(完整word版)英语长难句精解70句
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难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高,无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂,它都由一些基本的成分组成的。
从结构来说,英语句子中,除了谓语之外,其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当.从句子本身是一个完整的句子,因此,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列,平行。
从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句.非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外),也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分,构成一个非谓语动词结构。
由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点,使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长.英语长句的分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。
1)划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;2)划出所有介词短语(位于be动词后的除外);3)名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;4) 非谓语动词结构看作一个整体;5)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干;6)分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。
长难句分析的步骤举例:经典例题(2001年考研完型填空第二段)In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins。
分析:第一,划出定语从句和状语从句:that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins。
1.This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.词汇突破:cognitive 认知的(后天习得的)Intuitive 先天的和以上这组单词概念相同的表达还有:Nature先天;nurture后天;born ;先天的;made 后天的;innate天生的;Acquired后天习得;Determine 决定Coupled with 相当于and,想类似的表达还有along with ; combined with等。
主干识别:句子的主语是This success和later research ;谓语是led; 宾语是Ericsson; 不定式短语to conclude 做状语;主干结构是:this success and later research led Ericsson to conclude that …其他成分:在research后面接一个现在分词短语做后置定语,在这个现在分词短语中that引导的从句做showing 的宾语;在不定式短语中that引导的从句做conclude的宾语;more…than结构翻译为与其说,不如说。
微观解析:由于主语中的第二个并列成分比较长,且是用两个逗号隔开的,在阅读的时候可以跳读;把This success和动词led先连起来然后再来解析其他成分。
译文赏析:这种成功和后来表明记忆本身并不是先天决定的研究使爱立信总结道,记忆的行为与其说是一种先天的行为不如说是一种习得的行为。
2.It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.词汇突破:visualize 想象Figure out 发现和找出Suits 使…适合主干识别:句子主语是由how引导的一个主语从句,it是句子的形式主语;句子主干为: How …is not obvious.在主语从句中主语是capacity,谓语是suits 宾语是one ;其他成分:状语为to answer…主语后加上两个动词不定式做后置定语;动词不定式中的宾语questions后面接一个that引导的定语从句。
1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.1.美洲羚羊,或称叉角羚,是该大陆典型的草原动物。
2. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中,有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢?3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.3.人类学家们已经发现,恐惧,快乐,悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色,这在全人类是共通的。
4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.4.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用,它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。
5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.5.任何盈利组织若要生存,最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.6.一个地方的人口越多,其对水,交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高,无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂,它都由一些基本的成分组成的。
从结构来说,英语句子中,除了谓语之外,其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。
从句子本身是一个完整的句子,因此,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列,平行。
从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。
非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外),也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分,构成一个非谓语动词结构。
由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点,使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。
英语长句的分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。
1)划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;2)划出所有介词短语(位于be动词后的除外);3)名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;4)非谓语动词结构看作一个整体;5)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干;6)分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。
长难句分析的步骤举例:经典例题(2001年考研完型填空第二段)In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.分析:第一,划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二,划出介词短语:In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press第三,句子的结构分析:(1)主干结构是主语(Lord Irvine含同位语the Lord Chancellor)+将来时谓语(will introduce)+宾语(a draft bill);(2)that引导的定语从句修饰draft bill,其中,will propose 是第一个谓语,making payments to witnesses illegal是一个动名词短语做宾语,在动名词短语内部,payments to witnesses做making的宾语,illegal是宾补;第二个谓语是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的宾语。
经典长难句必背汇总1、主从复合句When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable tofind out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonabletheir principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may beregarded as normal.[参照译文 ]当艺术上的一项新运动到达必然流行程度时,最好先弄清该运动提议者的目的,因为,无论他们的创作原那么在今天看来多么牵强、多么荒谬,在未来这些理论有可能会被视为正常的东西。
