美国文学考试必备知识点汇总

美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。

美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。

Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。

美国文学复习资料美国文学复习资料美国文学是世界文学宝库中的重要组成部分，它以其独特的风格和丰富的内容吸引着广大读者和研究者。

在这篇文章中，我们将为大家提供一些关于美国文学的复习资料，希望能够帮助大家更好地了解和掌握这一领域的知识。

一、美国文学的起源美国文学的起源可以追溯到17世纪早期的殖民地时期。

当时，由于殖民者来自不同的国家和文化背景，美国文学呈现出多元化的特点。

早期的美国文学作品主要以宗教和探险为主题，其中最著名的作品包括《普利茅斯故事》和《马萨诸塞湾殖民地的历史》等。

随着时间的推移，美国文学逐渐发展壮大。

18世纪的启蒙时代，美国文学开始借鉴欧洲文学的思想和风格，融合了理性主义和启蒙思想。

这一时期的代表作品有本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》和托马斯·潘恩的《常识》等。

二、美国文学的经典作品美国文学的经典作品数不胜数，下面我们列举一些代表作品，供大家参考。

1. 马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》：这是一部以南北战争时期为背景的小说，通过主人公哈克贝利的冒险经历，揭示了奴隶制度的黑暗面和人性的复杂性。

2. 纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》：这是一部关于道德与罪恶的小说，讲述了一个女性因婚外情而被判刑的故事。

小说通过对社会道德观念的探讨，揭示了人性的复杂性和社会的偏见。

3. 威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》：这是一部以南方小镇为背景的小说，通过对人物内心世界的描写，探讨了种族、阶级和家庭关系等社会问题。

4. 埃米莉·狄金森的诗歌：狄金森是美国文学史上最重要的女性诗人之一，她的诗作以独特的风格和深刻的思想而著称，对后世的诗人产生了深远的影响。

三、美国文学的主题与风格美国文学的主题多种多样，涵盖了社会、政治、种族、性别、宗教等各个方面。

在风格上，美国文学也呈现出多样性，既有浪漫主义的热情奔放，也有现实主义的冷静客观。

此外，美国文学还有一些独特的风格流派，如南方文学、黑人文学和美国现代主义文学等。

美国文学期末考试复习必备（精）1. What’s Puritanism?A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs?1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints"3. What are American Puritan values?Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period?A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or bothC. in form: imitating English literary traditions.D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction.E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God.F. Simple, fresh and direct styleG. the Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.5.What are the features of Washington Irving’s works?(1) Gentility, urbanity, pleasantness (2) Avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining (3) Enveloping stories in an atmosphere (4) Vivid and true characters (5) Humor – smiling while reading (6) Musical language6. What is theme of “Rip Van Winkle”?①it reveals conservative attitude of Irving. ②it might be an illustration of Irving’s argument that revolution upset the natural order of things.A. The story of man who has difficulties facing his advancing age;B.The contradictory impulses in America toward work-the puritan attitude as opposed to America desire for leisure;C .The theme of escape from one's responsibilities and even one's history;D .The loss of identity.7. What are the author’s attitude changes?It reveals conservative attitude of Irving and he is Unwilling to accept a modern democratic America and prefers the past & a dream-like world 8. What’s New England Transcendentalism?Transcendentalism is the summit of the Romantic Movement in the history of American literature in the 19th century. Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition（认知）in man of thecapacity of knowing truth intuitively（直觉地）”. Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Over-soul, the individual and Nature.9. What are its basic assumptions?The intuitive faculty, instead of the rational or sensical, became the means for a conscious union of the individual psyche with the world psyche also known as the Over soul, life-force, prime mover and God 10. What are Allan Poe’s poetics theories?The poetry should appeal only to the sense of beauty, not truth, and sets himself against realistic details in poetry. He makes good use of a number of poetic devices to create a mood appropriate to the theme of his poems.11. Why was Nathaniel Hawthorne a master of symbolism?He uses concrete objects as well as characters to serve as his symbols. He likes to uses masks, veils, shadows to give dramatic forms to the universal dilemmas of humanity12. What is the theme of Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter?It Condemned the Puritan philosophy of life.Sin, knowledge and human condition; the nature of evil; identity and society4. What is the symbolic me aning of the Scarlet Letter “A”?A.” Adultery", a token of shameB. a sign of Hester's "ability“C. "Angel" appearing in the skyD.”Adamic", since the sin is prehistoric and human E .the rising “America"13. What story is told in Moby-Dick?It is a thrilling adventure story which is the realistic about a whaling voyage within which is set a symbolic account of the conflict between man and his fate.14. What is the symbolic meaning of Moby-Dick?1) Mystery of the universe, 2) power of grant nature, 3) evil of the world 4) Its whiteness-paradoxical color: death and corruption, purity, innocence and youth.15. What are the popular themes of Emily Dickinson’s poetry? Death, love, friendship, nature, immortality.ment on the image of Huckleberry Finn?He is loyal, cheerful, fair-minded boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience, with the eventual victory of his moral conscience over his social awareness, Huck grows. Huck is not only a lovely boy in the novel, but also a portrait standing for the young America. Huck is not only a lovely boy in the novel, but also a portrait standing for the young America.17. What’s the social significance of him?Huck develops a different view of blacks through the story. It is not an instant change, but a gradual process. Huck himself undergoes a change; he stops accepting the social norms and instead follows his own beliefs. He acquires these beliefs after many adventures with the slave Jim. In thisway, Twain encourages people to be like Huck and not to accept the racism just because society accepts it.18. Why are naturalists inevitably pessimistic in their view?A. Naturalism was greatly influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory and French literatureB. Naturalists accepted the more negative implications of Darwin's theory and used it to count for the behavior of those characters in literary works who are conceived as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.C. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.19.What are the features of Frost’s poetry?1. Frost’s poetry mainly reflects life in rural New England2. His poems often shift dramatically from humorous tones to tragic ones3. Much of his poetry is concerned with how people interact with their environment4. Frost disliked free verse; He often wrote in the standard meter of blank verse20. What is the theme of “The Road Not taken” Individualism, Caution, Commitment, Accepting a ChallengeAnd “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”?The poem isprimarily oriented towards the pleasures of the scene and the responsibility of life.21.What are the features of modernist literature?A. Its strong and conscious break with traditional forms, perceptions and techniques of expression.B. Its great concern with language and aspects of its medium.22. What is “Lost generation”?Literally, it is the generation of people born between 1883 and 1900.They were disillusioned by World War I and displeased with American social values, sexual and aesthetic conventions, and established morality. They first fled to cities such as Chicago & San Francisco; then to Paris, London, Madrid, Barcelona, and Rome. They were full of youthful idealism and pioneered new ways of writing; they were devoid of faith and alienated from civilization.23. What is a typical Hemingway Code Hero?The Code Hero believes in “Nada,” meaning nothing. There is also no after life.•The Code Hero is an individualist and free-willed. He believes in courage and honor and has his own set of morals and principles based on his beliefs in honor, courage and endurance.• A code hero never shows emotions.• A code hero does not commit to women.• A code hero shows qualities such as bravery, adventure, and love of travel.• A code hero dislikes darkness. It symbolizes death and is a source of fear. The rite of manhood for the code hero is facing death.24.What is the theme of the short story “A Clean Well-LightedPlace”?Nothing (or nada) through the old man's unsuccessful suicide and the middle-aged man's soliloquy.25.What is the theme of The Great Gatsby?A sensitive and symbolic treatment of the themes of contemporary life related with irony and pathos to the legend of the "America dream" What kind of person is Gatsby?He is a poor youth from the Midwest and at last became a self-made wealthy man. Gatsby is the last romantic heroes and he is a mysterious figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a mind that embodies America itself.26.What are Faulkner’s famous novels? What are the features of his novels? "The sound and the Fury", "As I Lay Dying", "Light in the August", "Absalom, Absalom!" 2) On history and the problem of race; on folk human of the south; on horror, violence and abnormal to arouse moral outrage.1.Discuss Twain’s art of fiction2.A. Mark Twain uses the Mississippi alley as his fictional kingdom,writing about the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular region, and is therefore known as a local colorist. B. He creates life-like characters, especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality. C. He uses a simple, direct vernacular language, totally different from any precious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial belonging to the lower class, the living local American English.D. He has created a special humor to satirize and the decayed convention.2 1). The story takes place along the Mississippi River before the Civil War in the United States, around 1850. Along the river floats a small raft, with two people on it: One is an ignorant, uneducated black slave named Jim and the other is little uneducated outcast white boy, Huck Finn. The novel relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as best as he could, changes his mind, his prejudice, about Black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well.2.) (theme)1) The Theme of the novel may be best summed in a word “freedom”: Huck wants to escape from the bond of civilization and Jim wants to escape from the yoke of slavery. 2) The novel is a criticism of social injustice, hypocrisy, conservativeness and narrow-mindedness of the American small town society.3.Make a brief comment on Mark Twain’s achievements in this novel in 200-250 words.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, first published in 1876, is a child’s adventure story; it is also, however, the story of a young boy’s transition into a young man. In some ways, it is a bildungsroman, a novel whose principle subject is the moral, psychological, and intellectual development of a youthful main character. It is not a true bildungsroman, however, because Twain did not take Tom into full1. The hero of the novel through adventures with lively style to satirize the American hypocrisy of social custom, vulgar hypocrisy of religious rituals and inflexible stale school education2. "Tom Sawyer--with its strong deep local characteristics of humor and keen observation of the character, had become the greatest of the children's literature works, is a United States rural " golden era "4. 1)The Pequod-a symbol of doom（death);named after a Native American tribe in Massachusetts, did not survive the arrival of white men (extincted), is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones 2) Moby Dick-unknown and unknowable truths, inscrutable, mysterious, mirrors its environment, only the surface of the ocean is available for human observation and interpretation, the depths conceal unknown truths--A metaphor for the human relationship with the Christian God: God is unknown and cannot be pinned down (defined). to the pequod’screw, Moby Dick is a concept onto which they can display their anxiety about dangerous and frightening jobs, to Ahab Moby Dick is a manifestation of all that is wrong with the world, It is his destiny to get rid of this symbolic evil 3)Queequeg’s Coffin sy mbolizes life and death.5. Try to discuss the theme of “The Minister’s Black Veil”.A. Sin and EvilB. History and AntiquityC. Alienation - a character is in a state of isolation because of self-cause, or societal cause, or a combination of both.D. Puritan New England - used as a background and setting in many tales.E. Other themes include individual vs. society, self-fulfillment vs. frustration, hypocrisy vs. integrity, love vs. hate, and fate vs. free will, etc.。

美国文学考试重点美国文学考试的重点可以分为以下几个方面：1. 早期美国文学：- 殖民时期文学：包括早期殖民地的日记、信件和宗教作品等，如《普利茅斯纪事》和《普罗维登斯计划》。

