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abandon 舍弃 abort退出 access 接驳、联通、接达、接收、接通、接取、衔接，登陆Acer Computer 宏（其+石）电脑adapter 监控器，接口add on card 加置卡address 位址、地址Adobe Corp. 土坯集团AI, artificial intelligence 人工智能, 人工智慧algorithm 演算法Alt key 交替AMD, Advance Micro Devices 超微科技America On-line, AOL 美国线上alphanumeric characters 字符analog 类比analog to digital converter 类比数位转化器anchor 锚子Andersen Consulting 安信达咨询公司animation 动态画面、动画anonymous FTP 匿名资料档ANSI, American National Standard Institute 美国国家标准局antivirus software 抗毒软件API, application program interface 应用软件介面append 增添（资料）Apple Chinese Dictation Kit, ACDK 苹果中文译写器Apple Computer Inc. 苹果电脑集团application software 应用软件arcade game 电子游戏Archie 阿奇，档案搜索软件architecture 架构archive 档案ARCnet, Attached Resource Computer net 资源附加网络ARPANET, Advanced Research Project Agency Net 先进研究计划局array 阵列arrow key 方向键ASCII, American Standard Code for information Interchange 美国信息互换标准码Ashton-Tate 安信达AsiaOne 亚洲第一站AsiaOnLine 亚洲线上assembler language 汇编语言AST 虹志电脑asterisk * 星号asynchronous 异步、非同步AT&T, America Telephone & Telegram 美国电话与电报公司ATM, asynchronous transfer mode 异步传输方式audio card 音效卡audio CD 音响光碟audio mail 声音讯息、声讯audio output 音响输出audio signal 声讯audiotext 声讯文字、声文AutoCAD 欧特克Aztech 爱捷特backslash 反斜线,退位键backspace 反向键backup 备份，（支持？）bad sector 毁损磁区bandwidth 频宽，宽带Banyan Systems Inc. 企业网系统公司bar code, bar code reader 条码，条码阅读器based 基准BASIC, Beginner's all-purpose Symbolic Instruction Cod 培基语言batch file 批次档案batch processing 批次处理baud rate 传输速率, 波特率baudot code 波特码BBS, bulletin board system 电子公告栏Bell Lab 贝尔试验室benchmark test 基准测试beta software 测试版软件bi-direction 双向Big-5 code 大五码Big Blue 蓝色巨人BigGreen 绿色巨人binary 二进制BioMed Net 生物医药网Bloomberg 博BIOS, basic input/output system 基本输出输入系统bit, BinarydigiT 位元bit map 点阵backslash 反斜线block move 搬移区块Bob 鲍勃boldface 加黑体粗黑，粗体字Boolean algebra 布林代数boot sector 启动区Borland 宝兰bps, bits per second 每秒多少位元bridge 桥接broadband 宽频道、宽频browse/browser 浏览，浏览器, 阅览，阅览器British Computer Society, BCS 英国电脑学会BrushWriter 大学士BSA, Business Software Alliance 商业软件联盟Bubblejetprinter 喷泡式打印机buffer 缓冲区，缓冲器bug 虫、错误buildin 内建、内置bundled software 批套附送软件bus 汇流排bus network 串列网络byte 字节cache memory 快取记忆体高速缓冲存取CAD, computer-aided design 电脑辅助设计CADD, computer-aided design & drafting 电脑辅助设计与绘图CAE, Computer Aided Engineering 电脑辅助工程CAFE Vanda 万黛兰咖啡屋CAI, computer-aided instruction 电脑辅助教材Canon 佳能capslock 大写锁定capture image 捉取图像cartridge ribbon 匣式墨带、墨匣CASE, computer aided software engineering 电脑辅助软件工程case sensitive 注重大小写区分大小写catalog 目录CBT, computer based training 电脑辅助培训CD, compact disc 光碟CD, compact disc 激光唱片,镭射唱片CD-I,CD-Interactive 互动式光碟CD player 激光唱机CD-R,CD-Recordable 可录写光碟CD recorder 光碟录制机CD-ROM, CD-read only memory 唯读光碟, 影音光碟CD-ROM drive 光碟驱动器CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory 欧洲量子物理试验室CERNET, China Education and Research Net 中国教育和科研计算机网CGA, Color Graphic Adapter 彩色图像监控器CGI, common gateway interface 通用接驳介面Challenger Super Store 挑战者超值坊Chinese & Oriental Languages Information Processing Society, COLIPS 中文与东方语言信息处理学会Chinese Characters DOS, CCDOS 汉字操作系统Chinese localisation 汉化Chinese Star, CStar 中文之星chip 晶片chipset 晶片组chip swap 晶片切换Chip-Up 矽奥chooser 选配器cipher/ciphertext 密码，密文CISC, complex instruction set computer 复杂指令集Civil Service Computerisation Programs, CSCP 公共服务电脑化计划Classitext 新视分类资讯click 按压client server network 主从系统clipboard 剪贴板clock cycle/speed 钟速clone computer 仿制电脑cluster 磁区CMOS, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor 辅助性金氧半导体coaxial cable 同轴线code 码、程序coder 编码者coding 编写程序、编程、编码cold boot/start 冷启动collision 冲撞, 冲挤、撞挤、碰撞colour ribbon 彩墨带COMDEX Asia 亚洲电脑展Comdex Asia 亚洲电脑展column 行（直）专栏Comet 彗星网络command 指令CommerceAsia 亚洲商业（网络）communicopia 通讯社群compact casing 精巧机壳Compaq 康柏电脑公司compatibility 兼容性 compiler 编译器compress 压缩Compuserve 电脑服务Computer Associate, CA 电脑友伴computer laboratory 电脑工室Computer Recovery Centre 电脑修复中心computer workshop 电脑工室computing 计算、运算configuration 设置connector 接口Conner 康纳controller card 控制卡controlpanel 控制栏cool page 酷页coprocessor (math/numericcoprocessor) 附处理器（数学、数字附处理器）copy 抄，抄取、录、写，复制本CORENET, Construction and Real Estate Network 建筑与房地产网络corrupted file 混淆档案、乱码counterfeit software 盗版软件courseware 教材软件cpi, character per inch 每寸多少字cps, character per second 每秒多少字CPU, central processing unit 中央处理器crack, cracker 侵截，侵截者crash 冲撞Cray supercomputer 克雷超级电脑Creative Ngee Ann Multimedia Award 创新义安多媒体奖Creative (Taiwan) 创钜科技Creative Technology 创新科技CRT, cathode ray tube 荧光屏, 显像管cryptography 密码学cryptosystem 密码系统cryptoanalysis 密码分析CTD, cumulative trauma disorder 累积性精神失常Cubic CT 茜锑cursor 光标、游标custom install 一般性设置customize software 个别编写的软件cut and paste 剪贴cut-sheet feeder 输纸装置C-Win, Chinese Windows (微软)中文视窗cyber 电子、网际cybercafe 网际咖啡屋cybercash 电子钱cyber citizen 网际公民、网民cyber community 联网社群cybernaut 网客, 网友、网中人cybernetic 控制论Cybermouse 三维鼠、遥控鼠cyberphobia 电脑恐惧症cyberphone 联网电话cyberporn 网际色情cyberpunk /cypherpunk 网际彷客、网际浪人cyber sales 网际行销cybersex / cyberporn / cybersmut / cyberslut 网际色情cyberspace 电子空间, 联网、网际空间cyber surfer 网际漫游者Cyberway 讯威cyberworld 联网世界cycle time 周速daisywheel printer 转轮式打印机, 菊花轮打印机data 数据、资料database 数据库data roam 无线传讯DBMS, database management system 数据库管理系统debug, debugger 侦错，侦错程序除虫，捉臭虫decipher 解密、解码decode, decoder 解密，解码器decompression 释放、反压缩decryption 解密default 启始设置deinstall 反装置delimiter 界限符号、界符Dell Computer Corp. 戴尔电脑集团demo disk, demo software 示范软盘，示范软碟，示范软件desktop computer 桌上型电脑developer kits 开发工具develop software 开发软件diagnostic program 诊断程序dialog box 对话框dial ondemand 随拨服务dial up connection 拨接digicash 电子钱Digital Equipment 数据器材digital, digitize 数位，数位化, 数码，数码化digital diary 电子记事本Digital Media Centre 数位媒体中心Digital Research 迪吉多科研digital tape 数码磁带directory 目录disc 光碟类disc drive 光碟驱动器disk 磁盘类diskette 软磁盘，软盘disk drive 磁盘驱动器disk drive cleaner 磁盘驱动器洗洁剂disk jacket 软盘外套display 显示DNS, domain name system 区位名址系统document, documentation 文件，使用说明docking 接驳domain 定义域、领域、组别door control system 门禁系统DOS based / version DOS基准／版本DOS, disk operating system 磁盘操作系统、操作系统作业系统dot-matrix printer 撞针式打印机dot pitch 光点double byte 双字节double side double density 两面双密downlink 下衔download 下载、下卸、卸载downsizing 功能下移downward compatibility 下携性dpi, dots per inch 每方寸多少点drag and drop 拖与放、拖放DRAM, dynamic random access memory 动态随机存取记忆体drive, driver 驱动器（机），驱动程序DSP, digital signal processor 数位讯号处理器DTP, desktop publishing 桌上排版DVD, digital video disc 数位录像光碟dye based ink 染料油墨dynamic data exchange, DDE 动态数据互换Dynasty 皇朝电脑EAN, European Article Number 欧洲商品编码EBCDIC, Extended Binary Coded Digital Interchange Code 延伸数位互换二进码echoplex （传输正确）回讯EDI, Electronic Data Interchange 电子数据互换editor 编辑程序，编辑器EDP, electronic data processing 电子数据处理edutainment software 教育娱乐软件、教娱软件EGA, enhanced graphic adapter 改良图像监控器EISA, Extended Industry Standard Architecture 延伸工业标准架构electromagnetic 电磁electronic cash, e-cash 电子钱electronic diary 电子记事本e-mail, electronic mail 电子邮递、电子邮件、电子信件、电邮、电子信E-mu Systems Inc. 