回答：计算机设计研究方法涵盖了多种研究和开发计算机系统的方法。

JOURNAL OF ELECTRIC POWER 英文审读：常建峰，阎正坤，王 静Volume No.38Serial No.177Number 6Dec. 252023Unraveling the Mystery of Inertia Generation in CFB Boilers ： A Whole-loop Dynamic Modeling Methodology ………………………………HU Xiannan ，LI Chaoran ，ZHANG Sihai ，ZHANG Man ，YANG Hairui （451）Standardization of Fuel Blending and Burning for Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers ………LI Jinjing ，HUANG Zhong ，ZHAO Zhenning ，YANG Xueting ，LENG Jie ，SUN Yipeng ，YANG Juan ，LI Zhanguo ，LI Jianfeng ，CHENG Liang ，ZHANG Qingfeng ，LI Yuanyuan ，JIANG Long ，TONG Boheng （460）Collaborative Reduction Technology Route of N 2O/NO x /SO 2 Based on Red Mud Catalysis in CFB……………………MIAO Miao ，WANG Tong ，LI Chaoran ，ZHOU Tuo ，ZHANG Man ，YANG Hairui （467）Experimental Study on Low-Load Stable Combustion Performance and N 2O Emission Characteristics of CFB Boiler ………………………………………………JIN Senwang ，CHEN Jiuquan ，FU Zhiguo ，SUN Yuwei （478）Research on Comprehensive Benchmarking Method for Coal-Fired Power Generating Units……………………………………………………………………………………………LI Jianfeng （488）Numerical Simulation Study of Nitrogen Oxide Emission Characteristics of W Flame Boiler …………………………………………………YANG Xigang ，CHEN Hui ，WANG Sheng ，LAI Jinping ，HUANG Linbin ，LI Chaobin ，DAI Weibao （498）Analysis and Optimization of High Bed Temperature in a 350 MW Supercritical Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler …………………………………………………………WU Zhifu ，ZHANG Yanzhe ，WANG Yingqi （508）Stress Testing Method and Data Analysis for High Temperature Pipelines of Peak-Regulating Unit ……………………………………………BAI Zhanqiao ，ZHANG Yingwei ，BAI Jianqiang ，ZHAO Fuqi ，WANG Peng ，GUO Derui ，TU Ga ，CHEN Xin （515）Review of Fault Detection and Diagnosis Methods of Coal Mills ………………WANG Zhiwu ，CHENG Zhihai ，SUN Kang ，LOU Zhongfa ，XIE Minghong ，WANG Di （525）Design and Application of High Moisture Fuel Stereoscopic Solar Drying System Based on CFB Boiler Remaining Heat Utilization …………………………………………………………………………………………HU Guangtao （541）CONTENTSBimonthly第 38 卷 第 6 期2023 年 12 月Vol.38 No.6Dec. 2023电力学报JOURNAL OF ELECTRIC POWER 文章编号：1005-6548（2023）06-0451-09 中图分类号：TK16；TM621 文献标识码：A 学科分类号：47040DOI ：10.13357/j.dlxb.2023.048开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID ）：解开CFB 锅炉惯性产生之谜：一种全回路动态模型方法胡仙楠1，李超然1，张思海2，张缦1，杨海瑞1（1.清华大学 能源与动力工程系，北京 100084；2.宁夏国华宁东发电有限公司，银川 750408）摘要：“双碳”目标背景下，循环流化床机组亟需加快变负荷速率，而目前尚缺乏对变负荷过程中惯性生成机理的准确阐释。

毕业论文开题报告食品质量与安全含虾青（红）素调味汁的制备一、选题的背景与意义酱油是人们日常生活中最常用的调味汁之一，其酱香、酯香浓郁，口感鲜美，富含氨基酸，起着色、香、味、体的调和作用，营养全面而丰富。

本身具有抗氧化、降血压、降低胆固醇、抗癌、降血脂、抗过敏等功能。

但目前酱油产品相对单一，新型酱油较少。

虾青素营养价值较高，尤其是天然虾青素因其抗氧化、着色等生物学功能越来越受到人们的青睐。

因此，含虾青（红）素的调味汁作为一种新型调味品，将有良好的市场前景。

二、研究的基本内容与拟解决的主要问题：查找文献资料，了解虾青素和调味汁（酱油）相关内容。

制备含虾青（红）素的调味汁，以酱油为主要调味汁原料，首先要将两者进行调和，并在此基础上做感官上的调整，使产品具有良好的感官特性。

拟解决的主要问题有：1、制备出含虾青（红）素的调味汁。

2、对产品进行调整，使其具有良好的感官特性，能被消费者接受。

三、研究的方法与技术路线：研究方法有文献研究法、实验法、定性分析法、感官评价法等。

技术路线：1、查找相关文献资料，并进行预实验，为正式实验做准备；2、进行正式实验，确定下一步的单因素；3、选取相关单因素，并确定梯度，进行单因素试验；4、确定相关因素水平，进行正交试验，找出最优条件；5、进行感官实验，调整添加比例。

四、总体安排与进度：2010年10月~11月查找相关文献资料，撰写开题报告和综述2010年12月开题论证会，实验设计，预实验2011年1月~2011年3月正式实验，进行外文翻译2011年4月28日前撰写论文并完成修改2011年5月4日~11日论文答辩五、主要参考文献：[1] 陈晓琳,汲霞,钟志梅,等. 虾青素的应用前景[J]. 海洋科学, 2008, 32 (5): 87-89, 96.[2] Xiaolin Chen, Rong Chen, Zhanyong Guo,et al. The preparation and stability of theinclusion complex of astaxanthin with β-cyclodextrin [J]. Food Chemistry,2007,(101):1580-1584.[3] 冯畅,文利新,蒋政云,等. 虾青素的生物学功能及其应用价值[J]. 中国饲料添加剂,2009,(1):8-10.[4] 汪洪涛. 虾青素性质与开发[J]. 粮食与油脂,2006,(11):40-43.[5] 杨艳,周宇红,徐海滨. 虾青素抗氧化活性机制研究进展[J]. 国外医学卫生学分册,2008,35(4):231-234.[6] Miki W. Biological function and activities of animal carotenoids [J]. Appl Chem, 1991,63(1):141-146.[7] 孟现成,雷剑. 虾青素在鱼类饲粮中应用研究进展[J]. 江西饲料, 2008, (5): 4-8.[8] 王锐,费小红. 四种增色剂在观赏鱼中应用的研究[J]. 北京水产, 2005, (4): 37-38.[9] 林晓,储小军,周蒂,等. 虾青素的来源、功能及应用[J]. 环境与职业医学,2008,25(6):615-620.[10] 朱晓立,裘晖. 虾青素的分布来源[J]. 湖南饲料,2008,(5):35-37,12.[11] 郭文晶,张守勤,张格. 超高压提取雨生红球藻中虾青素的工艺优化[J]. 农业机械学报,2008,39(5):201-203.[12] 周锦珂,李金华,葛发欢,等. 酶法提取雨生红球藻中虾青素的新工艺研究[J]. 中药材, 2008,31(9):1423-1425.[13] 王灵昭,邓家权. 微波法提取雨生红球藻中虾青素的工艺研究[J]. 食品研究与开发, 2007, 28(12):96-100.[14] 王灵昭. 雨生红球藻中虾青素提取方法的比较研究[J]. 食品研究与开发,2008,29(7):16-19.[15] Praiya Thana,Siti Machmudah,Motonobu Goto,et al. Response surface methodology tosupercritical carbon dioxide extraction of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2008, (99):3110-3115.[16] 刘宏超,杨丹. 从虾壳中提取虾青素工艺及其生物活性应用研究进展[J]. 化学试剂,2009,31(2):105-108,150.[17] 周湘池,刘必谦,娄永江,等. 虾青素的CO2超临界流体萃取[J]. 水利渔业,2004,24(5):21-23.[18] 葛立军,唐振兴,谢祥茂. 甲壳索废水中虾青素与蛋白质絮凝工艺条件的研究[J]. 食品工业科技,2002,23(12):45-47.[19] 赵仪,陈兴才. 木瓜蛋白酶在虾仁加工废弃物中提取虾青素的应用[J]. 福州大学学报,2006,(3):453-457.[20] Omara-Alwala T R, Chen H M, Yoshihito I, et a1. Carotenoid pigment and fany acid analysesof crawfish oil extracts [J]. J Agric Food Chem, 1985, (33):260-263.[21] 钱飞,刘海英,过世东. 木瓜蛋白酶水解克氏原螯虾虾壳提取虾青素的研究[J]. 食品与生物技术学报,2010,29(2):237-243.[22] 耿华田. 虾青素简介[J]. 化学教育,2007,(3):5-7.[23] 王丽丽,李惠咏,龚一富. 花生四烯酸对雨生红球藻细胞生长和虾青素含量的影响[J]. 水产科学,2010,29(3):142-146.[24] 梁英,陈书秀. 温度对雨生红球藻叶绿素荧光特性及虾青素含量的影响[J]. 海洋湖沼通报,2009,(3):112-120.[25] 李立欣,段舜山,战友. 复合维生素对雨生血球藻生长及虾青素积累的影响[J]. 黑龙江科技学院学报,2009,19(1):12-15.[26] 陈书秀,梁英. 光照强度对雨生红球藻叶绿素荧光特性及虾青素含量的影响[J]. 南方水产,2009,5(1):1-8.[27] 李哲,蔡明刚,黄水英. 稀土元素Ce对雨生红球藻生长及虾青素积累影响的研究[J]. 海洋科学,2008,32(9):37-41.[28] 吕东津,宋小焱,梁姚顺. 酱油中的生理活性物质及其营养保健作用[J]. 中国酿造, 2004(11):31-32.[29] 张晓丽,刘建国. 虾青素的抗氧化性及其在营养和医药应用方面的研究[J]. 食品科学, 2006,27(1):258-262.。