- 紧随其后的大量宗教文学作品，如《新英格兰的校训》。

- 托马斯·佩恩的《常识》：这本书在美国独立运动中起到了重要的作用。

2. 美国文学的形成与发展：- 19世纪初的浪漫主义文学：如华盛顿·欧文的《睡美人和其他故事》和詹姆斯·菲尼莫尔·库珀的《最后的莫西干人》。

- 华尔特·惠特曼的《草叶集》：这本诗集在美国文学史上具有重要地位。

- 女性作家：如哈丽特·比彻·斯托的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和艾米莉·迪金森的诗歌作品。

3. 20世纪的美国文学：- 现代主义文学：如欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》。

- 战争文学：如约翰·史坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》和约瑟夫·海勒的《23个故事和一个司令》。

- 迈尔斯·杰克逊的《杀死一只知更鸟》：这是美国文学中一本重要的反种族主义作品。

4. 当代美国文学：- 现实主义：如托尼·莫里森的《亲爱的》和唐·德里罗的《百年孤独》。

- 同性恋与性别研究：如杰夫·艾斯特里奇的《中性国度》和艾美丽·P. 亨德森的《一个男小地方》。

此外，还需要了解美国文学的主要流派和文学理论，如现实主义、象征主义、后现代主义等，以及相关的文学批评方法。

最好的准备方式是广泛阅读美国经典文学作品并理解其背后的文化、历史和社会背景。

Romanticperiod1.Washington Irving2.Edgar Allan Poe3.Nathanial Hawthorne4.Walt Whitman5.Emily Dickinson6.II.Realist period7.Mark Twain8.Sherwood Anderson9.Stephen Crane10.Theodore Dreiser11.III.Modern period12. F.S.Fitzgerald13.Ernest Hemingway14.William Faulkner1.TranscendentalismTranscendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Oversoul, and Nature.Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant. New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.2.NaturalismNaturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment.As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France and it came to be led by Zola, who claimed at “scientific”status for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects.Natural fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations intounexplored corners of modern society.The most significant work of naturalism in English being Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.3.American DreamThe American Dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity.These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations.4.The Lost GenerationThe term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American Literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression.Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, T.S.Eliot, and Gertrude Stein herself.Hemingway likely popularized the term, quoting Stein (“You are all a lost generation”) as epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises.More generally, the term is being used for the young adults of Europe and America during World War I.They were “lost”because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to more into a settled life5. ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression; it believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it.Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair.It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious.6. Romanticism.7. Puritanism8.The principles and practices of puritans were popularly known asPuritanism.Puritanism accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God;the supreme authority of the Bible; the irresistibility of God’s will for man in every act of life from cradle to grave.These doctrines led the Puritans to examine their souls to find whether they were of the elect and to search the Bible to determine God’s will.9.Hemingway Heroes / Code Hero“Hemingway Heroes”refer to some protagonists in Hemingway’s works.Such a hero usually is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent.And usually he is a man of action and of a few words.He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness.The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation.In a world which is essentially chaotic and meaningless, a Hemingway hero fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand.The awareness that it must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives, engenders a sense of despair.But Hemingway heroes possess a kind of “despairing courage”as Bertrand Russell terms.It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity.Surely Hemingway heroes differ, one from another, in their view of the world.The difference which comes gradually in view is an index to the subtle change which Hemingway’s outlook had undergone.ExpressionismExpressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century, in which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and, instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world.The main principle involved is that expression determines form, and therefore imagery, punctuation, syntax, and so forth.In brief, any of the formal rules and elements of writing can be bent or disjointed to suit the purpose.Theatrically, expressionism was a reaction against realism in that it tends to show inner psychological realities.O’Neill’s playsare some of the best examples.The Imagist Movement (Imagism)(1)Led by Ezra Pound and flourished from 1909 to 1917, the movement advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson' s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry.The three principles followed by the Imagists were:(2)"Direct treatment" (2) "Economy of Expression" (3) " Rhythm"symbolismSymbolism originates in France in the middle 19th century.The poetry collection The Flowers of Evil by the French poet Charles Baudelaire is a representative work of this genre.Symbolism tries to express the dreamy mysterious inner world of the writer. Stream-of-consciousnessStream-of-consciousness begins in the 1920’s in Britain.It is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”.In late 19th century, the literary device of “interior monologue”was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creation.In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the “stream of consciousness”method of novel writing.The striking feature of these novelists is their giving precedence to the depiction of the characters’mental and emotional reactions to external events, rather than the events themselves.(to be continued)Free verse:a form of poetry without rhyme, meter, regular line length, and regular stanzaic structure.It depends on natural speech for rhythm.Robert Frost compared it to“playing tennis with the net down.”Though much simpler and less restrictive than conventional poetry and blank verse, free verse does no mean “formlessness.”T.S.Eliot once said that “no verse is free for the man who wants to do a good job.”Though its origin is unknown, it was attempted by such early poets as Surrey, Milton, Blake, and Macpherson.It was Whitman who did the greatest contribution to the development and popularity of free verse.Whitman favored the simplicity and freedom of expression.According to him, “The art of art, the glory of expression and the sunshine of light of letters is simplicity.Noting is better than simplicity.”Jazz age:Jazz is a form of dance music that is derived from early Afro-American folk music, ragtime, and Negro blues.It is marked with exciting rhythm, pronounced syncopation, and constant improvisation.The musical instruments used are mainly drums, trumpets, and saxophones.Major composers of Jazz music include Irvin Berlin and W.C.Handy.The term Jazz Age was specifically employed by Fitzgerald to denote the 1920s, which was characterized by the loss of traditional moral standards, indulgence in romantic yearnings, and great social excitement.According to Malcolm Cowley, the Jazz Age was “a legend of glitter, of recklessness, and of talent in such profusion that it was sown broadcast like wild oats.”F.Scott Fitzgerald’s Tales of the Jazz Age, like Mark Twain’s The Gilded Age, was an epoch-making work.Black humor:a term frequently used in modern literary criticism.It is sometimes called ‘black comedy’or ‘tragic farce.’It is humor or laughter resulting from great pain, despair, horror and the absurdity of human existence.Black humor is a common quality of modern anti-novels and anti-dramas.Examples are Franz Kafka’s stories like “Metamorphosis”, “The Castle”and “The Trial”, Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22and Albee’s The Zoo Story.Other writers who did much contribution to the popularity of black humor were Beckett, Camus, Ionesco, V onnegut, Pynchon and so on. Autobiography:a story a writer writes about his or her own life experiences.It is narrated from the first-person point of view.The term was probably first used by Southey.But the first important autobiography was Confessions written by Augustine of Hippo.Other examples include Franklin’s Autobiography, Adams’s The Education of Henry Adams, John Stuart Mill’s Autobiography, Carlyle’s Reminiscences, Henry David Thoreau’s Walden, and so on.Surprise Ending:Also called “O.Henry ending,”it is a completely unexpected turn or revelation of events at the conclusion of a story or play.An example is “The Necklace”by Guy de Maupassant.Another instance is O.Henry’s story “The Gift of the Magi.”Blank verse:poetry that does not rhyme but has iambic pentameter lines.Though not originated in England or America, it has been the most important and most widely used English verse form.Blank verse is popular because it is closest to the rhythm of daily English speech.Thus most English poems which are dramatic, reflective or narrative are in the form of blank verse.This verse was probably first used in England by Surrey who translated Aeneid, by Sackville and Norton who composed Gorboduc.It was developed and perfected by Marlowe, Shakespeare and Milton.In the 18th century, most poets favored heroic couplets.But Young and Thomson were able to write in the tradition of blank verse.The 19th century saw a renewed interest in this poetic form.Masters ofblank verse included Wordsworth, Coleridge and Bryant.The fact that blank verse is still practiced by writers like T.S.Eliot, Yeats, Frost and Stevens shows how influential and favorable it really is.Characteristics of Realism2.1 Realism aims at the description of the actualities of the life and free from subjective prejudice, idealism or romantic color.2.2 Realism focuses on commonness of the common people.The emphasis is on ordinary people, settings and events.2.3 Life is presented as it is.2.4 Use real characters, real incidents, real language and local dialects.2.5 In matters of style, diction and sentence structure tend toward a plain style.3.Representative writersWilliam Howells .Mark Twain .Henry JamesMajor features of Naturalism1.At the core of naturalism is determinism2.An individual’s course in life is wholly determined by some combination of animal instinct, heredity, and environment.Humans lack freedom of their own will.All of their actions are controlled, determined.3.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Life becomesa struggle for survival.Two of the naturalist’s recurrent concerns are: social systems that destroy and dehumanize, and individual experience of loss and failure.4.Naturalism is a harsher and extreme form of realism.The naturalists have a major difference from the realists.Themes of Hawthorne’s writing1.Explore the relationship between the past and the present2.Explore the hidden motivations of his characters.3.Examine the effect of hidden sin and secret guilt4.Moral or immoral, right or wrong is the question Hawthorne always talks about in his works.1.5.Style1.His style was soft, flowing and almost feminine.nguage: smooth, clear, beautiful in sound and meaning3.He also frequently uses symbols and settings to reveal the psychology of the characters.Appreciation of The Scarlet Letter1.Main Character:Hester Prynne., Roger Chillingworth., Arthur Dimmesdale3.Character AnalysisHester: brave, strong-minded, warm-hearted, intelligent, sacrificing, decisive Dimmesdale: timid, selfish, irresponsible, cowardly, weak-minded Chillingworth: cold-blooded, dehumanizedTheme of The Scarlet LetterTo escape the bondage of religion either on people’s spirit or on people’s natural desire4.Abundant use of symbolsA ---adultery angel ablePrison—the place that deprived people of spiritual freedomForest---the natureRose near the prison—Hester and her loveCap—sth controlling one’s beautyWalt Whitman(1819-1892)Leaves Of Grass“Song of myself”Analysis of the artistic features2.4.1.form: free verseOral and powerful lg: Although free verse, he wrote with repeated and parallel sentences to strengthen the feelings.He express what he wanted to express freely, smoothly, and heatedly.His poems are like waves of the sea that rushed to the beach violently, one after another.2.4.2 the first person narrator: direct and sympathetic to the reader2.4.3.topic: sex.To use his own expression, “he saw the world as a vision of love.”He believes that life is the source of poems, love and enthusiasm are the motives of creation.ments on the writer3.1.Subject: son of time, feels the pulse of the time.As a romanticist and transcendentalist, he broke the conventional poetic materials, no myth,no romance, no story of king and lords.He sings for self, common people, America, city life, nature, etc.3.2.Form: (Free verse) poetry without fixed beat or regular rhyme.Whitman is the first great American poet to use this form of poetry, he also used it more skillfully than any other poet.