育苗公司emoticon 表情符号emulation 模拟Enablenet 能网encipher, encipter 加密，译成密码encode 锁码、加密encryption 加密end user 用户Energy Star 能源之星ENIAC, Electrical Numerical Integrator & Calculator 电子数字综合计算机Enter / Return key 回车键entry 登录environment （运行）环境EPA, Environmental Protection Agency 环境保护局EPROM, erasable programmable read only memory 可删可编程唯读记忆体Epson 爱普生erasable 可删除ergonomics 人机工程学, 人体工学Esc key 逸位键, 略过键ETen 倚天Ethernet 以太网, 乙太网eWorld 电子世界execution file 执行档Expanded Memory Specification, EMS 延伸记忆体系统expansion slot 扩充槽expert system 专家系统explorer 探游者、探游器export 输出extension (e.g.,.DAT) 后缀档名, 附注档名external drive 外接、外置磁盘驱动器external harddisk 外接、外置硬盘FAQ, Frequently Asked Question 答客问常见问题解答FAT, file allocation table 档案分配区fax on demand 自选传真服务FCC, Fedaral Communications Commission 联邦电信交通委员会feasibility study 可行性研究feature 功能Female connector 雌性接口fetch / FTP 抓取FDDI, Fiber Distributed Data Interface 光导数据介面fiber optics cable 光导纤缆、光纤缆field 栏位字段file 档案、文档filter software 过滤软件finger 查索firmware 固件, 韧件firewall 防火墙, 网络防护区flame war 火焰战floating-pointcalculation 浮点运算floppy disk 软磁盘、软盘floptical disc / floptical drive 光磁碟，光磁碟机flow chart 流程图folder 文件夹font 字型font cartridge 字库匣format,formatting 格式化fps, frames per second 每秒多少画面freenet 免费网络freeware 免费软件FTP, file transfer protocol 档案传输通讯协定FTP site 资料卸载站fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑, 捷思、快思逻辑function, function key功能，功能键function library 功能集, 函数馆garbage in garbage out 胡乱输入胡乱输出gateway 接驳器Gateway2000 普特维2000GB (Guo Biao) code 国家标准码，国标码G Code 易录宝GIF, graphic interchange format 图像互换格式gigabit, gigabyte (gb) 京位元，京字节GII, global informationinfrastructure 环球资讯体系GIRO 财路转帐服务GIS, Geography Information System 地理资讯系统glitch 故障global positioning system, GPS 环球定位系统go on line 上网Gopher 鼠窜介面, 考访graphic based 图像基准grasp image 捉取图像green PC 绿色电脑groupware 群组软件GUI, graphic user interface 图像用户介面hack, hacker 侵截，侵截者, 黑客hang 死机、当机HanVision 汉神hand input 手写输入handwriting recognision 手写识别,手写辩识harddisk / hard drive 硬磁盘、硬盘hardware 硬件Hayes modem 海斯调制解调器HD, high density 高密HDCD, high definition compatible digital 高密兼容数码HDD-FDD controller card 软硬盘监控卡HDTV, high density television 高密电视Hercules Graphic Adapter 大力士监控卡Hewlett Packard Co., HP 惠普hexadecimal, hex 16进制high levellanguage 高阶语言, 高级语言high resolution graphic 高解析图像、高解像hi-tech 高科技hits 阅读次数hologram 全息图, 浮影图homekey 本位键HomeLink 家铃homepage 主页、本页、网页Hong Kong Star Internet Service 香港星光国际网络服务公司hook up 衔接host computer 主机HotJava 热爪哇 Sun's Internet 浏览器hot news 热闻HPC, high performance computer / computing 高能电脑／运算HTML,Hypertext Markup Language 超文本标记语言http, Hypertext Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协定hub 中转站human interface 人机界面、人性化介面hybrid computer 并合电脑hyperband 超频道、超频Hypercard 超卡软件hyperlink 超联结、超联hypermedia 超媒体hyperspace 超空间hypertext 超级文本、超文本Hz, hertz 周、赫兹IBM Corp., International Business Machine 国际商业机器, 万国商业机器IC, integrated circuit 集成电路icon 图标、图签IDC, International Data Corp. 国际数据机构IDE, Integrated Devices Electronics 综合电器介面IDG, International Data Group. 国际数据组织IDNet, Inter Departmental Net 部门联网IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 电机及电子学工程师联合会image processing 影像处理iMedia 艾媒体Imfomix 英孚美IMHO, in my humble opinion 我的浅见impact printer 撞击式打印机index 索引infection 感染（病毒）infobahn 资讯渠道infocosm 资讯化空InfoLine 万象快讯InfoYouth 青年资讯infomercial 资讯商业Informatics 资讯科技展Informatics Computer School 英华美电脑学校Information Communication Institute of Singapore, ICIS 新加坡信息通讯学院information superhighway, I-way 资讯超速公路Infoseek 资讯查找inkcartridge 墨匣initialization 启始化inkjet printer 喷墨式打印机inport 输入insert (Ins) key 加插键installation program 装置／安装程序instruction 指令Intel Corp. 英特尔, 英代尔intellectual property 知识产权, 智慧产权interactive 互动式, 交流式interactive TV, ITV 互动电视intercast 数据广播Interface 介面Inter Media Asia 亚洲多媒体展Internal hard disk 内置硬盘Internaut 网际漫游人, 网客，网友，网中人Internet, Net 网际网络, 大联网、国际、世界、交互、互联网纾Internet backbone 网际网络主干Internet content provider, ICP 网际网络资讯供应者Internet phone 网际电话Internet relay chat, IRC 网际清淡Internet search engines 网际网络检索机体Internet service provider, ISP 网际网络接驳服务供应者Internet Talks Radio, ITR 网际广播 InterNIC, Internet Network Information Centre 网际网络信息中心interpreter 解译器InTV 新视快速资讯inventory control system 库存管理系统I/O, input / output 输入／输出IP address 网络协定位址Iris, Inland Revenue Integrated System 艾丽斯、综合税务系统ISA, Industrial Standard Architectural 工业标准架构ISDN, integrated services digital network 综合服务数位网络ISO10646 国际标准化组织世界语文字符总集IT2000 资讯科技2000年新加坡智慧岛计划IT POWER, IT Programme for Office Workers 文员电脑课程Japan-Singapore Institute of Software Technology, JSIST 日新软件科技学院Japan-Singapore AI Centre 日新人工智能中心Jaring, Joint Advanced Research Integrated Networking 先进科研联网joystick 控制杆JPEG, Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合照相专家组jukebox （影像资料）存取盒jumper 跨接器。
分类号ＵＤＣ密级Ｖ８５３７２０学．位论支？］户定制系统的设计与实现作者姓名奎丝垦指导导师姓名盘逛到盈窒亟申请学位级别巫±学科类别圭些茔焦论文提交日期！ＱＱｉ圭！旦论文答辩日期２ＱＱｊ：！！：Ｑｇ学位授予日期…一制丝囤评阅人型盐垦塞壶送东北大学２００５年７月东北大学硕士学位论文摘要、－］户定制系统的设计与实现摘要随着信息技术的发展，企业迫切的需要统一的信息处理平台来处理日常事务。
本系统就是定制企业信息门户的平台。
本系统可以面向管理员用户也可以面向系统的实施人员，可以二次开发，可以不断扩展，样式和内容可以灵活设置。
本文介绍了本系统设计的思路和具体实现的方式。
实现门户网站的个性化定义需要解决两个关键问题，样式和内容。
本文具体阐述了系统实现的难点问题。
本系统用ＸＭＬ存储布局的数据信息，通过布局信息和边框的配置信息，组合成最终的页面元素，使用Ｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｙ模板引擎实现数据对象与ＨＴＭＬ元素的整合。
针对接口编程，使系统可以灵活扩展。
通过门户构件（Ｐｏｒｔｌｅｔ）的接口，可以与具体的应用模块相连。
本系统可以为页面风格相同的页面设定页面模版，实现模板的重用；整个子站可以导入和导出实现子站文件的重用；边框可以导入和导出实现边框的重用；整个子站有统一的图片管理，实现图片的重用。
