扩频通信系统的介绍 英文翻译

扩频通信(spread spectrum communication)是近几年内迅速发展起来的一种通信技术。

在早期研究这种技术的主要目的是为提高军事通信的保密和抗干扰的性能，因此这种技术的开发和应用一直是处于保密状态。

美国在20世纪50 年代中期，就开始了对扩频通信的研究，当时主要侧重在空间探测、卫星侦察和军用通信等方面。

以后，随着民用通信的频带拥挤日益严重，又由于近代微电子技术、信号处理技术、大规模集成电路和计算机技术的快速发展，与扩频通信有关的器件的成本大大地降低，从而进一步推动了扩频通信在民用领域的发展金额应用，而且也使扩频通信的理论和技术也得到了进一步的发展。

目前在军事上，它已经广泛应用于各种战略和战术通信的系统中，成为电子战中反干扰的一种重要的手段。

扩频技术在军事应用上的最成功的范例可以以美国和俄国的全球卫星定位系统(GPS和GLONASS)以及美军的联合战术分布系统(JTIDS)为代表；GPS和GLONASS在民用上也都得到了广泛的应用，这些系统的技术基础就是扩频技术。

扩频的码分多址技术应用于蜂窝移动通信中时，大大降低了噪声和衰落的影响，同时还避免了复杂的频率分配和时隙划分等技术上的困难，并可以省去保护频带或时隙，极大地提高了蜂窝通信系统中小区的频率复用度，使信号频谱利用率得到提高。

1990年1月，国际无线电咨询委员会(CCIR,现为ITUR)在研究未来民用陆地移动通信系统的计划报告中已明确地建议采用扩频通信技术[5]。

美国已制定出了基于CDMA蜂窝技术的IS-95标准，Samsung、Motorola等公司也已相继推出了各自的CDMA移动通信商用实验网已开通运行，并取得了良好的效果。

扩频技术由于其本身具备的优良性能而得到广泛应用，到目前为止，其最主要的两个应用领域仍是军事抗干扰通信和移动通信系统，而跳频系统与直扩系统则分别是在这两个领域应用最多的扩频方式。