(1)One's Self I Sing1.What is the significance of singing about one's self?It is an exaltation of the individual spirit, which is typical of American people.2.What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy?Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings,whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person.3.What does Whitman mean by the term of "the Modern Man"?He means that a man should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one, that is full of bias.(3) O Captain! My Captain!1.Why is the word "Captain" capitalized throughout the poem?In this poem the word “Captain”specially refers to Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States.2.What overall metaphor does the poet employ in this poem?Life is a journey.3.Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring, while the speaker remains so sad?They welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor.Mark Twain 马克·吐温The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Count卡拉维拉斯县有名旳跳蛙(1865):a short storyThe Innocents Abroad国外旳无辜者(1869)Roughing It苦行记(1872): on his experience in the western America The Gilded Age (1873): his first novel, collaborated with Charles Dudley Warner The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记(1884): masterpiece Life on the Mississippi (1883)A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court误闯亚瑟王宫(1889)The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏了哈德莱堡旳人(1900)The Mysterious Stranger (1916)e.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer1.It is "a boy's book" which sets 20 years before Civil War.2.themes:1)picaresque以流浪汉和无赖为题材旳(adventure story)2) moral growth of Tom3.techniques: verisimilitude, humor, colloquial styleMark Twain’s Style in Generalthe true father of American literatureFrequent use of sarcasm, slang and regional dialects.4.5.1.Subject Matter: came directly from American people’s life along the Mississippi River, less influenced by foreign cultures4.5.2.Genuine American style:a) Language: easy, informal, humorous and unaffected [free from affectation; sincere], wildb) He intentionally deviates from classical genteel and tends to use local dialects, colloquial language, even Black English, slang, clipped structures and ungrammatical sentencesMajor work : Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》show escape to freedomTheodore Dreiser (1871-1945) 德莱赛Naturalism is a theory in literature emphasizing the role of heredity and environment upon human life and character development roughly between 1890’s and early 1900’s.There is no clear-cut chronological division between the American naturalists and the American realists.对比Realism Naturalismemphasis on the ordinary emphasis also on the extraordinarya mirror a lensthe observer the scientistmoral or rational the accidental and physiologicalMajor Writing Features6.3.1 As a naturalistic writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels.·His characters can’t assert their will against natural and economic forces. ·Dreiser held that people are not entirely to blame for what they are and what they do.6.3.2.He developed the capacity for photographic and relentless observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time and making his novels very believable and convincing.·Almost all of his main characters are based on the real people.·Vivid description of environmental settings and social background6.3.3.His novels are full of tragedies, serious subjects and miserable side of the society.·Dreiser broke through the genteel tradition , revealed the life of the lower class people and dared to expose the vulgar and ugly side of the society.Style6.4.1. Language: very awkward, crude/on the bordering of line of grammar.6.4.2. Serious in tone: never satirical or comic6.4.3. Natural narrative method, free from artifice.His narrative is based on quantities of materials and detailed descriptions.作品Si ster Carrie 嘉莉妹妹(1900): the first novel, masterworkJannie Gerhardt (1911)The Fanancier (1912)The Titan (1914)The Stoic (1947)The Genius (1915)An American Tragedy美国悲剧(1925)Dreiser Looks at Russia (1928)c.Sister Carrietheme:the emptiness of Ameircan Dreami.jungle lawFamous actress bank manager(the unfit is bound to die) <——Country girl (able to follow her instinct) commit suicideii.chance and luckiii.criticism of American values: money and sex —the standards to see if a person is successfuliv.concern for the poorF.Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)an Irish-American Jazz Age novelist and short story writer.Theme of the American DreamFitzgerald’s favorite theme is the American Dream.In The Great Gatsby and other works, a general pattern can be found to fully demonstrate Fitzgerald’s enthusiasm and his disillusionment with the American Dream: formally, a poor young man from the West trying to make his fortune in the East, but thematically, the young man goes on a journey of discovery from dream, through disenchantment, and finally to a sense of failure and despair.In this general pattern of the protagonist’s personal experienceis incarnated the whole of American experience..Languagesmooth, sensitive, original, simple and gracefulJay Gatsby Nick Carraway Tom Buchanan Daisy BuchananThe Great GatsbyTheme:1.about reality and atmosphere of 1920s2.failure of American Dreamc.attitude towards the rich: paradoxicalHe is charmed by the rich.He is critical of the rich who are corrupted themselves and meanwhile corrupting others.d.attitude towards the Jazz Age: insider and outsider人物Jay Gatsby Nick Carraway Tom Buchanan Daisy Buchanan Gatsby, with all his freshness, his optimism, and his vitalityGatsby in the novel represents the newly rich upstart, vulgar in hisostentatious [showy] wealth.However, he becomes a kind of newAmerican Adam.He is “great”, because he is dignified and ennobledby his dream and his mythic vision of life.Tom Buchanan : He is vulgar, hypocritical racist and bigot [person who holds sth strongly].He is practical and non-idealistic, shallow and mistrustful of emotion.He never cares or takes responsibility.Daisy Buchanan: she also has an inner emptiness, marked by her boredom and cynicism and moral irresponsibility.She is afraid of being alone, as though she has no inner self.But she has the power to charm.Daisy represents material wealth to Gatsby,but it also connects with physical attraction.However, Daisy is unworthy of Gatsby’s love.She is incapable of living the fully imagined life that Gatsby has visualized.She is cowardly and selfish.Nick is both a narrator and a character in this novel.He leads us tothe dignity and depth of Gatsby’s character, and suggests the relationof his tragedy to the American situation.Ernest Hemingway 海明威style1.iceberg principle.The meaning here is that the writer should say only one eighth, in such a way that the remaining seven eighths be discerned and provided by the reader.nguage: short, common, fundamental words, simple sentence, structure.The effect of the language: clearness, cleanness and great care.3.dialogue: plays a very important part in his writings.Hemingway’s dialogue can show setting, development of plot, characters, even theme.4.cinematic way: he uses showing instead of telling.He likes to describes actions (kiss, withdraw hand) vividly instead of mental description.5.symbolisme of stream of consciousnesstraits for the Code Hero:(1) Measuring himself against the difficulties life throws in his way, realizing that we will all lose ultimately because we are mortals, but playing the game honestly and passionately in spite of that knowledge.(2) Facing death with dignity, enduring physical and emotional pain in silence(3) Never showing emotions(4) Maintaining free-will and individualism, never weakly allowing commitment toa single woman or social convention to prevent adventure, travel, and acts of bravery(5) Being completely honest, keeping one's word or promise(6) Being courageous and brave, daring to travel and have "beautiful adventures," as Hemingway would phrase it(7) Admitting the truth of Nada (Spanish, "nothing"), i.e., that no external source outside of oneself can provide meaning or purpose.This existential awareness also involves facing death without hope of an afterlife, which the Hemingway Code Hero considers more brave than "cowering" behind false religious hopesThemes nada, grace under pressure, code heroMagic realism 加西亚·马尔克斯《百年孤单》Garcia Marques Century Loneliness)Henry JamesThe American (1877): begins with international themeDaisy Miller (1878): brings the author first international fameThe Wings of the Dove (1902)The Ambassadors (1903)The Golden Bowl (1904)The Portrait of A Lady贵妇画像:masterpieceJack LondonThe People of the Abyss深渊居民(1903): about London's slumThe Iron Heel 铁蹄(1908): the first proletarian criterion novel which envisages the development of fascismThe Call of the Wild 野性旳呼唤(1903): the most widely read bookThe Sea Wolf 海狼(1904)These two novels reflect the ideas of the law of survival and the will to power Martin Eden马丁伊登Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德Imagism意象派Pound became the most important figure.Imagist poetry reached the peak of literature for three things appeared:i.a manifesto ii.three principles iii.a lot of writingsIn a Station of the Metro在地铁车站1.This is the much-quoted masterpiece of Pound and a representative of the Imagist poetry.2.Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"?These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain.3.What do "petals" and "bough" stand for? Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd.Robert Frost⏹ b.Characteristics⏹ 1.not in the main stream of modern poetry, but with conventional form and plainlanguage.That’s why he’s the most popular poet in the 20th century.⏹ 2.a kind of a regionalist----New England, but not local colorism.He used New England asa metaphor for the whole world and universe.3.a plain poet using symbols from everyday country life.Simple symbols but express deep meanings.The Road Not Taken⏹ 1.The poem was written in very regular lines with iambic pentametre and rhyme schemeof abaab.⏹ 2.The symbolic meaning of the two divergent roads is rather clear.They represent anyimportant decisions in one's life.3.details:Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening⏹ 1.It is a lyric poem with iambic tetrametre and interlocking enclosed rhyme.2.It represents a moment of relaxation from the onerous journey of life, an almost aesthetic enjoyment and appreciation of natural beauty which is wholesome and retorative against the chaotic existence of modern man.William Faulkner (1897-1962)Sound and Fury: divided into 4 parts1.themes:a) downfall of the South.The south was in deterioration.It’s going from bad to worse.The present and the past form a contrast from Benjy’s eyes.He’s an idiot so his reactions were distinctive feeling.He felt strongly the loss of love.The downfall of Mr.Campson was not only a personal one but also a universal one---the society was in disorder.b) conflict between the old/young generationsFather of Southern American literatureNobel Prize for literature in 1950Special features2.1.Setting :Oxford is the model for his fictional Jefferson, the central place of his fictional Yoknapatawpha County2.2.Subjects :southern tradition, family, community, the land, history and the past,race, and the passions of ambition and love2.3.Characters:Typical of the historical growth and subsequent decadence of the South 写作技巧Multiple Points of View ：He always structure his stories in his own original fashion and is proficient in employing a distinctive narrative method of gradually fitting in and of withholding or even giving confusing information.Stream of consciousness, complex structures, epic style, symbolism William Faulkner威廉•福克纳1897-1962 1950年获诺贝尔文学奖, 普利策奖小说奖 1. 1929年《喧嚣与骚动》”The Sound and the Fury” 1930年《在我弥留之际》”As I Lay Dying” 1932年《八月之光》”Light in August”1936年《押沙龙, 押沙龙》”Absalom, Absalom”教材作品: 《给艾米莉小姐旳玫瑰》: “A Rose for Emily”南方文学特点:主题:作者获奖The Nobel Prize &The Pulitzer Prize: John Steinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克William Faulkner威廉•福克纳 Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特•海明威The Nobel Prize: Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•斯特恩斯•爱略特The Pulitzer Prize: Wallace Stevens华莱士•斯蒂文斯 Robert Frost罗伯特•弗洛斯特 Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温•阿林顿•罗宾逊尤金.奥尼尔（Eugene O’Neill, 1888----1952）, 美国著名剧作家。

美国文学史复习1（The Literature of Colonial）一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

