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Chapter OneFundamentals of MedicinePassage 1Anatomy of Mouse and Human Heart单词：Anatomy 解剖学anatomical 解剖的，解剖学的atria 心房atria chamber 心房腔cardiovascular 心血管系统genetical 遗传的conception 受孕diaphragm 横膈，横膈膜fetus 胎儿，胎gestational 妊娠的，妊娠期的morphological 形态学的murine 鼠类，鼠性的neonatal 新生的，新生期的，新生儿的，新生婴儿pericardial cavity 心包腔prenatal 产前的，出生前的pulmonary 肺的septation 分隔，中隔，隔膜thoracic cavity 胸腔句子：A fast-increasing number of genetically modified mouse models with structural and functional abnormalities in the cardiovascular system undoubtedly will contribute to an improved understanding of molecular and morphological mechanisms that regulate human heart development in health and disease.（5分）小鼠基因修饰模型是通过改变小鼠基因因而使其心血管系统结构和功能异常得到改变的一种动物模型。
这类模型的大量增加，无疑会促进我们理解人的心脏在健康及病理状态下的分子和形态学机制。
Developmentally, it is interesting to note that the gestational window during which the heart develops is quite different in the mouse and human. In the human it takes about 2 mo (from conception) for the heart to complete septation, followed by another 7 mo to further mature until the baby is born and the pulmonary circulation kicks in. In the mouse, however, it takes only 2 wk from the time of conception for cardiac septation to complete. After that, the mouse fetus has less than 1 wk of prenatal life before birth.Without going into any detail, it suffices to say that some of the developmental events that in the human are more or less completed at birth are still in progress in the neonatal mouse.人们有趣地发现小鼠与人的心脏在孕育其中的发育有很大不同。
生物专业英语试题及答案一、词汇题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪个单词表示“细胞分裂”？A. Cell divisionB. Cell fusionC. Cell differentiationD. Cell metabolism答案：A2. “基因”在英文中的正确表达是？A. GeneB. GenusC. GenotypeD. Genomics答案：A3. 哪个术语与“光合作用”相关？A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. FermentationD. Anaerobic respiration答案：A4. “遗传工程”的英文表达是什么？A. Genetic engineeringB. Genetic mutationC. Genetic selectionD. Genetic variation答案：A5. “酶”的英文单词是？A. EnzymeB. HormoneC. ProteinD. Lipid答案：A6. “生态系统”在英文中如何表达？A. EcosystemB. BiosystemC. EcosystemsD. Biosphere答案：A7. “进化”的英文对应词是？A. EvolutionB. DevolutionC. InvolutionD. Revolution答案：A8. “克隆”在生物学中的英文术语是什么？A. CloningB. CopyingC. DuplicationD. Replication答案：A9. “物种”的英文单词是？A. SpeciesB. GenusC. VarietyD. Type答案：A10. “微生物”的英文表达是？A. MicroorganismB. MacroorganismC. OrganismD. Microbe答案：A二、阅读理解题（每题5分，共30分）阅读以下段落，并回答问题。
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms and bioprocesses to develop or make products. It involves the use of organisms, cells, and cellular components to research and produce goods and services. Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rarediseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.11. 根据段落，生物技术涉及哪些方面？A. 使用生物和生物过程开发产品B. 仅使用生物过程C. 仅使用生物D. 使用生物和非生物过程答案：A12. 现代生物技术提供了哪些突破性的产品和技术？A. 治疗罕见疾病B. 减少环境影响C. 提供食物D. 所有上述选项答案：D13. 根据段落，生物技术如何帮助环境？A. 减少环境足迹B. 增加污染C. 加剧气候变化D. 消耗更多资源答案：A14. 生物技术如何帮助解决饥饿问题？A. 提供更少的食物B. 提供更多的食物C. 提高食物价格D. 降低食物质量答案：B15. 生物技术在工业制造中的作用是什么？A. 提高效率B. 降低安全性C. 增加污染D. 减少清洁度答案：A三、完形填空题（每题3分，共15分）阅读以下短文，从所给选项中选择最合适的一项填入空白处。
