英语专业文体修辞学期末复习资料

《英语修辞》作业I.Transference of Terms of Rhetorical Devices1.Transference of Terms of Rhetorical Devices from English to ChineseSimile ---- Allusion ------Personification ------- Parallelism -------Synaesthesia ----- Oxymoron ---Synecdoche ------ Anticlimax -------Euphemism ------ Alliteration -------Metaphor ------ Antithesis ----Transferred Epithet ------ Paradox ------Metonymy -------- climax --------Understatement ------- Repetition ----Hyperbole ----- Assonance -------2.Transference of Terms of Rhetorical Devices from Chinese to English隐喻------ 对照------移就------ 隽语------转喻---- 层递----低调陈述--- 重复------夸张------ 元韵—明喻---- 弓［喻--拟人一一一—平行通感---- 矛盾修饰----提喻一一一―突降------委婉语——头韵——II.Identify the rhetorical devices according to the given definitions.1.Ifs repetition of an initial sound, usually of a consonant or cluster, in two or more words of a phrase, line of poetry, etc.A. ParallelismB. MetonymyC. AlliterationD. Metaphor2.It's a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification3.It's the humorous use of words, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words.A. AllusionB. PunC. ClimaxD. Oxymoron4.It's a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.A. ParallelismB. MetonymyC. AlliterationD. Metaphor5.It's a statement that is not strong enough to express facts or feelings with full force; or It's a statement that expresses an idea, etc, too weakly.A. ParallelismB. ClimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement6.Ifs a figure of speech in which something of an unpleasant, distressing, or indelicate nature is described in less offensive terms,as in t he expressions "under the weather^, for "ill” or "passed away" for died".A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. EuphemismD. Parallelism7.It's usually an implicit reference, perhaps to another work of literature or art, to a person or an event.A. AllusionB. SimileC. Metaphor D, Synecdoche8.It's a figure of speech that consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. IronyD. Repetition9.It's a figure of speech that combines incongruous and apparently contradictory words and meaning for a special effect.A. AllusionB. PunC. ClimaxD. Oxymoron10.It is a sentence in which the last part expresses something lower than the first. In fact, a bathetic declension from a noble tone to one less exalted. The effect can be comic and is often intended to be so.A. RepetitionB. AnticlimaxC. ParadoxD. Climax11.Ifs a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification12.It's a figure of speech in which human qualities and abilities are attributed to inanimate objects, animals, abstractions, and eventsA. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. Simile D, Personification13.It's a figure of speech in which a sensation produced in one modality when a stimulus is applied to another modality, as when the hearing of a certain sound induces the visualization of a certain colorA. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metonymy14.It's a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for thing, or reverse of any of these.A. SimileB. MetaphorC. AllusionD. Synecdoche15.It's a figure of speech that greatly exaggerates the truth.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification16.The rhetorical opposing or contrasting of ideas by means of grammatically paralleled arrangements of words, clauses, or sentencesA. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. Oxymoron D, Metonymy17.It refers to the repeating of any element in an utterance, including sound... a word or phrase, a pattern of accents., or an arrangement of lines...A. RepetitionB. AntithesisC. AlliterationD. Parallelism18.It's a method of humorous or subtly sarcastic expression in which the intended meaning of the words used is the direct opposite of their usual sense.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. IronyD. Simile19.It's a literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule.A. MetaphorB. PunC. Simile D, Parody20. A figure of speech in which a single word, usually a verb or adjective, is syntactically related to two or more words, with only one of which it seems logically connected.A. RepetitionB. AntithesisC. Zeugma D, ParallelismIII.Identify the rhetorical devices employed by the boldfaced words in the following sentences.1.O dear! O dear! What shall I do? I have lost my love and my lipstick too.A. RepetitionB. AnticlimaxC. ParadoxD. Climax2. Australia isA. so kind, just tickle herwithB. Hyperbolea hoe, and she laughs withharvest.C. SimileD.Personification3. My heart is like a singing bird.A. MetaphorB. ParodyC. SimileD. Oxymoron4.When Della had finished crying, she went to the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey back-yard.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. IronyD. Repetition5.On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the great living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep but—— forever.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. EuphemismD. Parallelism6.O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?A. Parallelism B, Climax C. Rhetorical Question D, Understatement7.Of all the students in the class I like him the best.A. AnastropheB. AnticlimaxC. Rhetorical Question D, Understatement8.You can ask him for the meaning of the word. He is like a walking dictionary.A. MetaphorB. Hyperbole9. Books are the ever-burning lamps.C. Simile D.OxymoronA. MetaphorB. Hyperbole10. Money makes the mare go. C. Simile D.OxymoronA. ParadoxB. AssonanceC. AlliterationD. Simile11.There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron12.Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit we cannot flower and grow without it.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Oxymoron13.One teacher writes that instead of drowning students9compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them.A. ParallelismB. Transferred EpithetC. Alliteration D, Metaphor14.He looked at me with a bitter look.A. SynaesthesiaB. AntithesisC. OxymoronD. Metaphor15.---Why are Sunday and Saturday the strongest days in a week?---Because the rest are week (weak) days.A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony16.All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.A. AntithesisB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification17.---Why can you never expect a fisherman to be generous?---Because his business make him sell fish (selfish).A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony18.Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men good-bye.A. AntithesisB. HyperboleC. RepetitionD. Parallelism19.Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.A. MetaphorB. PunC. SimileD. Irony20.1wish I could write better.A. PunB. HyperboleC. ClimaxD. UnderstatementIV.Identify the rhetorical devices employed in the following sentences.1.Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit we cannot flower and grow without it.( )2.One teacher writes that instead of drowning students5 compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them. ( )3.And, it being low water he went out with the tide.( )4.They were short of hands at harvest time. ( )5.In the dock, she found scores of arrows piercing her chest. ( )6.With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.( )7.The drunkard smashed the glasses, upturned the table, and hit an old woman.( )8.One mad action is not enough to prove a man mad. ( )9.He intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene. A word in time saves nine.( )10.No X in Nixon.( )11.All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players. ( )12.He looked at me with a bitter look.( )13.The man is no fool. ( )14.You want your pound of flesh, don't you? ( )15.The child is father of the man.( )16.Perhaps, perhaps Mera might come. ( )17. A professor tapped on his desk and shouted, "Gentlemen, order!”The entire class yelled, "Beer." ( )18.1used to organize my father's tools, my mother's kitchen utensils, my sister's boyfriends.( )19. A man from the continent was traveling in England. He had caught a very bad cold. He coughed day and night... Heput on his coat and hat and went to a chemisfs. When asked what he wanted, the traveler said, “I want something for my cow, please.,, ( )20.Have you ever been to an Irish Wedding? I have just returned from one...21. Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit. (22.1 fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!( )23.The senator pledged to oppose war, fight poverty, protect individual freedom and name a new state flowen ( )24.It is a quarter to five in the morning, the sun has already climbed above the horizon; the birds are busy celebratingthe new day and have eagerly been in search of food.( )25.Who wouldn't have dreamed of becoming rich overnight?( )26.What she had said I didn't hear.( )V.Two or more than two rhetorical devices are used in the following sentences. Read and select the rhetorical devices in each sentence.1.Time is like a fashionable host, that slightly shakes his passing guest by the band; and with his arms stretched, as he would fly, grasps in the comer. The welcomes ever smile, and farewell goes out sighing.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification2.The seed ye sow, another reaps;The wealth ye find, another keeps;The robes ye weave, another wears;The arms ye forge, another bears.A. ParallelismB. AntithesisC. Alliteration D, Repetition3.Every man has in himself a continent of undiscovered character. Happy is he who acts the Columbus to his own soul.A. SimileB. MetaphorC. Allusion D, Synecdoche4.Miss Bolo went straight home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Syllepsis5.These little thoughts are the rustles of leaves; they have their whisper of joy in my mind.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification6. A drop of ink may make a million think.A. PunB. AntithesisC. AlliterationD. Metonymy7.How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification8.She did experiments after experiments. There was failure, success, more failure, a little success, a little more success.A. Metonymy B, Climax C. Hyperbole D, Repetition9.The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.A. HyperboleB. AntithesisC. Oxymoron D, Metonymy10.Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? Because they lie first on one side and then on the other, and remain wide wake all the time.A. PunB. AnticlimaxC. Rhetorical QuestionD. Understatement11. A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification12.It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. SimileD. Personification13.He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure he'd water it.A. MetaphorB. UnderstatementC. IronyD. Paradox14.Polly, I love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellation of out space.A. PunB. HyperboleC. ClimaxD. Understatement15.Then Night, like some great loving mother, gently lays her hand at our fevered head, and turns our little tear-stained face up to hers, and smiles.A. MetaphorB. HyperboleC. Simile D, Personification16.On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.A. AntithesisB. ParallelismC. AlliterationD. PunVI.Revise the following sentences with the given rhetorical devices.1.David's beloved grandfather passed away last week.2.He looked at me with a sad look.3.Sorry, my pocket can't afford such a pair of shoes.4.1never believe until then that any meal could defeat me, but on that day I met my Waterloo.5.Her hostility melted.6.She is lovely, kind-hearted and has a quick mind.7.1was knocked down by a motorcycle, but it was not serious.8.He is a man of wide experience and who is also very popular with the farmers.9.To chew carefully and eating slowly are necessary for good digestion.10.On the train I met with a girl from my hometown and who just graduated from Tianjin University with MA degree.11.My heart is like a singing bird.12.She is as cool as a cucumber..13.They were short of hands at harvest time.14.The bad news was a dagger into her heart.15.They stormed the speaker with questions.16.He looked at me with a bitter look17.You want your pound of flesh?18.He doesn't have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say.19.His grandfather passed away recently.20.Her happiness vanished like the morning dew.VII.Find the rhetorical devices employed in the following passage.AA Dream of Rainbow(1)When I was small, I often gazed into the sky, It was bright blue, with a few sheets of cloud floating. Especially after a rain, after a rain, there would appear a splendid and glamorous rainbow, which was like a great bridge hung in the sky. How I wished I had been an eagle soaring up to the bridge! I was obsessed with it. Grandma told me that in the heaven lived supernatural beings, and that it was the kind-hearted and well-behaved people who could step into the heaven through the rainbow. She taught me to be a good boy; then I would have a chance to walk on the rainbow some day.(2)It was a beautiful dream. Gradually, I grew up to be a high school student. However, I buried myself in lesson, exercises and even boring tests all day long. Day in and day out. Such a pressing routine has deprived me of my interest as well as my chance to gaze into the sky.(3)I n the summer of 1998,after finished the college entrance examination, I had time for relaxing myself at last. One day, shortly after a heavy thundershower, I opened the window and then pleasant smells of the earth greeted me. I couldn't help breathing deeply with my eyes closed. After some while, I opened my eyes satisfactorily. Just guess what I saw. The blue sky! Or rather the blue-gray sky. It seemed that I met an old friend, who had changed so much that I could hardly recognize him. I craned my head out to look for the rainbow of which I have a deep love. But to my disappointment, she didn't appear in the sky. Why could it be that!(4)Now, I come to understand it is the pollution that made the rainbow so strange to me and compelled her to be away from me. In the past few years, economic prosperity has been greatly promoted at the cost of air and environmental pollution. As result,while people are enjoying the prosperity, they are suffering a great deal from pollution. No wonder scientists say this is the revenge of nature! It is never too late to mend anyhow. Now more and more people have become coolly aware of its harmful consequences; and effective measures have been taken for anti-pollution. I believe that pollution will be able to disappear in the near future and our sky will be able to renew its bright blue as it used to.(5)L ast night, I dreamed a beautiful dream: I saw a rainbow that has been never seen for ages. Then I flew in the sky to the rainbow as If I had wings. When I landed on such a gorgeous bridge, all supernatural beings gave me a warm welcome...Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (2) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (3) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (4) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (5) _____________________________________________________BThe Olympic Aspiration of an Ordinary Chinese Farmer(1)T he Beijing's bid for the 2008 Olympics reflects the common aspiration of the 1.3 billion Chinese people. Apart from Beijing, every city of China has been launching a series of rich and varied supporting activities. However, the country folks are no less enthusiastic than the town people, and they have their own way. Comparatively speaking, the events in cities are tremendous in power and grandeur; while the activities in the countryside are like a gentle breeze and a mild rain. The earnest aspiration of rural resident for the Olympic bid can be mirrored just from an ordinary Chinese farmer my uncle, who is 68 years old, living ina small village about 100km east of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Privine.(2)During the week-long Labour Day holiday, I went to see him. I was very happy to find him hale and hearty. But nine years ago, he suffered from severe T.B. Ever since his recovery a year later, he has taken exercise: doing Taijiquan, kicking shuttlecock, especially having a long walk every morning at all seasons. His good health is attributed to his regular physical exercise, and he thus realize what an important role it plays in building up the health of a person as well as that of the whole nation.(3)Last year, when he heard the news on TV that Beijing decided to participate in the bid for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games, he felt quite excited and threw himself into fervent support. Since then, reading newspapers becomes a must every day. He has accumulated an intimate knowledge of the Olympics, such as its brief history, its creed, its motto,(4)My visit to him was turned into a sole conversation about the Olympics. After a comprehensive analysis, he told me that he has one gratification and one anxiety about the Beijing's bid. His gratification is that the Beijing's bid enjoys worldwide support, and most countries in the world favor Beijing as a host of the 2008 Summer Games. As to his anxiety, that is Paris and Toronto are the two most formidable rivals for Beijing. Over 90 per cent of all 123 IOC members have ever been to Paris, but only 40 per cent have been to Beijing. More unfavorably, the US congress created all sorts of obstacles in an attempt to block China's bidding wheel. "What does it matter if we meet some difficulties?" he said resolutely. " I am still confident of the final success.,, He expressed his hope that he would go to Beijing to watch the Games in 7 years.(5)Now, the rural areas have seen a steadily growing economy, The great majority of farmers enjoy a high standard of living. They know that the hosting of the Games will be a boost to the country's economic prosperity and tourism, and can bringthem a better life. At the same time, people from all over the world can get a good opportunity to see through sport a real China ——its honest and hospitable people, its ancient and splendid culture, its 300-year-old and vitalizing capital, its rural scenery, its historical sites, its scenic attraction...(6)The Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics is being longed for by all Chinese people from as high as state leaders to as country folks like my uncle.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (2) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (3) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (4) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (5) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (6) _______________________________________________________CAn Unforgettable Trip(1)The train was cracking for Qinhuangdao --------- a beautiful city which I had been longing for, and which often appeared in my dreams. My thoughts had already flown out to the sea: the red sun shining in the sky, millions of shells and pebbles on the beach, lots of people playing in the water, and the waves breaking and foaming. With the dreamlike scene, smile crept up and stayed on my face. Four hours passed, and we arrived at our destination late at night.(2)We set out very early the next morning. Just several minutes later, the wind brought us the scent of the sea, and the sea greeted us. Jumping off the car, I ran wildly along the shore. I was amazed at the vast surface and the blue water, which were far more magnificent than I had imaged. Some birds were flying above and singing beautiful songs; A coupleof ships were sailing at a distance; the sea and the sky converged in the distance so that I couldn,t tell one from another. Throwing off my shoes, I stepped into the water ------------------------- w aves lightly patting my legs, gentle breeze kissing my checks,fresh air penetrating my lungs. I couldn't help shouting loudly to release my deep depression.(3)Just a month ago, I failed the postgraduate entrance exam against 3 points. God treated me so unfairly that I almost lost my confidence in the future. But now facing the vast sea , I felt how small I was, and how insignificant my personal gains and losses were. The grandeur of nature relaxed me a lot and gave me much inspiration. The world isn't as dismal as I thought. Before this I had only seen the dark side of the coin instead of both. It is true that I often met with troubles, but worries, troubles, even misfortune are not everything. Life is beautiful yet transient so that I shouldn,t sink into depression all the time. Instead, as a youth,I should embrace life and enjoy life. I once read a philosophical saying from a book : " Yesterday is an invalid check; tomorrow isa kind of deposit which can't be used; today is the money in front of you.^^ So I must value today and let yesterday go and let all gloominess go. Woken up from the meditation by gust of hailing, I found the sun jumping above sea, it lights made everything bright. I cried, " A new day is coming.^,(4)Now, I have learned to love life. I can find happiness and beauty from my surrounding: the bright sun, the blue sky, the green grass, the beautiful flowers, the singing bird, the smiling faces---all can bring me joy and satisfaction. Oh, an unforgettabletrip.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (2) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (3) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (4) _______________________________________________________DSingers Shouldn't Earn More Than Composers(1)With the steady growth in the county's economy as well as the people's living standard, people attach more importance to the colorful cultural life. As a result, many pop stars rise to fame overnight, even making a huge fortune a year. On the other hand, the composers of popular songs that make these singers famous earn only a small fraction of what these " noted stars" earn. Recently, this phenomenon has aroused wide concern, and heated public debate has arisen.(2)The pains and gains of the so-called stars are not matched. One hour's performance may bring them thousand of yuan, while the composers are too far behind to catch up, so it is unfair and discouraging, Most of the composers, as we know, are musicians and experts in music who devote themselves to research and composition of knowledge. Singing stars are always the idols of youngsters. Many of them get rich quick without toil and sweat, thereby making youngsters disbelieve in the maxim " No pains, no gains,,; some of them even have an extravagant and wasteful way of living, which is tremendously tempting and misleading.(3)Of course, every thing has two faces. It goes without saying that the stars enrich people's entertainment and make our life colorful; anyhow, the bright side should not keep us from criticizing its dark one.(4)All in all, I should say that the pop stars do not deserve such high payment than composers do. The government should levy heavier income tax on these stars in order to narrow the gap between the income of so-called pop stars and that of composers.Rhetorical Devices used:Paragraph (1) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (2) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (3) _______________________________________________________Paragraph (4) _______________________________________________________《英语修辞》作业参考答案1.明喻引喻拟人平行通感矛盾修饰法提喻突降委婉语头韵隐喻对照移就隽语转喻层递低调陈述重复夸张元韵2.Metaphor Antithesis TransferredEpithet ParadoxMetonymy Climax Understatement Repetitio nHyperbole Assonance Simile Allusion Personification Parallelism Synaesthesia Oxymoron Synecdoche Anticlimax Euphemism AlliterationII.1. C (Alliteration)2. A (Metaphor)3. B (Pun)4. B (Metonymy)5. D (Understatement)6.C (Euphemism)7. A (Allusion)8. A (Parallelism)9. D (Oxymoron) 10. B. (Anticlimax) 11. C (Simile) 12.D (Personification)13. A (Synaesthesia) 14. D(Synecdoche) 15. B (Hyperbole) 16.B (Antithesis); 17. A (Repetition) 18. C (Irony) 19. D (Parody) 20. C. (Zeugma) III.I. B (Anticlimax)3. C (Simile)5. C (Euphemism)7. A (Anastrophe)9. A (Metaphor)II. D (Oxymoron)13. B (Transferred Epithet) 15. B (Pun)17. B (Pun)19. A (Metaphor)IV.1.Simile4.Synecdoche7. Climax10.Palindrome13. Understatement16.Repetition19. Malapropism22. Metaphor2. D (Personification)4. D (Repetition)6. C (Rhetorical Question)8. C (Simile)10. C (Alliteration)12. C (Simile)14. A (Synaesthesia)16. C (Simile)18 D (Parallelism)20. D (Understatement)3.Euphemism6. Parallelism9.Parody12. Synaesthesia15.ParadoxZeugma 21,Simile24.Simile2. Transferred Epithet5. Hyperbole8. Assonance11. Metaphor14. Allusion17. Pun20. Rhetorical Question23. Anticlimax;。

