《专业英语》复习资料

bar graph n.条形图equalization n.均衡化;均等image contrast n.图像对比度addition n.加subtraction n.减lapse v.流逝, 失效, 下降time-lapsed (时间上)相继的matrix n.矩阵motion n.运动, 动作v.运动dimension n.维数convolution n.回旋, 盘旋, 卷积boundary n.边界, 分界线blur v.涂污, 污损, 使……模糊,sharp adj.锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的locate v.定位, 位于spectra n.范围, 光谱spectrum n.光谱, 频谱phase spectrum相位频谱magnitude spectrum幅度频谱facsimile n. 传真,摹写,影印lossless compression（压缩）无损压缩lossy compression 有损压缩irretrievably adv.不能挽回地, 不能补救地CT (computed tomography) 计算机断层造影MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 核磁共振成像DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding霍夫曼编码Image contrast图像对比度Edge filter边缘滤波Edge detection边缘检测Object recognition目标识别Run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding哈夫曼编码Pixel 像素Gray scale image 灰度图像Gray scale level灰度级Histogram 直方图Bar graph条形图Histogram equalization直方图均衡encryption program 加密程序deletion command 删除命令authorized user 授权的用户backup copy 备份的副本voltage surge 电涌，浪涌电压circuit breaker 断路器electronic component 电子器件data-entry error 数据输入错误electronic break-in 电路中断power line 电力线，输电线EC:Electronic Commerce 电子商务Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)电子数据交换Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)电子资金转账embedded system 嵌入式系统radio frequency 射频schematic原理图capture记录,输入building block模块,构件EDA (Electronic Design Automation)电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言Full-custom IC（全定制集成电路）Semi-custom IC（半定制集成电路）FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) 现场可编程门阵列CD: compact disc光盘LP: long playing record慢转密纹唱片CAD: Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计EDA: Electronic Design Automatic电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language极高速集成电路(VHSIC)硬件描述语言ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit专用集成电路PLD: Programmable Logic Device可编程逻辑器件PLA: Programmable Logic Array可编程逻辑阵列RTL: Register Transfer Level寄存器传送级CRT: Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管transducer 传感器，换能器fundamental frequency基频sonic boom声爆single-shot单脉冲raster 光栅attenuator 衰减器particle 粒子phosphor 磷，启明星vibrating 振动grading 分级，归类pervade 遍及indispensable不可缺少的demanding过分的,苛刻的luminous 发光的,明亮的legible 清晰的,易读的front-end 前端的，前期的archive 存档,档案文件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包information filter 信息过滤data integrity 数据完整性smart card 智能卡HTML 超文本标记语言symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统message authentication code 信息鉴定码unauthorized access control 未授权访问控制electronic catalog 电子目录electronic money (或cash) 电子货币search engine 搜索引擎digital signature 数字签名user interface 用户界面EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) 电子资金转帐public key cryptosystem 公钥密码系统PDA (personal digital assistant)个人数字助理hypertext link 超文本链接3D image 三维图像credit card 信用卡Alkaline 碱性的Resolution 清晰度，分辨力Beam splitter分光镜，分色镜Photography 摄影，摄影术Lens 透镜，镜头Film 薄膜，胶卷，影片Focus 焦点TIFF: Tagged Image File Format标签图像文件格式JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合图像专家组LCD: Liquid Crystal Display液晶显示器CCD: Charge Coupled Device电荷耦合器件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统search engine 搜索引擎detection program 检测程序power source 电源digital signature 数字签名software piracy 软件侵权hard-disk drive 硬盘驱动器Programmable Logic Array 可编程逻辑阵列primary storage 主存储器electronic bulletin board 电子公告板histogram equalization 直方图均衡edge detection 边缘检测magnitude spectrum 幅度谱Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器full-custom integrated circuit 全定制集成电路embedded system 嵌入式系统图象传感器image sensor电子设计自动化electronic design automation模拟电子电路设计analogue electronic circuit design加密程序encryption program电子器件electronic component计算机病毒computer virusⅡ. Choose among the four choices the one that best completes the sentence. (70 points) 1. A ___B___ copy is a copy of a current file made in order to protect against loss ordamage.A. hardB. backupC. softD. file2. T h e infamous “Michelangelo” __C__ strikes thousands of computers every year onMarch 6.A. crackerB. hackerC. virusD. disease3. D ata __A____ can reduce the amount of data sent or stored by partially eliminatinginherent redundancy.A. compressionB. conversionC. configurationD. compilation4. C onfidentiality of the message is not enough in a secure communication; ____C____is also needed. The receiver needs to be sure of the sender’s identity.A. encryptionB. authorizationC. authenticationD. encapsulation5. T o access a page on the WWW, one needs a ___D_____ that usually consists ofthree parts: a controller, a method, and an interpreter.A. routerB. codeC. passwordD. browser6. T he data, when they are not encrypted, are called ___A_____.A. plaintextB. ciphertextC. hypertextD. context7. W hereas the decimal system is based on 10, the _____B___ system is based on 2.There are only two digits in the latter system, 0 and 1.A. bilateralB. binaryC. byteD. bit8. The larger the number of pixels in an image, and the lager the number of availablegray scale levels, the better the ___A__ of the image.A. resolutionB. identificationC. recognitionD. shade9. The gray scales present in a digital image can be summarized by its _C_______.A. graphB. schematicC. histogramD. diagram10．The abbreviation JPEG stands for Jointed Picture ___B_____ Group.A. ExpertsB. ExpertC. EngineersD. Engineer11.When you send a document electronically, you can also sign it. This is called___B____ signature.A. onlineB. digitalC. virtualD. simulated12. People who gain unauthorized access to a computer system for malicious purposes are called ____B____.A. HackersB. CrackersC. breakersD. intruders13. The abbreviation FPGA stands for Field ____B____Gate Array.A. ProgramB. ProgrammableC. ProgrammingD. Programmer14.To save time and bandwidth, both images and other files are often compressedbefore being ____C____.A. transferredB. transportedC. transmittedD. traversed作业如下：翻译文章"Digital Image Fundamentals"（P237~240)翻译“补充资料”中的《Computer Security》全文翻译补充资料"Electronic Commerce"中的<4. Security Services>部分翻译文章"Overview of Modern Digital Design"中的<Design automation>部分(Page 131~132)完成<课后练习>的第1题的第一段(Page 149)。