根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识：M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著）C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——研究报告S——标准P——专利A——专著、论文集中的析出文献Z——其他未说明的文献类型电子文献类型以双字母作为标识：DB——数据库CP——计算机程序EB——电子公告非纸张型载体电子文献，在参考文献标识中同时标明其载体类型：DB/OL——联机网上的数据库DB/MT——磁带数据库M/CD——光盘图书CP/DK——磁盘软件J/OL——网上期刊EB/OL——网上电子公告一、参考文献著录格式1 、期刊作者．题名〔J〕．刊名，出版年，卷(期)∶起止页码2、专著作者．书名〔M〕．版本(第一版不著录)．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码3、论文集作者．题名〔C〕．编者．论文集名，出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码4 、学位论文作者．题名〔D〕．保存地点．保存单位．年份5 、专利文献题名〔P〕．国别．专利文献种类．专利号．出版日期6、标准编号．标准名称〔S〕7、报纸作者．题名〔N〕．报纸名．出版日期(版次)8 、报告作者．题名〔R〕．保存地点．年份9 、电子文献作者．题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕．文献出处，日期二、文献类型及其标识1、根据GB3469 规定，各类常用文献标识如下：①期刊〔J〕②专著〔M〕③论文集〔C〕④学位论文〔D〕⑤专利〔P〕⑥标准〔S〕⑦报纸〔N〕⑧技术报告〔R〕2、电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，具体如下：①磁带〔MT〕②磁盘〔DK〕③光盘〔CD〕④联机网络〔OL〕3、电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：〔文献类型标识/载体类型标识〕。

例如：①联机网上数据库〔DB/OL〕②磁带数据库〔DB/MT〕③光盘图书〔M/CD〕④磁盘软件〔CP/DK〕⑤网上期刊〔J/OL〕⑥网上电子公告〔EB/OL〕三、举例1、期刊论文〔1〕周庆荣，张泽廷，朱美文，等．固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度〔J〕．化工学报，1995(3)：317—323〔2〕Dobbs J M, Wong J M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polor coselvent〔J〕. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56〔3〕刘仲能，金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究〔J〕.精细化工，2002(2)：103-105〔4〕Mesquita A C, Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al ．Vinyl acetate polymerization by ionizing radiation〔J〕．Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:4652、专著〔1〕蒋挺大．亮聚糖〔M〕．北京：化学工业出版社，2001．127〔2〕Kortun G．Reflectance Spectroscopy〔M〕．New York: Spring-Verlag,1969 3、论文集〔1〕郭宏，王熊，刘宗林．膜分离技术在大豆分离蛋白生产中综合利用的研究〔C〕．//余立新．第三届全国膜和膜过程学术报告会议论文集．北京：高教出版社，1999．421-425〔2〕Eiben A E, vander Hauw J K．Solving 3-SAT with adaptive genetic algorithms 〔C〕．//Proc 4th IEEE Conf Evolutionary Computation．Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1997．81-864、学位论文〔1〕陈金梅．氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究（D）．西安：西安建筑科学大学，2000〔2 〕Chrisstoffels L A J ．Carrier-facilitated transport as a mechanistic tool in supramolecular chemistry〔D〕．The Netherland：Twente University．1988 5、专利文献〔1〕Hasegawa, Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et al．Paper Coating composition〔P〕．EP 0634524．1995-01-18〔2 〕仲前昌夫，佐藤寿昭．感光性树脂〔P 〕．日本，特开平09-26667．1997-01-28〔3〕Yamaguchi K, Hayashi A．Plant growth promotor and productionthereof 〔P〕．Jpn, Jp1290606．1999-11-22〔4〕厦门大学．二烷氨基乙醇羧酸酯的制备方法〔P〕．中国发明专利，CN1073429．1993-06-236、技术标准文献〔1〕ISO 1210-1982，塑料——小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性〔S〕〔2〕GB 2410-80，透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法〔S〕7、报纸〔1〕陈志平．减灾设计研究新动态〔N〕．科技日报，1997-12-12(5)8、报告〔1〕中国机械工程学会．密相气力输送技术〔R〕．北京：19969、电子文献〔1〕万锦柔．中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993)〔DB/CD〕．北京：中国百科全书出版社，1996------------------------------------------------------------(1) 参考文献的著录应执行GB7714-87《文后参考文献著录规则》及《中国学术期刊（光盘版）检索与评价数据规范》规定，采用顺序编码制，在引文中引用文献出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。