一般而言，跳频系统主要在军事通信中对抗故意干扰，在卫星通信中也用于保密通信，而直扩系统则主要是一种民用技术。

An Introduction to Spread-Spectrum CommunicationsAbstract:This application note is a tutorial overview of spread-spectrum principles.The discussion covers both direct-sequence and fast-hopping methods.Theoretical equations are given to allow performance estimates.The following discussion of direct-sequence spread-spectrum(DSSS) and frequency-hopping spread-spectrum(FHSS) methods.As spread-spectrum techmiques become increasingly popular,electrical engineers outside the field are eager for understandable explanations of the technology.There are books and websites on the subject,but many are hard to understand or describe some aspects while ignoring others(e.g.,the DSSS technique with extensive focus on PRN-code generation).The following discussion covers the full spectrum.1.A Short HistorySpread-spectrum communications technology was first described on paper by an actress and a musician!In 1941 Hollywood actress Hedy Lamarr and pianist George Antheil described a secure radio link to control torpedos.They received U.S.Patent #2.292.387.The technology was not taken seriously at that time by the U.S.Army and was forgotten until the 1980s,when it became active.Since then the technology has become increasingly popular for application that involve radio links in hostile environments.Typical applications for the resulting short-range data transceivers include satellite-positioning systemsGPS，3G mobile telecommunications,W-LAN(IEEE®802.11a,IEEE 802.11b,IEEE 802.11g),and Bluetooth®.Spread-spectrum techniques also aid in the endless race between communication needs and radio-frequency availability-situations where the radio spectrum is limited and is,therefore,an expensive resource.2.Theoretical Justification for Spread SpectrumSpread-spectrum is apparent in the Shannon and Hartley channel-capacity theorem: C=B×log2(1+S/N) (Eq.1)I n this equation,C is the channel capacity in bits per second(bps),which is the maximum data rate for a theoretical bit-error rate(BER).B is the required channel bandwidth in Hz,and S/N is the signal-to-nosie power ratio.To be more explicit,one assumes that C,which represents the amount of information allowed by the communication channel,also represents the desired performance.Bandwidth (B) is the price to be paid,bacause frequency is a limited resource.The S/N ratio expresses the environmental conditions or the physical characteristics (i.e., obstacles ,presence of jammers ,interferences,etc.).There is an elegant interpretation of this equation,applicable for difficult environments,forexample,when a low S/N ratio is caused by noise and interference.This approach says that one can maintain or even increase communication performance (high C) by allowing or injecting more bandwidth (high B),even when signal power is below the noise floor. (The equation does not forbid that condition!)Modify Equation 1 by changing the log base from 2 to e (the Napierian number) and by noting that In=loge.Therefore:C/B=(1/ln2)×ln(1+S/N)=1.443×ln(1+S/N) (Eq.2)Applying the MacLaurin series development forln(1+x)=x-x2/2+x3/3-x4/4+…+(-1)k+1xk/k+…:C/B=1.443×(S/N-1/2×(S/N)2+1/3×(S/N)3-…) (Eq.3)S/N is usually low for spread-spectrum applications. (As just mentioned, the signal power density can even be below the noise level.) Assuming a noise level such that S/N <<1,Shannon's expression becomes simply:C/B≈1.443×S/N (Eq.4)Very roughly:C/N≈S/N (Eq.5)Or:N/S≈B/C (Eq.6)To send error-free information for a given noise-to-signal ratio in the channel,therefore,one need only perform the fundamental spread-spectrum signal-spreading operation:increase the transmitted bandwidth.That principle seems simple and evident.Nonetheless,implementation is complex,mainly because spreading the baseband (by a factor that can be several orders of magnitude) forces the electronics to act and react accordingly,which,in turn,makes the spreading and despreading operations necessary.3.Spread Spectrum definitionsDifferent spread-spectrum techniques are available,but all have one idea in common:the key (also called the code or sequence) attached to the communication channel.The manner of inserting this code defines precisely the spread-spectrum technique.The term "spread spectrum" refers to the expansion of signal bandwidth,by several orders of magnitude in some cases,which occurs when a key is attached to the communication channel.The formal definition of spread spectrum is more precise:an RF communications system in which the baseband signal bandwidth is intentionally spread over a larger bandwidth by injecting a higher frequency signal (Figure 1).As a direct consequence,energy used in transmitting the signal is spread over a wider bandwidth,and appears as noise.The ratio (in dB) between thespread baseband and the original signal is called processing gain.Typical spread-spectrum processing gains run from 10dB to 60dB.To apply a spread-spectrum technique,simply inject the corresponding spread-spectrum code somewhere in the transmitting chain before the antenna (receiver).Conversely,you can remove the spread-spectrum code (called a despreading operation) at a point in the receive chain before data retrieval.A despreading operation reconstitutes the information into its original bandwidth.Obviously,the same code must be known in advance at both ends of the transmission channel. (In some circumstances,the code should be known only by those two parties).Therefore, the impact caused by the bandwidth of the following:Figure 1.Spread-spectrum communication system（1）Bandwidth Effects of the Spreading OperationFigure 2 illustrates the evaluation of signal bandwidths in a communication link.Figure 2.Spreading operation spreads the signal energy over a wider frequency bandwidth.Spread-spectrum modulation is applies on top of a conventional modulation such as BPSK or direct conversion.One can demonstrate that all other signals not receiving the spread-spectrum code will remain ad they are,that is,unspread.