expansion card 扩展卡（汉译英）CPU=central processing unit 中央处理器）（考三个英文单词）serially 串行serial/parallel processing 串/并行处理compatible 兼容的（汉译英）socket 插座（汉译英）topology拓扑结构（汉译英）sequential access顺序存取（汉译英）asynchronous 不同时、异步的heuristics 探试法；启发式方法synchronous同时的cylinder圆桶、柱面signal flow graph 信号流图（汉译英）conjugate 共轭的（汉译英）programmable logic controller=PLCopen-loop开环automation自动化eddy涡流pulse脉通；脉动microsecond微妙gain增益torque转矩（汉译英）guard period保护时段closed loop voltage gain 闭环电压增益ionosphere电离层pressed加压的kernel内核程序optimal control最优控制（汉译英）relay继电器difference frequency distortion 差频失真replicate复制hacker黑客（英译汉）1、In Fig1. The battery is absorbing 24w, as would the case when it is being charged.在图1中，电池吸收24w，就认为它是在充电情况下的。

2、It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or independent )will produce any current required ,to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated ,where as an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage ensure the stated current flow.应该指出的是，一个理想电压源（独立的或受控的）将产生任何电流必须确保终端机电压是规定的。

专业英语复习重点-要记忆的单词(中文意思:Engine发动机vehicle交通工具stroke冲程,行程spark 火花flywheel飞轮crankshaft 曲轴piston活塞cam凸轮camshaft凸轮轴valve气门lifter挺杆fan 风扇battery 蓄电池tire车轮wheel 车轮venturi吼管,吼道carburetor 化油器radiator散热器thermostat 节温器lubricant 润滑剂distributor 分电器clutch 离合器suspension 悬架carcass 轮辋词组:(中文意思internal combustion engine内燃机spark plug火花塞timing gear正时齿轮valve train气门系统fuel filter燃油滤清器cooling system冷却系统ignition system点火系统starting system启动系统power train动力传动front axle前桥drive shaft传动轴rear-wheel drive后轮驱动steering system转向系brake system制动系drum brake鼓式制动器disc brake盘式制动器brake shoe制动蹄TDC上止点hp马力mph英里每小时U-joint万向节ABS防抱死制动系统简答题:1.List the four strokes of a four-stroke engine.Intake stroke Compression strokeExhaust strokePower stroke2.List the two types of cooling systems used in automobile engine. Air-cooled engine and Water-cooled engine3.What are the two types of piston rings?Compression and oil control ring4.What are the two independent brake system used in vehicles for safety?The main brake system is hydraulically operated and is called the service brake system.5. List the three types of spring.Types include leaf springs, coil springs and ail springs.翻译句子:(英译汉.1.In the internal combustion engine, an air-fuel mixture is introducedinto a closed cylinder where it is compressed and then ignited.在内燃机中,可燃混合气体被引进一个封闭的气缸先被压缩,然后被点燃2.Excessive friction in the engine, however, would mean rapid destruction.发动机的过多的摩擦,但是,将意味着快速的破坏3.The larger the steering wheel diameter, the more torque is generated from the same amount of drive effort方向盘直径越大,相同数量的驱动力所产生的扭矩就越大4. Oil filter are placed in the engine oil system to remove dirt and abrasives (研磨粒from the oil.机油滤清器放置在发动机机油系统中,以从油中去除污垢和磨料5The radial ply tire differs greatly in construction from the bias ply tire.子午线轮胎在结构上与斜交轮胎的结构有很大的不同。