THE JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDSAUTHOR INFORMATION PACK TABLE OF CONTENTS• Description• Audience• Impact Factor• Abstracting and Indexing • Editorial Board• Guide for Authors p.1p.1p.1p.1p.2p.3ISSN: 0896-8446DESCRIPTIONThe Journal of Supercritical Fluids is an international journal devoted to the fundamental and applied aspects of supercritical fluids and processes. Its aim is to provide a focused platform for academic and industrial researchers to report their findings and to have ready access to the advances in this rapidly growing field. Its coverage is multidisciplinary and includes both basic and applied topics. Thermodynamics and phase equilibria, reaction kinetics and rate processes, thermal and transport properties, and all topics related to processing such as separations (extraction, fractionation, purification, chromatography) nucleation and impregnation are within the scope. Accounts of specific engineering applications such as those encountered in food, fuel, natural products, minerals, pharmaceuticals and polymer industries are included. Topics related to high pressure equipment design, analytical techniques, sensors, and process control methodologies are also within the scope of the journal. The journal publishes original contributions in all theoretical and experimental aspects of the science and technology of supercritical fluids and processes. Papers that describe novel instrumentation, new experimental methodologies and techniques, predictive procedures and timely review articles are also acceptable.AUDIENCEChemical engineers, Physical chemistsIMPACT FACTOR2009: 2.639 © Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports 2010ABSTRACTING AND INDEXINGScopusEDITORIAL BOARDEditor-in-Chief:Erdogan Kiran, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 141 Randolph Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA, Fax: +1 540 231 5022, Email: ekiran@Regional Editor (Europe):Gerd Brunner, Arbeitsbereich Termische Verfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg (TUHH), Eißendorfer Str. 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany, Fax: +49 40 42878 4072, Email: brunner@tu-harburg.de Regional Editor (Asia):Richard Smith, Jr., Research Ctr. for Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11-413, Aoba-ku, 980-8579 Sendai, Japan, Fax: +81 22 795- 5863, Email: smith@scf.che.tohoku.ac.jp Editorial Board:M. Arai, Sapporo, JapanS. Bottini, Bahía Blanca, ArgentinaE.A. Brignole, Bahía Blanca, ArgentinaA. Çalimli, Ankara, TurkeyF. Cansell, Pessac cedex, FranceO. Catchpole, Lower Hutt, New ZealandM.J. Cocero, Valladolid, SpainC. Erkey, Istanbul, TurkeyJ.L. Fulton, Richland, WA, USAM. Goto, Kumamoto, JapanB. Han, Beijing, ChinaS.M. Howdle, Nottingham, UKK.P. Johnston, Austin, TX, USAI. Kikic, Trieste, ItalyJ.W. King, Fayetteville, AR, USAŽ. Knez, Maribor, SloveniaS. Koda, Tokyo, JapanA. Kruse, Karlsruhe, GermanyM. Mazzotti, Zurich, SwitzerlandM.A. McHugh, Richmond, VA, USAM. Nunes da Ponte, Caparica, PortugalM. Perrut, Champigneulles, FranceC.J. Peters, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesE. Reverchon, Fisciano (SA), ItalyP.E. Savage, Ann Arbor, MI, USAL.T. Taylor, Blacksburg, VA, USAF. Temelli, Edmonton, AB, CanadaJ.W. Tester, Ithaca, NY, USAM.C. Thies, Clemson, SC, USAD.L. Tomasko, Columbus, OH, USAM. Türk, Karlsruhe, GermanyE. Weidner, Bochum, GermanyGUIDE FOR AUTHORSINTRODUCTIONThe Journal of Supercritical Fluids is an international journal devoted to the fundamental and applied aspects of supercritical fluids and processes. Its aim is to provide a focused platform for academic and industrial researchers to report their findings and to have ready access to the advances in this rapidly growing field. Its coverage is multidisciplinary and includes both basic and applied topics. Thermodynamics and phase equilibria, reaction kinetics and rate processes, thermal and transport properties, and all topics related to processing such as separations (extraction, fractionation, purification, chromatography) nucleation and impregnation are within the scope. Accounts of specific engineering applications such as those encountered in food, fuel, natural products, minerals, pharmaceuticals and polymer industries are included. Topics related to high pressure equipment design, analytical techniques, sensors, and process control methodologies are also within the scope of the journal. The journal publishes original contributions in all theoretical and experimental aspects of the science and technology of supercritical fluids and processes. Papers that describe novel instrumentation, new experimental methodologies and techniques, predictive procedures and timely review articles are also acceptable.Types of Paper• Research papers• Reviews of specialized topics within the scope of the journalContributions are accepted on the understanding that the authors have obtained the necessary authority for publication. Submission of an article must be accompanied by a statement that the article is original and unpublished and is not being considered for publication elsewhere.Authors considering a review article are requested to consult one of the Editors before submission and provide an outline and a justification for the necessity of the review.Manuscripts should not exceed 6,000 words for research papers and 15,000 words for review articles. Only review articles should contain a table of contents.Contact details for submissionAuthors are requested to submit their original manuscript to: Professor E. Kiran (Editor-in-Chief), Professor G. Brunner (European submissions), or Professor R.L. Smith, Jr. (Asian submissions). BEFORE YOU BEGINEthics in PublishingFor information on Ethics in Publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see /publishingethics and /ethicalguidelines.Conflict of interestAll authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. See also /conflictsofinterest.Submission declaration and verificationSubmission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder. To verify originality, your article may be checked by the originality detection software iThenticate. See also /editors/plagdetect.Changes to authorshipThis policy concerns the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of author names in the authorship of accepted manuscripts:Before the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Requests to add or remove an author, or to rearrange the author names, must be sent to the Journal Manager from the corresponding author of the accepted manuscript and must include: (a) the reason the name should be added or removed, or the author names rearranged and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, fax, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed. Requests that are not sent by the corresponding author will be forwarded by the Journal Manager to the corresponding author, who must follow the procedure as described above. Note that: (1) Journal Managers will inform the Journal Editors of any such requests and (2) publication of the accepted manuscript in an online issue is suspended until authorship has been agreed.After the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Any requests to add, delete, or rearrange author names in an article published in an online issue will follow the same policies as noted above and result in a corrigendum.CopyrightUpon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (for more information on this and copyright see /copyright). Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this agreement.Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations (please consult /permissions). If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: please consult /permissions.Retained author rightsAs an author you (or your employer or institution) retain certain rights; for details you are referred to: /authorsrights.Role of the funding sourceYou are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement then this should be stated. Please see /funding.Funding body agreements and policiesElsevier has established agreements and developed policies to allow authors whose articles appear in journals published by Elsevier, to comply with potential manuscript archiving requirements as specified as conditions of their grant awards. To learn more about existing agreements and policies please visit /fundingbodies.Language and language servicesPlease write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who require information about language editing and copyediting services pre- and post-submission please visit /languageediting or our customer support site at for more information.SubmissionSubmission to this journal proceeds totally online. Use the following guidelines to prepare your article. Via the homepage of this journal (/supflu/) you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of the various files. The system automatically converts source files to a single Adobe Acrobat PDF version of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail and via the author's homepage, removing the need for a hard-copy paper trail.RefereesPlease submit, with the manuscript, the names and e-mail addresses of 5 potential referees who are knowledgeable of the research subject. Note that the editor retains the sole right to decide whether or not the suggested reviewers are used.PREPARATIONAuthors in Japan please note that information about how to have the English of your paper checked, corrected and improved (before submission) is available from:Elsevier JapanHigashi Azabu 1-chome Building 4F1-9-5 Higashi Azabu, Minato-kuTokyo 106JapanTel: +81 (03) 5561 5032Fax: +81 (03) 5561 5045Article StructureAll manuscripts are required to be submitted in double-spaced line format. This pertains to all text, tables, figure captions and references.Subdivision - numbered sectionsDivide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to "the text". Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.IntroductionState the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.Material and methodsProvide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described.ResultsResults should be clear and concise.DiscussionThis should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.ConclusionsThe main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.AppendicesIf there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (B.1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.Essential title page information• Title.Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.• Author names and affiliations.Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.• Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address. Contact details must be kept up to date by the corresponding author.• Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a "Present address" (or "Permanent address") may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes. AbstractEach manuscript must include an abstract of about 100-150 words, reporting concisely on the purpose and results of the paper. An abstract is often presented separate from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, they must be cited in full, without reference to the reference list. Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. Graphical AbstractIt is required that the author submits the necessary components of a graphical abstract (see example). These components consist of a pictogram, the article title, and the names of the authors and their respective affiliations as they appear in the article. Maximum final dimensions of the pictogram are 5 X 5 cm with a required minimum pixilation of 300 ppi. Bear in mind readability after reduction, especially if using one of the figures from the article itself. Graphical abstracts will be collated to provide a contents list for rapid scanning.HighlightsHighlights are mandatory for this journal. They consist of a short collection of bullet points that convey the core findings of the article and should be submitted in a separate file in the online submission system. Please use 'Highlights' in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters per bullet point including spaces). See /highlights for examples. KeywordsImmediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, using American spelling and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, "and", "of"). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes. Keywords should be selected, if appropriate, from the following classes: theoretical methods, experimental methods, phenomena, materials, and applications. AbbreviationsDefine abbreviations that are not standard in this field in a footnote to be placed on the first page of the article. Such abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract must be defined at their first mention there, as well as in the footnote. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article. AcknowledgementsCollate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references and do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here those individuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).Nomenclature and unitsUnits: The SI system should be used for all scientific and laboratory data; if, in certain instances, it is necessary to quote other units, these should be added in parentheses. Temperatures may be given in Kelvin or degrees Celsius. The unit 'billion' (109 in America, 1012 in Europe) is ambiguous and must not be used.Symbols and Abbreviations: Only widely accepted symbols and forms of abbreviation should be used, but always give the full expression followed by the abbreviation the first time it appears in the text. Abbreviations and symbols used in tables and figures should be explained in the legends. The number of symbols should not exceed 10 per manuscript.FootnotesFootnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using superscript Arabic numbers. Many wordprocessors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.Table footnotesIndicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.ArtworkElectronic artworkGeneral points• Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.• Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.• Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times, Symbol.• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.• Provide captions to illustrations separately.• Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.• Submit each figure as a separate file.A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website:/artworkinstructionsYou are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here. FormatsRegardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".TIFF: color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required. DOC, XLS or PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications please supply "as is".Please do not:• Supply files that are optimised for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;• Supply files that are too low in resolution;• Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.Color artworkPlease make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable color figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in color on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in color in the printed version. For color reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your preference for color in print or on the Web only. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see /artworkinstructions.Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting color figures to "gray scale" (for the printed version should you not opt for color in print) please submit in addition usable black and white versions of all the color illustrations.Figure captionsEnsure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. TablesNumber tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.ReferencesReferences should be relevant and up-to-date. All publications cited in the text should be presented in a list of references and vice versa following the text of the manuscript. In the text refer to references by a number in square brackets on the line (e.g. Since Lever [1] ), and the full reference including the title should be given in a numerical list at the end of the paper. Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style of the journal and should includea substitution of the publication date with either "Unpublished results" or "Personal communication". Citation of a reference as "in press" implies that the item has been accepted for publication. All manuscripts must consistently adhere to the Reference Style as described below.Reference management softwareThis journal has standard templates available in key reference management packages EndNote (/support/enstyles.asp) and Reference Manager (/support/rmstyles.asp). Using plug-ins to wordprocessing packages, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their article and the list of references and citations to these will be formatted according to the journal style which is described below. Reference styleText: Indicate references by number(s) in square brackets in line with the text. The actual authors can be referred to, but the reference number(s) must always be given.Example:"..... as demonstrated [3,6]. Barnaby and Jones [8] obtained a different result ...."List:Number the references (numbers in square brackets) in the list in the order in which they appear in the text. Each reference appearing in the list must have been referred to in the text. Reference to a journal publication: Full journal names should be used in reference to a journal publication. However, for "Journal" or "Journal of", the abbreviation of "J." is acceptable as in "J. Supercritical Fluids" or "Chemical Engineering J."Authors' initials and last names should be followed by the full title of the article, full journal name, volume, year in parentheses, and the pages.Examples:[1] J. van der Geer, J.A.J. Hanraads, R.A. Lupton, The art of writing a scientific article, J. Scientific Communication 163 (2000) 51-59.[2] M. Bulut, C. Erk, Improved synthesis of some hydroxycoumarins, Dyes and Pigments 30 (1996) 99-104.Reference to a book:Examples:[3] W. Strunk Jr., E.B. White, The Elements of Style, 3rd ed., Macmillan, New York, 1979, pp.5-28.[4] A.B.P. Lever, Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1968, pp. 29-48. Reference to a chapter in an edited book:Examples:[5] G.R. Mettam, L.B. Adams, How to prepare an electronic version of your article, in: B.S. Jones, R.Z. Smith (Eds.), Introduction to the Electronic Age, E-Publishing Inc., New York, 1999, pp. 281-304. [6] L.V. Morris, Referring to a chapter in a book, in: S. Ottogalli, D.T. Parker (Eds.), Sample Reference Formats, Academic Publishing Co., New York, 2009, pp. 115-206.Reference to publications in proceedings:Examples:[7] M. Cocero, J. Soria, O. Ganado, R. Gonzales, F. Fernandez-Polanco, Behavior of a cooled wall reactor for supercritical water oxidation, in: P. Rudolf von Rohr, C. Trepp (Eds.), Proceedings of High Pressure Chemical Engineering, Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, 1996, p. 121.[8] J. Bradley, Referring to sources in a proceedings publication, in: G. Rodney, D. DeMyer (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference of Reference Experts, New Source Publishing, Inc., London, 1984, pp. 102-121.Web references: As a minimum, the full URL should be given. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.Examples:[9] M. Staring, Contributions to the normalized correlation and the mean squares metric, Insight Journal January-June 2006. Available from: /1926/190.[10] R. Capone, Citing online sources on the Internet, Online At Large, 21 January 2001. Available from: [11] C. Christensen, Online article with only DOI available, International Journal of Citing DOIs, Elsevier, doi: 10.1016/j.citedois.2003.10.071Video dataElsevier accepts video material and animation sequences to support and enhance your scientific research. Authors who have video or animation files that they wish to submit with their article are strongly encouraged to include these within the body of the article. This can be done in the same way as a figure or table by referring to the video or animation content and noting in the body text where it should be placed. All submitted files should be properly labeled so that they directly relate to the video file's content. In order to ensure that your video or animation material is directly usable, please provide the files in one of our recommended file formats with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. Video and animation files supplied will be published online in the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: . Please supply 'stills' with your files: you can choose any frame from the video or animation or make a separate image. These will be used instead of standard icons and will personalize the link to your video data. For more detailed instructions please visit our video instruction pages at /artworkinstructions. Note: since video and animation cannot be embedded in the print version of the journal, please provide text for both the electronic and the print version for the portions of the article that refer to this content.Supplementary dataElsevier accepts electronic supplementary material to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: . In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please provide the data in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. For more detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at /artworkinstructions.Submission checklistThe following list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.Ensure that the following items are present:One Author designated as corresponding Author:• E-mail address• Full postal address• Telephone and fax numbersAll necessary files have been uploaded• Keywords• All figure captions• All tables (including title, description, footnotes)Further considerations• Manuscript has been "spellchecked" and "grammar-checked"• References are in the correct format for this journal• All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web)• Color figures are clearly marked as being intended for color reproduction on the Web (free of charge) and in print or to be reproduced in color on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white in print • If only color on the Web is required, black and white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposesFor any further information please visit our customer support site at . AFTER ACCEPTANCE。