美国文学史复习资料大全--最全必考考点集结本页仅作为文档页封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.MarchL e c t u r eⅠA B r i e f I n t r o d u c t i o n t o A m e r i c a nL i t e r a t u r efeatures of American writersIndependent, Individualistic, Critical, Innovative, HumorousI The Literature of Colonial and American PuritanismThe first American writer: Capitan John Smith.Philip Freneau:( Father of American Poetry)I I T h e L i t e r a t u r e o f R e a s o n a n d R e v o l u t i o n,E n l i g h t e n m e n t Jonathan Edwards: First modern American and the country’s last medieval manBenjamin Franklin: The AutobiographyThomas Paine :The American CrisisThomas Jefferson (“The Declaration of Independence” first established the identity of American people)John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, and JeffersonI I I T h e L i t e r a t u r e o f R o m a n t i c i s mWashing Irving欧文: His first book was “A History of New York ”.“The Sketch Book 美国信札” made him international famousJames Fenimore Cooper: 库伯“Leatherstocking Tales”, 皮袜子故事集a series of five novels about the frontier life of American settlers.Deerslayer (1843), Pathfinder (1841), Last of the Mohicans (1825), The Pioneer (1823),The Prairie ( 1827),Edgar Allan Poe艾伦·坡: Poe was sensitive enough to feel the pressure of a world where science and reason reign supreme, and one where there is neither joy, nor love, nor light, nor peace, nor help from God.“The Raven”, “Israfel”, “Sonnet—to Science” and “To Hellen”.His short stories: “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”, “The Purloined Letter”, “The Gold Bug” and “The Mystery of Marie Roget”o f T r a n s c e n d e n t a l i s m先验主义A. Emphasis on Spirit (Oversoul)B. Emphasis on individualsC. Taking nature as the symbol of the Spirit (Oversoul)D. Brotherhood of man (equal and liberty)Ralph Waldo Emerson爱默生: Emerson created the school of transcendentalism. His famous essay “American Scholar” established the independence of A merican intellectual.“Nature”Henry David Thoreau梭罗: Walden瓦尔登湖Nathaniel Hawthorne 藿桑Twice-Told Tales ; Moses from an Old Manse, Scarlet Letter红字; The House of Seven Gables; The Blithedale Romance; The Marble FaunHerman Melville麦尔维尔:Moby Dick大白鲸Walt Whitman惠特曼: leaves of grass草叶集, song of myselfEmily Dickinson狄金森I V T h e L i t e r a t u r e o f R e a l i s mBeecher Stowe斯托夫人: “Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋”Henry James 詹姆斯and international theme: The Portrait of a Lady, The Ambassadors, The Wings of the Dove and The Golden Bowl,5: American NaturalismStephen Crane克兰: Maggie: A Girl of the StreetsTheodore Dreiser德莱塞: Sister CarrieJack London杰克·伦敦: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf Martin Eden O. Henry欧·亨利 The Gift of the Magi, The Cop and the Athem6T w e n t i e t h-C e n t u r y L i t e r a t u r eEzra Pound庞德: In a Station of the MetroRobert Frost弗罗斯特: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningScott Fitzgerald菲茨杰拉德 and The American Dream: The Great GatsbyErnest Hemingway海明威 and Iceberg Principle: The Sun Also Rises. A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Old Man and the SeaSteinbeck斯坦贝克: The Grape of WrathWilliam Faulkner福克纳: The Sound and the Fury ,Light in AugustSherwood Anderson安德森: Winesburg, OhioSinclair Lewis路易斯: Main StreetP u r i t a n i s m（清教主义）Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. predestination（命运天定）, original sin（原罪）, total depravity（人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取悦上帝）,limited atonement（有限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救）（启蒙运动）an intellectual movement in the seventeenth century and eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions.（意象派）1912 and 1917. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes toexpress the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation.C o l o r i s m地方色彩文学a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region.the literature and art after WWII. Postmodernism involves not only a continuation, sometimes carried to an extreme, of the countertraditional experiments of modernism, but also diverse attempts to break away from modernist forms which had, inevitably, become in their turn conventional, as well as to overthrow the elitism of modernist “high art” by recourse to the models of “mass art”.（超验主义）in 1830s in US；emphasis on spirit or oversoul and stressing importance of the individual；regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God and emphasis on brotherhood of man；representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David ThoreauG e n e r a t i o n（迷惘的一代）American writers of the decade following the end of WWI, disillusioned by their war experience and alienated by what they perceived as the crassness of American culture are often tagged as Lost Generation. Their representatives are F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway.（自然主义）Naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Inpresenting the extremes of life, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.Lecture 2 Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)1.The theme in the scarlet letterThe sin of Puritanism on human nature(1)Sin: Hawthorne is haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life. Evil seems to be man’s birthmark. Sin will be punished. Hawthorne was predominantly concerned with the moral, emotional, and psychological effect of the sin on people in general. The story of Adam and Eve; Dimmesdale’s "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; Chillingworth's misshapen body reflects the anger in his soul Pearl embodies the poison of her parents' guilt(2)Puritan legalism: Another theme is the extreme legalism of the Puritans and how Hester chooses not to conform to their rules and beliefs Because they rejected Hester, she spent her life mostly in solitude, and wouldn't go to church. As a result, She still sees her sin, but begins to believe that a person's earthly sins don't necessarily condemn them. She even thinks that their sin has been paid for by their daily penance and that their sin won't keep them from getting to heaven, however, the Puritans believed that such a sin surely condemns.When Dimmesdale dies, she knows she has to move on because she can no longer conform to the Puritan's strictness.Her thinking is free from religious bounds and she has established her own, different moral standards and beliefs(3)Past and present: Sins of Hawthorne’s ancestors. The wrong-doing of one generation lives into the successive ones.2.The symbolism in scarlet letter“A”-----adultery, able, angelPearl-----the unique pure person in the puritan communityChillingworth----a bad guyDimmesdale---someone who should be condemned for his evil and sinsLecture 3 Herman Melville 1819-18911. Themes in Moby-Dick:The world is Godless and purposelessThe loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaninglessnessAlienation between man and man, man and society, man and natureDeath-spiritual, emotional and physicalThis work also reveals the basic pattern of nineteenth century American life: loneliness and suicidal individualism in a self-styled democracy.2. Symbolism in Moby DickAhab（圣经中的异教徒国王，昏庸暴虐，在小说中过分自信，在船上如同一个独裁的暴君）and Ishmael （圣经中被抛弃的人，是一个流浪者，在小说里他也是一个被社会所抛弃的人）the voyage: the search for the ultimate truth of experienceMoby Dick: evil or goodness; corruption, purity, innocence, youth, the final mystery of the universePequod: the American soulLecture 4 Walt Whitman (The father of Free Verse) (1819-1892) 1. The definition of Free Verse:Free verse is a form of poetry that refrains from consistent meter patterns, rhyme,or any other musical pattern What is the difference between free verse and blank verse(blank verse has no rhyme, but it should be iambic pentameter)2. The theme of Leaves of GrassIn spite of the unconventionality of his poetic form and ideas, Whitman is related to the past in many ways. Whitman embraces idealism. Whitman extols the ideals of equality and democracy and celebrates the dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man. Parallelism.3. The features of Leaves of GrassA. He extols the ideals of equality and democracy and celebrates the dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man.B. employing “free verse” as the form of his poems with two characteristics: parallelism; phonetic recurrenceC. frankness of the commonplace and the ugly sides in human lifeD. direct, plain and even vulgar languageE. “untold latencies” (his poetry suggests rather than tell)F. great influence on the 20th century American poetsEmily Dickinson (1830-1886)4. The themes in Emily DickinsonFlowers and gardensThe Master , Jesus or Godillness, dying and death, immortalitythe mind and spiritA religious certainty, God’s help and good lifeNature, both kind and cruelIndividuality, free will, human responsibilitySympathy for the poor and the weakBeauty, truth and goodnessLecture5 Edgar Allan Poe (1819-1849)1. IntroductionThe father of detective fiction. He is the first professional writer.Poems:“The Raven”, “Annabel Lee”, “To Helen”Lecture 6 American realism (the late 19th century, esp. 1870s, 1880s)1. Features of American RealismA. reaction aga inst “the lie” of Romanticism (considering Romanticism made people escape from the social realities)B. theme: the world of experience of the commonplace and the familiar and the lowC. style: genteel, graceful prose by Howells and Henry James; plain and rough by Mark TwainD. vivid description of details from observation of actual lifeE. a reliance on the representative characterF. trying to hold an objective view of human nature and society2. Father of American realism:William Dean Howells (1837 – 1920)3. Features of Henry James’s workThe international theme:“the international theme”: the meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence, and its moral and psychological complications.Special point of view: internal monologue (illumination of the situation and characters through one or several minds)Lecture 7 Local Colorism1. Mark Twain’s real nameSamuel Langhorne Clemens2. 4 classical novels:The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe Man that Corrupted HadleyburgRoughing It3. Trilogy of MississippiLife on the mississippiThe Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn4. The features of Mark Twain’s languageAnglo-Saxon in origin, short, concrete and direct in effect;sentence structure is mostly simple or compound;repetition of words;ungrammatical elementsMark Twain made the colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of America.Lecture 8 Ernest Hemingway1. 4 novels of Ernest Hemingway:The Sun Also RisesFor Whom the Bell TollsThe Old Man and the SeaA Farewell to Arms2. The symbolism of The old man and the sea:Santiago – mankind;sea – nature and environment;marlin – purpose of life;shark – the evil force which control human’s fate3. The features in Ernest Hemingway:Hemingway situation: characterized by chaos and brutality and violence, by crime and death, by sports and sexHemingway theme: “grace under pressure”Lecture 9 American Naturalism1. Major feature of Naturalism godlessDeterminismThe universe is cold, indifferent, godless and hostile to human desires; life becomes a struggle for survivalThemes: social systems that destroy and dehumanize; individual experience of loss and failure3.differences between Realism and Naturalism4. The trilogy of fate:The FinancierThe TitanThe Stoic5. Masterpiece of Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie6. The real name of Jack London:John Ariffith London7. The masterpiece ofThe Gift of the MagiLecture 10 The southern renaissance1. 4 novels of William Faulkner:The Sound and the FuryLight in AugustAbsalom! Absalom!Go Down, MosesAs I lay Dyingthe Marble Faun2. The features of his novels:Theme: in praise of eternal virtues in human history, love, pity, honor and self-sacrifice (despair and destruction)multiple points of viewdislocation of timethe modern stream of consciousnesswords are often run together, with no capitalization and no proper punctuation interior monologuescolloquial and regional dialectsone fragment runs into another without proper noticeLecture 11 American Drama1. 4 novels of E ugene O’Neill:Beyond the HorizonLong Day’s Journey into NightThe Emperor JonesThe Hairy Ape2. Themes of The Hairy Ape:The industrial environment is presented as toxic and dehumanizing; the world of the rich, superficial and dehumanized. Yank has also been interpreted as representative of the human condition, alienated from nature by his isolated consciousness, unable to find belonging in any social group or environment.3. Major themes in A Streetcar Named Desire:Fantasy/IllusionBlanche dwells in illusion; fantasy is her primary means of self-defense.Fantasy has a liberating magic that protects her from the tragedies she has had to endure.Blanche's dependence on illusion is contrasted with Stanley's steadfast realism, and in the end it is Stanley and his worldview that win.To survive, Stella must also resort to a kind of illusion, forcing herself to believe that Blanche's accusations against Stanley are false so that she can continue living with her husband.4. Themes in Death of a Salesman:The American DreamAbandonmentBetrayalLecture 12 Postwar American Literature1. The definition of black humor:Black humor is a way to criticize the army, the bureaucracy and government. Humor—deep, strong, melancholy, self-mocking; to express the most helpless feeling by using seemingly light-hearted treatment;2. Features of the beat generation:free from all formalitiesanti-reasonbreaking down the limitations between poetry and proseThey shock their listeners by reading their works aloud in coffee houses and bars. They lived in a wild way, anti-traditional and rebellious.They cherished a rebellious attitude toward sex, living in groups and engaging themselves in homosexual activities.3. Definition of postmodernism:In general, the postmodern view is cool, ironic, and accepting of the fragmentation of contemporary existence. It tends to concentrate on surfaces rather than depths, to blur the distinctions between high and low culture, and as a whole to challenge a wide variety of traditional cultural values.4. Features of the confessional school:They wrote about themselves, cultivating the inner world of each private individual and challenging the traditional values.They describe personal experience and family problems.A ruthless, excruciating self-analysis of one’s own background and heritage, one’s own most private desires and fantasies etc., and the urgent “I’ll-tell-it-all-to-you” impulse.5. Postwar novels;Saul Bellow : Henderson the Rain King, More Die of Heartbreak;. Salinger : The Catcher in the Rye;John Updike: Rabbit pentalogy,Flannery O'Connor.Joseph Heller: Catch-22Alice Walker 艾丽斯.沃克 :The Color Purple 《紫色》Martin Luther King :I Have a DreamAmy Tan :The Joy Luck Club (1989) 《欣幸俱乐部》。