计算机专业英语期末复习资料考试题型：一、将中文的计算机专业术语翻译成英文（单词或词组）（20题，20分）范围：（1）第255页-第261页英文单词（2）第178页-第188页英文词组，第262页-271页部分词组重点词汇和词组（出现概率：90% :adapter ani mati on asynchronous chip deadlock en capsulati onin stall in structio n in terrupt multitask multi-thread opera ndoverflow overload ing processor pixel router remoteassembly engin eeri ng executable memory multimedia pixelresolutionstructure switch tran sact ion variable volatilesimplicity flexibilitycon fidentialityreliability recoveryprotocoltraffic cha nnel refresh in stallati on stack port dow nl oad buffer attribute menuClipboard Cluster con gesti on compatibility compiler con sole compressi on zoomdecode encode debug decryptio n en crypti on directory docume nt edit feedbackfolder format frame function hit host hypertext ico n image unin stallkeyboard logi n logo n log out n etmask on li ne offline overloadi ng packagepassword peripheral pipe platform process queue quit resp onse request serial sig nature simulate terminal thread topology update upload utility video bootmemoryremote procedure call iden tifier/locator、选择合适的英语单词填空（10题，20分）范围：(出现概率：90%database management system distributed n etwork object-orie ntedprogram ming optimal scheduli ng algorithm software life cycle symmetric key en crypti on structured query Ian guagevirtualaddress spaceasymmetric keyen crypti on 8-bit shift register arithmetic logical operati onsmultitask ingoperati ng system un authorized accesswireless com munication the real mode clock pulsesloosely coupled multiprocess ing digital sig nature tran smissi on controlprotocoluser datagram protocol universal com muni cati onserial bus quality of service inter-processredundant arrays of in expe nsive disks routi ng in formati on protocol ope nshortest path firstglobal positi oning system hyper text tran sport protocol in tegrated circuit full duplex graphical user in terface doma inn ame system power- on self-test ran dom accesssoftware developme nt kitun iform resource(1 )第41 页：A switch is ideally suited to represent the value of anytwo-state variable because it can only be “off ” or “ on” .(2 )第51 页：A volatile memory is one that loses its data when power isremoved from the circuit, while non volatile memory reta ins its data even whe n power is removed.(3 )第57 页：In put is a process that in volves the use of a device to en codeor tran sform data into digital codes that the computer can process.(4)第58 页：A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes acrossa desk surface in order to point to a place on a display scree n and to select oneor more acti ons to take from that positi on.(5 )第59 页：Resolutio n refers to the nu mber of in dividual dots of color, known as pixel contained on a display.(6)第60页：A scanner is a device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translate the information into a from the computer can use.(7)第72 页：A data structure is a specialized format for organizing andstori ng data.(8)第85 页：The computer memory locations are called variables becausethey hold values that might vary.(9)第86 页：An executable program is a sequenee of extremely simplein struct ions known as machi ne code.(10)第86 页：Each mach ine Ianguage in structi on has an equivale nt comma nd in assembly Ian guage.(11)第87 页：A complier is a program that translates source code into object code.(12)第87 页：An in terpreter tran slates high-level in structi ons in to anin termediate form, which it the n executes.（13）第92 页：Software engineering is the application of tools, methods,and disciplines to produce and maintain an automated solution to a real-worldproblem.（14）第149 页：Multimedia is any comb in ati on of text, graphic art, sound, ani mati on, and video delivered to you by computer or other electro nic means.（15）第164 页：A transaction is a collect ion of operati ons that performsa sin gle logical function in a database applicati on.三、判断题（10题，20分）范围：（出现概率：96%（1 ）第52 页：One kilobyte（KB） equals 1024 bytes.（2 ）第52 页：If a cell con sist of k bits, it can hold anyone of 2k differe nt bit comb in ati ons.（3 ）第62 页：Keyboard, mouse and mon itor/sca nner are all in put devices. （False）（4 ）第76 页：The main feature of queues is that they follow a first-i n/first-out rule. （queue -> stack）（5）第83 页：Most operating systems have a standard set of controlin struct ions to han dle the process ing of all in put and output in struct ions.（6）第89 页：” ADDAX,BX” is a instruction of machine Ianguage. （false, high-level la nguages, assembly Ian guage）（7）第111 页：A gateway could be used to connect the different networks.（8）第115、116、119 页：IP and IPX are examples of network-layer protocols. TCPand SPXare transport layer protocols. TCP and SPXare session layer protocols. （false）（9）第157、161 页：A 256-color graphic requires eight bits for each pixel. For a 16-color graphic, each pixel can have one of 16 colors.（10 ）第175 页：Some viruses can be catastrophic by damaging files,destro ying data and crash ing systems.四、排序题（1题，6分）理解第47 页的"The CPUexecutes each instruction in a series of small steps: ................. Go to step 1 to begi n executi ng the follow ing in struct ion. This seque nee of stepsis frequently referred to as the fetch-decode-execute cycle. ”, 将1-7 排序好（可参考《计算机组成原理》第五章内容理解）（出现概率：100%五、阅读题（2篇，24分）第66 页的“ Time-Shared Bus ”（出现概率：100%另一篇参考第46页六、翻译题（2题，10分）第43页的阅读材料“ Digital Computer System ”的第一段（出现概率：90%第97 页的阅读材料“ The Software Life Cycle ”第二段的“ in which development proceeds linearly through the phases of ................. and maintenance. ”，并参考第92 页-94 页的内容（出现概率：90%。

1. 洋流current2. 潮汐tide3.海拔高度altitude4. 生活水平living standard5. 峡湾fjord6. 生物资源biotic resource7. 地壳crust8. 地核core9. 矿产资源mineral resources10. 生态系统ecosystem11、市场比较法the comparative method12、重置成本法the contractor's method13、现金流量cash flow14、开发商the developer15、重置成本replacement cost1. 海洋与陆地交汇形成海岸线。

所以各大洲有各自不同的形状。

The meetings of land and water makes the coastline, so every continent has several shapes.2.高原与平原相似，但其海拔更高，有时被成为台地。

A plateau is much like a plain but has a higher elevation. Sometimes a plateau is called a tableland.3.生活在有季节性降雨地区的人们是幸运的，但绝大多数地区却没有这样的好运。

因为全球水资源分布极不均衡。

People who live in the places with good seasonal rainfall are luck. Most of the world does not have good fortune. Because the global water resources distribution is extremely imbalance.4.矿产资源不可再生。

但是只要人们明智地开发利用，资源是可以得到有效保护的。

Mineral resources are nonrenewable. But as long as people wisely develop and use , resources can be effective protected.5.利润法通常是适用于存在某种垄断的情况.The profits method is usually used where is some degree of monopoly. 6.总收入减去购买费用等于毛利润,净利润的一部分将用于支付租金. Total revenue minus purchases is equal to the gross profit.7.净利润的一部分将用于支付租金。