（2）Bandwidth Effects of the Despreading OperationSimilarly,despreading can be seen in Figure 3.Figure 3. The despreading operation recovers the original signal.Here a spread-spectrum demodulation has been made on top of the normal demodulation operations.One can also demonstrate that signals such as an interferer or jammer added during the transmission will be spread during the despreading operation! （3）Waste of Bandwidth Due to Spreading Is Offset by Multiple UsersSpreading results directly in the use of a wider frequency band by a factor that corresponds exactly to the "processing gain" mentioned earlier.Therefore spreading does not spare the limited frequency resource.That overuse is well compensated,however,by the possibility that many users will share the enlarged frequency band (Figure 4).Figure 4. The same frequency band can be shared by multipleusers with spread-spectrum techniques.4.Spread Spectrum Is a Wideband TechnologyIn contrast to regular narrowband technology,the spread-spectrum process is a wideband technology.For example，W-CDMA and UMTS,are wideband technologies that require a relatively large frequency bandwidth, compared to narrowband radio.Benefits of Spread Spectrum：(1) Resistance to Interference and Antijamming EffectsThere are many benefits to spread-spectrum technology.Resistance to interference is the most important advantage.Intentional or unintentional interference and jamming signals are rejected because they do not contain the spread-spectrum key.Only the desired signal,which has the key, will be seen at the receiver when the despreading operation is exercised.See Figure 5.Figure 5. A spread-spectrum communication system.Note that the interferer’s energy is spread while the data signal is despread in the receive chain.You can practically ignore the interference,narrowband or wideband,if it does not include the key used in the dispreading operation.That rejection also applies to other spread-spectrum signals that do not have the right key.Thus different spread-spectrum communications can be active simultaneously in the same band,such as CDMA.Note that spread-spectrum is a wideband technology,but the reverse is not true:wideband techniques need not involve spread-spectrum technology.(2) Resistance to InterceptionResistance to interception is the second advantage provided by spread-spectrum techniques.Because nonauthorized listeners do not have the key used to spread the original signal,those listeners cannot decode it.Without the right key,the spread-spectrum signal appears as noise or as an interferer.(Scanning methods can break the code,however,if the key is short.) Even better,signal levels can be below the noise floor,because the spreading operation reduces the spectral density.See Figure 6.(Total energy is the same,but it is widely spread in frequency.) The message is thus made invisible,an effect that is particularly strong with the direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) technique.(DSSS is discussed in greater detail below.) Other receivers cannot “see” the transmission;they only register a slight increase in the overall noise level!Figure 6.Spread-spectrum signal is buried under noise level.The receiver cannot “see”the transmission without the right spread-spectrum keys.(3) Resistance to Fading (Multipath Effects)Wireless channels often include multiple-path propagation in which the signal has more than one path from the transmitter to the receiver (Figure 7).Such multipaths can be caused byatmospheric reflection or refraction, and by reflection from the ground or from objects such as buildings.Figure 7.Illustration of how the signal can reach the receiver over multiple paths.The reflected path (R) can interfere with the direct path (D) in a phenomenon called fading.Because the dispreading process synchronizes to signal D,signal R is rejected even though it contains the same key. Methods are available to use the reflected-path signals by dispreading them and adding the extracted results to the main one.5.Spread Spectrum Allows CDMANote that spread spectrum is not a modulation scheme,and should not be confused with other types of modulation.One can,for example,use spread-spectrum techniques to transmit a signal modulated by PSK or BPSK.Thanks to the coding basis,spread spectrum can also be used as another method for implementing multiple access (i.e.,the real or apparent coexistence of multiple and simultaneous communication links on the same physical media).So far,three main methods are available.a.FDMA-Frequency Division Multiple AccessFDMA allocates a specific carrier frequency to a communication channel.The number of different users is limited to the number of “slices” in the frequency spectrum (Figure 8).Of the three methods for enabling multiple access,FDMA is the least efficient in term of frequency-band usage.Methods of FDMA access include radio broadcasting,TV,AMPS,and TETRAPOLE.Figure 8.Carrier-frequency allocations among different users in a FDMA system.b.TDMA-Time Division Multiple AccessWith TDMA the different users speak and listen to each other according to a defined allocation of time slots (Figure 9).Different communication channels can then be established for a unique carrier frequency.Examples of TDMA are GSM,DECT,TETRA,and IS-136.Figure 9. Time-slot allocations among different users in a TDMA system.c.CDMA-Code Division Multiple AccessCDMA access to the air is determined by a key or code (Figure 10).In that sence,spread spectrum is a CDMA access.The key must be defined and known in advance at the transmitter and receiver ends.Growing examples are IS-95 (DS),IS-98,Bluetooth,and WLAN.Figure 10.CDMA systems access the same frequency band with unique keys or codes.One can,of course,combine the above access methods.GSM,for instance,combines TDMA and FDMA.GSM defines the topological areas (cells) with different carrier frequencies,and sets time slots within each cell.6.Spread Spectrum and coding “Keys”At this point,it is worth restating that the main characteristic of spread spectrum is the presence of a code or key,which must be known in advance by the transmitter and receiver (s).In modern communications the codes are digital sequences that must be as long and as random as possible to appear as “noise-like”as possible.But in any case,the codes must remain reproducible.or the receiver cannot extract the message that has been sent.Thus,the sequence is “nearly random”.Such a code is called a pseudo-random number (PRN) or sequence.The method most frequently used to generate pseudo-random codes is based on a feedback shift register.Many books are available on the generation of PRNs and their characteristics,but that development is outside the scope of this basic tutorial.Simply note that the construction orselection of proper sequences,or sets of sequences,is not trivial.To guarantee efficient spread-spectrum communications,the PRN sequences must respect certain rules,such as length, autocorrelation,cross-correlation,orthogonality,and bits balancing.The more popular PRN sequences have names:Barker,M-Sequence,Gold,Hadamard-Walsh,etc.Keep in mind that a more complex sequence set provides a more robust spread-spectrum link.But there is a cost to this: more complex electronics both in speed and behavior,mainly for the spread-spectrum despreading operations.Purely digital spread-spectrum despreading chips can contain more than several million equivalent 2-input NAND gates,switching at several tens of megahertz.。