美国文学部分(American Literature)一．殖民时期文学（The Literature of the Colonial Period）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1) 早期殖民地时期的文学的特点2) 十八世纪美国文学的特点（重点是独立革命前后时期文学）3) 主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品4) 术语：the colonial period, American Puritanism, Puritans, Enlightenment in American, the Great Awakening2．主要作家作品John Smith第一个美国作家A True Relation of Virginia and General History of Virginia.Anne Bradstreet 殖民地时期女诗人The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Jonathan Edwards十八世纪上半叶大觉醒时代的代表人物“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草《独立宣言》。

十八世纪美国启蒙思想代言人。

《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac（收录格言警句）《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography （富兰克林原意为写给儿子的家书）Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。

《常识》Common Sense ( Paine 最知名的政论文：It was inspired by the first battle of the Revolutionary War—the Battle of Lexington in Concord.)《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的“革命诗人”。

美国文学期末复习资料美国文学期末复习资料美国文学是一门广泛而深入的学科，涵盖了从殖民地时期到现代的众多作品和作家。

为了帮助大家复习期末考试，本文将以不同的主题和时期为线索，介绍一些重要的美国文学作品和相关知识。

一、殖民地时期的文学在殖民地时期，美国文学主要以宗教为主题，反映了早期殖民者的信仰和生活。

《普利茅斯纪事》是美国文学史上的里程碑之一，它记录了普利茅斯殖民地的建立和早期的困难。

另外，约翰·史密斯的《弗吉尼亚史诗》和威廉·布拉德福的《普利茅斯植民地纪事》也是重要的作品。

二、启蒙时代的文学启蒙时代是美国文学的重要时期，这一时期的作品反映了人们对自由、理性和独立思考的追求。

本杰明·富兰克林是启蒙时代的代表人物，他的《贫穷理性者的儿子》和《自传》都是重要的作品。

此外，托马斯·潘恩的《常识》和托马斯·杰斐逊的《独立宣言》也是这一时期的重要文献。

三、浪漫主义时期的文学浪漫主义时期是19世纪美国文学的高峰期，作家们开始关注个人情感和内心体验。

华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱德加·爱伦·坡的《乌鸦》是这一时期的代表作品。

此外，纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》和赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》也是不可忽视的作品。

四、现实主义时期的文学现实主义时期是19世纪末到20世纪初的文学运动，作家们开始关注社会问题和人类命运。

马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《红字》是这一时期的代表作品。

此外，亨利·詹姆斯的《国际象棋之家》和埃德蒙·威尔逊的《了不起的盖茨比》也是重要的作品。

五、现代主义和后现代主义时期的文学现代主义和后现代主义时期是20世纪美国文学的重要阶段，作家们开始挑战传统的叙事方式和观念。

欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》是现代主义时期的代表作品。

1.The literature of colonial AmericaWilliam Bradford威廉·布拉德福德（1590年-1657年），五月花号公约签署人之一，于1620年参与创立了普利茅斯殖民地，并在长达30余年的时间里担任普利茅斯总督。

他所撰写的《普利茅斯垦殖记》是关于欧洲新世界殖民史的早期著作之一。

Anne Bradstreet美国女诗人布莱德斯特律1612英格兰比安普敦～1672.9.16,马萨诸塞湾殖民地安多弗美国最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的一位女诗人。

她的宗教组诗《沉思集》(Contemplations)受到20世纪文学批评界的重视，被认为是一部不朽之作。

《凡人的虚荣》(Of the vanity of all worldly creatures)、《灵与肉》(The Flesh and the Spirit)、《献给我亲爱的丈夫》(To My Dear and Loving Husband)、《人世正凋萎，万物有终极》(All things within this fading world hath end)、《心痛手颤写诗句》(With troubled heart and trembling hand I write)、《大卫对扫罗和约拿单的哀悼》(David's Lamentation for Sauland Jonathan)Puritan Thoughts美国清教主义从一开始就是一种精神运动，它不仅仅是一种宗教信仰，而且还是一种极端民主与共和的理论。

清教徒在自己的祖国遭受迫害，对英国严酷的社会现实不满而移民到美国。

他们希冀按自己的意欲信仰上帝。

于是，他们致力于建立一个乌托邦式的重视伦理和精神生活的社会模式。

他们崇尚真正的自由——这种真正的自由涵盖了广泛的道德的含义。

他们把一切破坏和蔑视这种自由信念的行为一概斥责为对权威的亵渎。

因此，他们认为自己是一群称之为美国人的新人，命定要建立一个新的世界，为人类建造一座“山上的光辉的城市”。

美国文学史一.知识点1.清教主义代表人物：Edwards Franklin2.富兰克林的作品：《Poor Richard’s Almanac》《Autobiography》3.富兰克林自传中的十三个美德：Temperance（节制）silence （少言）order（秩序）frugality （节俭）Industry（勤勉）sincerity （真诚）resolution（决心）justice （公正）moderation （中庸）cleanliness（整洁）chastity(镇定) tranquility（节欲）humility（谦逊）This work is a puritan document. It is puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement.4.富兰克林作品中的谚语:lost time is never found again. A penny saved is a penny earned. God help them that help themselves. Fish and visitors stink in three days. Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.5.美国浪漫主义代表人物：Irving Cooper6.Irving was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.His works are《The Sketch Book》《Rip Van Winkle》《The Legend of Sleepy Hollow》7. Cooper’s claim to greatness in American literature lies in the fact that he created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. “Leatherstocking tales” is a series of five novels described the frontier life of American settlers, that is, 《The Pioneers》《The Last of the Mohicans》《The Prairie》《The pathfinder》《The Deerslayer》8. Emerson 的代表作《Nature》. “The American Scholar” has been regarded as the American’s declaration of intellectual independence.9.Thoreau的代表作《Walden》10.美国黑色浪漫主义代表人物：Hawthorne Melville Allan Poe11.Whitman的作品《Leaves of Grass》《Song of Myself》. 用来赞扬林肯的诗歌“When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”“Captain, My Captain”12.Dickinson的诗歌“My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close”“Wild Nights”. Dickinson was original. She sees nature as both gaily benevolent and cruel. On the ethical level she emphasizes free will and human responsibility. Like Emerson, she holds that beauty, goodness, truth are the ultimately one. She is good at catching the charm of something but dropping the thing itself. 13. Allan Poe: Father of modern short story;Father of detective story;Father of psychoanalytic criticism;Father of mental analytic theory.14. Local Colorism的代表人物:Mark Twain15.Naturalism 时期：Crane的作品：《Maggie：A Girl of the Street》《The Red Badge of Courage》Dreiser的作品：《Sister Carrie》Jack London；O’Henry16. Imagism 的代表人物：Pound他的作品“In a Station of the Metro”(has been regarded asa classic specimen of imagist poetry) “Cantos”(has been called his intellectual diary since1915).17. Eliot 的作品《The Waste Land》18. Robert Frost的作品“Mending Wall”这里的名言是good fences make good neighbors. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”“The Road not Taken”19. Fitzgerald的作品《This Side of Paradise》《Tender is the Night》《The Last Tycoon》《The GreatGatsby》（代表作）二．名词解释1. American puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of puritans. The puritans areoriginally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from god. It had become, to some extent, so much a sense of mind, so much a part of national cultural background, rather than a set of tenets.2. Transcendentalism: it was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophythat emerged in newEngland in the early middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism in American society. It place emphasis on spirit, or the over soul as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of the individual and offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or god.Prominent transcendentalists included Edwards and Thoreau.3. Local Colorism: Mark Twain was the representative of local colorism. It as a trend becamedominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870s, it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native, as local colorists tried to immortalize the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular language and satirical humor. Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.4. Imagism: the 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America. In poetry there appeared astrong reaction against Victorian poetry. Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and the use of oral language. Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their poetry. Its representative was Pound.5. Modernsim: American modernism was the phenomenon of international modernismtransplanted in the American context. The modernists have a more complex view of reality.They believe that reality is experienced from different perspectives and at different levels.Modernism is pluralistic in styles and inclusive of diverse responses to the human condition in the modern world.6. The Lost Generation: it is a term used to characterize a general feeling of disillusionment ofAmerican literary notables who lived in Europe, most notably Paris, after the First World War.Figures identified with the lost generation included authors and artists such as Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Pound and SherwoodAnderson.三．解答题1.超验主义三大特点。

美国文学一．术语解释1，Transcendentalism(超验主义):简略版：It started in 1830s in US; which emphasis on spirit or oversoul and stressing importance of the individual; regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God. It took idea from the romantic literatures of Europe, from Neo-Platonism and so on. Emerson was its representative.深层次版：American Transcendentalism: the emergence of the Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious history. Transcendentalism and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their common ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.美国超验主义：美国超验主义出现的19世纪20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要远得多。