数据时代的建筑与城市研究 | 新建筑 2/2021 11[作者单位]　独立学者设计思维的研究——研究设计认知的科学方法Cognitive Design Research: A Scientific Way to Investigate Design Cognition摘　要　认知科学是对思维及其过程的科学研究，而设计认知是通过推断设计师的可观察设计行为来对其思维进行的科学研究。

口语记录分析是当前最常用的研究设计认知的方法。

文章介绍了口语记录分析在设计研究中的应用。

首先总体介绍设计研究及其方法，然后描述了一种基于设计本体收集实验数据的方法；最后阐述基于上述方法建立的科学模型，如统计模型、时间序列模型和信息论模型。

结果表明，设计不必是“不可知的谜”，设计思维及其过程是可以使用科学方法来研究的。

关键词　设计认知　设计口语记录分析　科学方法ABSTRACT While cognitive science is the scientific study of the mind and its processes, design cognition is the scientific study of the minds of the designers by inferring their observable designerly behaviours. Protocol analysis is the most common method in the current cognitive study of designers. This paper reviews the application of protocol analysis in design research. After a general introduction of design research and its method, a method based on an ontology of designing for capturing empirical protocol data is depicted. The rest of the paper describes some of the scientific models that can be produced from this method together with some findings. These models include the statistical model, time-series model, and information theory model. The results demonstrate that designing need not be an “unknowable mystery” and that designing can be investigated using the method of science.KEY WORDS design cognition, design protocol analysis, scientific models DOI 10.12069/j.na.202102011中图分类号　B842.1 文献标志码　A 文章编号　1000-3959（2021）02-0011-05简怀德Jeff W. T. KAN一　研究背景“设计研究 （design research）从设计方法研究发展到设计过程研究，其概念已扩展到包括嵌入在设计中的研究、研究背景与文化和设计的关系、以研究为基础的设计实践等。