生物工程专业英语The Origin of Species1.How Biologists Define a SpeciesModern biology generally define a species as group of actually or potenti ally interbreeding populationsthat is reproductively isolated from the such groups. Members of a species can interbreed with each other,but they ca nnot breed with organisms belonging to another species. One advantage of the standard ofreproductive isolation is that it is very precise. Notice, however, that it can only be applied to organismsthat reproduce sexually. Asexual reproducers, including most prokaryotes, many plants, and some animals, must be classified into species on the basis of physical (biochemi cal or morphological) traits.现代生物学大体将物种定义为实际上的一群或潜在的杂交群体，即从这个群体隔离繁殖的后代。
种族中个体可以互相交配，但种间不能。
这种繁殖隔离的一个优势是很精确。
但仅适用于性繁殖的生物。
非性繁殖，包括大多数原核生物，许多植物，某些动物，需要通过自然特征进行归类。
2.Preventing Gene ExchangeTwo general types of mechanisms operate to block the exchange of genes between individuals of relatedgroups. The first general type is made up of prezygotic isolating mechanisms that prevent the formation ofzygotes. Prezygotic isolation falls into two categories: ecological and behavioral. In the first case, tworelated group may become adapted to slightly differe nt environments-perhaps varying soil types or foodsources. Over time, th ese genetic differences become so great that successful cross-fertilization can nolonger take place. In behavioral isolation,related groups evolve differing behaviors such as specificmating rituals-that restrict the exchange of genes to members of the same group.两种基因型机制阻碍了相关群体中个体的基因交换。
GillCapHomozygous（纯合的）：A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for particular characteristic.Heterozygous (杂合的):A diploid organism that has two different alletic forms of a particular gene.Phenotype（表型）：The physical, chemical, and psychological expression of genes possessed by an organism.Genotype（基因型）：The catalog of genes of an organism, whether or not these genes are expressed.Allele（等位基因）：Alternative forms of a gene for a particular characteristic (e.g., attached earlobe genes and free earlobe genes are alternative alleles for ear shape).Monohybrid Crosses(单因子杂种)：a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles.Dihybrid crosses(双因子杂种，双因子杂合子):A cross between individuals that differ with respect to two specified gene pairs.Law of independent assortment(独立分配定律，自由组合定律)::Members of one gene pair will separate from each otherindependently of the members of other gene pairs.Semiconservative replication(半保留复制):The method of replication of DNA in which the molecule divides longitudinally,each half being conserved and acting as a template for the formation of a new strand.Lagging strand(后随链):is synthesized in short stretches known as Okazaki fragments.DNA polymerase( DNA 聚合酶):An enzyme that brings new DNA triphosphate nucleotides into position for bonding onanother DNA molecule.Age structure(年龄结构):Of a population, the number of individuals in each of several or many age categories.Density-dependent