系统框架充分应用设计模式，使用插件以及模板引擎技术，使得本系统能够灵活的扩展，能够对页面的层次、风格、布局、内容和菜单进行定制，管理员使用本系统能够快速搭建门户网站。
本文最后介绍了系统的特点和待解决问题，以及如何进一步的完善本系统。
关键词门户门户构件设计模式插件模板引擎布局定制一ＩＩ—东北大学硕士学位论文ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＤｅｓｉｇｎａｎｄＩｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰｏｒｔａｌＣｕｓｔｏｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＡｌｏｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，ｔｈｅｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｃｒｙｉｎｇｎｅｅｄｔｈｅｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｐｌａｔｆｏｒｍｔｏｈａｎｄｌｅｔｈｅｄａｉｌｙｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ．ＴｈｉｓｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｓａｐｌａｔｆｏｒｍｗｈｉｃｈＣａｎｃｕｓｔｏｍｉｚｅＰｏｒｔａｌｏｆｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｉｓｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｓｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄｆｏｒｔｈｅａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｏｒａｎｄａｌｓｏｆｏｒｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｒｔｏｅｘｔｅｎｄ．Ｔｈｅｓｔｙｌｅａｎｄｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｉｎｔｉｆｆｓｓｙｓｔｅｍｃａｎｂｅｆｌｅｘｉｂｌｙｃｕｓｔｏｍｉｚｅｄ．ＴｈｉｓｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｖｅｓｔｈｅｄａｔａｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｌａｙｏｕｔｗｉｔｈＸＭＬ．Ｔｈｅｐａｇｅｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓａｒｅｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｌａｙｏｕｔｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｂｏｒｄｅｒｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ．ＴｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｕｓｅｓｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｌａｔｅｅｎｇｉｎｅｔｏｍｅｒｇｅｔｈｅｄａｔａｏｂｊｅｃｔａｎｄｔｈｅｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＨＴＭＬ．Ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｉｎｇｔｏａｌｌｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ，ｍａｋｅｔｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｃａｎｂｅｅｘｔｅｎｄｅｄｆｌｅｘｉｂｌｙ．ＴｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅｏｆＰｏｒｔｌｅｔ，ｔｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍＣａｎｃｏｎｉｌｅｃｔ、埔ｔｈａｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｕｌｅ．Ｔｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｃａｎｓｅｔｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｌａｔｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｐａｇｅｓｗｉｔｈｓａｍｅｓｔｙｌｅ，ｃａｒｒｙｉｎｇｏｕｔｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｌａｔｅ’Ｓｒｅｕｓｅ．Ｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｓｉｔｅｆｉｌｅｓｃａｎｂｅｅｘｐｏｒｔｅｄａｎｄｉｍｐｏｒｔｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｓｉｔｅｆｉｌｅｓｃａｔｌｂｅｒｅｕｓｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｂｏｒｄｅｒｃａｎｂｅｅｘｐｏｒｔｅｄａｎｄｉｍｐｏｒｔｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｂｏｒｄｅｒｃａｒｌｂｅｒｅｕｓｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｓｉｔｅｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓｕｎｉｆｏｒｍｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｓｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ，ｃａｒｒｙｉｎｇｏｕｔｔｈｅｐｉｃｔｕｒｅ。
教育技术目前最热门的研究方向：1、网络文化;2、互联网心理学3、教育传媒技术4、教学系统设计5、学习科学6、创新性技术研究7、教育技术哲学文化研究8、教育技术艺术基础研究9、信息技术与课程整合10、当代信息技术前言跟踪与教育应用研究11、教育人工智能研究12、绩效技术与企业培训13、远程教育与远程培训14、协作学习与研究性学习15、知识工程学研究16、教育技术理论基础与基础理论研究17、国外本专业的培养目标、课程结构、教学模式、评价管理模式及优秀论著与教材的引进18、国外优秀教育技术专业网站资源研究19、我国教育技术专业办学模式、合理分布与发展规划2007/9/22教育技术热点问题（转载）/showWeb/0/0/414275.aspx专题一：教育技术学理论研究1、教育技术学基础理论研究2、教育技术学学科体系理论与建设3、教育技术哲学研究4、教育技术学专业发建设与发展研究5、教育技术学专业人才培养模式研究专题二：信息技术与课程整合的理论与实践1、信息技术与课程整合的理论与实践研究2、信息素养理论与实践研究3、信息素养教育与青少年思想道德建设专题三：教育技术与绩效技术的理论与实践1、教育技术与绩效管理的理论、方法、应用2、教育技术与绩效评估的理论、方法、应用3、电子绩效支持系统（EPSS）的理论、技术、方法与应用4、教育技术支持的绩效培训的理论与实践研究专题四：教育技术支持下的教育质量保障体系的理论与实践1、基于网络的远程教育质量保障体系的理论与实践研究2、基于网络的学校教育质量保障体系的理论与实践研究3、教育技术与教育质量保障体系的理论与实践研究专题五：学习环境的设计与应用研究1、学习环境的理论研究2、基于网络的学习环境的设计与开发3、学习环境设计、开发与应用的个案研究专题六：教育技术与知识管理1、教育中知识管理的理论与实践研究2、教师知识管理的理论与实践研究3、学生知识管理的理论与实践研究4、基于blog的教育知识管理理论与应用研究专题七：教育技术与教师教育1、由师范教育向教育教育转变中教育技术理论与实践2、教师教育背景下的教育技术学专业发展问题与人才培养模式研究3、教育技术与教师的职前教育的理论与实践研究4、教育技术与教师的入职教育的理论与实践研究5、教育技术促进教师成长与专业发展的理论与实践研究6、教师教育技术素养的体系、途径的理论与实践研究专题八：教育技术应用的个案应用教育技术促进教育改革的设计、开发与应用的案例。
理论探索任何事物的发展都有一个源头,知识管理的兴起同样如此,在知识管理广泛流行前出现了许多新的管理理论和方法,如学习型组织、流程再造、团队协作、虚拟企业等,共同点都是将智力资产的管理作为管理的核心。
这些理论从多个方面为知识管理的出现奠定了基础。
知识管理的发展经历了两个主要阶段,以信息为中心的知识管理阶段和以人力资源为中心的人力资本理论阶段。
这两阶段分别造就了第一代和第二代知识管理理论。
1第一代知识管理理论第一代知识管理理论主要包括:经典战略管理理论、竞争战略理论、核心竞争理论和信息管理理论,内容主要是围绕如何收集处理信息以构建核心竞争力,保持战略竞争优势。
所以第一代知识管理主要是以信息管理为中心,对知识的管理基本上限于显性知识,知识管理的方法和技术也基本上沿用信息管理的方法和技术。
1.1经典战略管理理论20世纪60年代初,美国著名管理学家钱德勒(Chandler)的5战略与结构6一书的出版,首开企业战略问题研究之先河。
钱德勒在这部著作中,分析了环境、战略和组织结构之间的相互关系。
他认为,企业经营战略应当适应环境,满足市场需要,而组织结构又必须适应企业战略,随着战略变化而变化。
因此,他被公认为研究/环境)战略)结构0之间关系的第一位管理学家。
其后,就战略构造问题的研究,形成了两个学派:设计学派(Desi g n School)和计划学派(Plannin g School),其中设计学派的影响力更为持久。
设计学派以哈佛商学院的安德鲁斯(Andrews)教授及其同仁们为代表。
他们在主张经营战略是使组织(企业)自身的条件与所遇到的机会相适应的基础上,建立了将战略构造分为制订与实施两大部分的基本模型。
该学派认为:首先,在制订战略的过程中要分析企业的优势与劣势、机会与威胁,即进行SWOT分析,因为,这将涉及到企业的竞争环境和企业发展的外部极限。
其次,高层的经理人员应是战略制订的设计师,并且他们还必须督导战略的实施。
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1. You are free to choose when you will begin and end your workday.2. You should provide the names of two people who can give letters of remendation.3. You must have the experience of working abroad.4. You have to work every other Saturday.5. You should have suessful working experience as a secretary.6. The job requires some experience as well as excellent qualifications.7. You need to be able to speak several languages.A.Salesperson is required for our new Portman Street Showroom to work a flexitime 30 – hour week, including alternate Saturdays. Fileco specialize in office furniture and equipment. The showroom displays our very latest in integrated office design and is intended to serve as our window on the business world. Applicants should have some experience in business and fluency in a second language would be a distinct advantage.B.Eurofile, one of Europe’s leading publishers is seeking a self-motivated Assistant Aountant to help run its busy aounts department. The suessful candidate should possess excellent aounting qualifications and have at least 2 years’ aounting experience. S/he should also be puter literate and able to carry out all essential day-to-day aounting