英语⽂体与修辞复习提纲Part OneChapter One Introducing Style1.1 What is Style?1.2 Style as Saying Different Things in Different Contexts1. sentence2. vocabulary1.3 Style as Speakers from Different Background1. social status2. social class3. race4. sex: biological; social5. time1.4 Style as Functions of Texts1. interview2. commentary1.5 The Stylistic Features1. sound features: pun; rhyme; alliteration; elision2. spelling: the elision of certain sounds; alternative pronunciation; mispronunciation; contraction3. words: contexts; nominalized word and their corresponding verbs and adjectives; the same field or domain4. grammar: the manipulation of syntactic structures; the use of parallel structures; sentences with different length and complexity5. meaning: fields; personification; hyprbole / litotes; irony / satireChapter Two Lexicology2.1 Morphemic Devices(qualitative deviation or incongruity & quantitative deviation or deflection)1. Neologism: affixation; compounding; derivation; conversion; blendingnonce words2. Overregularity and High Frequency of Occurrencehomoioteteuton2.2 Lexical Devices1. Selection of WordsFeatures of register: field; tenor; mode2. Classification of WordsRegister and dialectCommoncore words and words used in different varietisDialect: regional / of age, race, profession/ social structure / temporal3. Rhetorical SeriesSimilar in certain aspectsTwo / three / four or more items4. Word ImplicationsExtended, transferred meanings; with emotive colouring (neutral / positive / negative);synonymy (ideational / interpersonal / textual)5. Play with Meaning: Rhetorical DevicesMeaning transference (simile / metaphor / personification / metonymy); Meaning extension and Contraction (hyperbole / litotes or meiosis); Contradiction in Logic (oxymoron / paradox); Meaning Conversion; Play on Homonymy (pun) Chapter Three Grammar3.1 Syntactic Deflection1. The Unexpected High Frequency of OccurrenceLong sentences (vivid, rich, exuberant, luxurious)Short sentences (direct, terse, concise, clear effect or continuous, compact, swift effect)2. The Overregular Use of Certain Patterns or ModelsParallelisms; Antithesis; Chiasmus; Antistrophe; Repetition; Epizeuxis; Ploce3.2 Syntactic Incongruity1. Unusual Syntactic StructuresLoose Sentences; Periodic Sentences; Elliptical Sentences; Inverted Sentences; Rhetorical Questions2. Violation of the Grammatical RulesUngrammatical sentencesChapter Four Phonology and Graphology4.1 Phonology1. Sound and WritingTwo ways of representing the same thing / respective features2. Phonological theoryPhoneme: synaesthesiaIncongruity: phonological transference and elision ( aphesis, syncope, apocope)Sound Pattern: Alliteration; Assonance; Consonance3. SyllableSyllable Deflection: Para-rhyme; Reverse Rhyme; Rhyme (masculine rhyme vs. Feminine rhyme) (end rhyme & internal rhyme)Defeated Expectation4. FootMeter (foot) vs. rhythm (measure)Foot DeflectionMetrical Deviation: change stress; put stress on what should be an unstressed syllable; change the order; reduce the number of feet.Onomatopoeia: synaesthetic5. Tone Group6. Suprasegmental FeaturesStress; Intonation (falling and rising); Pause4.2 Graphology1. Graphological SystemFive ranks: grapheme, words, comma, colon, period.Three factors that can produce graphological prominence: marking, space and sequence2. GraphemePunctuation Marks: period, comma, exclamation marks, quotation marks, parenthesesEllipsis of Punctuation marks3. Ill-spelled words (erroneous spelling)4. Italics5. Spatial ArrangementChapter Five Semantics5.1 Cohesion and Style1. Reference: Personal; Demonstrative; ComparativeExophora (context-bound); Endophora (context-free; anaphora and cataphora)2. Substitution and EllipsisLiveliness; conciseness; terseness3. ConjunctionConjunctions and conjunctive phrases and adverbs4. Lexical Cohesion1) Reiteration: repetition; synonymy; hyponymy; meronymy2) Collocation: provides semantic thread linking the meanings of different sentences and words together5.2 Sentence Groups, Passages and Paragraphs1. Sentence Groups (SG): argumentation; narration; description2. Paragraphs and PassagesParataxis ; hypotaxisIndependent ; surbordinate ; transition3. Patterns of Text StructuresGenerical structure potentialA buying-selling situation: five obligatory elements A job-interview situation: five obligatory elements Fiction Writings: five or six stagesPart Two Practical Style。