factors(密度依赖因子，密度制约因子):population-limiting factors that become more effective as thesize of the population increases.1.As mitosis proceeds, the spindle microtubules play a crucial role in ensuring that both paired and separated chromatids move in the right directions at the proper times. Each half of the spindle forms as microtubules extend from each pole of a dividing cell to the region of the metaphase plate. During prophase, other microtubules, the centromeric fibers, extend outward from the spindle poles to structures on the chromosomes called kinetochores. During anaphase the fibers begin to shorten, and the chromatids begin to move apart.在有丝分裂过程中，是纺锤体微管确保了染色单体在适当时间以正确方向进行分离。
生物专业英语Biochemistry 生物化学essential element必需元素trace elements微量元素proteoglycan蛋白聚糖amino acid氨基酸primary structure 一级结构random coil无规卷曲structural domain 结构域subunit亚基degeneration变性adenine腺嘌呤guanine鸟嘌呤cytosine胞嘧啶thymine胸腺嘧啶uracil尿嘧啶nucleoside 核苷nucleotide核苷酸base pairing碱基配对base pair碱基对数base碱基数gyrase旋转酶nucleosome核小体 complementary DNA互补DNA plasmid质粒transposons转座子repetitive sequence重复序列exon外显子intron内含子variable loop可变环ribonuclease核糖核酸酶renaturation复性hyperchromic effect增色效应base stacking force碱基堆积力annealing退火melting-out temperature熔解温度hypochromic effect减色效应maltose麦芽糖sucrose蔗糖lactose乳糖starch淀粉glycogen糖原cellulose纤维素cellulase纤维素酶selectivity选择性substrate底物 holoenzyme全酶cofactor辅因子coenzyme辅酶oxidase氧化酶metabolism新陈代谢assimilation同化作用catabolism异化作用metabolite代谢产物biological oxidation 生物氧化cytochrome细胞色素rotenone鱼藤酮amytal阿密妥antimycin A抗霉素A cyanide氰化物glycolysis糖酵解ethanol乙醇citrate柠檬酸cis-aconitate 顺乌头酸succinic acid琥珀酸oxaloacetic acid草酰乙酸 acetyl-coenzyme乙酰辅酶fumarate延胡索酸glyoxylate cycle 乙醛酸循环malate苹果酸fatty acid 脂肪酸carbon unit一碳单位metabolic regulation代谢调feedback regulation反馈调节structural gene结构基因promoter gene启动基因operator gene操纵基因regulator gene调节基因termination factor终止因子triplet code三联体密码initiator codon起始密码termination codon终止密码replicon复制子core enzyme 核心酶primosome 引发体Okazaki fragment冈崎片段leading chain 前导链lagging strand后随链terminator终止子telomere端粒telomerase端粒酶replication fork复制叉vector载体promoter启动子terminator终止子operon操纵子codon密码子degeneracy简并性hormone激素citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环Deamination 脱氨基作用urea cycle尿素循环euchromatin 常染色质messenger RNA信使RNAtransfer RNA 转移RNA ribosome RNA核糖体RNA secondary structure二级结构super-secondary structure超二级结构tertiary structure三级结构quaternary structure四级结构semiconservative replication 半保留复制ornithine cycle 鸟氨酸循环negative supercoil DNA负超螺旋DNA positive supercoil DNA正超螺旋DNA restriction endonuclease 限制性内切酶polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应oxidative deamination 氧化脱氨作用transamination 转氨基作用reverse transcription 逆转录decarboxylation 脱羧作用semidiscontinuous replication半不连续复制reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶missense mutation 错义突变synonymous mutation 同义突变neutral mutation中性突变nonsense mutation 无义突变double-strand circular DNA 双链环形DNA phosphatidic acid 磷脂酸essential amino acids 必需氨基酸dihydrouracil loop 二氢尿嘧啶环anticodon loop 反密码子环superhelical DNA 超螺旋DNAopen circular DNA 开环DNA linear DNA 线形DNAbase