扩展频谱通信（Spread Spectrum Communication），简称扩频通信，是一种信息传输方式，其信号所占有的频带宽度远大于所传信息必需的最小带宽；频带的扩展是通过一个独立的码序列（一般是伪随机码）来完成，用编码及调制的方法来实现的，与所传信息数据无关；在接收端则用同样的码进行相关同步接收、解扩及恢复所传信息数据。

扩展频谱技术具有以下特点：l、很强的抗干扰能力由于将信号扩展到很宽的频带上，在接收端对扩频信号进行相关处理即带宽压缩，恢复成窄带信号。

对干扰信号而言，由于与扩频用的伪随机码不相关，则被扩展到一很宽的频带上，使之进入信号通频带内的干扰功率大大降低，相应的增加了相关器的输出信号/干扰比，因此具有很强的抗干扰能力。

其抗干扰能力与其频带的扩展倍数成正比，频谱扩展得越宽，抗干扰的能力越强。

2、可进行多址通信扩展频谱通信本身就是一种多址通信方式，称为扩频多址（SSMA-Spread Specrum Multiple Access），实际上是码分多址（CDMA）的一种，用不同的扩频码组成不同的网。

虽然扩展频谱系统占用了很宽的频带，但由于各网在同一时刻共同一频段，其频段利用率甚至比单路单载波系统还要高。

CDMA是未来全球各人通信的一种主要的多址通信方式。

3、安全保密由于扩频系统将传送的信息扩展到很宽的频带上去，其功率密度随频谱的展宽而降低，甚至可以将通信信号淹没在噪声中。

因此，其保密性很强，要截获或窃听、侦察这样的信号是非常困难的，除非采用与发送端所用的扩频码且与之同步后进行相关的检测，否则对扩频信号是无能为力的。

由于扩频信号功率谱密度很低，在许多国家，如美、日、欧洲等国家对专用频段，如ISM频段，只要功率谱密度满足一定的要求，就可以不经批准使用该频段。

4、抗多径干扰在移动通信、室内通信等通信环境下，多径干扰是非常严重的，系统必须具有很强的抗干扰的能力，才能保证通信的畅通。

扩展频谱技术具有很强的抗多径能力，它是利用利用扩频所用的扩频码的相关特性来达到抗多径干扰，甚至可以利用多径能量来提高系统的性能。

本科毕业设计英文翻译专业名称通信工程学生姓名王祥指导教师吕登魁完成时间本科毕业设计英文翻译指导教师评阅意见学生姓名：班级：得分：请指导教师用红笔在译文中直接进行批改，并就以下几方面填写评阅意见，给出综合得分（满分按15分计）。

1、专业术语、词汇翻译的准确性；2、翻译材料是否与原文的内容一致；3、翻译材料字数是否符合要求；4、语句是否通顺，是否符合中文表达习惯。

指导教师（签名）：年月日扩频通信系统的介绍摘要：本应用笔记概述了扩频技术的原理，讨论了涵盖直接序列和快速跳频的方法。

相关理论方程的性能估算。

以及讨论直接序列扩频（DSSS ）和跳频（FHSS ）这两种扩频方式。

简介扩频技术越来越受欢迎，就连这一领域以外的电器工程师都渴望能够深入理解这一技术。

很多书和网站上都有关于这方面的书，但是，很多都很难理解或描述的不够详尽。

（例如，直接序列扩频技术广泛关注的是伪随机码的产生）。

定义不同的扩频技术都有一个共同之处：密钥（也称为代码或序列）依附于传输信道。

以插入代码的形式准确地定义扩频技术，术语“频谱扩展”是指扩频信号的几个数量级的带宽在有密钥的传输信道中的扩展。

以传统的方式定义扩频更为精确：在射频通信系统中，将基带信号扩展为比原有信号的带宽宽得多的高频信号（如图1）。

在此过程中，传输宽带信号产生的损耗，表现为噪声。

扩频信号带宽与信息带宽之比称为处理增益。

扩频过程的处理增益大都在10dB 到60dB 之间。

扩频的优点抗干扰性能和抗干扰的影响扩频技术有很多优点。

抗干扰性是最重要的一个优点。

有意或无意的干扰和干扰信号都是不希望存在的因为它们不包含扩频密钥。

只有期望信号才有密钥，在解扩过程中才会被接收器接收，如图5。

图5：扩频通信系统(注意，解扩链路中数据信号被传输的同时干扰能源也被传输) 输电链扩频代接收链 扩频代码数据输入射频输出射频输入 RF IN 射频连接 数据输出 数据 干扰 数据扩展和干扰扩展数据扩展 数据扩展和干扰无论在窄带或宽带中，如果它不涉及解扩过程，你几乎可以忽略干扰。