[结构解析]本句的骨干是it is advisable to find out... for... it is possible that...,句首的When引导一个时间状语从句,句中的for... it is possible... (至句末)是一个并列分句,表示原因,其中 for 后边的 however +形容词farfetched and unreasonable引导状语从句,表示退步。
在骨干 it is advisable to find out...中,it是形式主语,后边的不定式结构to find out what its advocates are aiming at是真切的主语。
2 、并列句While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.[参照译文 ]与你发言时,可能成为你未来老板的人会考虑你所受的教育、你的经历和你的其他资历可否在聘任你今后会给他带来好处。
1. For example adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than anyother group so it makes sense to make computer game ads that appeal to this group.【句式翻译】例如,进入青春期的男孩子就可能比任何其他人群更愿意购买电脑游戏,因此,针对这个目标群体制作有吸引力的电脑游戏广告是有意义的。
【句式分析】本句是一个含有so引导的结果状语从句的复合句,同时又含一个than引导的比较状语从句。
【词语点拨】1)likely adj. 可能的;常用于句型:sb/sth be likely to do= it is likely that… 可能做……He’s very likely to send me an email tonight.=It’s very likely that he’ll send me an email tonight.很可能他今晚会给我发电子邮件。
The com pany is likely to set up a branch in our city. =It’s likely that the company will set up a branch in our city.这个公司可能要在我们的城市建立分公司。
2) make sense 有意义;讲得通;make sense of 理解I can’t follow these instructions -- they don’t make sense.我不理解这些指示--根本讲不通嘛。
We read the sentence through but could not make sense of it.我们我们把句子看了一遍但不明白它说些什么。
3) appeal to吸引;appeal to sb. for sth/appeal to sb. to do sth 呼吁某人干某事;求助于Blue and red appeal to me but I don’t like gray or yellow.我喜欢蓝色和红色而不喜欢灰色或黄色。
笔译翻译练习(5.8)一、长难句翻译(分句与合句)1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.行为主义者认为,如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素,这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展,那么,儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
2. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备,而且意识到这是一个显示出孩子正在成长,正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们就不会感到如此伤心,因此也就没有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。
3. The election which has led to your being chosen to preside over(主持,负责,管理)this Assembly—a very wise choice indeed—is a tribute(礼物)to your great country, which has contributed to the development of the history of free nations a tradition of peace that serves as an example for the legal community that we constitute, a country which has always commanded respect and admiration from all corners of the world.这次选举你被选为主持这个大会,事实上是个非常明智的选择,是对你伟大的国家的献礼,贵国为自由国家的历史发展贡献出了一种和平传统,这一传统是我们法治国家的榜样,全世界都为贵国表示尊敬和钦佩。
难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高,无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂,它都由一些基本的成分组成的。
从结构来说,英语句子中,除了谓语之外,其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。
从句子本身是一个完整的句子,因此,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列,平行。
从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。
非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外),也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分,构成一个非谓语动词结构。
由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点,使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。
英语长句的分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。
1)划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;2)划出所有介词短语(位于be动词后的除外);3)名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;4)非谓语动词结构看作一个整体;5)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干;6)分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。
长难句分析的步骤举例:经典例题(2001年考研完型填空第二段)In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.分析:第一,划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二,划出介词短语:In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press第三,句子的结构分析:(1)主干结构是主语(Lord Irvine含同位语the Lord Chancellor)+将来时谓语(will introduce)+宾语(a draft bill);(2)that引导的定语从句修饰draft bill,其中,will propose 是第一个谓语,making paymentsto witnesses illegal是一个动名词短语做宾语,在动名词短语内部,payments to witnesses做making的宾语,illegal是宾补;第二个谓语是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的宾语。
1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.这个定理,先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出,曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难,包括一位法国女科学家,她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展,她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。
简析:夹杂过去分词短语,现在分词短语,动名词及两个定语从句。
2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.由于因特网的使用,计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的,然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你,当引进电子邮件后,打印机就开始超时工作。
难句在考研阅读、完型填空与翻译中得出现频率很高,无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂,它都由一些基本得成分组成得。
从结构来说,英语句子中,除了谓语之外,其它得成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。