stacking force 碱基堆积力glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid生糖兼生酮氨基酸ketogenic amino acid 生酮氨基酸glucogenic amino acid 生糖氨基酸Genetics遗传学heredity 遗传variation 变异pisum sativum 豌豆 segregation 分离gamete 生殖细胞zygote 合子allele 等位基因genotype 基因型phenotype 表现型test cross 测交oryza sativa 水稻diploid 二倍体haploid 单倍体centromere 着丝粒satellite 随体linker 连丝mitosis 有丝分裂mesoblast中胚层spindle 纺锤体interphase 间期spindle fiber 纺锤丝vicia faba 蚕豆nucleoplasm 核质spermatogenous 精原细胞oogonium 卵原细胞spermatid 精细胞Phenocopy 拟表型epistasis上位效应mutant突变型gametic lethal配子致死zygotic lethal合子致死autosome 常染色体dominant lethal显性致死carrier 携带者homozygote 纯合体heterozygote 杂合体genotype 基因型phenotype 表现型linkage group 连锁群interference 干涉coincidence 并发率genetic map 遗传学图wild type野生型secondary constriction 次级缢痕mutation 突变nucleolar organizer 核仁形成区induction 诱导first polar body 第一极体strain 菌株sister chromatids 姐妹染色单体recipient 受体female gametic nucleus 卵核donor 供体multiple alleles 复等位基因fragment 片段sex-chromosome性染色体heterokaryon 异核体sex-linked inheritance 伴性遗传auxotroph 营养缺陷型primary constriction 初级缢痕prophage 原噬菌体secondary constriction 次级缢痕transduction 转导complementary gene互补基因Mendel’s laws 孟德尔定律 law ofhomologous chromosome 同源染色体segregation 分离定律sister chromatids 姐妹染色单体first filial generation 子一代secondary oocyte 次级卵母细胞parental generation 亲代three-point testcross 三点测交dominant character显性性状primary spermatocyte 初级精母细胞recessive character 隐性性状secondary spermatocyte 次级精母细胞hereditary determinant遗传因子first division segregation 第一次分裂分离parental combination 亲组合second division segregation 第二次分裂分recombination 重组合离punnett square 棋盘法law of independent assortment 自由组合Mendelian character 孟德尔性状定律primary constriction 初级缢痕Microbiology微生物学living creatures 生物culture medium 培养基lawn菌苔culture plate 培养平板bacteria 细菌archaea 古生菌eukaryote真核生物prokaryote 原核生物protozoan 原生动物hypha 菌丝 mycoplasma 支原体yeast 酵母菌plasmolysis 质壁分离Escherichia Coli大肠杆菌murein胞壁质peptidoglycan 肽聚糖 mucopeptide 黏肽outer membrane外膜chromosome染色体nucleolus 核仁nucleoid 拟核chromatin 染色质 centromere 着丝粒telomere 端粒protoplast 原生质体mycoplasma 支原体glycoprotein 糖蛋白mesosome 间体 cytoplasm细胞质megnetosome磁小体nucleoid拟核glycocalyx 糖被capsule 荚膜flagellum 鞭毛lysosome 溶酶体chloroplast 叶绿体thylakoid类囊体inorganic salt 无机盐peptone 蛋白胨sulfur bacteria 硫细菌beef extract牛肉膏vitamin 维生素inclusion body 内含物lithotroph 无机营养型medium 培养基agar 琼脂organotroph 有机营养型antiport 逆向运输active transport 主动运输 pinocytosis 胞饮作用catabolism 分解代谢passive transport 被动运输 uniport 单向运输anabolism 合成代谢fermentation发酵batch culture 分批培养log phase 对数生长期stationary phase 稳定生长期lag phase 迟缓期decline phase衰亡期aerobe 好氧菌 antibiotic 抗生素antigenome 反基因组transformation 转化 genome 基因组plasmid 质粒transforming factor 转化因子diploid 二倍体haploid 单倍体transposable element 转座因子conjugation接合作用transposon转座子phenotype 表型genotype基因型auxotroph营养缺陷型wild-type野生型transition 转换transversion 颠换spontaneous mutation 自发突变reverse mutation 回复突变sexduction 性导transduction 转导 promoter 启动子operon 操纵子recombination repair 重组修复repressor 阻遏蛋白corepressor辅阻遏物clone 克隆 denaturation 变性annealing 退火extension 延伸cloning vector 克隆载体replicon 复制子telomere 端粒cohesive end 黏性末端promoter 启动子terminator 终止子gene