Effect of supercritical CO 2on phase structure of PEO/PVAc blendsevaluated from SAXS absolute intensity measurementYeong-Tarng Shieh a,*,Yen-Gu Lin a ,Hsin-Lung Chen baDepartment of Chemical Engineering,National Yunlin University of Science and Technology,123University Road,Section 3,Touliu,Yunlin 640,Taiwan,ROCbDepartment of Chemical Engineering,National Tsing Hua University,Hsin-Chu 300,Taiwan,ROCReceived 11December 2001;received in revised form 25February 2002;accepted 27February 2002AbstractThe effect of supercritical CO 2on the morphological structure of crystalline/amorphous PEO/PVAc blends was investigated by means of SAXS with the measurement of absolute scattering intensity.The morphological structure of PEO/PVAc exhibited a considerable change upon CO 2treatment as demonstrated by the drastic increase of scattering intensity,or the enhancement of electron density contrast between the crystalline and amorphous layers in the lamellar stacks,resulting from the swelling of amorphous PEO via the incorporation of CO 2into the interlamellar (IL)regions and/or the expulsion of PVAc from the IL regions.Upon CO 2treatment,the crystal and amorphous layer thickness (l c and l a ,respectively)were both pared with the increase of l a ,the increase of l c was relatively signi®cant and was attributed to the occurrence of melting and recrystallization during CO 2treatment leading to thicker PEO crystals via a depression of equilibrium melting temperature and/or an increase of crystal fold surface free energy.The measured electron density contrast revealed that the distance of segregation in PEO/PVAc blends involved the extralamellar segregation before CO 2treatments and the swelling of inter-lamellar region dominated the drastic increase of scattering intensity after CO 2treatments.The ®nding of extralamellar morphology was consistent with the magnitude of volume fraction of lamellar stacks in the blends.The lamellar size distribution appeared to be broader and the lamellar stacks more disorganized for the blends after CO 2treatments according to SAXS one-dimensional correlation function pro®les.q 2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords :Crystallization;Phase segregation;Lamellar1.IntroductionCrystallization of a melt-miscible crystalline/amorphous blend involves the segregation of amorphous diluent.Depending upon the distance of segregation,various types of morphology may be created.These segregation types include (1)interlamellar (IL)segregation,where segrega-tion of the diluent occurs at lamellar level,so that the diluent is located in the IL regions;(2)inter®brillar (IF)segrega-tion,where the diluent is segregated by a larger distance to the regions between the lamellar bundles in spherulites;and (3)interspherulitic (IS)segregation,where the diluent is segregated by the largest distance to the regions between spherulites [1,2].The latter two types characterized by the longer segregation distance are also termed as `extralamel-lar segregations'.These morphological patterns represent the diluent dispersion from nanoscopic scale for IL segrega-tion to micrometer scale for IS segregation.Different scales of segregation may lead to different properties.A blend system does not necessarily exhibit only one type of morphology.Different types of morphology may coexist leading to multiple locations for the amorphous diluent [3±7].Keith and Padden [8]suggested that the distance over which uncrystallizable diluent may be segregated is determined by the interplay between the diffusion coef®-cient (D )of impurity molecules and the crystal growth rate (G ).If the diffusion of diluent is relatively slow compared to the crystal growth,the diluent molecules may be trapped inside the IL regions.If diluent diffusion is faster,on the other hand,extralamellar segregation is generated.The interplay between D and G is de®ned by the parameter,d D =G :d has the unit of length and thus provides a quali-tative measure of segregation distance.d may depend on the composition,temperature,molecular weight,and polymer±polymer interaction of the blend.Poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)/poly(vinyl acetate)(PVAc)Polymer 43(2002)3691±36980032-3861/02/$-see front matter q 2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S0032-3861(02)00190-8/locate/polymer*Corresponding author.Tel.:1886-5-534-2601;fax:1886-5-531-2071.E-mail address:shiehy@.tw (Y.-T.Shieh).crystalline/amorphous blends have been known to be compatible by both theoretical prediction and experimental results[9±16].Segregation morphology of PEO/PVAc blends has been studied.Martuscelli and Silvestre and coworkers[11,12]examined the segregation morphology by small angle X-ray scattering(SAXS)and found that PVAc was incorporated into the IL regions of PEO crystals. Segregation of the amorphous diluent was found to strongly depend on T g and molecular weight[17].Runt and co-workers[18]found that segregation of the weakly interact-ing polymer pairs(e.g.PEO/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)and PEO/PVAc)was largely dependent on glass transition temperatures(T g)of the amorphous diluent.The high-T g diluent(e.g.PMMA)was found to reside exclusively in IL regions whereas the low-T g diluent(e.g. PVAc)was excluded at least partially into IF regions.The introduction of strong intermolecular interactions between the crystallizable and amorphous components resulted in signi®cantly reduced crystal growth rates and promoted diluent segregation over greater length scales,regardless of diluent mobility at the crystallization temperature. Although diluent mobility contributed to diluent segrega-tion,the growth of the PEO crystals,and the factors that in¯uenced the growth rate,dominated the length scale of diluent segregation.SAXS has been a powerful tool for probing the detailed microstructure of crystalline/amorphous blends in our previous reports[19±24].The morphological parameters in the lamellar level such as the long period(L),crystal layer thickness(l c),and amorphous layer thickness(l a)can be deduced from the one-dimensional correlation function or the interphase distribution function.Close examination on the composition variation of l a may reveal the existence of IL segregation[25±27].The volume fraction of lamellar stacks(f s)given by the ratio of volume fraction of bulk crystallinity(f c)to the volume fractional crystallinity within the lamellar stacks(f cs),i.e.f s f c=f cs;could serve as a measure for the extent of IL segregation[24]. When the absolute scattering intensity is available,the perturbation of intensity upon blending or treatment may be connected with the change of phase structure of crystal-line/amorphous blends.Supercritical CO2¯uids or compressed CO2gases or liquids have recently drawn much attention because the environmentally friendly CO2(especially the supercritical state CO2)is a potential candidate to be an alternative to substitute for organic chemicals used in modi®cation and processing of polymers,such as being used as a foaming agent to prepare microcellular foams[28±31],a processing aid to reduce melt viscosity in injection molding[32±35],a nucleating agent to induce crystallization[36±38].Upon treatment of the supercritical¯uids,the phase structure of polymers may be perturbed and hence the properties could be modi®ed accordingly;it is thus important to reveal the effect of supercritical CO2on the phase structure of a polymer before the supercritical CO2can be practically used in applications of the polymer.In the present study, we probe the morphological structure of crystalline/amor-phous PEO/PVAc blends treated by supercritical CO2by means of SAXS.It will be seen that the morphological structure of PEO/PVAc exhibits a signi®cant change upon CO2treatment as demonstrated from the drastic perturbation of scattering intensity.In addition,with the absolute inten-sity,the electron density contrast between the crystalline and amorphous layers in the lamellar stacks can be evalu-ated very conveniently from the simple geometric analysis of the correlation function proposed by Strobl and Schneider [39].The measured electron density contrast will be used to investigate the effect of supercritical CO2on the phase structure of crystalline/amorphous PEO/PVAc blends.2.Experimental section2.1.Materials and sample preparationsPEO with M v 900;000was acquired from Aldrich Chemical Company(Milwaukee,WI)and PVAc with M w 104;000and M w=M n 2:0was obtained from Chang Chun Plastics Corporation(Taipei,Taiwan). Uniform®lm samples of neat PEO or its blends with PVAc were prepared by dissolving0.2g neat PEO or the blends in15ml chloroform,followed by casting and drying at room temperature for2days.Specimens for CO2 treatments were ca.0.3mm thick.2.2.CO2TreatmentsThe CO2treatments were performed in a supercritical extractor supplied by ISCO(Lincoln,Nebraska)with a model SFX2±10which was equipped with a syringe pump with a model260D.The polymer®lms for the CO2 treatments were put in a10cm3cell located inside the extractor pressurized by the equipped syringe-type pump at5000psi and controlled at328C.The treatment time was1h.A preliminary test showed that1h of treatment time was able to reach the equilibrium solubility of CO2 in the®lm sample.After the treatment,the cell was depres-surized to ambient pressure in less than20s.The sample after the CO2treatment showed a negligible weight change, indicating that neither CO2resided inside the®lm sample nor any part of the sample was dissolved away.The uniform PEO and PEO/PVAc®lms looked translucent and colorless before CO2treatments but turned into an opaque,milk white,collapsed®lm upon CO2treatments.The change in ®lm appearance indicated that the melting and recrystalliza-tion of PEO had occurred upon CO2treatments.2.3.Bulk crystallinity measurementsVolume fraction of bulk crystallinities(f c)of semicrys-talline PEO/PVAc were calculated from mass fraction of bulk crystallinity(v c)which was determined by dividingY.