修辞学复习提要what is rhetoric?Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)：the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.1. History of Ancient Greece (Hellas):1.1 Tyranny (7th and 6th cent. B.C., each Greek city-state was for a time ruled by some tyrants (Corax defend the noble free men)1.2 Democracy emerging around 600 B.C.: Solon (638 BC–558 BC), senate 元老院of 400 people, forcing each freeman to take a direct and personal interest in the affairs of the city (The Story of Mankind; court system (a jury of thirty)1.3 Athens' Golden Age/ Classical/ Hellenic Age (500-323B.C.)Note: Hellenic, of Hellenes (Greek people), an Indo-European tribe who came to reside in Greece in the 11th cent. B.C. The people called themselves Hellene, after Hellen, the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha (the only two human beings who had escaped the great flood)1) Pericles the statesmanDemocracy:equality of opportunity ensured by individual merit and efficiency; equality of justice secured by jury system By 460 B.C., led by Pericles 490-429 B.C. (p13), Athens was at its height of commercial prosperity and cultural and political dominance, and over the next 40 years many major building projects, including the Acropolis and Parthenon, were completed. Athens’s ―Golden Age‖ saw the works of the philosophers Socrates (469-399 B.C.), Plato(427-347 B.C.), and Aristotle; the dramatists Sophocles, Aristophanes, and Euripides; the historiansHerodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon; and the sculptors Praxiteles and Phidias.2. History of classical rhetoricFor political and forensic purpose2.1 Origin of rhetoricQ: Why did western rhetoric originate in ancient Greece?In light of politics (administration of polis-city state): democracy2.1.1 Political政治类的: about public affairsQ: How was a decision possibly made at the assembly? (in light of Pericles’s speech)(through discussions and debates at the assembly)argument, the need for rhetoric2.1.2 Ceremonial典礼类的: to praise or censure2.1.3 Forensic法律类的: about private affairs (to deal with the property usurped by tyrant, why in need of Corax)Jury system: Solon, Cleisthenes, PericlesSolon made a provision whereby a citizen with a grievance had the right to state his case before a jury of thirty of his fellow Athenians.1.Aristotle’s theory (Reading of Aristotle’s Rhetoric)Three categories of oratory (3 general cases corresponding to “any given case” in the definition of rhetoric): political, forensic and ceremonial (tb, p24; eRhetoric 10) Hearer determines the speech’s end and object:2.1 Political: assembly member to determine the future course;2.2 Forensic: juryman to determine the past;2.3 Ceremonial oratory of display: observer to decide on the orator’s skill in praisingor censuring a manNOTE: Political: The main matters all men deliberate and on which political speeches are made are roughly five: ways (of revenue) and means (of expenditure); war and peace; national defense; imports and exports (food supply); legislation (above all) means of persuasion: belonging to the art of rhetoric;not the inartistic/ non-technical 非技艺类的proofs—laws, witnesses, contracts, tortures, oaths. (tb, p22; eRhetoric, p47);belonging to the art of rhetoric:used and invented by the speaker/ spoken wordsmeans/ modes: 3 kinds—ethos(speaker); pathos(hearer); logos(speech) Three technical means of persuasion: ethos伦理, pathos情理, logos论理(pp23-24) Ethos: ethical appeal道德诉求, in the character of the speaker so as to inspire trust in audience;Pathos: emotional appeal情感诉求, in the emotional state of the hearer so as to put them in the right state of mind;Logos: rational appeal理性诉求, in the argument itself动之以情，晓之以理3.1 Ethos: How can the speaker manage to appear as a credible man? (only throughwords, not through preexisting good character)He must display (1)good sense (practical intelligence) 明智;(2) good morals (a virtuous character高尚品德); (3) good will善意Men either form a false opinion through want of good sense; or they form a true opinion, but because of their moral badness they do not say what they really think; or finally, they are both sensible and upright, but not well disposed to their hearers, and may fail in consequence to recommend what they know to be the best course.(e.g. Obama’s health care spe ech) eRhetoric, p533.2 Pathos: For we do not judge in the same way when we grieve and rejoice or whenwe are friendly and hostile. Thus the orator has to arouse emotions exactly because emotions have the power to influence our judgments.3.3 Logos: We persuade the argument itself when we demonstrate or seem todemonstrate that something is the case.Two species of argument: induction归纳(examples) and deduction 演绎/syllogism三段论(enthymeme修辞三段论，省略式三段论). (e.g.Obama’s speech on debt ceiling)Induction:Every life form we know of depends on liquid water to exist.All life depends on liquid water to exist.Session 6 Figure of speech修辞格(1)I Trope or Scheme (p88)1. Trope（turn, change）转义/ 比喻: the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply, involving the deviation from its ordinary and literal meaning. Semantic and most logical figures of speeche.g. That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind (Neil Armstrong)Simile明喻：Metaphor暗喻：My love is a red, red rose.Metonymy转喻：The kettle is boiling.Synecdoche提喻：He has many mouths to feed.……2. Scheme(form, shape) 结构修辞/组合变异:first in the 16th cent., figures that arranged words into schematized patterns offore-grounded regularity of form把词组合成形式规整，前景化的模式, deviation from ordinary or expected pattern of words, syntactic or phonetic figures of speech.（黎昌抱《英语反复修辞探》）e.g. I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat. (Winston Churchill)Structure of balance: parallelism; antithesis; climax;Repetition:Repetition of sounds:alliteration; assonance; consonance;Repetition of words or patterns: a’naphora首语重复; e’piphora尾语重复…Ad on BBC: Malaysia, truly Asia3. Functions of figures of speech (in the light of trope and scheme) p89:1) for association and emphasis2）for organization and transition3) for decoration and variation (figurative cf. literal)2.phonetic figures of speech:1. Alliteration头韵（Indeed it has been something of a stylistic instinct among all English-speaking peoples. The skillful introduction of alliteration can greatly intensify the effect of even a matter-of-fact passage.）Illustration: safe and sound, might and main; friend and foe; hearth and home Definition: repetition of initial consonant/ vowel in a sequence of wordsEffect: for sound rhythm, musical effect emphasis, easy to remember2. Assonance元音韵/ 半谐韵Illustration: fish and chips; a deep green streamDefinition: repetition or resemblance of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of a sequence of words, usu. preceded and followed by different consonantsEffect: musical effect, euphonyMore illustrations:3. Consonance 辅韵/ 尾韵Illustration: He laughs be st who laughs la st.Definition: the repetition of the final and identical consonants whose preceding vowels are different.Effect:More illustrations:With pitiless recognition in fixed eye s,Lifting distressful hands as if to ble ss,And by his smile, I knew that sullen ha ll,By his dead smile I knew we stood in He ll.P96Rhyme: In the specific sense, two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all f ollowing sounds are identical, as in ―East or west, home is the best.‖Treat or cheat?Repetition; musical, easy to remember, emphasisEmphasize and clarify overall themeMaiden crowned with bl a ckness,Lithe 柔软的as panther 黑豹forest-r oa ming,Long armed naiad凌波仙子, when she d a nces,On a stream of ether云烟（氤氲）fl oa ting. (the Spanish Gypsy)3.phonetic figures of speech:1. OnomatopoeiaDefinition:language sounding like the thing it refers to. Thedevice makes use of imitation of sounds for effect. These sounds may be those made by a person, animal or thing, or associated with some action or movement.Consonant clusterIllustration (comparisons): p97The stream flows through the woods.The stream murmurs through the woods.Which is more vivid and lifelike?Effect: vividness, vitality2. Pun 双关/一词双义Definition:A figure of speech depending on a similarity of sound and a disparity of meaning--Time flies.--Y ou can’t. They fly too quickly.Effect:"Pun: (n) the lowest form of humour" Samuel Johnson―But the height of wit.‖ Common rebuttal to the above3. Repetition: repetition of sound, word, phrase, sentence/ syntactic pattern Effects of repetition: (e.g. pp116-117)1) knit ideas together to achieve coherence2) emphasize an idea.3) generate emotional force4. Anaphora 首语重复(p121)Definition:repetition of the same word(s) at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or versesEffect: parallelism and climaxIllustration:1) Martin Luther King (p123)/doc/6c14295319.html,/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm2) Shylock’s argument (p121)5. Epiphora/ epistrophe尾语重复(p123)Definition: repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of successive lines, clauses or sentences.Illustration: Gettysburg Address (p124) –Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)6. Simploce/ symploce 首尾重复(p126)Definition:Assignment: read ―Of Studies‖7.ParallelismDefinition and illustration (pp129- )Repetition of syntactically similar constructions of coordinate sentences or phrase Effect: emphasis, clarity, coherence Across s entences/ paragraphs, implications for TEM writing…8. Antithesis对偶Definition and illustration (two elements (of two things) that are parallel in structure, and contrastive in meaning, p133)9. Paradox (p237)似非而是的隽语Definition: a statement usu. with two parallel elements (of the same thing) which are apparently self-contradictory and yet contain a truthEffect: To achieve climax (to achieve emphasis) or anticlimax (to create satire or ridicule, be comic or humorous)10.Climax: 渐进Arrangement of words, phrases, clauses or sentences in an ascending order of importance (p139). examples: To err is human; to forgive, divine.11. Anticlimax: 突降A sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought orexpression to the commonplace or trivialReligion, credit and the eye are not to be touched.12.Syllepsis一语双叙3.1 Definition: a single word governing or modifying two or more other expressions (in different semantic fields) must be understood differently with respect to each of those words. Examples:He lost his coat and his temper.Effect:nation of grammatical parallelism and semantic incongruity, often with a witty or comical effect13. Zeugma轭式搭配4.1 Definition: A series of expressions joined or yoked together by a single word14.Chiasmus 回文/交错排列6.1 Definition: (p146)ab/ ba4.semantic figures of speech: simile and metaphorSimile 明喻，直喻1. Illustrations:The city is like a beehive.Definition: two dissimilar things; common; compare; comparative connective Functions in general (ref. 4.1; p159): for effective description; for insightful illumination; for imagery illustrationMetaphor1. Definition (p161 cf. simile p158)2. Illustrations (pp164-165): visible; invisibleY ou are my sunshine. (visible metaphor)3. Functions: (pp165-166)description; illumination; illustration5.metonymy and synecdocheMetonymy转喻/ 借喻/ 旁借/借代1.1 IllustrationsMother tongue; Hollywood; 中关村；水立方/ Water Cube；鸟巢/ Bird’s Nest The pen is mightier than the sword.Synecdoche提喻/ 对代2.1 Illustration2.2 Definition7.Antonomasia换称1.Definition:Identification of a person by an appropriate substituted phrase, such as her majesty for a queen or the Bard of Avon for Shakespeare, the Philosopher commonly used in Renaissance for AristotleA common name for a proper name, or a proper name for a common nameA Daniel is come to the judgment.6.Transferred epithetDefinition (p193):8. Oxymoron 矛盾修辞格Sharply dullbitter sweet, loud/ deafening silence, living dead, controlled chaos, open secret, forward retreat(退一步海阔天空；似退而进) , a white lie1.Definition2. Categories (pp230-231)3. EffectContradictory: outside and inside; appearance and essence; feelings(seemingly absurd, yet insightful, hence surprisingly true)。

复习资料英语专业《文体学》（本科）1. 根据重音的不同, 写出下列词组的意思.（8分）（1）一家工厂（2）一种玩具（3）教英语的老师（4）一位英国籍老师（5）白宫（6）白色的房子（7）一个黑色的鸟巢（8）黑鸟的巢2. 试从押韵和用词的角度来分析这首诗是如何把人, 生活及生命密切联系在一起的.（5分）作者用down与town押韵，hold与cold押韵。

选用了一些中性词和具体名词，都与人，生活及生命密切联系，如face, hand, spoon, soup, die等，作者还连用三个no与left 一起表达了二十万人的生命从地球上消失这一可怕的事实，而这一切就在日常生活喝汤的几秒钟之间发生。

3. 选出下列委婉语所表达的意思。

（12分）(1) b (2) a (3) d (4) e (5) b (6) c(7) f (8) b (9) d (10) I (11) h (12) g5. 写出下列词，词组和句子的涵义。

（9分）（1）罗宾汉（绿林好汉）（2）乌托邦（理想社会）（3）汤姆叔叔（逆来顺受的人）（4）香格里拉（理想乐园）（5）阿克琉斯的脚后跟（致命的弱点）（6）麦加（向往的地方）（7）潘多拉的盒子（灾难之源）（8）言过其实（9）达摩克利斯之剑（随时可能发生的灾难）6. 试分析下面一节诗所用的句子结构形式及达到的艺术效果。