therapy 基因治疗phylogeny 系统发育ammonification 氨化作用nitrification 硝化作用denitrification 反硝化作用expression vector 表达载体aerobic respiration有氧呼吸anaerobic respiration无氧呼吸origin of replication 复制起始点incompatibility 不亲和性gene mutation 基因突变synonymous mutation 同义突变chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变missense mutation 错义突变frame-shift mutation 移码突变lactose operon 乳糖操纵子negative transcription control 负转录调控 tryptophan operon 色氨酸操纵子 cytoplasmic inheritance 细胞质遗传 genetic engineering 基因工程 recombinant DNA technology 重组DNA技术palindromic structure 回文结构spread plate method 涂布平板法pour plate method 倾注培养法streak plate method 平板划线法shake tube method 稀释摇管法continuous culture 连续培养精品文档It was not evident, for example, whether or not a particular kind of protein has a consistent sequence of amino acids that would be the same in one individual molecule as it would be in another of that same kind of protein.例如，一类特定的蛋白质是否具有一致的氨基酸序列还是不明白的，同类蛋白质的单独一个分子与另一个分子的氨基酸序列也许是相同。
生物学专业英语期末考试知识点总结一、化学元素符号（31个）H Hydrogen ['haɪdrədʒ(ə)n] 氢 B Boron ['bɔːrɒn] 硼Be Beryllium [bə'rɪlɪəm] 铍 C Carbon ['kɑːb(ə)n]碳N Nitrogen ['naɪtrədʒ(ə)n] 氮O Oxygen ['ɒksɪdʒ(ə)n] 氧F Fluorine ['flʊəriːn] 氟Na Sodium ['səʊdɪəm] 钠Mg Magnesium [mæg'niːzɪəm] 镁Al Aluminum [əˈluːmɪnəm] 铝Si Silicon ['sɪlɪk(ə)n] 硅P Phosphorus ['fɒsf(ə)rəs] 磷S Sulphur ['sʌlfə] 硫Cl Chlorine ['klɔːriːn] 氯K Potassium [pə'tæsɪəm] 钾Ca Calcium ['kælsɪəm] 钙Cr Chromium ['krəʊmɪəm] 铬Mn Manganese ['mæŋgəniːz] 锰Fe Iron ['aɪən] 铁Co Cobalt ['kəʊbɔːlt] 钴Ni Nickel ['nɪk(ə)l] 镍Cu Copper ['kɒpə] 铜Zn Zinc [zɪŋk]锌As Arsenic ['ɑːs(ə)nɪk] 砷Se Selenium [sɪ'liːnɪəm] 硒Mo Molybdenum [mə'lɪbdənəm] 钼Ag Silver ['sɪlvə] 银Cd Cadmium ['kædmɪəm] 镉Au Gold [gəʊld] 金Hg Mercury ['mɜːkjərɪ] 汞Pb Lead [liːd] 铅二、数学符号a2 a square or a squaredb3 b cube or b cubed[kjuːb] 立方c4 c (raised) to the fourth (power)f-1 f to the minus one 0.4 zero (or nought) point four [nɔːt]零0.01point (or decimal) nought one ['desɪm(ə)l]小数10.34ten point three fourμ micron ['maɪkrɒn] 微米mm millimeter ['mili,mi:tə] 毫米mm2 square millimetermm3cubic millimeter ['kjuːbɪk] 立方的cm centimeter [ˈsentɪmiːtə(r)] 厘米cm2square centimetercm3cubic centimeter dm decimeter ['desɪ,miːtə] 分米dm2square decimeterdm3cubic decimeterm meterm2square meterm3cubic meterkm kilometerkm2square kilometermL milliliter ['mili,li:tə] 毫升L liter ['li:tə] 升a acre ['eɪkə] 英亩ha hectare ['hekteə] 公顷g gramme [ɡræm] 克mg milligramme ['miligræm] 毫克kg kilogramme ['kiləuɡræm] 千克t tonne [tʌn] 吨三、期刊杂志全称与简写英文全称英文缩写中文全称Annual Review of Biochemistry Annu Rev Biochem 生物化学年刊Cell Cell 细胞Annual Review of Cell Biology Annu Rev Cell Biol 细胞生物学年刊The Journal of the Federation of AmericanSociety for Experimental BiologyFASEB Journal （FASEB J ）美国实验生物学联合会刊European Molecular Biology Organization EMBO Journal （EMBO J）欧洲分子生物学杂志Trends in Biochemical Sciences Trends Biochem Sci 生物化学科学进展Molecular and Cellular Biology Mol Cell Biol 分子与细胞生物学杂志Journal of Biological Chemistry J Biol Chem 生物化学期刊Plant Cell Plant Cell 植物细胞Molecular Pharmacology Mol Pharmacol 分子药理学DNA Cell Biology DNA Cell Biol DNA细胞生物学Journal of Molecular Biology