tasks. Management experience and European languages are a definite advantage, Salary 15 – 17,000 p.a. Send CV to Joanna Jarvis, Eurofile, Stack Street, Manchester, MN8 4TX, quoting reference JAC/01/TN.C.The Bell Educational Trust seeks applications from teachers of English as a foreign language to work in China. Candidates should have:---- a degree plus a qualification in TEEL (PGCE or RSA) diploma---- a minimum of 3 years experience with at least one year overseas---- experience in preparation of materials and in teaching ESP / EAPApplications with full C. V. and the names of two referees, one of whom must be the most recent employer, together with recent photograph of yourself, to Lewis Kerr, The Bell Educational Trust, Hillscross, 1 Red Cross Lane, Cambridge CB2 2QX.D.We are a major pany with an international reputation with customers throughout Europe, the Middle East and S. E. Asia. Qualifications:---- Proven secretarial skills---- Languages ( French, German, Arabic Mandarin)---- Ability to work as part of team and on own initiative Non-native speakers will have a fluent mand of spoken and written English.Benefits include generous salary, 6 weeks’ holiday, and promotion prospects.Send C. V. to Video Unlimited, Morebe Gardens, Manchester.练习4. Job Advertisements1. This work has something to do with people’s mental health.2. How much the person earns will depend on his practical experience.3. This advertisement offers employees the prospect of getting promoted.4. I f you get the job, you’ll have to make business trips every now and then.5. This business needs a person with managerial experience and skills.6. Experience in advertising would be helpful in this job.7. This business provides a wide range of service items.A. ManagementDiversified service business seeking experienced (10 years plus) executive for top-level spot. Excellent salary, bonuses, and profit-sharing for person with proven problem-solving, marketing and people skills.B. CommunicationsMajor Southeastern chemical corporation requires a professional to fill a vacancy in the Communications Department. Applications must have demonstrated experiencein all phases of promotion, including: media, production, writing, trade shows, public relations and special event handling. Travel required. CBC preferred. Position can lead to Department Management.C. Technical sales representativeOur Pigment Division seeks a NJ based salesperson for the NJ, PA, MD, DE territory. Pigment sales experience necessary. BS Chemistry or Physical Science degree preferred. Generous, immediate and free benefits package. Salary mensurate with experience.D. Psychiatric social workerPrivate mental-health clinic seeks 2 experienced certified Social Workers to provide individual, group and family psychotherapy to children, adolescents and adults. Function as a member of multidisciplined team. Excellent supervision;starting salary $ 30,988. Comprehensive medical, dental and pension benefits.E. Marketing executiveThis important position has recently been created by one of the country’s leading clothes manufacturers. It is an outstanding opportunity for a graduate with two years’ experience in design or magazine publishing. The suessful candidate will be given responsibility for a major,recently launched brand. It would be an advantage to have experience of promotional activities. Excellent fringe benefits on offer.Example: The job offers perks in addition to the basic salary. Answer: D 1. Experience in advertising would be helpful in this job. 2. This job would probably suit somebody who has worked in the purchasing department of a large chain of stores. 3. Three years' experience would not be enough for this job. 4. For this job it would be usefulif you have studied how to carry out surveys into consumer attitudes. 5. In this job you would take charge of aproduct which has been on the market for many years. 6. To get this job it is not necessary to have work experience. 7. Such a high-ranking position does not e up very often. A Product ManagerThis pany has at present about 30% of the market and a turnover of more than ?500 million. The person appointedwill have responsibility for a long-established product which is a household name. Experience in the insurance market is necessary and a background in aountancy would be helpful.BGroup Product ManagerThis is a rare opportunity to work at a senior level for a market leader in the food industry, located in the north of the country. The person appointed will report directly to the Marketing Director and take full responsibility for a turnover in excess of ?80 million and a team of three managers. Applicants need to have a minimum of five years’ experience in product management. A market research qualification would be an advantage.CManagement TraineesFor this exciting position in the leisure industry we are seeking management trainees to develop excellent buying skills. Possibly a new graduate, the suessful applicant may have experience with a big national retailer, but must certainly possess excellent negotiation and munication skills.DMarketing ExecutiveThis important position has recently been created by one of the country’s leading clothes manufacturers. It is an outstanding opportunity for a graduate with two years’ experience in design or magazine publishing. The suessful candidate will be given responsibility for a major,recently launched brand. It would be an advantage to have experience of promotional activities. Excellent fringe benefits on offer.1. Shareholders seemed to have a final say in top management.2. This news suggests bitter petition between puter giants.3. Some people would take advantage of this period of timeto make money.4. The man would be detained on a foreign land for some time.5. The buy-out seemed to benefit both panies.6. The pany hadn’t entered into the American market before it was merged.7. The change in personnel has boosted shareholders’ confidence in the pany.A. In a deal