-T.Shieh et al./Polymer43(2002)3691±3698 3692the heat of fusion of a sample by the heat of fusion of perfectly crystalline PEO.The heat of fusion in J/g of a sample was measured by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC 2010)of TA Instruments (New Castle,DE).The heat of fusion of perfectly crystalline PEO is 205J/g [40].2.4.SAXS measurementsAll SAXS measurements were performed at room temperature.The X-ray source was operated at 200mA and 40kV and was generated by a 18kW rotating anode X-ray generator (Rigaku)with a rotating anode Cu target.The incident X-ray beam was monochromated by pyrolytic graphite and a set of three pinhole inherent collimators was used so that the smearing effects inherent in slit-collimated small-angle X-ray cameras can be avoided.The sizes of the ®rst and second pinhole are 1.5and 1.0mm,respectively,and the size of the guard pinhole before the sample is 2.0mm.The scattered intensity was detected by a two-dimensional position sensitive detector (Ordela Model 2201X,Oak Ridge Detector Laboratory Inc.)with 256£256channels (active area 20£20cm 2with ,1mm resolution).The sample to detector distance is 4000mm long.The beam stop is around lead disk of 18mm in diameter.All data were corrected by the background (dark current and empty beam scattering)and the sensitivity of each pixel of the area detector.The area scattering pattern has been radially averaged to increase the ef®ciency of data collection compared with one-dimensional linear detector.Data were acquired and processed on an IBM-compatible personal computer.3.Results and discussionFrom DSC measurements for T g of the PEO/PVAc blends prepared by solution casting from chloroform,a single composition-dependent T g is identi®ed over the entire composition range,indicating that PEO is miscible with PVAc in the amorphous region.The T g of the blend is between those of pure PEO and PVAc being 265and 328C,respectively,and increases with increasing PVAc content.The composition variation of T g of the PEO/PVAc blends suggests that the amorphous regions of the blends are rubbery at the 328C of CO 2treatment tempera-ture in this study.Fig.1shows the Lorentz-corrected SAXS pro®les of neat PEO and its blends with PVAc prior to supercritical CO 2treatments.The scattering intensity decreases with increas-ing incorporation of PVAc due to decreasing electron density contrast D h h c 2h a between the crystalline and amorphous layers.The electron densities of crystalline PEO,amorphous PEO,and PVAc calculated from their mass densities (1.24,1.12,and 1.19g/cm 3,respectively)are 0.676,0.612,and 0.636mol/cm 3,respectively.The scattering intensity contrast decreases with increasing PVAc content,suggesting that the electron density of theIL regions is increased due to incorporation of PVAc into IL regions,as this would decrease the electron density contrast between the crystalline and amorphous layers.A second-order peak near q 0.32nm 21can be roughly identi®ed,indicating that a fairly well lamellar stacking in the samples.Fig.2compares the Lorentz-corrected SAXS pro®les of the samples between before and after supercritical CO 2treatments.Neat PEO and the blends after CO 2treatmentsY.-T.Shieh et al./Polymer 43(2002)3691±36983693Fig.1.Lorentz-corrected SAXS pro®les of neat PEO and its blends with various amount of PVAc before CO 2treatments.Fig.2.Lorentz-corrected SAXS pro®les of PEO/PVAc 100/0,90/10,80/20,and 70/30.In each graph,rectangular and triangular symbols stand for samples for before and after CO 2treatments,respectively.apparently show much stronger scattering intensity than those before CO 2treatments due to an increased electron density contrast between the crystalline and amorphous layers caused by the supercritical CO 2.For neat PEO the scattering intensity is increased upon CO 2treatment suggesting that the electron density of amorphous PEO in the IL regions is decreased due to decreasing mass density through the swelling by CO 2,as this would increase the electron density contrast between the crystalline and amor-phous layers.This suggestion is based on the observation of appearance of the sample changing from a uniform,trans-lucent,and colorless ®lm to a collapsed,opaque,and milk white ®lm upon CO 2treatments due to the presence of voids in the CO 2treated sample.These voids include big and small ones.Big voids existing outside the lamellar stacks are apparently responsible for the milk white appearance for samples whereas small voids existing in the IL regions are responsible for the drastic increase of SAXS intensity and would disorganize the lamellar stacks as will be demon-strated later by the one-dimensional correlation function pro®les in Fig.7.For the blends upon CO 2treatment,the enhanced scattering intensity may be somewhat due to the expulsion of PVAc from the IL regions in addition to the swelling effect as described earlier,since the electron density of PVAc is higher than that of amorphous PEO and hence the expulsion of PVAc from IL regions would increase the electron density contrast between the crystalline and amorphous layers of the lamellar stacks.The inference of the expulsion of PVAc from IL regions is based on infrared spectroscopy evidence that the carbonyl groups in PVAc exhibit speci®c interactions with CO 2of Lewis acid-base nature [41].These interactions might give rise to the expul-sion of PVAc from IL regions during depressurizing of CO 2.The weight-average long period associated with the lamellar stacks can be calculated from the peak maximum of the Lorentz-corrected SAXS pro®les using the Bragg's equation,L 2p =q max :Fig.3shows the composition variation of long period for the blends before and after CO 2treatments.The long periods of neat PEO and theblends before CO 2treatments exhibit a roughly constant value at near 39nm with an insigni®cant composition dependence.The long periods for samples after CO 2treat-ments exhibit a signi®cantly increased long period falling in the range 56±62nm depending on the blend composition.In the lamellar stack model with sharp phase boundary,the long period represents the sum of the crystal thickness (l c )and the amorphous layer thickness (l a ).Rise in long period may thus stem from the thickening of crystal layer or the swelling of amorphous layer.Two approaches may be utilized to determine the average thickness of the two layers,namely,the one-dimensional correlation function and the interphase distribution function.The one-dimensional correlation function was utilized to deconvolute long period into the thickness of these two types of layers.The correla-tion function,K z ;de®ned by Strobl and Schneider,adopts the following form [39]:K z 12p 2 10I q q 2cos qz d q 1 where I q is the absolute scattering intensity obtained from the SAXS measurement,q 4p =l sin u =2 (u scattering angle),and z is the direction along which the electron density is measured.K z is different from the correlation function,g z ;de®ned by Vonk,where normalization by the invariant was introduced for g z [42,43].Since the experimentally accessible q range is ®nite,extrapolation of intensity to both low and high q is necessary for the integrations.Extrapolation to zero q was accom-plished by the Debye±Bueche model [44,45],I q A11a 2c q2ÀÁ22where A is a constant and a c is the correlation length.A anda c can be determined from the plot of I q 21=2vs.q 2using the intensity data at low q region.Extension to large q can be performed using the Porod±Ruland model [46],I q K p exp 2d 2q 2q 41I fl3where K p is the Porod constant,d is a parameter related to the thickness of crystal/amorphous interphase,and I ¯is the background intensity arising from thermal density ¯uctua-tion.The values of K p ,d ,and I ¯were obtained by curve ®tting the intensity pro®le at high q region.Fig.4shows the representative plot of K z :Assuming the corresponding two-phase model,l c and l a can be estimated via simple geometric analysis of K z :The thickness of the thinner layers (l 1)is given by the intersection between the straight line extended from the self-correlation triangle and the baseline given by 2A .The average thickness of the thicker layer is then given by l 2 L 2l 1:The assignment of l 1and l 2is governed by the magnitude of the linear crys-tallinity within the lamellar stacks (f cs ),where f cs l c = l c 1l a :When f cs ,0.5,the crystals contribute to theY.-T.Shieh et al./Polymer 43(2002)3691±3698position variation of long period of semicrystalline PEO/PVAc.Filled circle (X )and ®lled square (B )stand for samples for before and after CO 2treatments,respectively.smaller thickness,thus l 1 l c and l 2 l a :The inverse is true for f cs .0.5.f cs is related to the volume fraction of bulk crystallinity,f c ,byf c f s f cs 4where f s is the volume fraction of lamellar stacks in the sample.Since f s #1,Eq.(4)prescribes that f c cannot be higher than f cs .As a result,the assignment of l 1and l 2would be rather straightforward for f c .0.5,because l 1in this case must correspond to l a and l 2to l c .From the DSC measurements,f c of neat PEO and the blends containing 10and 20%PVAc lie above 0.5(Table 1),l 1and l 2were thus assigned to l a and l c ,respectively.l a and l c of these three samples before CO 2treatment are thus near 7and 32nm,respectively,from the corresponding one-dimensional correlation function pro®les (Fig.5).Although f c of the blend containing 30%PVAc is below 0.5,l 1can still be reasonably assigned to l a and l 2to l c for this blend because a big difference between l a and l c is present for neat PEO and the blends containing 10and 20%PVAc.This big difference between l a and l c is not likely to lead to an opposite assign-ment for l a and l c for the blend with f c below 0.5.Fig.6shows plots of l c and l a as a function of the weight fraction of PVAc (W PVAc ).Like the long period,l c and l a of samples before CO 2treatments are insigni®cantly varied with W PVAc .The thickness of crystal layer (l c )being weakY.