（5分）在这一节诗里，倒装句用得十分巧妙，诗人首先在环境上加以渲染，造成一种悬念气氛：“从天空中、从云层中、在树林上、在田庄上，”“静静地、轻轻地、悠悠地”，而把主要概念保留到最后一行，最后一词，读者对诗的主题才恍然大悟，因此收到极佳的艺术效果。

7. 指出下列句子所用的句法上的修辞手段，并把字母填入相应的括号内。

（12分）(1) A (2) E (3) B (4) BC (5) BD8. 分析下列诗句。

（14分）抑扬格，五音步这几行的有规律的节奏似乎模拟了傍晚的钟声和疲倦的脚步声。

AphesisDefinition: the omission of an initial part of a word.Example: Thou on whose stream, ’mid the steep sky’s commotion 暴动、暴乱(’mid --amid)SyncopeDefinition: the omission of a medial part of a word.Example: A voice so thrilling ne’er was heardIn spring-time from the cuckoo-birdBreaking the silence of the seasAmong the farthest Hebrides(ne’er--never)ApocopeDefinition: the omission of a final part of a wordExample: Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear.And the rocks melt wi’ the sunI will love thee still, my dear,While the sands o’ life shall run(a’—all, wi’—with, o’--of)GraphologyDefinition: by graphology is meant the encoding of meaning in visual symbols.Example: shape of text; type of print; grammetrics; punctuation; indentation.(Eg of type of print) Me up at doesout of the floorquietly Starea poisoned mousestill who aliveis asking whathave i done thatYou wouldn’t haveGrammetricsDefinition: By grammetrics is meant the ways in which grammatical units are fitted into metrical units such as lines and stanzasExample:This Is Just to SayI have eatenthe plumsthat were inthe icebox →and whichyou were probablysavingfor breakfast →Forgive methey were deliciousso sweetand so cold(“→→”means a very strong pulling-forward effect; “→”means a less strong pulling-forward effect. “eaten,the, in”all indicate a strong fulling-forward effect. )Marked themeDefinition: the literary writer places any of the rest of clause elements in the thematic position in order to achieve certain literary effect.Example: A lone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain;O listen! for the vale profoundIs overflowing with the sound(“alone” is a fronting of the adjunct that can make the element highly noticeable) AffixationDefinition: affixation is the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which already exists in the languageExample: there was a balconyful of gentlemen.(“balcony+ful” is a vivid description of the number of people staying on the balcony.) CompoundingDefinition: compounding is the combination of two or more items to make a single compound one.Example: Baby wakeOpen-eyed;Open-eyed:as a verbless adjective clause, express a resultConversionDefinition: conversion, described as “zero affixation” is the adaptation of an item to a new grammatical function without changing its form.Example: “Don’t be such a harsh parent, father!”“Don’t father me!”(the noun”father” is changed to a verb to express the annoyance and discontent.) OxymoronDefinition: Oxymoron is the yoking together of two expressions which are incompatible, so that in combination they have no conceivable literal reference to reality.e.g. As the wretched creature mumbled and chuckled in her hideous merriment, the undertaker turned to go away. (Oliver Twist)ParadoxDefinition: A Paradox is a statement which is absurd because it is self-evidently false.e.g. It was a bright, cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.SynecdocheDefinition: Synecdoche is a type of transference of meaning which involves the substitution of a part for the whole.e.g. Return to her?...No, rather I abjure all roofs and choose…To be a comrade with the wolf and owl.MetonymyDefinition: Metonymy is the substitution of a word referring to an attribute of the thing that is meant, rather than the substitution of a part for the whole, or the whole for a part.e.g. Sceptre and CrownMust tumble downAnd in the dust be equal madeWith the poor crooked Scythe and Spade.(Shirley,The Glories of our Blood)Here, Sceptre and Crown represent their power and authority, and metonyms for kings and queens. Scythe and Spade are things used by peasants or farm workers, and are metonyms for peasants.Metaphor(重点！)Metaphor: It is associated with particular rule of transference, that is, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning.e.g. Life's but a walking shadow, a poor playerThat struts and frets his hour upon the stageAnd then is heard no more: it is a tale( life is like a walking shadow, a poor player .)Five types:A. One type of sensory perception is expressed in terms of anotherB. A non-human referent is given human attributesC. A non-animate referent is given animate characteristicsD. An abstraction is treated as if it were animateE. A human referent is treated either as an inanimate being or an animal or a birdOverstatementOverstatement is termed hyperbole in traditional rhetoric. It distorts the truth by great exaggeration. It is usually used to emphasize strong feeling and to create a sentimental, satiric or comic effect.e.g. Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi' the sun!And I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o' life shall run.All the seas will never become dry and rocks will unlikely melt with the sun, the hyperbolic expressions here strongly emphasize the promise of undying love.UnderstatementUnderstatement: understatement is the opposite of overstatement in that it misrepresents the truth by deliberately understating it as opposed to exaggerating it. e.g. The face wasn't a bad one; It had what they called charm. (Galsworthy)The face wasn't a bad one in this context is a non-committal way of saying: the face was a very good one.HomophonyHomophony: words that have the same pronunciation but differ in form and meaning.e.g. When I am dead, I hope it may be said“His sins were scarlet, but his books are read.”The past participle of the verb “read” which relates to his books, and the adjective “red” relating to its hyponym scarlet in the first half of the same line.HolysemyPolysemy: the ambiguity of an individual word or phrase that can be used to express two or more different meaningse.g. Ben Battle was a warrior bold,And used to war's alarms;But a cannon-ball took off his legs,So he laid down his arms.In this context, “arms”can refer to the upper limbs of the said warrior as well as the weapons he carries.AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables. Eg. Cold are the crabs that crawl on yonder hills,Colder the cucumbers that grow beneath…RhymeRhyme is the identity of sounds between words or verse lines extending back from the end to the last fully accented vowel and not further.Eg. CandyIs dandy,But liquorIs quicker.AssonanceAssonance is the repetition of identical vowel or diphthong in stressed syllables. Eg. Think from how many treesDead leaves are broughtTo earth on seed or wingConsonanceConsonance is the repetition of the final consonat cluster in stressed syllables. Eg. Nothing lovelier than that lonely call,Bare and singular, like a gull,And three notes or four, then that was all.It drew up from the quiet like a well,Waited, sang, and vanishing, was still.OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia refers to the use of words formed in imitation of the natural sounds associated with the object or action involved, and it may also be phrased as the recurrence of phonemes in a text unit that suggests certain natural sounds which reinforce the meaning conveyed in that text unit.Eg. Crack came an officer’s club on his forehead.IambIamb or Iambic foot is the commonest type of verse foot. It is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with one unstressed syllable, beginning with the unstressed syllable.Eg. In every cry of every manIn every infant’s cry of fearTrocheeTrochee or throchaic foot is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with one unstressed syllable, beginning with the stressed syllable.Eg. Men of England, wherefore ploughFor the Lords who lay yellow?AnapaestAnapaest or the anapaestic foot is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with two unstressed syllables, beginning with the two unstressed syllables.Eg. The Assy rian came down like the wolf on the fold.DactylDactyl or dactylic foot is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with two unstressed syllables, beginning with the stressed syllable.Eg. Sing me a song of a lad that is goneDimeterA dimeter is a verse line that has two metrical feet.Eg. One more unfortunateWeary of breathRashly importunate,Gone to her death!TetrameterA tetrameter a verse line that has four metrical feet.Eg. Who fought for freedom, more than lifeWho gave up all, to die in strife?PentameterA pentameter is a verse line that has five metrical feet.Eg. How like a winter hath my absence beenFrom thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year!Immediate repetitionImmediate repletion means the repeated unit immediately follows the initial unit. Eg. Do not go gentle into that good night,Old age should burn and rave at close of day,Rage, rage against the dying of light.Intermittent repetionEg. O, how that name befits my composition,Old Gaunt indeed, and gaunt in being old.Large-scale parallelismBy large-scale parallelism we mean the kind which consists of more than two juxtaposed units.Eg. I came, I saw, I conquered.Small-scale parallelismSmall-scale parallelism is the case which consists of only two juxtaposed units.Eg. His fees were high; his lessons were light.。

simile1.It is as though he suddenly came out of a dark tunnel and found himself beneath the open sky2.They are like the musketeers of Dumas…3.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and floated to the ends of the earth.metaphor1... and it is not easy for him to step out of that lukewarm bath2.It is not until he is released from the habit of flexing his muscles and proving that he is just a “regular guy” that he realizes how crippling this habit has been3.The glow of the conversation burst into flames.4.The conversation was on wings.5.The glow of the conversation burst into flames.6.I have an unending love affair with dictionaries7.we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.8.We can batten down and ride it out9.Wind and rain now whipped the house.mixed metaphor1.and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows.metonymy – change of name – the association of two unlike things[mi'tɔnimi] 转喻，借代He met his Waterloo. He likes to read Hemingway.1.In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describessynecdoche – whole for part or part for whole[si'nekdəki] 提喻He has many mouth to feed in his family. China beat South Korea 3 to 1. The vineyard are intersected by channels, red and yellow sails glide slowly through the vines. Nowadays more and more people have a liking for cotton.1.But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary' s2.yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.alliteration1.… a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life2.ask of us here th e same high standards of strength and sacrifice…3.One form of colonial control shall not have passed away.4.We shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom.5.We pledge the loyalty of faithful friends.6.We shall pay any price, bear any burden7.To assure the survival and the success of libertyassonance (元韵、母韵、半谐音) and antithesis… between the much-touted Second International (1934) and the much-clouted Third International (1961)antithesis – contrary in meaning but similar in form 对比1.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich2.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.3.Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.4.And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.parallelism – ideas are paired and sequenced in the same grammatical form1.Both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom2.Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.3.We renew our pledge of support to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.4.We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, and oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.5.A new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace.repetition –repetition of sounds, words, or sentences that can create good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emphatic, and memorable. 反复1.We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.2.Bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.personification1.A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.2.… it seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it3.5 miles away.3.They flared their nostrils and pranced and boasted to one anothertransferred epithet 移就He had some cheerful wine at the party. He ate with a wolfish appetite. a helpless smile a protesting chair a blind haste1.Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point.2.and his choice of a vocation does not cause him any uneasy wonder as to whether or not it will cost him all his friends.3.A bound-less and generous contentment, a magnanimous triumph felt not against some outer enemy but in communion with the finest and fairest in the souls of all men everywhere and the splendor of the world's summer4.The faces of small children are amiably sticky; in the benign grey beard of a man a couple of crumbs of rich pastry are entangled.5.The others never come close, but peer in at it with frightened, disgusted eyes.synesthesia [.sinəs'θi:ʒiə] 通感the music breathing from her face heavy perfume and noisy color 浓郁的香气和刺眼的色彩He gave me a sour look.1.Children dodged in and out, their high calls rising like the swallows’ crossing flights over the music and the singing.2.One could hear the music winding through the city streets, … bells.exaggeration/ hyperbole [hai'pə:bəli] 夸张1.Perhaps it is because of my up-bringing in English pubs2.In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger.。

英语修辞复习修辞复习葵花宝典1. Simile:It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if, seem, as though, like, similar to and such as are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。

这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。

标志词常用 as, as...as, as if, as though, seem, like, similar to 和such as等。

1. He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2. I wandered lonely as a cloud.3. Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.4. The human mind is rather like a camera, but it takes photographs not only of what we see but what we feel, hear, smell and taste.2. Metaphor:Based on Webster’s New World Dictionary, metaphor is defined as “a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which one thing is applied to another.”It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.隐喻不用比喻词，是简缩了的明喻。