复习资料一：《专业英语》词和词组缩略写Unit 11 抽样量化编码 sampling quantizing coding2 话路 speech channel3 幅值 amplitude value4 抽样频率 sampling frequency5 抽样速率 sampling rate6 脉冲流 stream of pulses7 重复率 repetition rate8 编码过程 coding process9 模拟信号 analog signal10 传输质量 transmission quality11 数字通信 digital communication12 数字传输 digital transmission13 噪声环境 noisy environment14传输路径 transmission path15 信噪比 signal to noise ratio16 信号电平 signal levels17 地面系统 terrestrial system18 噪声功率 noise power19 二进制传输 binary transmission20 反向操作 reverse operation21 8位码序列 8-digit sequence22 接收端 receiving terminal23 帧格式 frame format24 同步字 synchronization word25 时分复用 TDMUnit 21 串行接口 serial interface2 显示终端 CRT terminal3 发送器和接受器 transmitter and receiver4 数据传输 data transmission5 数据流 data stream6 空闲状态 the idle state7 传号电平 mark level8 空号电平 space level9 起始位 start bit10 停止位 stop bit11 持续时间T秒 duration of T seconds12 奇遇校验位 parity bit13 错误标志 error flag14 传输错误 transmission error15 下降沿 falling edge16 符号间的空格 intersymbol space17 接收机的定时 receiver timing18 本地时钟 local clock复习资料二：《专业英语》填空练习一．选择合适的答案填空（正确答案已在题中用“√”表示）:1.Urgent communications which could not because of no reply one end of the link could have dramatic consequences.A. establish, inB. is established, withC. be establishing, toD. be established, at (√)2.The operator of a local telephone switchboard had an option an optical or acoustical signal for the person over a wirednetwork.A. transmit, searchB. to transmit, searched (√)C. transmitting, searchingD. to transmit, to search3.The operation of a communication network needs a messagingsystem.A. to be complement withB. complement toC. to be complemented by (√)D. to complemented in4.Thus was born a new, but perpetually paging service as a one-way selective signaling system without speech.A. developing, defined (√)B. developed, definingC. develop, defineD. to develop, to define5.Today, certain models of pagers are even equipped with a displaycapability ofoptical messages of 10 to 80 characters.A. provide, consistB. provided, consistedC. providing, consisting (√)D. provision, consistant6.Paging systems using radio transmitters to this serviceremain currently in use mainly for service area not a few kilometers.A. dedicate, exceedB. dedicating, exceededC. is dedicated, is exceededD. dedicated, exceeding (√)二．选择合适的答案填空（正确答案已在题中用“√”表示）:1.One of many reasons for a cellular mobile telephone systemandit in many cities is the conventional mobile telephone system.A. develop, deployB. to develop, to deployC. developing, deploying (√)D. developed, deployed2.The ideal mobile telephone system would operate within a assigned frequency band and would serve an almost number ofusers inareas.A.limited, unlimited, unlimited (√)B.limitation, limitation, limitationC.limit, limit, limitD.limiting,limiting, limiting3.LSI technology and mass production contribute to reduced cost in the future an average-income family should be able a mobiletelephone unit.A. which, affordingB. that, affordedC. when, affordD. so that, to afford (√)4.Microprocessors and minicomputers are now for controllingmany complicated features and functions with less power and size was previously possible.A. used, than (√)B. use, thisC. using, theyD. usage,it5.On Jan. 4, 1979, the FCC Illinois Bell Telephone Co.a developmental cellular system in the Chicago area and make a limitedoffering of its cellular service to the public.A. authorize, conductB. authorizing, conductingC. authorized, to conduct (√)D. to authorize, conducted6.Why 800 MHz? The FCC’s decision 800 MHz was because of severe spectrum limitations at lower frequency bands.A. to choose, made (√)B. choose, to makeC. choice, makeD. choice, making三．选择合适的答案填空（正确答案已在题中用“√”表示）：puter data in the public domain by a packet switched datanetworkX. 25 protocols.A.are transported, based on(√)B. transports, base onC. transported, based onD. to transport, base2.When the future BISDN network, one must allpossible existing and future services.A. design, takeB. designing, take into account(√)C. designed, accountD. to design, taking3.A telex network telex information, i. e. messages of characters,at very low speed.A. transports, transported (√)B. transported, transportC. to transport, to transportD. transporting4.The NISDN cannot transport TV signals its limited bandwidth capabilities, so a special TV network is still .A. because, requireB. with, to requireC. due to, required (√)D. within, requiring5.Each network is only capable one specific service for it was intentionally designed.A. of transporting, which (√)B. transporting, oneC. transport, whereD. to transport, when四.选择合适的答案填空（正确答案已在题中用“√”表示）1.The telephone contains a transmitter and receiver for backand forthanalog voice and analog electrical signals.A. convert, inB. converting, between (√)C. conversion, toD. converted, into2.Each subscriber connecrs local loop to a switching center, as an end office.A. to, callingB. with, knownC. the, knowD. via, known (√)3.The trunks are designed multiple voice-frequency circuits either FDM or synchronous TDM.A. carry, useB. carried, usedC. to carry, to useD. to carry, using (√)4.Although originally to service analog telephone subscribers,the telephone network handles substantial data traffic modem,and gradually being converted to a digital network.A. implemented, via (√)B. implementing, inC. to implement, withinD. design, on5.Designers have found it convenient these nodes into a hierarchy or tree topology, five classes of switching centersor nodes.A. organization, consistB. organize, consistingC. to organize, consisting (√)D. organizing, to consist复习资料四：专业英语短文翻译1.The reader may ask , how does the demultiplexer know which group of 8-digits relates tochannel 1, 2, and so on ? Clearly this is important ! The problem is easily overcome by specifyinga frame format , where at the start of each frame a unique sequence of pulses called the framecode , or synchronization word , is placed so as to identify the start of the frame. A circuit of the demultiplexer is arranged to detect the synchronization word, and thereby it knows that the nextgroup of 8-digits corresponds to channel 1.2.Advances in audio, video and speech coding and compression algorithms and progress inVery Large System Integration technology influence the bit rate generated by a certain service andthus change the service requirements for the network. In the future, new services with unknown requirement will appear. For the time being it is yet unclear, e. g. what the requirement in terms ofbit rate for HDTV will be. A specialized network has great difficulties in adapting to changing ornew service requirements.3.When the transmitter wishes to send data, it first places the line in a space level (i. e. , the complement of a mark) for one element period. This element is called the start bit and has a duration of T seconds. The transmitter then sends the character, 1 bit at a time, by placing each successive bit on the line for a duration of T seconds, until all bits have been transmitted. Then a single parity bit is calculated by the transmitter and sent after the data bits. Finally, the transmitter sends a stop bit at a mark level (i. e. the same level as the idle state) for one or two bit periods. Now the transmitter may send another character whenever it wishes4.The cellular switch, which can be either analog or digital, switches calls to connect mobile subscribers to other mobile subscribers and to the nationwide telephone network.. It also contains data links providing supervision links between the processor and the switch and between the cell sites and the processor. The radio link carries the voice and signaling between the mobile unit and the cell site. Microwave radio links or wire lines carry both voice and data between the cell site and the MTSO.5.Today's telecommunication networks are characterized by specialization . This means that for every individual telecommunication service at least one network exists that transports this service. A few examples of existing public networks are described belowComputer data are transported in the public domain by a packet switched data network (PSDN) based on X.25 protocol6.Today’s telecommunication networks are characterized by specialization . This means that for every individual telecommunication service at least one network exists that transports this service. A few examples of existing public networks are described below:Computer data are transported in the public domain by a packet switched data network (PSDN) based on X.25 protocols.Television signals can be transported in three ways: broadcast via radio waves using ground antenna, by the coaxial tree network of the community antenna TV (CA TV) network or recently via a satellite, using the so-called direct broadcast system (DBS)7.By far the most popular serial interface between a computer and its CRT (显示器) terminal is the asynchronous serial interface . This interface is so called because the transmitted data and the received data are not synchronized over any extended period and therefore no special means of synchronizing the clocks at the transmitter and receiver is necessary. In fact, the asynchronous serial data link is a very old form of data transmission system and has its origin in the era of theteleprinter.8.At the receiving end of an asynchronous serial data link, the receiver continually monitors the line looking for a start bit. Once the start bit has been detected, the receiver waits until the end of the start bit and then samples the next N bits at their centers, using a clock generated locally by the receiver. As each incoming bit is sampled, it is used to construct a new character. When the received character has been assembled, its parity is calculated and compared with the received parity bit following the character. If they are not equal, a parity error flag is set to indicate atransmission error.9.If we consider binary transmission , the complete information about a particular message will always be obtained by simply detecting the presence or absence of the pulse. By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape , or level of the transmitted signal ; parameters are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path . Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digital transmission.10. The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very large network resources . The network resources can be divided into network facilities resources and network information resources . The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication . The network information resources provide us all kinds of information services , such as science , education , business , history , law , art , and , entertainment , etc11.The SDH standards are based on the principle of direct synchronous multiplexing which is the key to cost effective and flexible telecommunication networking. In essence, it means that individual tributary signals may be multiplexing directly into a higher rate SDH signal without intermediate stage of multiplexing. SDH Network Elements can then be interconnected directly with obvious cost and equipment savings over the existing networks.1.读者也许会问，解复用器怎么知道哪一组8位码对应于第一路、第二路及其他各路呢?显然这是很重要的。