valued at more than $ 5 billion, Crown Cork, a leading American packaging pany with little presence in Europe, agreed to buy Camaud Metalbox of France, one of Europe’s largest packagers with little presence in America.A frenzy of dealing sent shares in both soaring around 15%.B. Another top French businessman was placed under investigation for corruption. The man is being questioned about a 1991 water-supply contract. Meanwhile, a German businessman, who went missing after his property empire collapsed last year, embarrassing the many banks that had backed him, was arrested in Miami. Extradition could take months.C. Kmart, America’s second-largest retailer, is to have a new boss to replace Joseph Antonini, who was forced to step down earlier this year by unhappy shareholders. Shares soared on the news that Floyd Hall, former chief executive of Target Stores, a rival discounter, is to step into Antonini’s shoes.D. IBM tried to counter the growth of Microsoft, the world’s largest software firm, by launching a $3.3 billion hostile bid for Lotus Development, a software pany. The $ 60-a –share offer boosted the price of Lotus shares by 89%. IBM sees Lotus’s Notes software as a passport into the growing market for ‘groupware’ programs that help works of puters talk to each other.E. The European Commission published a consultative paper on its promise single currency, in which it suggested that there would have to be four years between a final decision to launch the new currency and its arrival in citizens’ pockets. It predicted that speculators would use theinterval to make destabilising bets on the final conversion rates of the old currencies. But the mission is sticking to its deadline of January 1999 for economic and moary union. There is a monly held view that the only way to get (0) decent pay increase is to move on: to go out into the job market and find someone (31) is prepared to pay you afigure more in line (32) the talents you can offer. Whilst changing employers from time (33) time is something we probably all need to do to advance our careers in the directions we want them to take, it is nevertheless an activity that carries quite definite risks. Irrespective of (34) well we research prospective employers, a new job is still largely a step into the unknown . It may turn (35) to be a good move or it could prove to be a plete disaster : most of us (36) had experience of both. The point here, though, is that changing employers is not something we want to be doing all the time and certainly not (37) time wefeel the urge for better p ay . We’d (38) taking more risks than we needed to just to achieve a pay rise. Getting a pay rise should always be viewed (39) a serious business. There are no quick fixes or gold methods with “ guaranteed“ results. Quick fixes only serve to trivialize th e issues and could (40) some circumstances get you into very serous trouble indeed.答案及解析关于加薪的文章，教你怎么样实现加薪。
Critical Technology,pp.545-552 Printed in Korea,all rights reserved.ISBN-882345-04-5,$10.00+00 Copyright c Cognizant Communication CorporationEx-W-Pert System:A Web-Based Distributed Expert System forGroupware DesignBehrouz H.Far and Zenya Koono∗Department of Information and Computer Sciences,Saitama University,JapanABSTRACTThe World Wide Web(Web)allows people at remotely located sites to communicate and share their ideas using a common communication protocol.A common use of the Web systemis running a client application,using a browsing tool,by pointing to a local or proxy server tobrowse data written in the hypertext format that contains anchors that address other URLs.Inthis paper a new application of the Web system for sharing knowledge based systems and group-ware development activities is introduced.An architecture for a Web-based Distributed ExpertSystem(Ex-W-Pert System)is proposed and an implementation of the proposed architecturein groupware design is demonstrated.The resources and knowledge bases are distributed andcan be accessed through the internet.Keywords:World Wide Web(WWW),Expert System,Communication Engine,Groupware System,Design1INTRODUCTIONThe World Wide Web(Web)allows people at remotely located sites to communicate and share their ideas using a common communication protocol that can handle textfiles,images,sounds,forms, etc.[14].What makes Web more attractive and useful is the capability of handling URLs(Universal Resource Locator)[13].Using Web,one can address afile by simply calling the protocol(HTTP, FTP,gopher,etc.),host,access port and path,respectively.Presently,a common use of Web system is running a client application,using a browsing tool,pointing at a local or proxy server[12]to ∗Contact address:Behrouz H.Far255Shimo-okubo,Urawa338,Saitama,JAPANTel:+81-48-858-3489Fax:+81-48-858-3716E-mail:far@cit.ics.saitama-u.ac.jp WWW:em http://www.cit.ics.saitama-u.ac.jp/˜far/545browse data written in the hypertext format[9].The hypertextfiles contain anchors that address other URLs,and connection to other servers is possible.In this paper we introduce an application of the Web in expert systems with shared and distributed knowledge bases.This is directly applied to teamwork development activities such as design.We introduce an architecture for a Web based Distributed Expert System(Ex-W-Pert System)and an implementation of a groupware design system that resembles a team of human designers assigned to cooperatively design an artifact.Applied AI systems have long been suffering from the lack of the large scale knowledge bases. Data search and retrieval in such knowledge bases is a bottleneck.We think that a Web based distributed knowledge base and efficient data communication is a possible solution.This paper is afirst step towards realizing this idea.We think that this will become a milestone in developing expert systems and opens a newline of research and development by blending the netw ork and expert system technology.2EX-W-PERT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Figure1shows