J Mol Biol 分子生物学期刊Biochemistry Biochemistry 生物化学Cell Growth and Differentiation Cell Growth Differ 细胞生长与分化Methods in Enzymology Method Enzymol 酶学方法Molecular Microbiology Mol Microbiol 分子微生物学Journal of Neurochemistry J Neurochem 神经化学杂志Progress in Biophysics & MolecularBiologyProg Biophys Mol Biol 生物物理和分子生物学进展Advances in Microbial Physiology Adv Microb Physiol 微生物生理学进展Molecular Biology and Evolution Mol Bio Evol 分子生物学与进化Journal of Cellular Biochemistry J Cell Biochem 细胞生物化学杂志Molecular Biology and Medicine Mol Biol Med 分子生物学与药学Federation of European BiochemistrySociety FEBS Letters ( FEBS Lett)欧洲生物化学学会联合会杂志Plant Molecular Biology Plant Mol Biol 植物分子生物学Journal of Molecular Evolution J Mol Evol 分子进化杂志Analytical Biochemistry Anal Biochem 分析生物化学Molecular Immunology Mol Immunol 分子免疫学Neurochemical Research Neurochem Res 神经化学研究Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Mol Cell Biochem 分子与细胞生物化学Molecular Biology Report Mol Biol Rep 分子生物学报告Proceedings of National Academy ofsciences USA PROC NATL ACADSCI USA美国国家科学院院刊四、作文1. Topic or title or head.2. Authors and their institutes.3. Abstract4. Introduction5. Materials and Methods6. Results7. Discussion8. References or literatures cited.How to write a report or paperA paperconsists of 8partsEnglish description英文叙述Chinese narrative中文叙述Part1.Topic or titleor head.(主题/标题/头)Concise and informative 简洁而信息量丰富Part2.Authors and their institutes. （作者及其所在研究机构）The name(s) of the auther(s)The affiliation(s) and address(es) of the auther(s)The e-mail address,telephone and fax numbers of the corresponding auther作者姓名作者的隶属机构和地址通讯作者的电子邮件地址，电话号码以及传真号。
单词：metabolic 新陈代谢的，fossil fuel 化石燃料，degrade 降解，fiber 纤维，cotton 棉花，wool 羊毛，hygienic 卫生的detergent 清洁剂，antibiotics 抗生素，component 组分，biodegradability 生物可降解性，intrinsic 固有的，perturb 扰动，thermochemistry 热化学，Biocatalysis 生物催化，enzyme 酶，genetics 遗传学，methodology 方法学，cellular 细胞的，extracellular 胞外的，isotope 同位素，Biotin 生物素，antibiotic 抗生素，penicillin 青霉素,2-oxoglutarate a酮戊二酸，trigger 引发，Flux 通量，transformant 转化株，plasmid 质粒，homologous 同源的，heterologous 异源的deficient 缺陷的，strain 菌株，sensitivity 灵敏度，steady state 稳态，infinitesimal 无穷小的，activity 活力，，mechanism 机制，attenuation 衰减，perturbation紊乱，kinetic 动力学的，glutamate 谷氨酸，composition 组分，medium培养基，perculture 预培养，deionize 去除离子，vitamin 维生素，soybean大豆，protein蛋白质，hydrolysate 水解产物，cholramphenicol 氯霉素，Kanamaycin 卡那霉素，batch 间歇式，fermentor发酵罐，dissolve溶解，oxygen 氧，concerntration浓度，agitation搅拌，revolution 旋转，aeration通气，buffer缓冲液，Sonication 超声波破碎法，supernatant上层液，absorption光吸收值，Branch point 分支点，glucose 葡萄糖，normalize 规格化，consumption 消耗，growth phas 生长期，specific activity 比活力，coefficient 系数，upstream 上游的，lysine 赖氨酸，inoculate 接种，agar 琼脂，bacteriophage 噬菌体，facultative兼性的，assimilate 吸收，saccharide糖类，fructose 果糖，ethanol乙醇，methanol甲醇，glycerol甘油，urea尿素，peptone蛋白胨，copper铜，aqueous水的，eluent 洗脱液，Phosphate 磷酸盐，redox 氧化还原，，modification修饰，host寄主，intermediate 中间体，respiration呼吸，consumption消耗，kinase激酶，isomerase异构酶，bisphophate 二磷酸盐，mass balance质量平衡，genome基因组，genomic基因组的，glycolysis糖消解，high