英语修辞与写作复习资料英语修辞与写作复习资料在学习英语写作时，修辞是一项非常重要的技巧。

通过运用修辞手法，我们可以更加生动地表达自己的思想，让文章更具说服力和吸引力。

下面将介绍一些常用的英语修辞手法，希望对大家的写作复习有所帮助。

1. 比喻（Metaphor）比喻是一种将两个不同的事物进行比较的修辞手法。

通过比喻，我们可以用一个熟悉的事物来形容一个陌生的事物，使读者更容易理解和接受。

比如，我们可以说“他是一只勤奋的蜜蜂”，来形容一个工作努力的人。

2. 拟人（Personification）拟人是一种将非人物赋予人的特质或行为的修辞手法。

通过拟人，我们可以使抽象的概念或非人物更加具体和形象化。

例如，“时间在无声地流逝”中，时间被赋予了“流逝”的行为。

3. 夸张（Hyperbole）夸张是一种通过夸大手法来强调某种情感或事物的修辞手法。

通过夸张，我们可以使文章更加生动有趣。

例如，“我等了一辈子”这句话中，夸张了等待的时间，以强调作者的长久等待。

4. 对偶（Antithesis）对偶是一种通过对比两个相反或对立的词语或短语来强调某种观点或情感的修辞手法。

通过对偶，我们可以使文章更加明确和有力。

例如，“春风得意马蹄疾，一日看尽长安花”中，对比了春天的喜悦和繁华与日落西山的无常。

5. 排比（Parallelism）排比是一种通过重复相同的句式或结构来强调某种观点或情感的修辞手法。

通过排比，我们可以使文章更加有节奏感和韵律感。

例如，“我爱你，不仅仅因为你的美丽；我爱你，不仅仅因为你的温柔；我爱你，不仅仅因为你的聪明”中，通过排比强调了对某人的多重爱。

6. 反问（Rhetorical Question）反问是一种通过提出问题来引起读者思考并强调某种观点的修辞手法。

通过反问，我们可以使文章更加引人入胜。

例如，“难道我们不应该为自己的梦想而努力吗？”中，提出了一个反问，以引导读者思考。

7. 比较（Simile）比较是一种通过使用“像”、“如同”等词语将两个事物进行比较的修辞手法。

大学英语修辞复习Rhetorical DevicesPart One1. loose sentences（松散句）:a sentence in which the main idea comes early, the subordinate idea or modifiers following usually in a string, as ducklings tag after their mother2. periodic sentences（圆周句，掉尾句）:a sentence which has its main idea at the end. Supportive or qualifying statements are placed before the main clause or assertiona sentence that delays its main idea until the end, while presenting the subordinate ideas or modifiers first3. parallelism（平行结构）:exact repetition in equivalent positionsa construction in which it is necessary to balance word for word, phrase with phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence4. antithesis（对照）:the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasisa figure of speech in which irreconcilable opposites or strongly contrasting ideas are placed in sharp juxtaposition and sustained tension5. inversion（倒装）:to reverse the normal order of words in a basic sentence patternreversal of the usual or natural order of words6. ellipsis（省略）:figure of speech in which one or more words necessary to the complete grammatical construction, but not to the sense, of a sentence are omitted; the omitted words are understood by implication7. repetition（重复）:in rhetoric, the iteration or repeating of the same words, or of the meaning in different words, for the purpose of making a deeper impression on the audience8. anaphora（首语重复）:repetition of a word or word-group to begin successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or lines of poetrya figure in which the same word or words are repeated at the beginning of succeeding verses or clauses9. epiphora（尾语重复）:in rhetoric, the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of several sentences or stanzas10. climax（渐进）:a figure in which a number of propositions or ideas are set forth so as to form a series in which each rises above the preceding in force or effectiveness of expressionthe progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity11. anti-climax or bathos（突降）:a stylistic device that may occur within as small a unit as the sentence: something trivial following something of importance the usually sudden transition in writing or speaking from an idea of significance or dignity to an idea trivial or ludicrous by comparison especially at the close of a series, sentence, or passagea device that involves stating one's thoughts in a descendingorder of significance or intensity12. rhetorical questions（修辞性疑问）:a question that is asked to imply a definite answera question asked, as in oratory or writing, only for rhetorical effect, to emphasize a point, introduce a topic, ect., no answer being expected.13. apostrophe（呼语）:a figure of speech, by which a speaker or writer suddenly stops in his discourse, and turns to address pointedly some person or thing, either present or absent; an exclamatory addressa device in which a person, a thing, a place, an idea, an abstract quality, etc., is addressed as if present, listening to and understanding what is being said14. alliteration（头韵）:the same consonant sound is repeated at intervals in the initial position of words15. assonance（准押韵，半谐音）:the "echoing" or "resemblance" of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of a sequence ofwordsa similarity of sound between words or syllables16. onomatopoeia（拟声）:word formation based on the imitation of natural sounds17. simile（明喻）:a figure of speech involving a comparison between two unlike entities; the resemblance is explicitly indicated by the words "like" or "as".a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. Words like as, as … so, and like are used to transfer thequality we associate with one to the other.18. metaphor（暗喻）:a figure of speech that, presuppposing a similarity of two or more things, denotes one of them by terms properly or literally signifying the other, as if they were identicala figure of speech that makes comparison between two unlike elements; the comparison is implied rather than stated19. analogy（类比）:when used to describe or explain, it clarifies some new or abstract concept by comparing this concept to something more concrete and familiar.a figure of speech embodying an extended or elaborate comparison between two things or situations20. personification（拟人）:a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, character, or sensibilitya figure of speech that gives human form or feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions21. metonymy（借代，换喻）:a device of figurative language in which the name of an attribute or associated thing is substituted for the usual name of a thing.figure of speech in which the name of an object or concept is replaced with a word closely related to or suggested by the originala figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another; the substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it22. synedoche（提喻）:a figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole, the whole for the part, the species for the genus, the genus for the species, or the name of the material for the thing madea type of transference of meaning which involves the substitution of a part for the whole, or the whole for the part23. antonomasia（换称）:the substitution of another designation for a common obvious, or normal one, or the giving of a proper name that names or suggests a leading qualitya figure of speech in which an epithet, or the name of an office or designation is substituted for a proper name; also in this figure, a proper name is made to stand for an idea or characterisitc associated with the name24. syllepsis（一笔双叙）a figure in rhetoric by which a word does duty in a sentence in the same syntactical relation to two or more words but has a different sense in relation to eacha figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only one of them in grammar or syntax25. zeugma（轭式搭配，拈连）:a figure by which a single word is made to refer to two or more words in the sentence; especially when properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses26. paradox（似非而是的隽语）:apparently self-contradictory statement, the underlying meaning of which is revealed only by careful scrutiny27. oxymoron（矛盾修饰）:a rhetorical figure by which contradictory or incongruous terms are conjoined so as to give point to the statement or expression28. hyperbole（夸张）:a figure of speech consisting in exaggerated or extravagant statement, used to express strong feeling or produce a strong impression, and not intended to be understood literally the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis29. understatement（低调陈述）:a statement deliberately worded so as to be unemphatic or restrained in tone, often used as a contrast to point up the significance of its contents30. euphemism（委婉，委婉语）:the substitution of a mild or inoffensive expression for one that might shock or offendfigure of speech in which something of an unpleasant, distressing, or indelicate nature is described in less offensive termssubstitution of mild or vague or roundabout expression for harsh or direct onesubstitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant31. irony（反语）:a figure of speech in which the intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed by the words usea figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense32. innuendo（暗讽）:an indirect or subtle reference, especially one made maliciously or indicating criticism or disapprovala mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout way at something disparaging or uncomplimentary to the person or subject mentioned33. sarcasm（讽刺）:use of sharp, cutting remarks or language intended to mock, wound, or subject to contempt or ridicule34. transferred epithet（转移表述词语）:a figure of speech where an epithet is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong35. epithet（别称）:a descriptive word or phrase added to or used in place of the usual name of a person or thingan adjunctive or descriptive phrase attached to a person's name with either complimentary or disparaging effect36. pun（双关）:the use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect 37. allusion（暗引）:an indirect reference to anything the writer feels should be well known in literature, history, and the artsa figure of speech consisting of a passing, but significant, reference to a well-known person, place, events, etc.38. skewed quotation:familiar sayings quoted with a twist in a new situation or context, in order to emphasize, to clarify, or to satirize a statement or a point39. asyndeton（连词省略）:the device of omitting conjunctions, articles, even pronouns for the sake of speed or economya rhtorical figure of sppech in which connectives are omitted for the sake of effect40. polysyndeton（连词叠用）:a stylistic device that uses many conjunctions to link up a series of things, ideas or eventsa figure consisting in the use of several conjunctions in close succession; usually, the repetition of the same conjunction to connect a number of con-ordinate words or clausesPart Two1. chiasmus（交错配列）:a device that consists of two balanced statements, the second of which reverses the order of the words in the first, with or without a repetition of wordsthe inversion of the order of syntactical elements in the second of two juxtaposed and syntactically parallel phrases or clauses2. antimetabole（颠倒重复）:a figure in which the same word or ideas are repeated in inverse order3. aposiopesis（顿绝）:sudden breaking off in speechthe sudden breaking off of a discourse before it is ended and passing over something as if unable or unwilling to tell it4. epanorthosis (restatement):to say something again without using the actual words spoken.5. exegesis (clarification)a clarification of thought or statement in the same sentence, making more explicit or concrete what is mentioned in the main proposition6. exergasia (amplification):to described the same thing in several ways in order to emphasize a point or quality, or a feature7. symploce（对称式反复）:the use of lexical anaphora and epistrophe in the same line or stanza, in the same clause or statementa figure consisting in the repetition of one word or phrase at the beginning, and of another at the end, of successive clauses or sentences; a combination anaphora and epistrophe8. anadiplosis（尾首重复）:a device in which a word in end position in a line or sentence is repeated in initial position in the line followingrepetition of a prominent word, usually the last in a phrase, clause, sentence, or verse, at the beginning of the next phrase, clause, sentence, or verse9. ploce（异义重复）:a device that repeats a word to bring out emphatically its literal meaninga figure of speech which embodies the repetition of a word, generally with a modification of meaning10. homeoteleuton（词尾重复）:a device in which words, phrases or clauses in close succession end with the same sounding suffix or syllable(s)a rhetorical figure requiring like-sounding words, syllables,or phrases at the close of a series of sentences or lines11. pathetic fallacy（感情的误置）:a device to endow natural phenomena, plants, and creatures other than man with human emotions and feelings12. litotes（反叙）:understatement by the use of negativesa figure of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of the contrary13. meiosis（曲言）understatement without the use of negativesa figure of speech by which the impression is intentionally conveyed that a thing is less in size, importance, etc., than it really is14. antanaclasis（换义）:a device involves words or word phrases having the same sound and form, but with two or more distinct meaningsa figure of speech which consists in repeating the same word in a different sense15. paronomasia（谐音双关）:a device involves words having the same sound, or almost the same sound, but differing in form and meaning are useda play upon words in which the same word is used in different senses or words similar in sound are set in opposition so as to give antithetical force16. euphony（语音和谐）:the pleasing combination of the sounds of language。