美国文学选读复习资料美国文学选读复习资料美国文学是世界文学宝库中的一颗璀璨明珠，承载着美国历史、文化和社会的精华。

作为文学爱好者和学生，对于美国文学的了解和掌握是必不可少的。

本文将为大家提供一份美国文学选读的复习资料，帮助大家更好地理解和欣赏美国文学的经典之作。

一、美国文学的起源与发展美国文学的起源可以追溯到十七世纪的殖民地时期。

最早的美国文学作品是早期殖民者的日记、教会纪实和历史记录，如《普利茅斯纪事》和《马萨诸塞纪事》。

随着殖民地的发展和美国独立战争的爆发，美国文学逐渐形成了自己的独特风格和主题，如《飘》、《红字》和《汤姆·索亚历险记》等。

二、美国文学的主题与特点美国文学的主题广泛而多样，涵盖了对自由、平等、个人主义和社会正义的探索。

美国文学作品常常关注社会问题和人类命运，如种族歧视、性别平等、战争和社会阶级等。

同时，美国文学也以其写实主义和现实主义的风格著称，力求真实地描绘社会生活和人物形象。

三、美国文学的代表作品1.《钢铁是怎样炼成的》这是美国作家海明威的代表作之一，通过描写一战期间的士兵们的生活和战争的残酷性，展现了人性的脆弱和战争的荒谬。

2.《了不起的盖茨比》这是美国作家菲茨杰拉德的代表作之一，以20世纪20年代的纽约社交圈为背景，描绘了财富、爱情和欲望的交织，对美国梦的追求和破灭进行了深刻的探讨。

3.《杀死一只知更鸟》这是美国作家哈珀·李的代表作之一，通过一个小女孩的视角，揭示了种族歧视和社会不公的问题，以及人性的复杂性和善恶的边界。

4.《老人与海》这是美国作家海明威的另一部代表作品，通过一个老渔夫与大海的搏斗，探讨了生命的意义和人与自然的关系。

5.《傲慢与偏见》这是英国作家简·奥斯汀的作品，虽然不是美国文学，但对美国文学的影响深远。

通过描写女主角伊丽莎白·班纳特的成长和婚姻观念的转变，探讨了社会等级、婚姻和爱情的主题。

四、美国文学的影响与意义美国文学不仅仅是一种艺术形式，更是美国文化和民族精神的重要组成部分。

殖民时期的美国: Colonial America 17c早——18c末1. 从英国探险者和殖民者在新大陆的作品开始，描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。

2. 另一类为清教作品Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺：第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者“Father of American Poetry”(美国诗歌之父)Puritanism: 清教主义American Puritanism influences on American literature:1. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义2. Symbolism 象征主义3. Simplicity. 简洁1.Edwards爱德华兹：the first modern American can the country’s last medieval man.“the current of Transcendentalism, originating in the piety of the Puritans, vecoming a philosophy in Jonathan Ed wards, passing through Emerson.”超验论由清教徒的虔诚演变而来在乔纳森·爱德华兹的哲理得到发展继而传给爱默生4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。