throughput高通量，sequence测序仪，evolutionary进化的，tag标记，transcription转录，transduction传导，array阵列，proteomice蛋白组学，affinity亲和力，counterpart 对照物，amino acid氨基酸，promoter启动子，ligate链接，vector载体，plasmid质粒，base pair碱基对，homology同源性，codon密码子，excise切割下，primer引物，region区段，amplificatio 扩增，transform转化，template模板，strand链，SDS-PAGE十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，ORF coding 开放阅读框架编码，polymer聚合物，sterilize消毒，inoculate接种，batch fermentation间歇式发酵，continuous fermentation连续是发酵，recombinant重组子，secretion分泌，variant变体，in situ 原地，in vivo体内，ribosome核糖体，interface界面，crosslinking交联，entrapment包埋，encapsulation胶囊化，residue残基，cationic阳离子的，culture broth培养液，stabilization 稳定，hydrolytic水解的，actone丙酮，aromatic芳香族的，sediment沉淀，chiral 手性，pesticide 杀虫剂，aseptic无菌的，impair削弱，atringent严厉，shelf life贮存期，continuous stirred tank reactor连续搅拌釜式反应器，vessel容器，foam breaker 消泡器，condensate冷凝水，cascade control级联控制，ratio control 比率控制，feed forward control 前馈控制，parameter参数，carbon dioxide二氧化碳，hydrophilic polymers亲水聚合物，aqueous水质的，tissue组织，carbohydrate碳水化合物，density 密度，solubility溶解度，extraction萃取，centrifugation离心，filtration过滤，solvent溶剂，solute溶质，membrane 膜，adsorption吸附，evaporation 蒸发，sublimation 升华，vaporisation气化，dehydration 脱水，distillation蒸馏，latent heat潜热，streamlined层流的，turbulent湍流的，hyperfiltration 超滤，dialysis透析，electrophoresis电泳，flocculation絮凝，flotation浮选，milling碾碎，lysis细胞裂解，lipophilic亲脂的，crystallization结晶，chromatographic层析法的，heterotrophic 异养的，lag phase迟滞期，exponential growth phase指数期，stationary phase稳定期，deathphase衰亡期，specific growth rate比生长速率课后习题：1.以间歇式操作方式培养大肠杆菌XN-1。
使用5L的发酵罐，装液容量为3L。
温度控制在32度，用28%的氨水调节PH维持在7.0左右。
以每分钟180转的搅拌速度控制溶解氧浓度为3.0mg/L。
通气量控制在r2 vvm。
葡萄糖的初始浓度为20g/L，玉米浆初始浓度为15g/L. All cultivations were carried out in the batch mode.A 5L jar fermentor with a liquid working volume of 3L was used for cultivation.The temperature was controlled at 32 @,and the PH was maintained at 7.0 by adding 28%ammonia water.The dissolved oxygen concentration was maintained at above 3.0mg/L,by controlling the agitation speed in the range 180 revolutions per liter liquid volume per minute .The initial glucose was added intermittently.2.作为碳源，有糖类，如葡萄糖，果糖，蔗糖，糖蜜，淀粉和淀粉水解物；有机酸，如乙酸，富马酸，柠檬酸；醇类，如乙醇，甲醇和甘油。
As the carbon sources,saccharides such as glucase,fructose,sucrose,molasses,starch and starch hydrolyzate organic acids such as acetic acid,fumaric acid and citric acid,and alcohols such as ethanol,methanol and glycerol can be used.3.作为氮源，有氨水无机铵盐，如氯化铵，硫化铵，醋酸铵，磷酸铵；有机铵盐，如富马胺；胺，如乙胺；含氮化合物，如尿素；含氮有机物，如蛋白胨，肉膏，酵母膏，玉米浆，酪蛋白水解物，豆饼及水解物，氨基酸和核苷酸发酵生产的废细胞及其降解物。
As the nitrogen sources, ammonia, inorganic ammonium salts such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate ammonium acetate and ammonium phosphate,organic,ammonium salts such as ammonium fumarate,amines such as ethylamine nitrogen-containing compounds such as urea,and nitrogenous organic substances such as peptone, meat extract,yeast extract,corn steep liquor, casein hydrolyzate, soybean and cakes and hydrolyzate thereof,and waste cells used for amino acid and nucleotide fermentation and its digested product thereof can be used.4.作为无机盐，有磷酸二氢钾，磷酸氢二钾，磷酸酶，硫酸镁，氯化钠，硫酸亚铁，硫酸锰，硫酸铜和碳酸钙。