英语修辞与写作复习资料《英语修辞与写作》课程期末考试复习资料修辞手法1. Alliteration(1) Penny wise, pound foolish.(2) Wilful waste makes woeful want.(3) Without wisdom, wealth is worthless.(4) We shape our own destiny with conviction, compassion, and clear and common purpose.(B. Obama: Weekly Address, November 25th, 2010)2. Rhyme(1) Haste makes waste.(2) Man proposes, God disposes.(3) Little stokes fell great oaks.(4) His great gaunt figure filled the cabin door,And had he fallen inward on the floor,He must have measured to the further wall.(R. Frost: The Figure in the Doorway) 3. Simile(1) My roommates stood there as motionless as statues.(2) Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.(3) Ambition is to life just what steam is to the locomotive.(4) Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt and cannot last.(F. Bacon: Of Beauty)4. Metaphor(1)Life is a journey.(2)Jim was a fox.(3) She is the apple of his eye.(4) The news is a dagger to his heart.5.Metonymy(1) He drank a cup.(2) She set a good table.(3) He is fond of the bottle.(4) The pen is mightier than the sword.6. Synecdoche(1) The kettle is boiling.(2) Great minds think alike.(3) He smokes two packs per day.(4) The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings.7. Personification(1) Fear gripped his heart.(2) This time fate was smiling to him.(3) His words sent a quiver through my body.(4) The morning sun greeted us as we came out on deck.8. Hyperbole(1) I'm the luckiest man in the world.(2) Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay.(3) The noise was big enough to wake the dead.(4) I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up mysum.(W. Shakespeare: Hamlet) 9.Oxymoron(1)His air was one of friendly hostility.(2) The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.(3) I like a smuggler. He was the only honest thief.(4) No light, but rather darkness visible.10. Euphemism(1) The girl is hard of hearing.(2) The boy is a bit slow for his age.(3) It's five years since he passed away.(4) I'm afraid he has distorted the fact.11.Parallelism(1)He doesn't ride, nor shoot, nor fish, nor swim.(2)Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country.(3) An Englishman thinks seated; a Frenchman, standing; an American, pacing; an Irishman, afterward.(4) We can gain knowledge by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice.12.Antithesis(1) Speech is silver; silence is gold.(2)We find ourselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit, reaching with magnificent precision for the moon, but falling into raucous discord on earth.(R. Nixon) (3)I had walked into that reading room a happy healthy man. I crawled out a decrepit wreck.(J. K. Jerome: The Three Men in a Boat) (4) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.(C. Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities)13.Climax(1)I came, I saw, I conquered.(2)Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some to be chewed and digested.(F. Bacon: Of Studies)(3)But in a large sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground.14.Anticlimax(1)For God, for America, and for Yale.(2)He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen.(3)The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.(4)The explosion completely destroyed a church, two houses, and a flowerpot.词汇1. pioneer / premature/prior/past2. obstacle / fault /offense /distress3. adapt / stick / yield/ adopt4. procedure / protection / allowance / access5. bare/vacant/hollow/blank6. adopt/ acquire/ accumulate/ assemble7. reduce / fade / dim /faint8. superior/productive /splendid/ prosperous9. raise /promote /heighten/ increase10. profit/gain/reward/ price改错1) He is not only a good pianist, but also a good singer as well.2)This pretty actress keeps appearing in TV serials repeatedly.3)As a rule, students are usually not allowed to take books out of this reading room.4)According to the speaker, it is obvious that the responsibility system has helped to increaseproduction and he has no doubt about it.5)One reason why people are well informed in this country isbecause of the fact that there aremany newspapers which can easily be bought or subscribed to.6)Statistics show that in the decade from 1980 to 1990 enrollments at this school doubled: in1990 there were twice as many students as in 1980.7)There are so many inexperienced unskilled workers without training in a particular job thatproduction of the factory has been affected.8)There are about 50 patients or so in this ward, among whom many are being givenacupuncture treatment.9)His name is called James Williams.10)Whatever he does, he works seriously with great care, and does his best so as to do it well. 11）I am quiet jealous of your opportunity to study at such a famous university.12) The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea.13) There are a number of students who want to join the drama club.He was kind enough to let me share the same umbrella with him.14)Zhao was the person who was elected the representative of the class by the whole class.15)At the present time I am taking the course of World History and in addition a course ingeography too.16)The plane circled around the airport for about ten minutes or so and then disappeared andcould no longer be seen.17)What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he has notdone his work very well and it needsimproving.18)I would like you to consider the question of whether or not you will publish your recent articleon women scientists in China in our journal.19)Owing to the fact that he had missed many lectures, he was aware that it would be possible forhim to fail the exam.20)You must first work out an outline for your paper, and then after you have done that, you needto collect all kinds of material to support your point of view.主题句：部分参照《英语写作手册(英文版)(第3版) 》相关章节。

英语修辞学总复习Review of the English RhetoricCourse descriptionThis course will be oriented by the following aspects:General idea about English rhetorica brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and applicationCommunicative rhetoric (the choice of words and sentences)Aesthetic rhetoric: figures of speech (phonetic, syntactic, semantic, logic)Lead-in…1.I see students taking premedical courses with joyless determination.2.They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. Simile 明喻2. No X in Nixon. Palindrome 回文Rhetoric is power.Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim of it.--Ancient Greek wall inscription Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend争辩. --Francis BaconRhetoric in AdvertisementsSimile : Breakfast without orange juice is like a day without sunshine.眉笔像花瓣一样柔和。

Rhetorical options1、What is rhetoric Definitions of rhetoricthe art or science of communication in words; this art or science practiced or taught as a formal discipline; esp. the doctrine formulated by Aristotle and taught throughout the Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language. Longman Modern English Dictionary2、What’s the purpose of rhetoric 两种说法①The prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well and to communicate effectively in order to secure a desired result by employing rhetorical means efficiently.②“to enlighten the understanding ; to please the imagination; to move the passion ;or to influence the will.” “促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志” 18世纪苏格兰修辞学家George Campbell3、What is discussed in rhetoric contents of rhetoricalRhetoric is composed of theoretical rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical rhetoric deals with the theoretical problem of rhetoric; while practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively.rhetoric covers all the elements of oral and written things;including structure; diction. Rhythm; tone; style; and anything related to the effective use of language.4、The Highest Principles of Rhetoricthe highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific situation; that is; “adaptability” or “appropriateness”. Sentencesyntactic device1、What is sentenceA sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. Generally; an effective sentence must possess five essential qualities: correctness; clearness; unity; coherence and emphasis.正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调2、句子的组成A sentence must contain a subject and a verb although one may be implied.①words②correct grammar③meaning3、句子的分类Sentences may be classified according to Grammar or Rhetoric as to meaning and as to form:Grammatical Classification of SentencesI. As to meaning: II. As to Form:1. Declarative Sentence 1. Simple Sentence2. Interrogative Sentence 2. Compound Sentence并列3. Imperative Sentence 3. Complex Sentence 复合4. Exclamatory Sentence 4. Compound –Complex SentenceRhetorical Classification of SentencesIII. As to Arrangement1. Periodic Sentence 圆周句left-branching sentence2. Loose Sentence松散句right-branching sentence3. Balanced Sentence4、The short and long sentence①Short sentences; on the whole; are characterized by their brevity; quick tempo and force. The short sentence is relatively simple in form; clear in grammatical relation; and terse and forceful in style.②Long sentence is relatively complex in form; fully expressive in capacity; and often used in formal style to show one’s complicated mentality or various kinds of relationship of different things.5、the simple;compound and complex sentence①A Simple sentence has only one clause to make a statement; and so it is good for directness and clearness.②The Compound Sentence consists of two or more independent clauses which are of equal status; that is; the clauses are paratactic parallel; coordinate in relationship.③The complex sentence makes clear the logical relationship between events or ideas through subordination. Subordinate clauses are named according to their functions.Left-branching sentenceperiodic sentence：6、the branching sentencesRight-branching sentenceloose sentence：Left-branching sentenceperiodic sentence：the periodic sentence has its main idea at the end of the sentence.supportive or qualifying information are placed before the main clause or assertion.Right-branching sentenceloose sentence：in a loose sentence; the main idea is put at the beginning of the sentence;and supportive or qualifying information comes from it.7、Balanced sentence：When a sentence contains tow parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning;it is balanced sentence.The main ideas are often presented in parallel phrases orclauses.⑴Parallelism排比：the main function of parallelism is to add clarity and coherence to what one wishes to communicate..⑵Antithesis对比：antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis..⑶Chiasmus回文 and antimetabole交叉：chiasmus is a device that consists of two balanced statements; the second of which reverses the order of the words in the first;with or without a repetition of words..For example：①we eat for live;not live for eat..here the key words in the first statement are repeated;and reversed in order in the second..This is called antimetabole..②he was an angle on the surface;but at heart a knave..here there is no repetition of words;but the position of the nouns and adverbials are reversed. This is called chiasmus.⑷climax渐进：it is extremely effective in stirring up feelings and emotions;or in driving home a point..⑸anti-climax or bathos突降或渐降：is a device that involves stating one‘s thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity;from strong to weak;from weight to light or frivolous..It is often used to ridicule or satirize..9、syntactic schemes of inversion句子的倒装：分为grammatical inversion语法倒装和rhetorical inversion修辞倒装；一个倒装句能倒回到正常的顺序是修辞倒装;不能倒回的是语法倒装..The inversion is not a factor of correctness; but effectiveness of that sentence.Function of emphasis; vividness; balance; close connection and compactness and rhyming verse..10、the function of sentence：The four basic sentence functions in the world's languages include the declarative; interrogative; exclamative; and the imperative.Lexical deviceword 词1、the meaning of word：两种Associative meaning and conceptual meaning..或者七种conceptual meaning;connotative meaning;social meaning;effective meaning;reflective meaning;collocating meaning;thematic meaning..2、词的分类①three layers of words：The learned; the common and the colloquial.②Four types of vocabulary：Reading vocabulary;listening vocabulary;writing vocabulary;speaking vocabulary..③short words and long words; common words or learned words; formal; informal or colloquial words; general or specific words; concrete or abstract words; referential or emotive words意义词或情感词. 3、the principle of choice of words：words for clearnesswords for accuracywords for effectiveness4、lexical repetition⑴syntactic anaphorarepetition of beginning words首语重复5、rhetorical question设问Phonetic device语音学1、修辞格Alliteration头韵Assonance类韵Homeoteleuton同韵脚Onomatopoeia拟声2、rhythm 的组成：the rhythm of English prose involves prosodic features such as stress;pitchtone;volumeloudness;pause and tempo;apart from the usual intonation patterns..Figures of speech修辞格1、what is figures of speech修辞学的定义Figure of speech is an “Ancient term for any form of expression in which the normal use of language is manipulated; stressed; or altered for rhetorical effect” P.H. Matthews.2、functions of figure of speech四大功能Figures of speech are devices to make our language figurative; they lend force to an idea; heighten effect of expression; or create suggestive imagery..3、Figures of speech大体分为三类：音韵修辞格phonological rhetorical devices词义修辞格semantic rhetorical devices句法修辞格syntactical rhetorical devices音韵修辞格phonological rhetorical devices 是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法..它主要包括onomatopoeia; alliteration; homeoteleuton谐缀格; assonance and consonance.词义修辞格semantic rhetorical devices 词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法..它们主要包括 simile; metaphor; allusion; metonymy; transferred epithet; personification; hyperbole; irony; euphemism; pun; oxymoron; zeugma; contrast 等..句法修辞格syntactical rhetorical devices 句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法..这类辞格主要包括repetition; rhetorical question; antithesis; apostrophe 等..它们与汉语中的反复、设问、对偶、倒装基本相同 ..另外一种分类;分为相似修辞格4种simile;metaphor;analogy;personification..相反修辞格opposition和相关修辞格association..There are many kinds of figure of speech and they can be divided into many groups; such as :figures of similarity; figures of relationship; figures of opposition; figures of emphasis; figures of sound and so on.Simile明喻：A simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common..Words like as;so;like..组成要素：comparing words;subject;reference;ground..功能：simile have three main uses：descriptive;illustrative and illuminative..例子：her locks were yellow as gold..Metaphor暗喻：a metaphor makes an implied comparison between two unlike elements..功能：three main uses：descriptive;illustrative and illuminative..例子：jim was a fox..Analogy类比： a comparison of two things based on their being alikein some way..Analogy is chiefly used for the purpose of persuasion or for the explanation or exposition of an idea..只有三种形式：①A is to B as C is to D②A is to B what C is to D③just as A and B so C and DPersonification拟人：is a figure of speech that gives human form or feelings to animal;or life and personal attributesMetonymy借代Synecdoche提喻Antonomasia换称Syllepsis一语双叙Zeugma轭式搭配Paradox反论Oxymoron矛盾修饰法Hyperbole夸张Understatement低调陈述Euphemism委婉Irony反讽：irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant;the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense..Innuendo暗讽：a mild form of irony;hinting in a rather roundabout way at something disparaging or uncomplimentary to the person orsubject mentioned..Sarcasm反语：sarcasm is an intensity form of irony;it attacks in a taunting and bitter manner; and its aim is to disparage;ridicule and wound the feeling of the subject attacked..Transferred epithet转移修饰法Punning双关Allusion典故：An allusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference to; or representation of; a place; event; literary work; myth; or work of art; either directly or by implication.功能： It is often employed to reinforce the emotion or the ideas of one’s own work with the emotion or ideas of another work.例子：Goldilocks and the Three Bears:金凤花和三只小熊 Goldilocks now stands for anything that is “just right” for any situation. Until recently; financial markets appeared to be betting that the Goldilocks economy—neither too hot; nor too cold—was safe from the bears. The rattled markets are a reminder that sooner or later growth will slow or inflation will rise. 一直以来;金融机构似乎都笃信于经济既没过热或过冷;远离熊市;直到市场最近的恐慌才再一次提醒了人们;经济的增长迟早会减速;通胀迟早会出现.。