复习材料：（一）词汇部分：1.卡车零担：less-than-truck load2.交通拥： traffic congestion 拥塞3.城市交通系统:urban transportation system4.智能交通系统：Intelligent transportation systems5.全球足位系统：Global positioning systems6.交通运输研究委员会：transportation research board7.公交运输：mass群众的transportation8.北美自山贸易协定：Noilh American Free Trade Agreement9.人1】智能技术：artificial 人造的[,a：ti'fijal] intelligence technique纵向动力longitudinal [,bnd3i'tju:din9l]纵向的dynamics dai'naemiks] n.动力学, 力学10.起终点矩阵:origin-destination matrix ['meitriks11.协调机制：coordination [kau,D：di'neijon] mechanism ['mekanizam]12.移动闭塞：moving block13.模板匹配:template ['templit] matching14.电子标签：electronic tags15.闭路电视：closed circuit television16.闯红灯:red traffic light infringement [in'frindsmant]违反17.城币轨道交通：urban railway system18.数字信号处理机：digital signal processing machines 机器19.采样频率：sampling frequency城市货运系统:urban freight 货运[freit] systems20.都市规划组织:metropolitan [.metrs'pDlitan 大都市的planning organizations21.神经网络:neural ['njusral]神经的network22.汽车电子标签:electronic vehicle ['vi：ikl 车tagging23.速度分布:velocity [vi'bs^ti profile ['prsufail]24.成本效益：cost-effective25.集装箱化：containerization kan,teinarai'zeijan26.冋归系数:regression [ri'grejan]回归coefficient!,kaui*fiJant]系数27.取货与交付：pickup and delivery28.算法设置:algorithm ['aelgaridsm settings29.推进调车：backing shunting30.乘法结合律：associative [a'saujjstiv law for multiplication mAltipli'keiJan]乘法31.车牌：license pla（e32.事故规避:accident aversion [9,V9：J'9n]33.跨边界的协同能力：cross border interoperability ['inter,nparybilBti]34.遵从准则：compliance criterion35.出轨：derailment [di'reilmant]36.溜放调车：tly shunting37.在线搜索：online capture38.基本构件：building blocks39.绝对预测：absolute forecast40.设备故障：equipment failure41.地而运偷系统：surface transportation system42.离散事件仿真：disc⑹e event simulation43.网络体系结构：network architecture44.并行计算:parallel fpaeralel]并彳亍computing 计算45.访问控制：access control46.原型模拟器:prototype ['prautataip] simulator ['simjuleita] n.模拟器47.函数调用：function call48.两个数量级：two orders of magnitude 'maegnitju^]49.流程图：flow chart50.交通环境：traffic scenarios [si'na:riau（二）句子部分1.汽油的损耗减少了l/2o2.有些电子计算机，其运算速度比人快500 000倍。