an overview of the Ex-W-Pert system.This system is composed of various platforms(workstation,PC,etc.)that run their own local expert system client.Each platform with a running expert system client is called an expert unit.No matter what the platform is,all the units have the same user interface and the users view the same window.Local units are connected by the Local Area Network(LAN)and communicate using the NFS and HTTP protocols.HTTP is an internet protocol which runs over a TCP connection in order to transfer hypertext information[1].Remotely located units have access to the internet.This is possible in many different way such as using modem and SLIP(or PPP)accounts,T1connection,etc.Remote hosts communicate with the other units through the HTTP.All the local units need not run a HTTP daemon if there is only a server station that supports them all.However,for the remote units running HTTP daemon is a necessity,unless the proxy connection is allowed.Similar to conventional systems,each expert system unit,no matter local or remote,has its own local knowledge-base and reasoning pared to the conventional expert systems,a main difference is that all expert units have an additional communication engine.This architecture is general enough to implement any kind of groupware expert system.In this paper an implementation of the Ex-W-Pert system in groupware design is demonstrated.3EX-W-PERT SYSTEM FOR GROUPW ARE DESIGN Ex-W-Pert system is implemented in the experimental groupware design system,focusing on de-sign verification by assisting a team of human designers through blending the knowledge acquisition, documentation and reasoning procedure,using local and remote knowledge bases.Ex-W-Pert system is composed of a number of expert units(see Fig.1).All the units have a common architecture as shown in Fig.2.This is an enhanced version of our standard architecture for design[7].Each expert system unit is composed of:•A data translator for converting specified device model to frame data structure[7]and vice-versa.LAN INTERNETServerWorkstation PC+PC httpd> Reasoning EngineFigure1:Overviewof the Ex-W-Pert System.•A reasoning module composed of an implementation of Qualitative Function Formation(QFF) algorithm[6]together with a qualitative simulator,customization and learning modules.•Local knowledge base,including a domain-oriented library of component models and other design documents.•A window-based user interface that allows a user interactively select arrangement of com-ponents,run simulation program,viewsimulation results,viewand edit specification and documents.•A design documentation module for recording the partial results and making hypertext design documents(optional).•A communication engine,for launching HTTP,FTP,etc.applications and communicating to the other units.The system is implemented using Common Lisp,C and mon Lisp and C are used to implement the reasoning and matching modules.C is used to implement the basic communication methods.Perl is used to add additional features to the communication methods.The data translation,reasoning and communication engines are briefly described in the following sections.3.1Data translation moduleA designer prepares an initial design sketch using defined components.Simple graphic symbols are designed to ease this step.The initial design input is converted to a frame structure,using theDesigner Graphic editor Browser File viewer Text editor S p e c i f i c a t i o nf r a m e s t r u c t u r e(#LEARN)Learning Input Pre-processing (#INPUT_TO_FRAME)O u t p u t P o s t -p r o c e s s i n g (#F R A M E _T O _O U T P U T )Goal Pre-processing (#GOAL_TO_FRAME)LANINTERNET Shared frame structureOutput frame structure Customization (#ADJUSTMENT)Learning frame structure To other local servers To other serversNFS http Reasoning engine Local knowledge baseI n p u t f r a m e s t r u c t u r e InputsketchInputspecInputquery Input unituser interface Communication engineDocumentation engine TO FRAME module is used for parsing and converting the design input to the frame structure suitable for processing by the reasoning module.Presently,a set of pictorial elements are designed to represent some frequently used components in chemical process industry,such as valve,tank,etc.This set can be extended if required.There is also a set of design goals that must be fulfilled by this design.The goals are derived by analyzing the input specification.We use a kind of natural language with restricted syntax and semantics to reformat the specification.Sentences in the restricted syntax language are distinguished by their type,subject,condition(s),verb,etc.The following sentence is an example:#type S(subject )V(verb )E(condition[s]);Here (#)represents the type,S(.)is subject,V(.)is verb and E(.)is condition(s).This is useful for efficient parsing and reducing the ambiguity of ordinary natural language sentences.Then the #GOAL TO FRAME module converts the spec to a frame structure that is used by the reasoning module later.Also,the results detailing and customization are recorded in the created frame structure which is finally converted to a final design sketch using the #FRAME TO OUTPUT module.The designer can check and modify the results,interactively.3.2Reasoning moduleIn groupware design,the human experts communicate using a language that is built around the function and behavior of the components that are used in the design.They mainly talk about the contribution of a component to the functionality of the design and howthe system may behave if acomponent is added to or removed from it.This language has its root in the components’physical model but uses a syntax different from the direct physical and geometric models.In this project,Functional Reasoning(FR)technique is used for deriving and explaining function of a device from a qualitative description of its structure and behavior through systematic generation and reasoning with such a model at