英语修辞鉴赏与写作考点归纳《英语修辞鉴赏与写作》期末复习考点归纳I. Definition1. Antonomasia(1) Daniel: a person of great wisdom; a wise and fair judge(2) Doubting Thomas: someone who tends not to believe things unless they can see the proof of them; who demands physical evidence in or not to be convinced, especially when this demands is out of place(3) Judas: someone who betrays under the guise of friendship; traitorJudas Kiss: a deceitful act of courtesy or a simulated act; insidious treachery(4) The T ower of Babel: a fantasy plan; a castle in the air; confusion of tongues; a scene of confusion(5) Trojan Horse: any person, group, or thing that seeks to subvert a nation, an organization, etc. from within(6) Watergate: scandal; illegal activities; charge or get sb. involved in sth.(7) Dunkirk: retreat in disorder; recession; grave crisis(8) Waterloo: a severe and deserved defeat after a time of unusual success(9) Bastille: tyranny of prison; a symbol of tyranny(10) Beauty and the Beast: a handsome woman with an uncouth or uncomely male companion(11) The Lion's Share: the biggest part or the best part(12) Gone with the Wind: be utterly helpless; have no way out(13) The Grapes of Wrath: an explosive, dangerous situation resulting from the anger or distress of a group of people over a situation(14) T artuffe: a hypocrite, who pretends to religious piety(15) Romeo and Juliet: ill-fated lovers(16) Munich: policy of appeasement(17) Gatsby: upstart(18) Holmes: a man of keen insight and reasoning(19) T ess: a pure and innocent woman(20) The American Dream: a place where everyone has the chance of becoming rich and successful(21) Beefeater: those living off imperial-cereals or salary provided by the state(22) The Iron Lady: a tough woman(23) Foggy Bottom: Department of State; State Department(24) Father of Lies: the devil; the enemy of mankind(25) The Big Apple: a popular name for New York City(26) Shangri-La: a hidden paradise; a secret military base(27) Downing Street: the British Government2. Allusion(1) Cry Wolf: give a false alarm, risking the possibility that people will not believe that you need help later when you really do(2) Cat's Paw: a person used as tool by another; someone who does unpleasant or dangerous jobs on the orders of another person; tool(3) Skeleton in the Cupboard: an unpleasant, often shocking event or fact from the past that a person or a family keeps secret(4) Phoenix: a symbol of immorality; that which rises from the ashes of its predecessor(5) Peeping T om: a man who furtively watches people's naked body or sexual activities(6) A Pandora's Box: source of evilsOpen Pandora's Box: to do something that unexpectedly causes a lot of new problems that did not exist before(7) An Apple of Discord: a cause of dispute; a root of trouble(8) A Sword of Damocles: something bad that may happen at any time(9) Helen of Troy: the beautiful woman as a disaster; the face that launched a thousand ships(10) Achilles' Heel: the only weak or vulnerable point or a single important weakness that can prevent you from being successful(11) Siren: a dangerous beautiful woman; a woman who is considered to be dangerous(12) Forbidden Fruit: a pleasure or enjoyment that is disapproved of or not allowed and perhaps therefore more enjoyable, especially a sexual act or illegal sexual relationship; having an affair(13) Oliver Branch: some gesture to show that one wants to end a struggle against someone; a sign of peace(14) A Garden of Eden: a place of innocent happiness(15) Birthday Suit: the skin with no clothes on; complete nakedness(16) Bite the Bullet: tide over a period of stress with one's teeth set; suffer bravely something very un-pleasant(17) Waterloo: a severe or crushing defeatMeet One's Waterloo: suffer a disastrous defeat; to be finally defeated after a long period of success(18) Woodstein: a journalist who frequently lays bare an inside story of a plot(19) Deep Throat: a secret giver of information(20) Columbus's Egg: everything is hard in the beginning; an easy task once one knows the trick(21) Frankenstein: anything that causes the ruin of its creator(22) Rip Van Winkle: someone who is unaware of current events and conditions(23) Uncle T om: one who is slavish or obedient; a black person who is very friendly or respe ctful to the white people(24) Cinderella: a person or thing whose real worth or beauty is not recognized or someone or something that doesn't get as much attention or respect as it deserves; a person who becomes famous overnight(25) Friday (Man-Friday): an assistant with diverse duties(26) Fagin: abettor(27) Shylock: a harsh and cruel usurer; merciless person。

Rhetorical options*1、What is rhetoric?( Definitions of rhetoric)the art or science of communication in words; this art or science practiced or taught as a formal discipline, esp. the doctrine formulated by Aristotle and taught throughout the Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language. (Longman Modern English Dictionary)2、What’s the purpose of rhetoric?（两种说法）①The prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well and to communicate effectively in order to secure a desired result by employing rhetorical means efficiently.②“to enlighten the understanding , to please the imagination, to move the passion ,or to influence the will.” “促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志” (18世纪苏格兰修辞学家George Campbell）*3、What is discussed in rhetoric?（contents of rhetorical）Rhetoric is composed of theoretical rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical rhetoric deals with the theoretical problem of rhetoric, while practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively.rhetoric covers all the elements of oral and written things, including structure, diction. Rhythm, tone, style, and anything related to the effective use of language.4、The Highest Principles of Rhetoricthe highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific situation, that is, “adaptability”or “appropriateness”.Sentence（syntactic device）1、What is sentence？A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. Generally, an effective sentence must possess five essential qualities: correctness, clearness, unity, coherence and emphasis.(正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调）2、句子的组成A sentence must contain a subject and a verb (although one may be implied).①words②correct grammar③meaning3、句子的分类Sentences may be classified according to Grammar or Rhetoric as to meaning and as to form:Grammatical Classification of SentencesI. As to meaning: II. As to Form:1. Declarative Sentence 1. Simple Sentence2. Interrogative Sentence 2. Compound Sentence（并列）3. Imperative Sentence 3. Complex Sentence （复合）4. Exclamatory Sentence 4. Compound –Complex SentenceRhetorical Classification of SentencesIII. As to Arrangement1. Periodic Sentence （圆周句）left-branching sentence2. Loose Sentence（松散句）right-branching sentence3. Balanced Sentence4、The short and long sentence①Short sentences, on the whole, are characterized by their brevity, quick tempo and force. The short sentence is relatively simple in form, clear in grammatical relation, and terse and forceful in style.②Long sentence is relatively complex in form, fully expressive in capacity, and often used in formal style to show one’s complicated mentality or various kinds of relationship of different things.5、the simple，compound and complex sentence①A Simple sentence has only one clause to make a statement, and so it is good for directness and clearness.②The Compound Sentence consists of two or more independent clauses which are of equal status, that is, the clauses are paratactic (parallel; coordinate) in relationship.③The complex sentence makes clear the logical relationship between events or ideas through subordination. Subordinate clauses are named according to their functions.Left-branching sentence(periodic sentence)：*6、the branching sentencesRight-branching sentence（loose sentence）：Left-branching sentence(periodic sentence)：the periodic sentence has its main idea at the end of the sentence.supportive or qualifying information are placed before the main clause or assertion. Right-branching sentence（loose sentence）：in a loose sentence, the main idea is put at the beginning of the sentence,and supportive or qualifying information comes from it.*7、Balanced sentence：When a sentence contains tow parallel clauses similar in structure butcontrasted in meaning,it is balanced sentence.The main ideas are often presented in parallel phrases or clauses.⑴Parallelism排比：the main function of parallelism is to add clarity and coherence to what one wishes to communicate。

英语修辞学复习Figure of speech（修辞格）1.resembling similarities:Simile明喻作用：用作描述时，it can produce a vivid picture of a person, an odject, an activity, a phenomenon例句：He is like a wolf in sheep's clothing.用作阐述论点时，it can help you turn an abstract principle into something easy to understand. 例句：Habit may be likened to a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it.Metaphor暗喻作用：同明喻例句：He is a wolf in sheep's clothing.Analogy类比作用：阐述论点时，it can turn an abstract concept into something concrete, or make an abstract idea plain and easily comrehensible用作说服时，it can make the persuasion easy-going and convincing例句：As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.Allegory讽喻作用：用具体阐述抽象use a concrete figure to illustrate an abstract idea, helping the reader realize the truth or theory 例句：No rose without a thorn.Personificaiton拟人作用：make one's point with extraordinary emphasis andintensify the reader's expression; can turn an abstract concept or phenomenon into a clear concrete figure例句：The wind whistled through the trees.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.Zoosemy拟物作用：can be used to express various feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer例句：He slept like a dog.2. substitution：Metonymy借代/换喻作用：used a certain feature or a certain context stands for that type of people例句：The grey hair should be respected.The boy was brought up on the bottle.I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.Synecdoche提喻作用：use a part for the whole or the whole for a part例句：He is the Newton of the century.Two heads are better than oneAntonomasia换称作用：use a proper name专有名词for an idea例句：to meet one's WaterlooAllusion典故和换称相似Hyperbole夸张作用：exaggerate the fact or state of affairsHe almost died laughing.Understatement低调陈述例句：This problem is not above us.Euphemism委婉例句：He is out visiting the necessary.Periphrasis3. playing double meanings:Pun双关例句：If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.What does that lawyer do after he dies? Lie still.Irony反讽例句："Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you." the waiter said to the beggar.Oxymoron矛盾修饰法例句：The state of this house is cheerless welcome.This is a victorious defeat.Transferred Epithet转移修饰法例句：And the first tenor singing of the passionate throat of a young workers, who has since drunk himself to death.Do you think I will have blood money?There is a suprised silence in the classroom.Syllepsis一语双叙He lost the game and his temper.The man stood in a high place and a high manner.Zeugma轭式搭配例句：The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night.4. repetitionAlliteration头韵例句：How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.Peter piper picked a peck of picking pepper.Assonance母韵例句：It's fair and square affair from the beginning to the end.Consonance尾韵例句：April showers bring May flowers.5. imitationParody仿拟例句：A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.Onomatopoeia拟声例句：Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.6. handling contrastive and coordinated structuresParallelism平行结构例句：No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happay till all are happy.Antithesis平行对照例句：Give me liberty, or give death.More haste, less speed.艺术标准三逻辑logos情感pathos人格ethos修辞三等级词语选择selecting words and phrases句式变化seeking sentence variety组段谋篇writing paragraphs and arrange paragraphs into a complete text选词五原则准确exactness简洁economy新颖freshness生动vividness恰当approriateness句式类型从功能分，有陈述句declarative sentence疑问句interrogative sentence祈使句imperative sentence感叹句exclamatory sentence从结构分，有简单句simple sentence复合句compound sentence复杂句complex sentence复合复杂句compound-complex sentence其他，有渐进句cumulative sentence（层层递进）松散句loose sentence（两个句子可以互相调换并且不影响本意）掉尾句periodic sentence（结论重点在句尾）突降句anticlimactic sentence（要避免使用这种句子）反问句rhetorical question（不需要回答的句子）长短句使用方法一系列短句：用于描述故事中紧张或戏剧性的情节（speed，tense，dramatic，story）一系列长句中用单个短句：改变节奏，若在句尾，其强调作用，精辟的总结（change rhythm, emphasis,pithy summation）长句：适合细节描述，解释和辩论让想法流动起来连接词转折：but, however, nvertheless, by contrast, in spite of this, on the other hand...并列递进：and, also, another, besides, furthermore, in addition, in the same way, likewise, next, moreover, similarly...时间空间：earlier, later, at the same time, meanwhile, soon; here, there, farther on, nearby...因果：as a result, consequently, therefore, thus...引用：as an illustration, for example, for instance, another example...重复总结：as I have said, in other words, to repeat, in brief, in short, in summary, to sum up...顺序：first of all, first/firstly, then, at last, finally...文章主题说明文exposition: 1.Generalization+Illustration+Conclusion （演绎法）2.分类classification，过程分析analysis，比较comparison议论文argumentation: 逻辑推理logical reasoning记叙文narraition: 背景setting，情节plot（时间次序temporal order，空间次序spatial order），角色character描写文description:突出形象，丰富细节verbal picture, typical details词义参考意义referential meaning社会意义social meaning（反映社会特征、社会阶段、地域、性别）感情意义affective meaning（带有感情色彩:褒义、贬义、中性）指称意义denotation和隐含意义connotationdenotation: specific, literal, explicitconnotation: implicit（比如，黄色有指色情文学pornographic literature，黄种人yellow race，胆小cowardly，警告warning的意思）概括化generalization和具体化specification应用概括：索引index，摘要abstract，导语lead in，提纲outline具体：描写细节，举具体例子。

Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1.Onomatopoeia （声法） : is the formation of words in imitation or the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. 1) Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among thethrongs of people (Para. 1)2)the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)2.Metaphor （） : is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using“as”or “like ”.e.g. 1) theheat andglare of a big open square (Para. 1)2)⋯ until you rounded a corner and seea fairlyland of dancing flashes⋯ .3)⋯ in the maze of vaulted streets whichhoneycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)3.alliteration （韵） : is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. 1) ⋯ thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)2)⋯ the sellers, on the other hand, make pointa of protesting4.Hyperbole( 夸 ): is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.e.g.or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and⋯ (Para. 7)quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9) 5．Antithesis( 偶 ): is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.e.g. 1) ⋯ a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows⋯(Para. 5)2) ⋯which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stonewheels. (Para. 9)6.Personification : a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed withhuman qualities or are represented as possessing human form.e.g. ⋯as the burnished coppercatches the light of ⋯ (Para.5)7.Assonance(尾韵 )e.g. 1)⋯ the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding wheels⋯.Unit 21.Metaphor: 暗A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thingis used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗是一种修辞，往常用指某物的或来指代他物，进而示意两者之的相像之。

1.Simile(明喻):Maggie’s brain’s like an elephant’s2.Metaphor(暗喻):They will be rounded up in hordes.Means of existence is wrung from the soil...cataract of horrorsrid the earth of his shadow...liberate people from his yokeThe scene will be clear for the final act.something hit me … of my feetThey live in a palace of a house.Before him stood a little shrimp of a fellow.The town was stormed after a long siege."Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them，and bobbed up down repeatedly in little bows…3.Onomatopoeia(拟声法):splash sounds similar to the noise of something falling into water.thud sounds like a falling object hitting the ground.buzz is the sound an insect makes when flying.4.Assonance(谐音)：My words like silent raindrops fell.that “no” is a word the world never learned to say to her."that dolphin-torn, that gong-tormented sea" William Butler Yeats.Tinkling, banging, clashing; easier and safer preycreak and groan; oozes ; squeaking, rumbling , grinding; grunts and sighs5. Personification（拟人）Like good looks and money, quickness passed her by.dancing flashes（第二页）6. Parallelism（排比）The din of the store-holders crying their wares, of donkeys-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy. 2. the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protectorAny man or state... Any man or state...Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience.Let us redouble our exertions…We shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts.We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and resources7. Pun (双关)He is not a grave man until he is a grave man.A bicycle can't stand on its own because it is two-tyred8. Rhetorical question（反问）“Aren’t you ashamed of yourself?” ( You should be ashamed of yourself.)“What business is it of yours?” (It is none of your business)“Was I not at the scene of the crime?” (“Really I was at the scene of the crime.”)When did Dee even have any friends?9. Anti-climax（反高潮）"Seldom has city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known through about world for its-oysters.“10.Alliteration（头韵）"I felt sick and ever since then they have been testing and treating me.Let us go forth to lead the land we love.11. Metonymy(借代):In Latin, meta means change while onyma means name, so metonymy means the change of name. She was a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.The pen is mightier than the sword.12. Euphemism（婉辞）：earthly caresHe was sentenced to prison---He is now living at the government's expenses.13.Irony(讽刺):the good fortune that my illness has brought meHang them, "she said. As if that was the only thing you could do with quilts14. Hyperbole(夸张)：Her eyes seemed stretched open, blazed open by the flames reflected in them.15. Understatement（轻描淡写）：In 1927 colored asked fewer questions than they do now.16.SymbolQuilts in the story is the symbol of black’s culture.17. Repetition(反复)he has so long thrived and prospered18. Antithesis(对立)：Give me liberty, or give me death. 不自由, 毋宁死。

英语中的文体学与修辞知识点文体学和修辞学是研究语言运用和艺术表达的重要分支。

它们涉及到英语语言的不同风格和用法，以及如何通过修辞手法来提升表达的艺术性和效果。

本文将介绍英语中的文体学和修辞，包括其定义、应用和常见的知识点。

一、文体学1. 定义：文体学是研究语言表达风格和特点的学科，包括不同文体之间的差异和特征。

2. 应用：文体学可以帮助我们理解不同文本的特点，如小说、诗歌、散文和新闻报道等。

3. 知识点：- 叙述文体：用于描述事件、故事或经历的文体，如小说和传记。

- 说明文体：用于解释、阐述观点或提供事实的文体，如科学论文和说明书。

- 议论文体：用于陈述和辩论观点的文体，如论文和演讲稿。

- 描写文体：用于描绘人物、地点或对象的文体，如诗歌和旅行报道。

- 敌对文体：用于抨击和讽刺的文体，如讽刺小说和政治漫画。

二、修辞学1. 定义：修辞学是研究修辞手法和表达方式的学科，它通过运用各种修辞手法来增强语言的表达力。

2. 应用：修辞学可以用于文学作品、演讲和写作等领域，使语言更生动、美观和有说服力。

3. 知识点：- 比喻：通过对两个不同事物的比较，以便更好地理解和描绘。

- 拟人：将非人事物赋予人的特性和行为，增加描写的生动性。

- 夸张：通过夸大手法来强调某种观点或感觉。

- 反问：用问句的形式提出观点，以引发读者思考和关注。

- 排比：通过并列结构反复使用相同的词或短语，以产生韵律感和强调。

- 对偶：通过相似的句子结构和表达方式来增加语言的节奏感。

通过掌握英语中的文体学和修辞知识，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语语言，让我们的表达更加生动、有趣和具有说服力。

文体学可以帮助我们理解不同文本的特点和风格，而修辞学则可以通过运用各种修辞手法来提升语言的艺术性和表达效果。

希望本文的介绍能够对你有所启发，让你在英语学习和应用中更加得心应手。

SimileExplicitly & literallySubject/tenorReference/vehicleIndicator of resemblance/simile markerasas ifas thoughas…as(just)as… sosimilar toto bear a resemblance to1) Records fell like ripe apples on a windy day.2) It is with words as with sunbeams – the more they are condensed, the deeper they burn.3) She spoke hurriedly, as if he heart had leaped into her throat at the boy’s words.4) ★He has no more idea of money than a cow.5) ★With the quickness of a long cat, she climbed up into the nest of cool-bladed foliage.6) The process of gaining or losing weight can be explained by comparing your body to your car… And just as your car uses more energy when the engine is racing than when it is idling, so does your body use more energy when you are working hard than when you are resting.7) Mother was short and plump and pretty. Her eyes were blue, and her brown hair was likea bird’s smooth wings…8) The mothers stayed back in the kitchen washing and drying, putting things away, recrossing their traceless footsteps like the life time journeys of bees, measuring out the dry cocoa fro breakfast…9) He (weasel) was ten inches long, thin as a curve, a muscled ribbon, brown as fruit-wood, soft-furred, alert. His face was fierce, small and pointed as a lizard’s; he would have made a good arrowhead. There was just a dot of chin, maybe two brown hair’s width, and then the pure white fur began that spread down his underside. He had two black eyes I didn’t see, any more than you see a window.10) ★Habit may be likened to a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it.11) So compared with any ordinary beam of light, the laser beam is a very orderly affair indeed. It’s like a military march – everyone in step. In an ordinary beam, the waves are like the people in a crowd going to a football match, jostling and bumping into one another. Metaphor (Condensed Simile)The news is as a dagger to his heart. The news is a dagger to his heart.Joe fought like a lion. Joe was a lion in the battle.Learning may be likened to climbing up a mountain. Learning is climbing up a mountain. The gossip was like a net that strangled her. She was strangled in the net of gossip.The machine-gun shot down the enemy like a mower cutting down the grass. ★The machine-gun mowed down the enemy.The parks of our city are like human lungs. ★The parks are the lung of our city.1) ★Money is the lens in a camera.2) Sometimes I rambled to pine groves, standing like temples, or like fleets at sea, full-r igged, with wavy boughs, and rippling with light…(can’t be changed to simile)3) Greece was the cradle of Western culture.Faded/Dead Metaphors• Table-leg• Bottleneck• Running brook• Square shooter (shooting iron) (magazine: periodical/publication; a store house –power magazine火药库/magazine of a rifle弹仓、弹匣NOT Metaphor/Simile1) Paul looks very much like his brother.2) The boy is more than intelligent.3) My car runs as fast as the train.4) I have an old photograph of the drug store, taken in 1894; it shows my grandfather and two clerks standing behind showcases, as if waiting for customers, and my grandmother sitting at the switchboard, surrounded by wires. She looks like a fish struggling in the net, and my grandfather and the clerks, though they smile bravely, are captives, held by invisible strands.Identify the similes and metaphors in the following; then convert the similes into metaphors or expand the metaphors into similes, if possible.1) He is a wolf in sheep’s clothing.He is like a wolf in she ep’s skin.2) ★The parks are the lungs of our city.The parks of our city are like human lungs.3) ★His voice sounded like a thunder in the hall.His voice thundered in the hall.4) ★Money is a lens in a camera.Money is like a lens in a camera.5) Lottie staggered on the lowest verandah step like a bird fallen out of the nest.Not possible to change.6) We tore through the black-and-gold town like a pair of scissors tearing through brocade.Not possible to change.7) ★The machine-gun was shooting down the enemy like a mower cutting down grass. The machine-gun was mowing down the enemy.8) Slimy canals crept like green snakes beside the road.Slimy green canals snakes beside the road.9) Applications for jobs flooded the Employment Agency.Applications for jobs came into the Employment Agency like a flood.10) ★Hitler’s attach on Poland in 1939 was like lightning.Hitler’s made a lightning attach on Poland in 1939.Study and improve the following sentences:1) Life was like a journey studded with pitfalls.Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.2) ★Not all slim girls are paper tigers.Not all slim girls are paper flowers.3) ★A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see your mistakes clearly.A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face.4) Examinations are the death sentence to students.Examinations are harvest seasons of students.5) ★Jack’s house was destroyed by fire. Jim went to comfort him and asked him to contact the insurance company. “Cheer up, my friend,” he said. “Your insurance claim will b e proceeding like a house on fire, I’m sure.”... “Your insurance claim will be proceeding quickly/fast/soon.”Analogy 类比• It’s with our judgments as with our watches; none go just alike, yet each believes his own. • The inspiration for a story is like “a pull on the line…the outside signal that has startled or moved the creative mind to complicity and brought the story to active being…”• An individual human existence should be like a river – small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. (Bertrand Russell)• Before you reprehend another, take heed you are not culpable in what you go about to reprehend. He who cleanses a blot with blotted fingers makes a greater blur. (Quarles)• Intellectual assimilation takes time. The mind is not to b e enriched as a coal barge is loaded. Whatever is precious in a cargo is carefully on board and carefully placed. Whatever is delicate and fine must be received delicately, and its place in the mind thoughtfully assigned. (Arlo Bates)• In rivers the wate r that you touch is the last of that has passed and first of that which comes: so with time present. (Leonardo Da Vinci)• The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is…not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improved by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed. (Winston Churchill)• A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.Allegory 讽喻(Speaking figuratively, symbolism allegory)Metonymy 换喻1. He must have been spoilt from the cradle.2. The kettle is boiling. (=The water in the kettle is boiling.)3. Italy cannot be vanished in warfare nor Greece in studies. (=Italians cannot be vanished in warfare nor Greeks in studies.)4. The pen is stronger than the sword. (=Those who use the pen have more influence than those who use the sword. /The officials have more say than the officers.)5. Land belonging to the crown occupied the best part of the country. (=Land belonging to the monarch occupied…)6. The grey hair should be respected. (=The old/aged should be respected.)7. What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. (=Things learned in childhood will not be forgotten till death.)8. Having finished the law school, he was called to the Bar. (=…he became a lawyer (AmE)/ a barrister (Br E).9. Every government should attend to cleaning its own Augean stables…(相传国王奥杰尼斯的牛舍内养牛3000头，30年未打扫，故Augean stables c成了肮脏的代名词，这里影射政府都有腐败现象，应注意克服。