History_of_Psychology 心理学史英文课件

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History_of_Psychology 心理学史英文课件

William James: 1842-1910
Claimed that searching for building blocks was a waste of time because brain and mind are constantly changing: focused on functiy
Behavioristic theory: Expanded psychology into many groups that could not be studied by introspection. All behavior is observable and measurable. Abandoned mentalism for behaviorism.
Believed that all behavior is a result of rewards and punishments in the past.
Behavioristic Theory
Social Learning Theory: How people acquire new behaviors by observing and imitating others (modeling).
Trained in medicine and philosophy. Wrote many books about psychology,
philosophy, ethics, and logic.
Can you read this?
This is bcuseae the huammn mnid deos not
Criticisms: Excluded all behavior that cannot be seen. All behavior cannot be explained by rewards and punishments. Treats people like robots as if they have no free-will.

国外心理学史2课件15

Ulric Neisser (1928 - )
4. 1950: bachelor’s from Harvard 5. master’s at Swarthmore with Köhler 6. 1956: Ph.D. from Harvard 7. behaviorist (he had no choice)
a. George Miller b. Ulric Neisser
II. George Miller (1920 - )
A. His life 1. majored in speech and English 2. as a graduate student, taught 16 sections of introductory psychology 3. 1941: master’s in speech from U. of Alabama
George Miller (1920 - )
B. The Center for Cognitive Studies
1. purpose: to investigate the human mind 2. defined by what it was not in behaviorism 3. cognitive psychology is a return to commonsense psychology 4. wide range of tooutspoken critic and challenging the movement.
III. Psychology in the 21 century
A. Cognitive Neuroscience
Study: how brain functions give rise to mental activity and to correlate specific aspects of information processing with specific brain regions. EEG (Electroencephalogram) MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imagery) PET (Positron Emission Tomography) CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography) Increasing the precision and detail to observe brain activities.

国外心理学史1课件4

Continuing Our Superordinate Theme:

The Mind, Body, and Soul Revisited In the 21st Century Hormones and mindbody dualism
Lecture Outline
Structuralism Edward Titchener/Hugo Munsterberg Psychophysics Fechner/Weber Memory Ebbinghaus The forgetting curve Early implications for learning Broadening the concept of mental acts Franz Brentano The rise and fall of German psychology

Established the first American experimental laboratory

Worked to separate experimental psychology from philosophy American Journal of Psychology (co-editor with G. Stanley Hall) Margaret Floy Washburn & Edwin Boring (historian of psychology – 1886-1968) 40 of 56 PhDs were women
Name two phenomenon in psychophysiology that Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) investigated. For each, describe an example of his method and what he found?

其他心理学课件History of Psychology1

Origins of Psychology
Sadly, the Greeks never put their theories to the test! They believed that the truth came from casual observation.
A little over a thousand years later, the Medieval Church gained control of Europe and sought to minimize inquiry into human nature. They taught that like God, the human mind was mysterious.
Socrates
Socrates began the study of psychology by famously stating that everyone should ‘Know
Thyself’.
What does this mean to you??
Plato
The most famous pupil of Socrates. Plato set out on a quest for perfect knowledge and understanding. He delved into areas such as cognition. He is often given credit for being the first philosopher to study the gaining of knowledge. Plato distinguished three ‘parts’ of the soul – mind, spirit and desire – which he located in the brain, the chest and the belly respectively.

国外心理学史2课件12

V. Kurt Koffka (1886-1941)
A. Background 1. interest in science and philosophy 2. 1909: Ph.D. from U. of Berlin with Stumpf 3. 1910: began association with Wertheimer and Köhler
B. Criticisms of Wundt’s approach
1. against elementism 2. against the notion that perception of objects is a summation of elements
The Whole is Different From the Sum of Its Parts
3. has a broad concern a. problems of thinking and learning b. ultimately: all aspects of conscious experience D. 1927: to Smith College E. 1935: Principles of Gestalt Psychology
Antecedent Influences on Gestalt Psychology
G. G. E. Müller’s lab at U. of Göttingen 1. 1909-1915: a group of phenomenological psychologists worked at U. of Göttingen. 2. anticipated to form the Gestalt school
1. described the basic concepts and results of considerable research 2. term "perception" misunderstood as the most narrow focus on a single process

国外心理学史2课件2

Blood circulation; digestion
IV. The contribution of Descartes:
3. Localization of functions in brain
IV. The contribution of Descartes:
4. The Body-Mind Interaction
Newton: the universe is a clock, made by God. It is measurable, predictable, and orderly
II. The Clock Universe
Clock as metaphor for mechanism Determinism and reductionism Automata The calculating engine
The facts of the universe could be described in physical terms and explained by the properties of matter and energy
V. Philosophical Foundations of the New Psychology
5. The Doctrine of Ideas
Derived Ideas (from the external source)
from the direct application of an external stimulus The sound of bell
Innate IdLocke
Empiricism and Association:
Acquiring knowledge through Experience: John Locke (1632-1704)

Psychology 心理学入门英文课件

A Brief History of Psychology
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987): • Humanistic approach to
learning • Unconditional positive
regard • Student centred learning
(Client centred approach)
A Brief History of Psychology
• Abraham Maslow (19021987):
• Hierarchy of Human Needs • Self Actualisation • Psychology of Being • ‘Peak experiences’
A Brief History of Psychology
everything a human being might possibly do…’
A Brief History of Psychologyห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
• Howard Gardner(1943-):
• Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• ‘An important part of that understanding is knowing who we are and what we can do... Ultimately, we must synthesize our understandings for ourselves’.
• Leon Festinger (1919-1989):
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• Describes conflicting thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) that occur at the same time, or when engaged in behaviours that conflict with one's beliefs.