various levels of abstraction.Qualitative Function Formation (QFF)technique[4,5,6]is developed and implemented in this system.In QFF,a function concept is defined as an interpretation of a persistence or an order in the sequence of qualitative states,using trace of qualitative state vector derived by simulation on a qualitative model of a device.The qualitative model that we use in QFF is composed of a set of expressions involving three primitives:qualitative variables,ordinary-and coordinative-qualitative operations.Qualitative variables are counterpart of physical quantities,such as temperature and pressure,representing characteristics of the system’s inner environment.Relation between the qual-itative variables is defined by qualitative operations.Ordinary operations are monotonic increase (M+),monotonic decrease(M−)[11],positive influence(I+)and negative influence(I−)[8].Co-ordinative operations account for interactive or protocol-based interactions,such as‘when’,‘until’,‘set’,‘reset’,and‘default’.Behavioral Fragment(BF)[4]is defined as the record of landmark values of the qualitative variables.BFs are derived by qualitative simulation in two steps:[6](i)dependency constraint satisfaction;and(ii)landmark value identification of the qualitative variables.BFs are sequences leading to a function concept.A Function concept can be derived if a repetition cycle or an order(e.g.persistence,etc.)can be detected on a BF sequences.The repetition cycle or persistence are derived for each of the qualitative variables and different cycles can possibly be detected.Each cycle represents a function concept from a different viewpoint.The function derived by QFF is a direct consequence of the designer interacting with the qualitative representation of the underlying physical model of the device and physical constraints[6].This is a very useful characteristic of the technique and can be used directly in functional design.Particularly,by recording the goal(s)of the designer on each step and comparing it with the derived function,one can easily verify whether the arrangement can satisfy the intended goal(s)of the designer.The Specification matching engine#SME module stays as the core of the system.There are already two set of frames for the inputfile and design goals.The#SME module is responsible for checking the input frame structure,preparing component pairs,acquiring their function from the#QFF and examining the functions against the design goals.The components that satisfy design goals are recorded in the output frame structure.This is done repetitively until all design goals are satisfied.The#LEARN module keeps record of the design steps.This is necessary for saving time in similar design cases.The result of matching is then delivered to the#ADJUSTMENT module that is responsible for customizing the candidate components.3.3Local knowledge-baseThe local knowledge-base is composed of a domain-oriented library of the components model and other design documents.A main advantage of the Ex-W-Pert system is that documents and com-ponent models related to a particular design task can be focused in a single expert system unit and gradually this unit will grow up to have expertise in that particular area.All the other units requiring such expertise acquire its service through HTTP communication.3.4Communication engineThe communication engine is the heart of the system.It allows the functional reasoning#QFF and specification matching#SME engines to acquire appropriate knowledge and data from the other sites, if required.Figure3shows an example of the communication handled by the communication unit.(b)Figure3:An example of communication in the Ex-W-Pert System.All the expert units understand and communicate through HTTP.Each unit has a local index of the related information and their site names.In step1a request for additional information from any unit,say unit(a),activates a POST method[9]and asks for the information from a unit that most likely has such information.Such a request isfirst acknowledged by recipient machine(b)that seems to have knowledge related to the current query.The local index of unit(a)is updated every time a newPOST is acknow ledged.If this request fails,i.e.,unit(b)does not acknowledge the request,as in step2,the same query will be posted to the server workstation(s)that maintains a general index of the data items in the remote knowledge bases(step3).In step4,the most appropriate site for the requested information is selected.This is announced back to the unit(a)with the name of the unit that has such information, in this case(c).Again in step5unit(a)launches a request to unit(c)using method POST.Unit(c) copies the requested information in afile(step6)and gives the URL of the requested information to unit(a)(step7).Then a GET method by unit(a)is launched to fetch the URL.This URL is a hypertextfile that has some data entries and some other data,such as image,simulation results,etc. The data entries are parsed and added to the knowledge base of unit(a).In some occasional cases where the network traffic is high and the two sites allow remotely writable memory areas,a PUT method,say by site(c)may be launched to directly put the requested URL in the hand of unit(a).Note that communication through the HTTP requires all the transferable information befirst written into a hypertextfile and then transmitted.Therefore the communication engine is responsible for preparing the information and rewriting the information in the hypertext form before delivering it to the Web system.In conventional application of the Web system running the GET,POST and PUT methods and data preparation tasks requires launching a client software.In the Ex-W-Pert system we have implemented programs that can run the methods and reformat the hypertext data automatically without using a client software.Another advantage is that all the communication activities are done at the background and thedesigner is not required to