1.Matches作家作品：（或参考课本目录，黑色斜体为课本目录）The literature of Realism:Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼Drum Taps (《桴鼓集》)Good-Bye, My Fancy ( 《再见，我的幻想》,)Leaves of Grass (《草叶集》)Passage to India ( 《通向印度之路》)Sequel to Drum Taps (《桴鼓集续集》)Song of Myself 《自己之歌》I Sit and Look Out 《我坐在这儿眺望着》Beat! Beat! Drum! 《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》Emily Dickinson 艾米莉.狄金森I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed 《我品味未经酿造的饮料》I felt a Funeral, in my Brain 《我感受了一场葬礼，在脑中》A Bird came down the Walk 《鸟儿沿着小径过来》I died for Beauty--- but was scarce《我为美而死》I heard a Fly buzz- when I died 《我听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声---在临死之前》Because I could not stop for Death 《因为我不能停下来等候死神》I’m Nobody! Who are You?Success is Counted SweetestHarriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托Uncle Tom's Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Mark Twain 马克. 吐温The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆.索亚历险记》.The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County ([kælə‘verəs] 《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》2.Innocents Abroad (《傻子国外旅行记》)3.Roughing It (《艰苦岁月》)4.The Gilded Age (with Charles Dudley Waenner, 《镀金时代》与查尔斯·达德利·沃纳合写)5.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (《汤姆·索耶历险记》)A Tramp Abroad (《国外流浪汉》)7. The Prince and the Pauper (《王子与贫儿》)8. Life on the Mississippi (《密西西比河上》)9.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》)10.The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson ( 《傻瓜威尔逊》)11. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court ( 《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人》)12. The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (《败坏赫德莱堡的人》)13. What Is Man? (《人是什么》)O.Henry 欧. 亨利The Cop and the Anthen 《警察与赞美诗》Henry James 亨利. 詹姆斯A Tragedy of ErrorsTransatlantic SketchesThe American 《美国人》Daisy Miller 《戴茜·米勒》The Europeans 《欧洲人》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇的肖像》Washington Square 《华盛顿广场》The Bostonians 《波士顿人》The Princess Casamassima 《卡萨玛西玛公主》The Tragic MuseGuy Domville (play, )What Maisie KnewThe Turn of the Screw 《碧庐冤孽》The Awkward AgeThe Wings of the Dove ) 《鸽之翼》The Ambassadors 《大使》(或译：奉使记) The Beast in the JungleThe Golden Bowl 《金碗》English HoursThe American SceneJack London 杰克. 伦敦The Sea Wolf《海狼》Martin Eden 《马丁.伊登》Theodore Dreiser 西奥多. 德莱赛Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》Jennie GerhardtThe FinancierThe TitanThe GeniusAn American TragedyTwentieth-Century Literature:Ezra Pound 埃兹拉. 庞德A Virginal 《处女无暇》Salutation《再次致敬》A Pact 《合同》In a Station of the Metro 《在地铁车站》The River-Merchant'sWife: A Letter 《长干行》Personae 《人物》Exultations 《狂喜》Cathay 译著《华夏》Homage to Sextus Propertius 《向赛克斯特斯.普罗波蒂斯致敬》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 《休.赛尔温.毛伯利》The Cantos 《诗章》The ABC Reading (Literary Essay)Edwin Arlington Robinson 埃德温. 阿林顿. 罗宾逊The House on the Hill 《山上的古屋》Richard Cory 《理查.珂利》Miniver Cheevy 《米尼弗.契维》The Torrent and the Night Before 《急流与昨夜》The Town Down the River 《河下游的城镇》The Children of the Night 《夜之子》Mr. Flood’s Party 《弗罗德先生的酒会》The Man Against the Sky 《天边人影》Robert Frost 罗伯特. 弗洛斯特After Apple-Picking 《摘苹果之后》The Road Not Taken 《没有走的路》Stopping by Wood on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜林边小立》Departmental 《职责分明，各管各的》Design 《天意》The Most of It《他至多是》My butterfly 《我的蝴蝶》A Boy’s Will 《少年的意志》North of Boston 《波士顿以北》Mountain Interval 《山间》New Hampshire 《新罕布什尔》West-Running Brook 《向西流去的小溪》A Further Range 《又一片牧场》Mending Wall 《修墙》The Birches 《白桦树》A Witness Tree 《见证树》Steeple Bush 《尖塔丛》A Masque of Mercy 《假慈悲》Collected Poems 《诗选》Complete Poems 《诗歌全集》In the Clearing 《林间空地》Carl Sandburg 卡尔. 桑德堡In Reckless Ecstasy <心醉神迷>Chicago Poems <芝加哥诗集>Famous Imagist poems:Fog <雾>The Harbor <港口>←→Chicago <芝加哥>Cool Tombs <清冷的墓>The People, Yes <人民，是的>Flash Crimson 《闪烁的深红》Lost <失落>I Am the People, the Mob <我是人民群众>The American Songbag <美国歌集> or <美国歌袋>--folk songs of cowboys, vagabond and black peopleBiography of Lincoln (6 volumes) <林肯传>1 autobiography1 historical novelCornhuskers <碾米机>Smoke and Steel <烟与钢>Good Morning, America <早安，美国>Collected Poems <诗集>Wallace Stevens 华莱士. 斯蒂文斯Peter Quince at the Clavier 《彼得.昆士弹琴》Anecdote of the Jar 《坛子的轶事》The Emperor of Ice-Cream 《冰淇淋皇帝》Harmonium <风琴> (first collection of his poems at the age of 44)Notes toward a Supreme Fiction <关于高度虚构的笔记>The Idea of Orders <关于秩序的思想>The Man with the Blue Guitar <带蓝吉它的人>Parts of a World <一个世界的某些部分>Transport to Summer <转入夏季>The Auroras of Autumn <秋天的晨曦>Collected Poems <诗集>Opus Posthumous <遗作集>The Necessary Angel <必不可少的安琪儿>Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯. 斯特恩斯. 艾略特The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock（杰阿尔弗雷德普鲁夫洛克的情歌）The Waste Land （荒原）The Hollow Men （空心人）Preludes 《序曲》Journey of the Magi 《三贤者的旅程》Ash Wednesday （圣灰星期三：复活节前的第七个星期三）Four Quartets（四个四重奏/托马斯·斯特恩斯·艾略特）F. Scott Fitzgerald 司各特. 菲茨杰拉德(1) This Side of Paradise 《人间天堂》(2) Flappers and Philosophers 《轻佻女郎与哲学家》(3) The Beautiful and the Damned 《漂亮冤家》(4) The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》(5) Tender is the Night 《夜色温柔》(6) All the Sad Young Man(7) The Last Tycoon 《最后的巨石》8）Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特. 海明威1) In Our Time(2) Men Without Women(3) Winner Take Nothing(4) The Torrents of Spring(5) The Sun Also Rises 《太阳依照升起》(6) A Farewell to Arms 《永别了武器》(7) Death in the Afternoon 《午后之死》(8) To Have and Have Not(9) Green Hills of Africa 《非洲的青山》(10) The Fifth Column(11) For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》(12) Across the River and into the Trees《过河入林》(13) The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》14）The Spanish War 《西班牙战争》John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦(1) Cup of Gold(2) Tortilla Flat(3) In Dubious Battle(4) Of Mice and Men(5) The Grapes of Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》(6) Travels with Charley(7) Short stories: The Red Pony, The PearlWilliam Faulkner 威廉. 福克纳A Rose for Emily 《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》As I lay Dying 《在我弥留之际》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom！《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Go down, Moses 《去吧，摩西》2.terms：(课件版在课件相关知识拼凑版，需自己整理一下)1）Free verse(参考书版)It is a form of poetry. It means that the poetry is without a fixed beat or regular rhyme, a looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored. Lines and sentences of different lengths are left lying side by side just as things are, undisturbed and separate. There are few compound sentences to draw objects and experiences intoa system of hierarchy2) American realism(参考书版)Realism refers to the literary tendency appeared after the American Civil War. The harsh realities of life as well as the disillusion of heroism resulting from the dark memories of the Civil War had set the nation against the romance. The Americans began to be tired of the sentimental feeling of Romanticism. A new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation ,came up with a new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the mysteries of life and death and heroic individualism, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portray of class struggle. This literary interest in the so-called"reality" of life started a new period in the American literary writings knows as the Age of Realism.3)Local colorism(参考书版)Local color is a term applied to fiction or verse which emphasizes its setting, being concerned with the character of a district or of an era, as marked by its customs, dialect, costumes, landscape, or other peculiarities the have escaped standardizing cultural influences. As a variation of American realism, local colorism came into particular prominence in the U.S. after the Civil War, perhaps as an attempt to recapture the glamour of a past ear, or to portray the sections of the reunited county one to the other. The representive writer of this movement is generally accepted as Mark Twain who depicts the beautiful scenes along the Mississippi Rover that he knows very well from his childhood. Other local colorists include Bret Harte, Hamlin Garland and Kate Chopin.4)Naturalism(参考书版)Naturalism is a critical term applied to the method of literary composition that aims at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man. It is thus moreinclusive and less selective than realism, and holds to the philosophy of determinism. It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances. Since in this view man has no free will, the naturalistic writer does not attempt to make moral judgements, outgrowth of 19th-century scientific thought, following in the general the biographical feterminism of Darwin's theory, or the economic determinism of Mars. In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.5)the Imagism(参考书版)Imagism is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909 to 1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets(1915), included the use of the language of common speech, preoject matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration. Origination in the aesthetic philosophy of T.E. Hulme, the movement soon attracted Ezra Pound, who became the leader of a small group opposed to the romantic conception of poetry and inspired by Greek and Roman classic and by Chinese, Japanese, and modern French poets.6）Object Correlative（课件版）Eliot’s famous principle of “objective correlative”（客观对应物）refers to using related objects, situations, events, all external facts, to express emotions. He said that the only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding the ‘objective correlative’, in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula（配方）of that particular emotion; such that when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked.7）Lost Generation（课件版）It refers to, in general, the post-World War First’generation, but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists, who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism（快乐论, 快乐主义）.Lost generation brilliantly describes those expatriates who had cut themselves off from their past in America in order to create new types of writing.The generation was "lost" in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U. S. that seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotional barren.The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, E. E. Cummings, and many other writers who made Paris the center of their literary activities in the 1920s.8）Psychological realism（参考书版）It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of character's thoughts and motivations. Henry James 's novel The Ambassador is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism. And Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefor merely the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it, which may not be the same life as it "really"is.3.Short Question and Answers:1)The social significance of Uncle Tom's CabinIt is the story of an old black slave, Uncle Tom, who has the hope of freedom held before him but who never escapes from his slavery. In the end, he welcomed the death caused by his cruel master, Simon Legree. As a masterpiece of Abolitionist propaganda, the book had its effect. It helped expand campaign in the North against Southern slavery that led to the Civil War.The novel exposed and denounced the slavery in the south in the 19th century. It arose at the historic moment of the high tide of the anti-slavery movement and exerted a great influence upon and greatly pushed forward the movement after its publication. Influence: enormous after the forty versions of different languages appeareda. It stirred the Civil War.b. It caused a lot of mothers sacrificing their sons.c. It also brought about the emancipation of black slaves.2)The International theme of Portrait of a Lady“The international theme”refers to the moral and psychological complications when the American innocence encountered the European sophisticationThe typical Americans in James: fresh, enthusiastic, eager to learn, and basically “good”, disregard of the conventions, stand for moralityThe Europeans in James : highly cultivated, elegant in manners, but sophisticated , stand for manners（礼貌）The meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contract and contrast European decadence, and its moral and psychological complicationsIsabel Archer VS Madame Merle and Gilbert Osmond3)The analysis of Sister Carrie's themeWhen a girl leaves her home at 18, she does either of the 2 things:A.falling into saving hands and becoming better,B. or rapidly assuming the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and turning worse. Underthe circumstances, there is no possibility.The theme in Sister Carrie, a novel written by Theodore Dreiser, is materialism. The theme is primarily personified through Carrie with her desire for a fine home, clothes and everything else money can buy.Materialism, including the desire for money, is an important theme in Sister Carrie. The materialism is shown mostly through Carrie's character but also through Hurstwood, a man with a respectable life and money, who still wants more and for that reason commits a crime. The city in itself is also a place of materialism, it is a place that offers all kinds of amusements, pleasures and things to buy, but to participate in what the city has to offer one has to have money.4)The possible reason of Richard Cory's commit suiside（好像是上课提到过的）Abnormal state of mindMeaningless social valuesPerfect personSharp contrast sketches5)Analyse the character of The Love Song of J.Alfred PrufrockPrufrock is a bald middle-aged man fails the courage himself to confess his love to the woman which seems to be neither realistic romance nor nasty sexual desire, but somehow a sheer abstract symbol of adventure and departure. He leaves his love song in the hell of inner heart, locked up.Prufrock is the typical kind of modern educated man who hold the self-consciousness as a decent person, the moody, urban, isolated-yet-sensitive thinker. They want to pursue desire but worried about the effects it will brings to them. He undergoes the contradiction between reason and lust, and suffers in hesitation.With interior monologue as skill, Eliot presents a portraiture of modern man in awkwardness, impotence, and inner hollowness.Prufrock is typically a representative of modern man on this “Waste land”.6)Analyse the influence of American Dream on GatsbyA great number of his stories started with the basic situation in which a rising young man of the middle class is in love with the daughter of a very rich family. While The Great Gatsby explores a number of themes, none is more prevalent than that of the corruption of the American dream.Gatsby appears to be the embodiment of this dream –he has risen from being a poor farm boy with no prospects, to being rich, having a big house, servants, and a large social circle attending his numerous functions. He has achieved all this in only a few short years, having returned from the war penniless.However, Fitzgerald explores much more than the failure of the American dream –he is more deeply concerned with its total corruption.Gatsby has not achieved his wealth through honest hard work, but through bootlegging and crime. His money is not simply ‘new’money –it is dirty money, earned through dishonesty and crime.7)Hemingway's Iceberg TheoryAfter the publication of his last major work, The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway explained his "iceberg" theory of fiction writing in a Paris Review interview: “If it is any use to know it, I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg.”Hemingway's "iceberg theory" of prose style suggests that the writer should leave unsaid the vast majority of what might be written on a subject. The writer gains power by knowing what to leave out.4.Analysis1)I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed by Emily DickinsonThis peom is a ballad and the rhyme scheme of it:abcb1 stanzaI taste a liquor never brewed-----I taste a strong/sweet alcoholic spirit that has never been made to beer. Note the metaphor here.“A liquor never brewed”refers metaphorically to nature. The poet is lost in the beauty of nature.2 stanzaMolten blue---metaphorical use, referring to “heaven”or “nature”(天堂) The poet told readers humorously that she was drinking air and dew, and described herself as a drunken man to express she was intoxicating in nature very much. Image---inns of molten blue---the poet was deeply absorbed in the good days of summer full of blue sky and green grass.3 stanzaThe poet would intoxicate in nature for ever, comparing the bee, the butterfly. When the yellow flowers stopped blooming, the butterflies quitted gathering honey, the poet was still intoxicating in nature. (用类比的手法，把自己在自然中的沉醉之深比作喝了醇香美酒的感觉)From simple objects such as bees, butterflies, the poet shows her love towards nature and life.4 stanzaAlliteration: saints, swing, snowy, seraphsIn order to express her intoxication in nature, the poet described through the angels, the saints, and the snowy clouds. Even the saints and god also praised her“intoxication”.Emily Dickinson was greatly influenced by Emerson’s transcendentalism. She had a profound love for nature and was often intoxicated with the beauty of nature.The poet compares nature to liquor that has never been brewed and herself to a debauchee who loves wine more than her life. The image the poet uses to suggest drunkenness(醉态；酒醉)epitomizes her deep love for nature.The use of dash can delay the time to reflect the poet's slow advanced thinking and he lost in the beautiful nature.2)A Pact by Ezra Pound只找到前五节分析First,the words "pact" means "agreement"In these lines Pound comes to agree the importance of Walt Whitman although he has in the previous time rejected and attacked the achievements made by Whitman. Pound calls himself a grown child ,which means he has matured so that he would like to take up what Whitman has left. The poem shows the undeniable position of Walt Whitman in American literature.(As time went by, Pound had realized that some agreement existed between"Whitmanesque" free verse, which he used to attack for its carelessness in composition. He'd like to learn from the free verse and show respect to Whitman. )后面的老师上课提过的分析This reflect that the poet want to reform the old poetry style and follow Whitman to create new poetry style.（或者自己翻译“改革旧的诗风，追随惠特曼创造新的诗风”）3)The Road Not Taken by Robert FrostThis poem is written in classic five-line stanzas, with the rhyme scheme a-b-a-a-b and conversational rhythm.The poem seems to be about the poet, walking in the woods in autumn, choosing which road he should follow on his walk. The poet uses "the road " to symbolize life's journey.In reality, it concerns the important decisions which one must make in life, when one must give up one desirable thing in order to possess another.Then, whatever the outcome, one must accept the consequences of one' s choice for it is not possible to go back and have another chance to choose differently.In the poem, the poet hesitates for a long time, wondering which road to take, because they are both pretty.In the end, he follows the one which seems to have fewer travelers on it. Symbolically, he chose to follow an unusual solitary life, perhaps he was speaking of his choice to become a poet rather than some commoner profession.But he always remembers the road which he might have taken, and which would have given him a different kind of life.The literal meaning of this poem by Robert Frost is pretty obvious. A traveler comes to a fork in the road and needs to decide which way to go to continue his journey. After much mental debate, the traveler picks the road "less traveled by."The figurative meaning is not too hidden either. The poem describes the tough choices people stand for when traveling the road of life. The words "sorry" and "sigh" make the tone of poem somewhat gloomy. The traveler regrets leaves the possibilities of the road not chosen behind. He realizes he probably won't pass this way again.。