-T.Shieh et al./Polymer 43(2002)3691±36983695Table 1The heats of fusion (D H ,J/g),melting temperatures (T m ,8C),volume frac-tional bulk crystallinities (f c ),and crystal layer thickness (l C ,nm)of PEO/PVAc blends for before and after CO 2treatments PEO/PVAcBefore CO 2treatment After CO 2treatmentD H 1T m1f C1l C1D H 2T m2f C2l C2100/0151.259.90.6831.8152.363.10.6943.590/10128.760.60.5831.6132.062.50.5943.580/20113.860.60.5131.8121.362.30.5443.770/3094.460.80.4231.884.461.50.3749.1Fig.5.One-dimensional correlation function of (a)neat PEO,(b)PEO/PVAc 90/10,(c)PEO/PVAc 80/20,(d)PEO/PVAc 70/30before CO 2treatments.Fig.4.Schematic plot of Strobl-Schneider's one-dimensional correlation function pro®le.Determinations of the lamellar layer thickness and the invariant assuming the corresponding two-phase model are demonstrated in the®gure.position variations of l c and l a of PEO/PVAc for (a)before,and (b)after CO 2treatments.functions of W PVAc can be associated with the assumption of corresponding two-phase model in deriving l c and l a from K z ;where the thickness of the crystal±amorphous inter-phase (l i )is `included'into the values of l c and l a .The interphase thickness can be estimated from the deviation from the self-correlation triangle near z 0(Figs.4,5and 7).The values of l i thus obtained are tabulated in Table 2.The interphase thickness for samples for both before and after CO 2treatment appears to be ,1nm,which is much smaller than l c or l a .These small l i values may be responsible for the observed weak functions of W PVAc for l c of samples before CO 2treatment.The thickness of amorphous layer (l a )being weak functions of W PVAc before CO 2treatment indi-cates that increasing PVAc does not swell the IL regions.This suggests that the increased PVAc content forms an extralamellar morphology.This result is not similar to what was obtained in Martuscelli and coworkers'work [11]having a ®nding of only IL morphology for the PEO/PVAc blends due to different sample preparations and/or molecular weight of PEO used between the previous work and this work.Samples used in the earlier work were subjected to heating and cooling treatments whereas samples studied in this work were prepared by solvent cast-ing without being subjected to heating and cooling treat-ments.Moreover,according to Runt and coworkers'work [18],factors that would reduce crystal growth rates could promote diluent segregation over greater length scales regardless of the diluent mobility at the crystallization temperature.PEO used in this work has a very high mole-cular weight that might have a reduced crystal growth rate.It is thus not unreasonable that the extralamellar morphol-ogy is obtained in this work.Since the purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of CO 2treatments on the phase structure of the blends,the disparity on the segregation morphology of the blends between the previous work and this work is not examined further here.Variation of l a and l c with PVAc composition for samples after CO 2treatment is also displayed in Fig.6.l a and l c of samples exhibit signi®cant increases upon CO 2treatment.After CO 2treatment,the amorphous and crystal layer thick-ness of neat PEO is raised by about 6and 12.6nm,respec-tively,which are much larger than the magnitude of l i .The swelling of l a is attributed to the incorporation of CO 2into the IL regions and thus the mass density is decreased,which is consistent with the enhancement of scattering intensity after CO 2treatment observed in Fig.2.The increased amor-phous layer thickness upon CO 2treatment exhibits an insig-ni®cant dependence on composition suggesting that the swelling of amorphous PEO in IL regions dominates the increase of the amorphous layer thickness.The signi®cant increase in l c of neat PEO upon CO 2treat-ment is associated with the occurrence of melting and recrystallization during CO 2treatment that leads to thicker PEO crystals via a depression of equilibrium melting temperature and/or an increase of crystal fold surface free energy.It has been reported that the crystal fold surface free energy can be increased by CO 2treatments for PET and sPS [47].According to the secondary nucleation theory,the initial crystal thickness is given by [48,49]l p g2s e T 0m 0f0m c ÀÁ1d l 5where s e is the fold surface free energy and D h 0f is the bulk enthalpy of melting per unit volume.At low to moderateY.-T.Shieh et al./Polymer 43(2002)3691±36983696Fig.7.One-dimensional correlation function of (a)neat PEO,(b)PEO/PVAc 90/10,(c)PEO/PVAc 80/20,(d)PEO/PVAc 70/30after CO 2treatments.Table 2Thickness of crystal-amorphous interphase (l i )estimated from K z of PEO/PVAc blends for before and after CO 2treatments PEO/PVAc Before CO 2treatment l i (nm)After CO 2treatment l i (nm)100/00.730.9890/100.730.9880/200.910.9870/300.910.98degree of supercooling,d l is small.Eq.(5)thus reduces to l p gù2s e T 0m D h 0fT 0m 2T c ÀÁ 6The ®nal crystal thickness,according to the notation of Hoffman and Weeks [48,49],is g times the initial thickness,i.e.l c g l p g7where g is the so-called lamellar thickness factor.Eq.(6)prescribes that the initial crystal thickness is inversely proportional to the degree of supercooling.Thus,a depres-sion of T 0m upon CO 2treatment that would lower the degree of supercooling at a given T C can lead to the formation of thicker crystals.As can be also known from Eq.(6),an increased crystal fold surface free energy during CO 2treat-ment can also give rise to the increase of l c .From Fig.6(b),l c increases with increasing W PVAc due to the depression of equilibrium melting temperature of PEO upon blending with PVAc [11].It is noted that the values of l a and l c determined from K z could face a large uncertainty because the broad lamellar size distribution could shift the position of the baseline (2A )[39].On the other hand,the electron density contrast,D h ,can be determined from K z with better con®dence in that D h is much less sensitive to the perturbation of baseline position for the samples with intermediate crystallinity 0:3,f cs ,0:7 :As shown in Fig.4,the invariant (Q )of the corresponding two-phase model for a sample (as in Figs.5and 7)is obtained by extrapolation from the self-correlation triangle to z 0[39].The invariant is related to the electron density contrast by [39]Q f s f cs 12f cs D h 28where f cs is the crystallinity within the lamellar stacks given byf csQ A 1Q9and f s is given by f c /f cs from Eq.(4).f c ,as tabulated in Table 1,is volume fraction of bulk crystallinity and is calcu-lated from weight fraction of crystallinity (v c )measured by DSC according to Eq.(10).f c v cr cv c r c 1 12v c r a v c v c 1r c r a 12v c 10 The weight fraction of crystallinity (v c )is determined by dividing the heat of fusion,D H ,in J/g of a sample by D H 0,which is 205J/g for perfectly crystalline PEO [40].r c (1.24g/cm 3)and r a (ca 1.12g/cm 3)are mass densities of crystal and amorphous component,respectively.D h can be calculated by Eq.(8)with the knowledge of Q ,f cs ,and f c .Table 3tabulated the D h values obtained from the measuredinvariant as a function of W PVAc for both before and after CO 2treatments.D h msd.1and D h msd.2are used to denote those measured D h values for before and after CO 2treatments,respectively.The plots of D h msd.1and D h msd.2as a function of W PVAc are shown in Fig.8.As can be seen in Table 3and Fig.8,the D h msd.1is insigni®cantly varied with W PVAc suggesting that the amount of incorporation of PVAc into IL regions does not increase with increasing W PVAc and thus the distance of segregation in PEO/PVAc blends involves the extralamellar paring between D h msd.1and D h msd.2for neat PEO,the CO 2treatment can cause an enhancement in elec-tron density contrast resulting from the swelling of IL regions by CO 2.This enhancement decreases with increas-ing W PVAc up to 0.2,indicating that below 0.2W PVAc the swelling of the IL regions by CO 2decreases with increasing W PVAc .The measured electron density contrast for the blend containing 30%PVAc is higher than that containing 20%PVAc,indicating that the expulsion of PVAc from IL regions has occurred upon CO 2treatment.These results are supported by the observation of the composition variation of appearance of ®lm samples after CO 2treatments.The presence of extralamellar morphology in the prepared blends can be demonstrated by the measured f s values of less than unity.Fig.9shows these measured f s values (f s1and f s2for before and after CO 2treatments,respectively)plotting as a function of W PVAc .As can be seen in Fig.9,for neat PEO,the f s1is less than unity,suggesting that the extralamellar segregation of PEO forms before blending with PVAc.The f s1decreases with increasing W PVAc ,suggesting that the segregation distance increases with increasing W PVAc .Upon CO 2treatment,theY.-T.Shieh et al./Polymer 43(2002)3691±36983697Table 3The measured D h ( h c 2h a )values of PEO/PVAc blends for before (D h msd.1)and after (D h msd.2)CO 2treatments PEO/PVAc D h msd.1D h msd.2100/00.0710.11290/100.0700.08680/200.0690.06970/300.0680.075parison between composition variation of the measured D h values for before (D h msd.1)and after (D h msd.2)CO 2treatments.。