第一次作业：1.Briefly answer the following questions.（1）What does well stream consist of?A：Well fluids are often a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons,gas, and some impurities.（2）How could produced water be handled?A:(1) injection into underground salt water bearing formations, (2) injection into oil bearing underground reservoirs from which the oil and water is produced and (3) disposal of carefully treated water into the ocean from offshore production platforms.（3）Why do welded tanks need to be internally coated？A:Welded tanks can be internally coated to protect them from corrosion.（4）Why should produced water be carefully treated before being disposed into the ocean from offshore production platforms?A:Because produced water may cause pollution problems if itis not carefully treated.2.Could you give a definition to each of the following concepts? （1) separator：The equipment most widely used for the separation of natural gas from liquids.（2）gas plant：It is a plant where natural gas is produced.（3) heat-treater：It is the equipment uses thermal，gravity, and sometimes chemical and/or electrical methods to break emulsions. （4) storage tank：It is the equipment used to store clean oil or pipeline oil.（5)tank battery：It is the system of separation, treating and storage facilities.（6)produced water：It is the water that is produced from oil and gas well.（7)Well fluids or well stream :Well fluids are often a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons，gas, and some impurities.（8)Gas hydrates: Gas hydrates are ice like crystalline compounds formed in natural gas in the presence of free water under conditions of high pressure and turbulence.3.Illustrate some equipments (2or3) used in the process of oil . A:separators , heater-treaters , gun barrel.第二次作业Briefly answer the following questions.1.What are necessary for the formation of a stable emulsion? A: Three conditions are necessary for the formation of a stable emulsion.(1)The liquids must be immiscible.(2)There must be sufficient agitation to disperse one liquid as droplets in the other.(3)There must be an emulsifying agent, or emulsifier，present。

Exercises to English for Civil Engineering I.Match words in column A with their equivalents in column BColumn A Column B钢筋混凝土结构reinforced-concrete structure 平面图plain高层建筑high-rise building预制混凝土楼板precast concrete floor最新公寓设计fashion apartment design大型购物中心 a great shopping mall业主owner项目经理project managercontract price 合同价quotation 报价flat roof 平屋顶bill of quotations 工程量单commencement date 开工期bank guarantee 银行担保legal representation 法人代表attachment 附件Construction Method Statement 施工方案tender document 标书advanced payment 预付款high tensile bolt 高强螺栓welded joint 焊接接点carry out a contract 履行合同规范specifications工期construction period仓库warehouse承载力bearing capacity桩基工程piling works总部head office门卫房gate keeper’s office烟囱chimney总建筑面积 a total constructed floor area房地产/不动产real estate投资者investor分期付款installment中心商业区CBD=Central Business District个人资产/动产personal estate预付budget造价估算cost estimates造价依据cost criteria施工合同construction contract低标号混凝土weak concrete构件member部件component; assembly parts截面section梁beam; girder拱arch板slab; plate壳shell柱column墙wall桁架truss框架frame排架bent frame刚架（刚构）rigid frame简支梁simply supported beam悬臂梁cantilever beam两端固定梁beam fixed at both ends连续梁continuous beam叠合梁superposed beam桩pile板桩sheet pile挡土墙retaining wall止水sealing ; seal ; waterstop连接connection节点joint伸缩缝expansion and contraction joint 招标invite tenders单层房屋 a single-story housepitched roof 斜屋顶上弦杆top chord沉降缝settlement joint防震缝aseismic joint恒载dead loads施工缝construction jointII.英译中复习资料（重点对Unit 1，3，5中包含的长句）：1. The design process includes a series of steps which usually follow a sequential order.2. The design process aids in determining the best use of the land for client by studing alternative solution3. Three steps of the design process represent the ideal sequence of events.4. Bricks are produced in standard sizes, making them easy to handle and ideal for laying in regular bonds to give a wall maximum strength.5. Precast concrete blocks are made by pouring unset concrete into a mold and allowing it to harden.6. Non load-bearing partitions are often built of lightweight materials, such as thin lightweight precast concrete blocks.7. Although termed flat roofs, they are often constructed with a slight fall to enable the rainwater to run off.8. Partitions, as they are normally called, are internal walls built of the same materials as the other types of walling previously described.9. Designs that work well and affect our emotions require a great deal of sensitive observation, analysis, studying/thinking and restudying as well as some degree of inspiration and creativity.10. The section of building construction is one of the most varied, since there are not only different types of roofs, but many different materials used in their construction.III.中译英复习资料（重点复习Unit 1，3，5中以下表示的句型，可以参照给出的短语）：1.基础的尺寸和类型是由地基的特征和所需承受的荷载决定的。

advanced materials新型材料amorphous materials 无定形材料ceramic-matrix composite陶瓷基复合材料composite materials复合材料hydrophilic polymer亲水性聚合物materials science材料科学mechanical strength机械强度melting point 熔点monomer identity单体属性nanostructured materials纳米结构材料natural polymer materials天然聚合物材料phase transformation temperatures相转变温度polymer synthesis聚合物合成stiffnesses刚度the meatal-matrix composite金属基复合材料thermoplastic materials热塑性材料“Materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast ,”materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties。

，“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。

相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质Metals are extremely good conductor of electricity and hear, and are not transparent to visible light：a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance金属是电和热很好的导体，在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽。