美国文学殖民地时期（16 世纪末至 17 世纪中期）：主要记述殖民地时期的历史较多，游记等等作者作品The Bay Psalmbook 《海湾圣诗》 （北美出版的第一本书，是由希伯来语John Winthrop温斯洛普John Smith 约翰 史密斯 （美国文学和北美文学的第一作家）（Hebrew ）翻译过来的民歌体圣诗集）习惯用语 city upon a hill （ft 巅之城）来源于他的作品A True Relation of Virginia《关于佛吉尼亚的真实叙述》（1601 年）独立革命时期（17 世纪中期至18 世纪末）：大多数革命写作都是政治性的，开始出现诗歌浪漫主义时期（18 世纪末至 19 世纪中后期）：又称为为美国的文艺复兴，强调感情和感觉，而不是理性与尝试，超验主义（Transcendentalis ）m 是浪漫主义 （Romanticism ）的成熟期作者作品作者Benjamin Franklin 本杰明 弗兰克林Thomas Paine 托马斯 佩恩Thomas Jefferson 托马斯 杰弗逊（美国第三任总统） Philip Freneau 菲利普 费伦诺 （美国独立革命诗人，美国诗歌之父）作品Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》 Poor Richard’ s Almanac 《穷查理德年鉴》The Autobiography 《自传》 Common Sense 《常识》The American Crisis 《美国危机》 Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》The Wild Honey Suckle《野金银花》Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文（美国文学之父，擅长短篇小说）William Cullen Bryant威廉卡伦布莱恩特（美国首位浪漫派诗人，美国的“华兹华斯”）James Fenimore Copper詹姆斯菲利莫尔库伯Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫瓦尔多爱默生（超自然主义（Supernaturalism）中心人物）Henry David Thoreau亨利大卫梭罗Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利沃兹沃斯朗费罗（美国第一个写叙述诗歌的诗人，曾经翻译过但丁（Dante）的神曲（DiveComedy）Nathaniel Hawthrone 纳撒尼尔霍桑（美国科幻小说的第一人）Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加艾伦坡（美国侦探小说之父）Herman M elville 赫尔曼麦尔维尔Emily Dickson 艾米丽迪克逊（其作品主要与宗教、生活和死亡有Rip Van Winkle《李普万温克尔》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》（美国文学史上第一部短篇小说，标志着美国浪漫主义（Romanticism）的开始）To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》Thanatopsis《死亡随想》Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子五部曲》The Last Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》Nature《自然》（被认为是美国超自然主义（Supernaturali s）m宣言）Walden《瓦尔登湖》Civil Disobedience《论公民的不服从》The Song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之歌》（描写印第安人的第一部作品）Evangeline 《伊万杰琳》APsalm of Life 《人生赞礼》The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables《有七个尖角阁楼的房子》Mosses from an Old House 《古屋青苔》诗歌：The Raven 《乌鸦》Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔李》小说：The Fall of the House Asher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》Moby Dick 《蓝鲸》Because I could not Stop for Death《因为我不能死亡》I’m Nobody, Who are You?关）Walt Whitman 沃尔特惠特曼（伟大的民主主义诗人，第一个自由体诗人）《我是无名小卒，你是谁？》Leaves of Grass《草叶集》（标志着美国浪漫主义的结束）现实主义时期(19 世纪中期至 20 世纪初期)：作者Harriet Beecher Stove哈里特比彻斯托美国现实主义（Realism）三位代表人物Henry James 亨利詹姆斯William Dean Howells威廉迪恩豪威尔斯Mark Twain 马克吐温（威廉福克纳（William Faulkner）称他为真正的美国文学之父，乡土文学代表）Stephen C rane 斯蒂芬克莱恩（自然主义（Naturalism）代表人物）Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱赛（最伟大的自然主义作家）Jack London 杰克伦敦作品Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇人画像》The Wings of Dove 《鸽翼》The Ambassadors 《奉使记》The Golden Bowl《金碗》Daisy Miller《黛西米勒》The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹》The Celebrated Jumping Frog ofCalaveras County《卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙》The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》The Adventure of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚的历险记》The Prince and the P auper《王子与贫儿》The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn《费恩历险记》The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》Trilogy of Desire《欲望三部曲》Financer 《金融家》The Titan《巨人》Stotic《斯多葛》The Call of Nature 《野性的呼唤》（自然主义代表人物）O Henry 欧亨利（自然主义作家，短篇小说之父）Love of Life《热爱生命》Martin Eden《马丁伊登》The Gifts from Magi 《麦琪的礼物》The Cop and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》现代主义时期（20世纪）：核心在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战之时，标志性运动是意象派（Imagism）作者作品The Sun Also Rise 《太阳照常升起》Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特海明威（第一部小说）（“迷茫的一代”（The Lost Generation ）代言人,1954 获得诺贝尔文学奖）A Farewell to Arms 《永别了，武器》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》Ezra Pound 埃兹拉庞德史诗：The Cantos 《诗章》（美国现代诗歌之父，最重要的意象派（Imagism）诗人之一）Robert Frost 罗伯特弗罗斯特（新英格兰诗人，四次获得普利策奖（Pulitzer Prize）T.S. Eliot 艾略特（美国出生英语诗人，1948 年获得诺贝尔文学奖）William Faulkner 威廉福克纳（20 世纪最重要的南方作家，1950 年获得诺贝尔文学奖,现代主义(Modernism)最重要的作家之一）Francis Scott Fitzgerald弗司各特菲兹杰拉德（爵士乐时代的代言人）In a Station of the Metro《在地铁站》诗集：Mending Wall《修墙》The R oad N ot T aken 《未选择的路》Stopping by the Woods on a SnowyEvening《雪夜林边小驻》Desert Places 《荒芜地带》The Waste Land《荒原》Four Quarters《四个四重奏》The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom《押沙龙，押沙龙》The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》Tender is the Night《夜色温柔》John Steinbeck 约翰斯坦贝克（1962 年获得诺贝尔文学奖）Eugene Gladstone O’Neil尤金奥尼尔（剧本作家，1936 年获得诺贝尔文学奖，4 次获得普利策奖）Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠（美国历史上第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的女作家）The Grapes o f Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》The Hairy Ape《毛猿》The Good Earth《大地》（取材于中国江苏、安徽农村地区）1945 年以来的文学：垮掉的一代、黑色幽默作者Allen Ginsberg 艾伦金斯堡（垮掉的一代（Beat Generation）的代表人物）Joseph Heller 约瑟夫海勒（黑色幽默（Black Humor）的代表人物）Tennessee Williams 西纳西威廉斯（美国战后伟大的剧作家）Arthur Miller 亚瑟米勒（被称为美国的易卜生）作品Howl《嚎叫》Catch 22《第二十二条军规》（黑色幽默代表作品）A Street Car Named Desire《欲望号街车》Death of Salesman 《推销员之死》All My Son《我的儿子们》。

I.Benjamin Franklin1.works(1)Autobiography 自传(2)Poor Richard’s Almanac 穷理查德年鉴2.contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the AmericanPhilosophical Society.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire(electricity in this case) from h eaven”.(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”.Herman Melville thus described him “master of each andmastered by none”.II.Thomas Paine1.works(1)Common Sense(2)American CrisisIII.Thomas Jefferson1.works(1)The declaration of IndependenceIV.Philip Freneau1.works(1)The wild honey suckle(2)The Indian Burying Ground(3)To a Caty-Did2.contribution(1)Poet of the American Revolution(2)Father of American poetry(3)Transitional role of neoclassicism and RomanticismEnlightenment(1)It was an intellectual movement and it originated in Europe in17th C and come to American in 18th C.(2)It stressed the power of human reason, the important ofscientific methods and discoveries.(3)It contributed to freezing American from the limitations ofPuritanism and stimulating.(4)Emphasized independent democratic nation.American Romanticism1.American romanticism is a literary movement swept thoughwestern Europe.2.Emphasized freedom and individualism, like to write sth aboutmoral enthusiasm.3.Interest in medieval literature4.Show love of nature, emphasized mystery and supernatural.I.Washington Irving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer win international fame(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American history, write history and biography asliterary entertainment2.works(1)First novel <A History of New York> 纽约外史won him widepopularity(2)<The Sketch Book> 见闻札记 won international fame(3)The Sketch Book :the Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip VanWinkle.II.James Fenimore Cooper1.several names attached to Irvingthe first important American novelist began his literary career on dare.2.worksLeatherstocking TaleIII.William cullen BryantThe first American to gain stature of a major poet.1.Thanatopsis” 死亡随想曲2.To the Waterfowl 致水鸟most perfect brief poem in thelanguage.IV.Edgar Allan Poe1.works(1)the fall of the house of Usher(2)to Helen(3)Annabel Lee2.contribution(1)a master of the horror tale(2)first important critics(3)a start of the detective storyTranscendentalism.超验主义1.It is a philosophical and literary movement that flourished inNew England.2.Emphasized intuition, the spirit or the oversoul ,3.Emphasized individualism4.For transcendentalists, nature is a symbol of the spirit or God5.they believe in self-trust and self-reliance6.They appreciated the dignity of manual labor7.represent writer: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry DavidThoreauV.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.works:Nature: Bible of American transcendentalism.2.one of his statement was in The American ScholarVI.Henry David ThoreauWalden 瓦尔登湖VII.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet Letter 红字Hester Prynne 3A:adultery able angel VIII.Herman MelvilleMoby DickIX.Henry Wadsworth LongfellowA Psalm of Life：stresses the importance of a full and sincere activity in making the most of life’s brief span, rather than succumbing to moods of vain regret and dejection.Realism:a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the last half of the 19th, early year of 20th. The attempt in literary and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. It described Everyday life and speech of ordinary people. Represent writer: William Dean ,Mark Twain ,Henry James.I.Walt WhitmanLeave of grassFree words 自由体II.Emily DickinsonI died for beauty-but was scarceBecause I could not stop for deat hIII.Mark TwainSamuel Langhorne Clemens1.works:The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn2.contribute:(1)The true father of all the national literature.(2)Lincoln of our literature.(3)The fountainhead of all modern literature.(4)His writing style: colloquial language dialects, local color,sentence simple brief, sometimes ungrammatical; humor, socialcritic.IV.O. HenryWilliam Sidney Porter1.works:(1)The Cop and the Anthem(2)The Four Million(3)The Gift of the Magi(4) A Municipal Report(5)An Unfinished Story(6)Phoebe(7)The Furnished Room(8) A Lickpenny LoverNaturalism:(1)I t was an outgrowth and extreme form of realism.(2)I t is sometimes defined as the technique of portraying ascientifically accurate, detached picture of life, includingeverything and selecting nothing.(3)I t conveyed that social conditions, heredity and environmenthad inescapable force in shaping human character.(4)I ts characteristics: pessimism, determinism, objectivity.V.Henry JamesHe defined the American literature in the international context.Works:(1)The Portrait of A Lady(2)The Bostonians(3)The Wings of the Dove,(4)Daisy MillerVI.Jack London(1)The Sea Wolf(2)The Iron Heel(3)The Call of the Wild(4)Martin EdenVII.White Fang(1)Sister Carrie(2)Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲：The Financier , The Titan, The StoicThe topic: identification of potency with moneyVIII.Ezra Pound(1)Hugh Selwyn Mauberley(2)The Cantos :A Pact, In a Station of the MetroIX.Robert Frost(1) A Boy’s Will(2)North of Boston(3)Mountain interval(4)New Hampshire(5) A Further Range(6) A Witness Tree(7)Steeple Bush(8)In the Clearing(9)The Road Not Taken(10)Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningX.Thomas Stearns Eliot ---T.S Eliot(1)The Hollow Man(2)The Waste land(3)The Love Son of J. Alfred PrufrockXI. F. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great Gatsby,Tender Is the NightXII.Ernest HemingwayA farewell to Arms,For Whom the Bell TollsThe Old Man and the SeaXIII.John SteinbeckThe Grapes of Wrath:earn him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940 and Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962 XIV.William FaulknerA rose of Emily: get Nobel Prize for Literature。