国外心理学史1课件11

Eyeblink Conditioning
The procedure for classical conditioning of the eye-blink response.
Can Mental Health Conditions Be Classically Conditions:
• Neurotic conditions occur, in Pavlov’s own words: • ….under three conditions, three circumstances.
History and Systems of Psychology Lecture 10
ED PS 7080 November 16, 2010 Instructor: Robert Hill, Ph.D.
Essay Question
All would agree that: the emergence and evolution
The first stimulus (clicker) triggered the memory (or anticipation) of the second stimulus (food). Salivation: learned reactions initially: psychical secretions later: conditions response Association: If 2 sensations, or stimuli, repeatedly occur together, the mental reactions to those stimuli become associated when the first sensation or stimulus is given, it triggers the memory of the assoout Pavlov?

国外心理学史2课件6

b) his student Pearson developed productmoment coefficient of correlation
C). Pearson's r: for recognition of Galton's discovery of regression toward the mean

3. This assumption based on Locke's empiricism
IV. Individual Differences: Francis Galton (1822-1911)

E. Mental tests 4. developed his own instruments to measure sensory capacities; later became a standard psychology lab equipment
IV. Individual Differences: Francis Galton (1822-1911)

D. Statistical methods
Adolph Quetelet (1796-1874): 1. first to apply statistical methods and

III. The Evolution Revolution: Charles Darwin(1809-1882)

C. Darwin's influence on psychology
3. evolutionary theory changed: Psychology’s subject matter: from elements to functions of consciousness

国外心理学史1课件3

Muscle contraction is traced on a revolving drum from the point of a stimulus:
Myograh could trace: latency, duration, and nature of contraction Duration – was the time it took a nerve impulse to travel along the nerve
Synapses between neurons represent fingers
Neurological Approach
Focus: The conscious mind
Conscious mental processes are associated with (perhaps caused by)
Early Experiments the Brain and the Spinal Cord are Connected
Cabanis (1757-1808) – French physician
All thoughts are due to the brain
Sever the brain and all that’s left are reflexive actions
Reaction time initially based on duration times were longer for a stimulus applied to the toe than to the thigh
Helmoltz: First to measure speed of nerve impulse
Investigated color vision in humans

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Birth of Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology
1879: Leipzig, Germany. Intended to make psychology
a reputable science. Many American psychologists
Functionalism. Underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental strategies: “Stream of Consciousness.”
Expanded psychology to animal behavior.
Behaviorism
B.F. Skinner, 1950’s.
Dismissed importance of inherited traits and instincts about human behavior. Private events can be studied as long as they are treated as a form of behavior, many experiments with learning and memory.
Started the American Psychological Journal (1887) now the American Journal of Psychology.
Eclecticism
Utilizing of diverse theories and schools of thought.
E.B. Titchener
Wundt’s student. Taught at Cornell University.
Studied nature of mental experiences. Structuralism: Analyze sensations, images and feelings into their most basic elements.
Behaviorism
John Watson, 1913.
Psychology can never be as objective as chemistry or biology. Consciousness is not that easy.
“I can take a child and make him into anything, a beggar, a doctor, a thief.”
No innate ideas: all knowledge comes from experience or reflection.
Mind is a blank slate written on
by experience (tabula rasa).
Charles Darwin: 1850s
William James: 1842-1910
Claimed that searching for building blocks was a waste of time because brain and mind are constantly changing: focused on function.
Mosaic, no single approach can create the whole picture.
Unlikely for psychology to ever have a unifying paradigm.
Grand theories replaced by more specific ones.
Present Day Psychology
Behavioristic theory: Expanded psychology into many groups that could not be studied by introspection. All behavior is observable and measurable. Abandoned mentalism for behaviorism.
Psychoanalytic Theory
All behavior is meaningful, and much of it is controlled by digging below the surface to uncover the roots of personality.
Sigmund Freud!!! (Da MAN!)
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939. Studied neurology, but wanted to
be a medical researcher, forced into being a private physician. Became convinced that patients difficulties were due to mental rather than physical problems. Proposed that distress due to problems that dated back to childhood.
Trained in medicine and philosophy. Wrote many books about psychology,
philosophy, ethics, and logic.
Can you read this?
This is bcuseae the huammn mnid deos not
Proposed the idea of both voluntary and involuntary behavior.
Ruled out areas other than the brain for mental functioning.
John Locke: 1632-1704
Knowledge should be acquired by careful observation.
Studied the evolution of finches and expands his study to include humans.
Opposed religious teachings of the time by suggesting that man was a common ancestor to lower species.
by universities.
G. Stanley Hall
First president of the APA, established the first psychological lab in the U.S. in 1883, at Johns Hopkins University.
Believed that all behavior is a result of rewards and punishments in the past.
Behavioristic Theory
Social Learning Theory: How people acquire new behaviors by observing and imitating others (modeling).
Siggy reud
Psychoanalysis: Freud’s method for treating people with emotional problems, free association.
Unconscious: Nearly all of our impulses are sexual and aggressive in nature. Because we cannot accept them in our conscious, thoughts find their expression in dreams, slips of the tongue that appear as accidents, and even jokes.
raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe. Amzanig, huh?
Introspection
Looking inward at one’s own mental processes.
Because it is not objective, it fails miserably.
René Descartes: 1596-1650
Originated the concept of Dualism, viewed mind and body as interactive machines.
Stated that the mind could follow body and vice versa.
eventually went on to study in Leipzeig.
Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology
Most of his experiments on sensation and perception.
Did not think that high order mental processes could be studied experimentally.
Criticisms: Excluded all behavior that cannot be seen. All behavior cannot be explained by rewards and punishments. Treats people like robots as if they have no free-will.

History_of_Psychology 心理学史英文课件

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