专业英语考试一、词汇题，中英互译（每词一分）单词见150词汇。

Streamline（流线型）weld（焊接）vertical（垂直的）horizontal（水平的）strust（支架）former（框架）twisting（扭曲）eliminate（消除）reemerge（再次出现）Wing attachment point（机翼挂载点）deck（甲板）cabin（机舱）stainless steel（不锈钢）truss structure（桁架结构）monocoque（硬壳式结构）semimonocoque（半硬壳式结构）accommodate（适应，容纳）wheel（轮子）taxiing（滑行）park（停放）floats（浮板）crew（船员，乘务员）vacuum（真空）layout（布局，设计）aluminium（铝）function（函数，功能）copper（铜）corrosion（腐蚀）horizontal stabilator（水平全动式尾翼）trim tab（配平调整期）wheel（轮子）braking（刹车）steer（操作）thrust（推力）susceptible（易受影响）corrosion（腐蚀）fiber（纤维）alloy（合金）tension（张力）versatile（万能的，多功能的）stiffness（硬度）rivet（铆钉）bolt（螺栓）screw（螺丝）nut（螺母，螺帽）fastener（紧固件）plastic（塑料）extensive（广泛的）render（补偿）composite（复合材料）Accommodate（容纳）drag（拉拽，阻力）collapse（崩溃）fuselage（机身）winglet（小翼）rudder（方向舵）elevator（升降舵）cockpit（座舱）spoiler（扰流片）aileron（副翼）wing flap（襟翼）stringer（桁条）spar（翼梁，翼墙）rib（翼肋）fuel tank（邮箱）wing tip（翼尖）power plant（发动机，动力装置）bulkhead（隔板）skin（蒙皮）propeller（螺旋桨）engine（引擎）include（包含）primary（主要的）instrument（工具，仪表）pilot（飞行员）passenger（乘客）undertaken（同意）airfoil（机翼）extent（程度）structure（结构）static（静态的）dynamic（动态的）substantial（大量的，实质的）generation（产生）aviation（航空）astronautics（航天）aerospace（航天）aeronautical（航空的）aeronautics（航空）Magnus effect（马格努斯效应）Bernoulli’s principle（伯努利原理）gravitation（引力）adopt（采用）postulate（假定）insight（眼光）contemporary（当代的）aircraft（飞机，飞行器）diversity（多样性）various（多种多样的）quantitative（定量的）qualitative（定性的）envelope（包裹，外壳）fluid（液体）feet（英尺）altitude（高度）altimeter（高度计）exert（施加，运用，发挥）reference（参考，引用）adjustment（调整）acceleration（加速度）mass（质量）opposite（相反的）blast（爆炸）identical（相同的，相等的）viscosity（粘度）friction（摩擦）tendency（趋势）adhere（附着）rough（粗糙）drag（拖拽）incline（使倾斜，斜坡）potential（潜在的）apply（应用）application（应用）major（主要的）attribute（把…归于，认为…是）gain（获得，增益）manufacture（制造）eventually（最终）beverage can（易拉罐）attach（连接，粘上）substructure（基础）central（中心的）formulation（结构，公式）identification（鉴定）administrate（管理，支配）acknowledgement（承认，鸣谢）airship（飞艇）kite（风筝）accuracy（精确性）accordance（一致）academy（学院，学会）additional（另外的，附加的）admit（承认，允许）contribute（贡献）attain（获得，达到）integrate（集成，合并）proportion（比例，部分）resume（恢复，重新开始）Newton’s basic laws of motion（牛顿基础动力学定律）horizontal stabilizer（水平尾翼，水平安定面）二、图标题，选词填空（1）图一：（2）图二：（3）图三：三、英译中As shown in [Figure 1-4], at point “A," a stagnation point exists where the air stream impacts(impinges) on the front of the airfoil and splits; some air goes over, and some under. Another stagnation point exists at “B," where the two airstreams rejoin and resume at identical velocities. When viewed from the side, an up wash is created ahead of the airfoil and a downwash at the rear. In the case of Figure 1-4, the highest velocity is at the top of the airfoil, and the lowest velocity at the bottom. Because these velocities are associated with an object (in this case, an airfoil), they are called local velocities as they do not exist outside the lift-producing system. This concept can be readily applied to a wing or other lifting surface. Because there is a difference of velocity above and below the wing, the result is a higher pressure below the wing and a lower pressure above the wing. This pressure difference produces an upward force known as the Magnus Effect, the physical phenomenon whereby an object's rotation affects its path through a fluid.翻译：如图1-4所示，在A点，这里有个停滞点，气流在这里撞上机翼的前表面并分开；一些空气向上，一些空气向下。

应用技术学院-计算机专业英语复习资料专业英语复习资料一、请写出以下单词的中文意思。

1、floppy disk软盘2、printer打印机3、optical disk光盘4、formatting toolbar 格式工具条5、formula方程式6、relational database关系数据库7、antivirus program抗病毒程序8、fragmented破碎9、user interface用户界面10、bus line总线11、smart card智能卡12、motherboard主板13、digital camera数码相机14、fax machine传真机15、ink-jet printer喷墨打印机16、access time访问时间17、direct access直接存取18、Bluetooth蓝牙19、digital signal数字签名20、protocols协议21、operating system 操作系统22．requirements analysis 需求分析23．network security 网络安全24．data structure 数据结构25．decision support system 决策支持系统26．software crisis 软件危机27．computer virus 电脑病毒28．email attachment 电邮附件29．central processing unit ( CPU )中央处理单元30．ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机31. multimedia 多媒体32. software life cycle软件生命周期33. structured programming 结构化程序34. functional testing 功能测试35. word processor 文字处理36. code windows 代码窗口37. firewall 防火墙38. LAN local area network局域网39. hacker 黑客40. switch 开关41．数据库管理系统database management system42．传输控制协议transmission control protocol43．多文档界面multiple document interface 44．面向对象编程Object-oriented programming 45．只读存储器read-only memory46．数字视频光盘Digital Video Disc47．计算机辅助设计computer aided design48．结构化查询语言Structured Query Language49．通用串行总线Universal Serial Bus50．企业之间的电子商务交易方式EDi二、单项选择题。