中文2800字毕业设计英文翻译专业电子信息工程班级2010级学生姓名学号课题码分多址通信系统的建模、仿真和设计——初始化模块、基站接收模块指导教师2014 年06 月10 日译文原文1.1 The basic concept of spread-spectrum communicationSpread spectrum communication’s basic characteristics, is used to transmit information to the signal bandwidth(W) is far greater than practical required minimum(effective) bandwidth (F∆),as the radio of processing gain P G.=/G P∆FWAs we well know,the ordinary AM,FM,or pulse code modulation,GP value in the area more than 10 times,collectively,the “narrow-band communication”,and spread-spectrum communication GP values as hundred or even thousands of times, can be called “broadband communication”.Due to the spread-spectrum signal,it is very low power transmitters,transmission space mostly drowned in the noise,it is difficult to intercepted by the other receiver ,only spreading codes with the same (or random PN code) receiver, Gain can be dealt with ,and despreading resume the original signal.1.2 The technology superiority of spread-spectrum communication.Strong anti-interference, bit error rate is low. As noted above, the spread spectrum communication system due to the expansion of the transmitter signal spectrum, the receiver despreading reduction signal produced spreading gain, thereby greatly enhancing its interference tolerance. Under the spreading gain, or even negative in the signal-to-noise ratio conditions, can also signal from the noise drowned out Extraction, in the current business communications systems, spread spectrum communications systems, spread spectrum communication is only able to work in a negative signal-to-noise ratio under the conditions of communication .Anti-multi-path interference capability, increase the reliability of system. Spread-spectrum systems as used in the PN has a good correlation, correlation is very weak. Different paths to the transmission signal can easily be separated and may intime and re-alignment phase, formation of several superimposed signal power, thereby improving the system’s performance to receive increased reliability of the system.Easy to use the same frequency, improving the wireless spectrum utilization. Wireless spectrum is very valuable,although long-wave microwave have to be exploited, and still can not meet the needs of community. To this end, countries around the world are designed spectrum management, users can only use the frequency applications,rely on the channel to prevent the division between the channel interference.Due to the use of spread-spectrum communication related receive this high-tech,low signal output power(“a W,as a general-100mW),and will work in the channel noise and thermal noise in the background,easy to duplicate in the same area using the same frequency,can now all share the same narrow-band frequency communication resources.Spread-spectrum communication is digital communication,particularly for digital voice and data transmission with their own encryption, only in the same PN code communication between users, is good for hiding and confidential in nature, facilitating communication business. Easy to use spread-spectrum CDMA communications, voice compression and many other new technologies, more applicable to computer networks and digitization of voice,image information transmission.Communication in the most digital circuits, equipment, highly integrated, easy installation, easy maintenance, but also very compact and reliable. The average failure rate no time was very long.1.3 Spread spectrum communication systemSpread spectrum communication,namely, spread spectrum communications (Spread spectrum communication), with fiber-optic communications,satellite communications,with access to the information age as the three major high-tech communications transmission. Spread spectrum communication is to send the information to be pseudo-random data is coded(Spread spectrum sequence: spread sequence) modulation, spread spectrum and then the realization of transmission; thereceiving end is using the same modem code and related processing, the restoration of the original data. Spread spectrum communication system has three main characteristics.(1) Carrier is an unpredictable, or so-called pseudo-random broadband signal.(2) Carrier data bandwidth than the modulation bandwidth is much wilder.(3) Receiving process is generated by local broadband carrier signal and receiving a copy of the signal to the broadband signal to achieve.The main way of spread spectrum are as follows: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS) using high-speed pseudo-random code on to the low-speed data transmission spread spectrum modulation; Frequency-hopping system using pseudo-random code to control the carrier frequency in a wider band of the change; TH is the data transmission time slot is a pseudo-random; chirp frequency system is a linear extension of the process of change. Combination of a number of ways of hybrid systems are often applied.The most important measure pf spread-spectrum system is an indicator of spreading gain, also known as processing gain. It is precisely because of the spread spectrum system itself with its performance characteristics with a series of advantages.1.4 Code division multiple accessCode division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne, CDMA2000(the 3G evolution of cdmaOne) and WCDMA (the 3Gstandard used by GSM carrier), which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method.One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a signal communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). This concept is called multiple access. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme( where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple user to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multipleaccess (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signaling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated.1.5 Spread-spectrum characteristic of CDMAMost modulation schemes try to minimize the bandwidth of this signal since bandwidth is a limited resource. However, spread spectrum use a transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required signal bandwidth. One of the initial reasons for doing this was military applications including guidance and communication systems. These system were designed using spread spectrum because if its security and resistance to jamming. Asynchronous CDMA has some level of privacy built in because the signal is spread using a pseudo-random code; this code makes the spread spectrum signals appear random or have noise-like properties. A receiver cannot demodulate this transmission without knowledge of the pseudo-random sequence used to encode the data. CDMA also resistant to jamming. A jamming signal only has a finite amount of power available to jam the signal. The jammer can either spread its energy over the entire bandwidth of the signal or jam only part of the entire signal.CDMA can also effectively reject narrow band interference. Since narrow band interference affects only a small portion of the spread spectrum signal, it can easily be removed through notch filtering without much loss of information. Convolution encoding and interleaving can be used to assist in recovering this lost data. CDMA signal are also resistant to multipath fading. Since the spread spectrum signal occupies a large bandwidth only a small portion of this will undergo fading due to multipath at any give time. Like the narrow band interference this will result in only a small loss of data and can be overcome.Another reason CDMA is resistant to multipath interference is because the delayed versions of the transmitted pseudo-random code, and will thus appear as another user, which is ignored at the receiver. In other words, as long as the multipath channel induces at least one chip of delay, 天the multipath channel induces at least one chip of delay,the multipath signals will arrive at the receiver.in other words, as long as the multipath channel induces at least one chip of delay, the multipath signalswill arrive at the receiver such that they are shifted in time by at least one chip from the intended signal. The correlation properties of the pseudo-random codes are such that this slight delay causes the multipath to appear uncorrelated with the intended signal, and it is thus ignored.Some CDMA devices use a rake receiver, which exploits multipath delay components to improve the performance of the system. A rake receiver combines the information from several correlators, each one tuned to a different path delay, producing a stronger version of the signal than a simple receiver with a signal correlation tuned to the path delay of the strongest signal.Frequency reuse is the ability to reuse the same radio channel frequency at other cell sites within a cellular system. In the FDMA and TDMA systems frequency planning is and important consideration. The frequencies used in different cells must be planned carefully to ensure signals from different cells do not interfere with each other. In a CDMA system, the same frequency can be used in every cell, because channelization is done using the pseudo-random codes. Reusing the same frequency in every cell eliminates the need for frequency planning in a CDMA system; however, planning of the different pseudo-random sequences must be done to ensure that the received signal from one cell does not correlate with the signal from a nearby cell.Since adjacent cell use the same frequencies, CDMA systems have the ability to perform soft handoffs. Soft handoffs allow the mobile telephone to communication simultaneously with two or more cells. The best signal quality in selected until the handoff is complete. This is different from hard handoffs utilized in other cellular systems. In a hard handoff situation, as the mobile telephone approaches a handoff, signal strength may vary abruptly. In contrast, CDMA systems use the soft handoff, which is undetectable and provides a more reliable and higher quality signal.Concluding remarksspread-spectrum technology in the initial stages of development, it has become a theory and a major technological breakthrough. Later in the development process is the improvement and hardware performance improved. Development to thepresent,spread-spectrum technology and the theory has been almost perfect,mainly from the point of view of overall performance, and the other new technology applications. Therefore, the application has been driven by the development of spread-spectrum technology is a power driving force, the future wireless communication systems, such as mobile communication. Wireless LAN, global personal communications, spread-spectrum technology will certainly play an important role.译文正文1.扩频通信系统概述扩频通信，即扩展频谱通信（Spread spectrum communication)，它与光纤通信、卫星通信，一同誉为进入信息时代的三大高技术通信传输方式，扩频通信是将待传送的信息数据被伪随机码调制，实现频谱扩展后再传输；接收端则采用相同的编码进行解调及相关处理，恢复原始信息数据。