超临界流体的应用超临界流体萃取( Supercritical fluid extraction,简写SCFE ) 是一种起源于20 世纪40 年代, 20 世纪70 年代投入工业应用的新型的萃取分离、精制技术, 已广泛应用于食品、香料、生物、医药、化工、轻工、冶金、环保、煤炭和石油等深加工领域中，并取得成功。

过去, 分离天然的有机成分一直沿用水蒸汽蒸馏法、压榨法、有机溶剂萃取法等。

水蒸汽蒸馏法需要将原料加热, 不适用于化学性质不稳定的热敏性成分的提取; 压榨法得率低; 有机溶剂萃取法在去除溶剂时会造成产品质量下降或有机溶剂残留; 而超临界流体萃取法则有效地克服了传统分离方法的不足,利用在较低临界温度以上的高压气体作为溶剂, 经过分离、萃取、精制有机成分。

1 超临界萃取技术的基本原理超临界流体( Supercritical Fluid, 简写为SCF ) ,是超过临界温度( Tc ) 和临界压力(Pc)的非凝缩性的高密度流体。

既不是气体, 也不是液体, 是一种气液不分的状态, 性质介于气体和液体之间, 具有优异的溶剂的性质, 粘度低, 密度大, 有较好的流动、传质、传热和溶解性能。

流体处于超临界状态时, 其密度接近于液体密度。

易随流体压力和温度的改变发生十分明显的变化, 而溶质在超临界流体中的溶解度随超临界流体密度的增大而增大。

超临界流体萃取正是利用这种性质, 在较高压力下, 将溶质溶解于流体中, 然后降低流体溶液的压力或升高流体溶液的温度, 使溶解于超临界流体中的溶质因其密度下降溶解度降低而析出, 从而实现特定溶质的萃取。

发达国家如德国、法国、日本、澳大利亚、意大利和巴西等国在这方面做了很多的研究工作,目前研究的体系有甾醇- 维生素E、柑橘油和各种不饱和脂肪酸, 研究的内容有相平衡、理论级计算、理论塔板高度和传质单元高度的确定、工艺操作条件的优选、萃取柱内的浓度分布、能耗估算、萃取柱设计、过程工艺与设备的数学模拟等[ 1~ 8]。

Nuclear Science and Technology 核科学与技术, 2020, 8(3), 103-111Published Online July 2020 in Hans. /journal/nsthttps:///10.12677/nst.2020.83012Small Scale Experimental Study ofSupercritical Carbon DioxideDecompression from VesselGengyuan Tian1, Yuan Zhou1, Yanping Huang2, Junfeng Wang2, Chengtian Zeng1,Jiajian Huang11College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan2Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu SichuanReceived: May 25th, 2020; accepted: Jun. 21st, 2020; published: Jun. 28th, 2020AbstractThe accidental release is one of the main risks of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and supercrit-ical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) power cycle system. In this paper, supercritical CO2 decompression expe-riments were studied based on a set of small-scale experimental equipment, the volume of vessel is 50 L. The initial states are 8.1 MPa, 38.0˚C and 10.0 MPa, 38.0˚C. In the experiment, thermohy-draulic behaviors of decompression were analyzed by measuring pressure, fluid temperature, wall temperature, mass flow rate and external jet structure. From the experiment data, different initial state undergoes different decompression process. The external jet can be divided into three stages: the white jet’s length increase stage, the temporary stable stage and the attenuation stage. In addi-tion, experiments show that the lowest temperature at the bottom of vessel will reach −26.9˚C(10.0 MPa, 38.0˚C). The results of experiments are of great significance for understanding processof accident and model development.KeywordsSupercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle System, Carbon Capture and Storage,Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Blowdown, Leakage超临界二氧化碳容器小尺度泄压喷放实验研究田耕源1，周源1，黄彦平2，王俊峰2，曾成天1，黄家坚11四川大学物理学院，四川成都2中国核动力研究设计院，四川成都田耕源 等收稿日期：2020年5月25日；录用日期：2020年6月21日；发布日期：2020年6月28日摘 要CO 2意外泄漏是超临界CO 2动力循环系统和碳捕获与存储系统主要安全问题之一。