专业英语复习要点1考试时间：90分试题总分：100分考试题型：选择题——30％（课内）完型题——30％（课内、课外）阅读题——20％(课外)判断题——20％（课内）复习要点：1. Windows 2000 provides you with quick and easy access to the Internet, no matter what programs you are running or tasks you are performing.不管正在运行何种程序或执行何种任务，Windows 2000使你能快速而方便地访问互联网。

2. Internet Explorer lets you search the Internet for people, business, and information about subjects that interest you. Internet Explorer使你能在互联网找人，查询某个企业，以及感兴趣的相关主题信息。

3. Encryption is the way to solve the data security problem.加密术是解决数据安全问题的一种方法。

4. Almost all encryption schemes used in the Internet uses asymmetric key encryption for exchanging the symmetric encryption key, and symmetric encryption for better performance.在互联网中几乎所有的加密方案都使用非对称密钥加密来交换对称加密密钥，然后使用对称密钥以得到更好的性能。

5. Since the advent(出现，到来) of the Internet and computer network security, many people have sought for firewall.由于互联网和计算机网络安全的出现，许多人都在寻找防火墙。

一•翻译P58. The signal-processing block at the transmitter conditions the source for more efficient transmission. For example, in an analog system, the signal processor may be an analog low-pass filter that is used to restrict the bandwidth of m(t). In a hybrid system, the signal processor may be an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). This produces a "digital word" that represents samples of the analog input signal. In this case, the ADC in the signal processor is providing source coding of the input signal. In addition, the signal processor may also add parity bits to the digital word to provide channel coding so that error detection and correction can be used by the signal processor in the receiver to reduce or eliminate bit errors that are caused by noise in the channel. The signal at the output of the transmitter signal processor is a baseband signal because it has concentrated near f =0. The transmitter carrier circuit converts the processed baseband signal into a frequency band that is appropriate for the transmission medium of the channel. For example, if the channel consists of a fiber optic cable, the carrier circuits convert the baseband input to light frequencies, and the transmitted signal s⑴ is light.1.random access memory (RAM)2. International Telecommunications Union ( ITU )3.pubiic telecommunicat/ons network ( PTN )4. binary-coded number5. negative・feedback amplifer6. adaptive equalization 7 stored・program control(SPC) 8. quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) 9. linear integrated circuit 10. common emitter circuit 高保真度、带通信号、电磁感应、多径衰落、方框图、扩频系统、单边带、频率配置、电离层反射、差错控制码、二填空P58・ If the channel __ baseband signals, no carrier circuits are needed,and can be output of the processing circuit at the transmitter. Carrier circuits are needed when the transmission channel is — in a band of frequencies around f c»0^ In this case, s(f) is said to be a because it is designed to have frequencies located in a band about f c. For example, an modulated (AM) broadcasting station with anassigned frequency of 850 kHz has a carrier frequency of 后850 kHz. Theof the baseband input information waveform into the bandpass signal s(f) is called modulation.P23. We have seen that the op・amp's is a high-gain direct coupled voltage amplifier with high input impedance and low output impedance. In practice, the output voltage of an op-amp is __________ p roportional to the differential voltage between its two inputs, and is equal to, V O UT-^VO(V I-V2) Where Avo is equal to open-loop voltage gain of the op-amp (typically 100, 000), V| is the voltage at the non-inverting input, and V2 is the voltage at the inverting input.One useful application for an op-amp is as a ________ linear amplifier in the closed-loop mode, as shown in Figure 3.4. The circuits have negative feedback applied from the output to the inverting input. That technique enables the overall gain of those circuits to be precisely controlled by the values of the external・feedback components, regardless of the open-loop characteristics of the particular op・amps that are used・ Figure 3.4(a) shows an op・amp can be used as an _______________________ i nverting amplifier by grounding the non・inverting terminal and feeding the input signal to the inverting terminal, or as a non-inverting amplifier by transposing the two input connections, as shown in Figure 3.4(b).It can also be used as a differential amplifier by feeding a separate input signal to each input, in which case the op-amp will amplify voltage difference between the two inputs, as shown in Figure 3.4(c). Note that if identical signals are fed to both inputs of the op-amp, ideally the output should be zero.Figure 3.5(b) shows the circuit's transfer characteristics. Note that it is the _________ magnitude of the differential voltage at the inputs that determines the output voltage, and that the absolute values of the input voltages are of _________ little importance・ For example, if a 2 volts reference is applied, a differential voltage of only 200 u V is needed to swing the output from negative saturation to positive saturation. 三•判断P22.In its simplest form, a conventional op-amp consists of a differential amplifier (bipolar or FFT) followed by offset compensation and output stages, as shown in Figure 3.3. All of those elements are integrated on a single chip and housed in an IC package. The differential amplifier has a high-impedance (constant-current)6<taiF, to give it a high input impedance and a high degreeof common-mode signal rejection. It also has a high-impedance collector (or drain) load, to give it a large amount of signal-voltage gain (typically about 100 dB).The output of the differential amplifier is fed to the circuit's output stage via an offset-compensation network, which causes the op・amp's output to center at zero volts. The output stage takes the form of a complementary emitter follower, and provides a low-impedance output.Op・amps are normally powered from a split supply providing +V,・V, and a common ground, enabling the op-amp^ output to swing to either side of ground and take on a value of zero volts when the differential input voltage is zero.1. A conventional op-amp consists of a differential amplifier followed by current compensation and output stages・2.The differential amplifier also has a high-impedance collector load・3.The output of the differential amplifier is fed to the circuit^ output stage via an offset-compensation network.4. The output stage takes the form of a complementary collector follower, and provides a low-impedance output.5. The output stage takes the form of a complementary emitter follower, and provides a high ・impedance output.。