be aware of the HTTP connections.Therefore,it is not necessary for the user to have networking and Web knowledge in order to use and interact with the system.4DISCUSSION4.1Other worksThe idea of Groupware Systems[3]has been around for a while,considering computer support of a team work development.There are already examples of groupware applications such as bulletin boards,video conferencing,sharing work processes and screen sharing cooperative design systems [10].Most of these systems concentrate on techniques to integrate sound and video communication over a network of clients using the new features offered by broad-band digital network(B-ISDN).Most of the work on distributed AI systems have concentrated on the reasoning and conflict resolution methods[2].A common assumption in configuring the structure of such systems is that they consider clients connected through a kind of local area network(LAN).This limits the scope of application of such systems drastically.To the best of our knowledge,there is no live project seeking integration of distributed expert systems and knowledge bases assuming its clients are distributed over the internet.In our project various hardware platforms with various operating systems(DOS, WINDOWS,UNIX,etc.)and various methods of connection to the internet(LAN,ISDN,modem with PPP account,etc.)are considered and a mechanism for communication and cooperation is proposed.On the other hand,the idea of implementing and using large scale encyclopedic knowledge bases is struggling for more that two decades without much success.Even if such a large scale knowledge base could be implemented,the cost of data search and retrieval would be tremendously high.We think that the only solution is using a Web-like distributed knowledge base equipped with networking and efficient communication engine.In the above sections we introduced one such architecture by blending the network and expert system technology.4.2Network considerationsBesides the experimental methodologies,there are three generally accepted and wide spread choices to implement a distributed architecture on the internet,i.e.,WAIS,Gopher,and HTTP.Among these,only HTTP is targeted and designed to fully functionalize a collaborative work space.WAIS allows fast text based data base search,using master and local indexes.However,it does not allow reference to other servers.Gopher allows text based search using menus,that can address other servers,in turn.The main method used in Gopher is GET for retrieving a document.HTTP allows using hypertext besides the menus.In other words,it offers methods for GET,PUT and ing these two latter methods is crucial to our project.A disadvantage of HTTP is that the above mentioned methods must be launched by using a browser client.In our project,in many cases that two knowledge based systems communicate and exchange information,launching a client software is unwanted and brings unnecessary overhead.We have developed programs to enhance the functionality of the Web methods without launching a client.A platform running HTTP daemon can talk to a WAIS server.In this project,we have also used the WAIS index search capability for efficient searching of the knowledge bases.5525CONCLUSIONn this paper,a newapplication of the World Wide Web technology in artificial intelligence w as discussed.An architecture for a Web-based Distributed Expert System(Ex-W-Pert System)was proposed and an implementation of the proposed structure in groupware design was introduced. This system resembles design by a team of human experts.The resources and knowledge bases are distributed and can be accessed through the internet.The idea of the Ex-W-Pert system is general and can be used in configuring and implementing dis-tributed large scale knowledge bases systems.A generic expert system shell with the communication engine,documentation engine and network connection capabilities is currently under development.6ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe program described in this paper is the result of research at the CIT Lab of the Departmentof Information and Computer Sciences,Saitama University.We are grateful to the studentswho have contributed to this project,collectively.REFERENCES[1]T.Berners-Lee,R.Cailliau,H.F.Nielsen and a.Secret,“The World-Wide Web,”Communications ofThe ACM,vol.37,no.8,pp.76-82(1994).[2]A.H.Bond and L.Gasser,“An Analysis of Problems and Research in DAI,”Readings in distributedArtificial Intelligence,A.H.Bond and L.Gasser(edts.),Morgan Kaufmann,pp.3-35(1988).[3]C.A.Ellis,S.J.Gibbs and G.L.Rein,“Groupware:Some Issues and Experiments,”Communicationsof The ACM,vol.34,no.1,pp.38-58(1991).[4]B.H.Far,“Functional Reasoning,Explanation and Analysis:Qualitative Function Formation Tech-nique,”Proc.6th Annual Conf.JSAI,Tokyo,Japan,June1992,pp.229-232.[5]B.H.Far and Z.Koono,“Integrating Device Modeling and Design Process Knowledge in FunctionalDesign,”Proc.11th Design Symposium,Japan Mechanical Engineering Society,pp.40-49,Tokyo, Japan,June,1993.[6]B.H.Far and Z.Koono,“Functional Reasoning,Explanation and Analysis:A Collective View and AProposal,”Proc.IJCAI’93Workshop on Engineering Problems for Qualitative Reasoning,Chambery, France,August1993,pp.23-30.[7]B.H.Far,T.Takizawa and Z.Koono,“Software Creation:An Expert System for Reproducing HumanCognitive Processes in Automatic Software Design,”in Proc.World Congress on Expert Systems’94, Estoril,Lisbon,Portugal,(Jan1994).[8]K.D.Forbus,“Qualitative Process Theory,”Artificial Intelligence,vol.24,pp.85-168,1984.[9]‘‘/hypertext/WWW/Protocols/HTTP/HTTP2.html’’[10]H.Ishii,M.Kobayashi and K.Arita,“Interactive Design of Seamless Collaboration Media,”Commu-nications of The ACM,vol.37,no.8,pp.83-97(1994).[11] B.Kuipers,“Qualitative Simulation,”Artificial Intelligence,vol.29,pp.289-338,1986.[12]‘‘/hypertext/WWW/Proxies/Proxies.html’’[13]‘‘/hypertext/WWW/Addressing/Addressing.html’’[14]‘‘/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html’’。