从句子本身就就是一个完整得句子,因此,从句与从句之间得关系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列,平行。
从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句与同位语从句;②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说得定语从句;③状语从句。
非谓语动词可以有自己得时态与语态(过去分词除外),也可以跟自己得逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分,构成一个非谓语动词结构。
由于非谓语动词与从句得这些特点,ﻫﻫ英语长句得分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。
使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。
ﻫﻫ1) 划出句子中得定语从句与状语从句;ﻫ2)划出所有介词短语(位于be动词后得除外);ﻫ3)名词性从句瞧作一个整体,找出句中所有得谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语与从句得4)非谓语动词结构瞧作一个整体;ﻫ引导词;ﻫﻫ6)分析从句得结构与非谓语动词得5)找出全句得主语、谓语与宾语,即句子得主干;ﻫﻫ内部结构。
ﻫﻫ长难句分析得步骤举例:经典例题(2001年考研完型填空第二段)In asignificanttighteningof legal controlsover the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor,will introduce adraftbill thatwill propose m aking payments towitnesses illegaland will strictlycontroltheamou ntofpublicitythat can be givento a casebefore atrial begin s、分析:第一,划出定语从句与状语从句: that willproposemaking payments to witnes sesillegaland will strictlycontrol theamount of publicity/that can begiven to a case/before a trial begins、ﻫ第二,划出介词短语:In asignificanttightening of legal controlsover thepress第三,句子得结构分析:ﻫ(1)主干结构就就是主语(LordIrvine含同位语the Lord Chancellor)+将来时谓语(will introduce)+宾语(adraft bill);ﻫ(2)that引导得定语从句修饰draft bill,其中,will propose就就是第一个谓语,making payments to witnesses illegal就就是一个动名词短语做宾语,在动名词短语内部,payments to witnesses做making得宾语,illegal就就是宾补;第二个谓语就就是will strictly control, the amount ofpublicity就就是它得宾语。
难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高,无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂,它都由一些基本的成分组成的。
从结构来说,英语句子中,除了谓语之外,其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。
从句子本身是一个完整的句子,因此,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列,平行。
从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。
非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外),也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分,构成一个非谓语动词结构。
由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点,使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。
英语长句的分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。
1)划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;2)划出所有介词短语(位于be动词后的除外);3)名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;4)非谓语动词结构看作一个整体;5)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干;6)分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。
长难句分析的步骤举例:经典例题(2001年考研完型填空第二段)In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.分析:第一,划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二,划出介词短语:In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press第三,句子的结构分析:(1)主干结构是主语(Lord Irvine含同位语the Lord Chancellor)+将来时谓语(will introduce)+宾语(a draft bill);(2)that引导的定语从句修饰draft bill,其中,will propose 是第一个谓语,making payments to witnesses illegal是一个动名词短语做宾语,在动名词短语内部,payments to witnesses做making的宾语,illegal是宾补;第二个谓语是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的宾语。
that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一个时间状语从句(before a trial begins)的定语从句,修饰publicity。
请大家按照上述步骤认真分解以下70个句子,并把分解后的句子读熟甚至背过,则基本上可以解决考研长难句问题。
1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.结构分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true…。
since引导原因状语从句。
此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰the high-energy American fashion。
在定语从句中,that做主语,makes做谓语,it做形式宾语,不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语(不定式短语内部to combine是主干,few farmers是宾语,with high yields是状语),possible做宾语补足语。
this指代前句中提到的这种困境。
energy pinch译为“能源的匮乏”;in…fashi on译为“用…方法、方式”。
译文:这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏,高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter,we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.结构分析:句子的主干是we must be sure…。
since引导原因状语从句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。
主句中又有that引导的宾语从句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。
此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词with+which引导的定语从句with which we are comparing our subjects修饰先行词the scale。
scale在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准”。
译文:既然对智力的评估相比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。
3. In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.结构分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。
and 连接两个并列分句,每个并列分句中皆有一个when引导的时间状语从句分别说明work most effectively和and(work)least effectively。
第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句what…predicted。
the tests是主句的主语,work为动词做谓语。
qualities在此处是可数名词,不译为“质量”,而译为“特征”。
defined不能直译为“被定义为”,而应译为主动语态“界定”。
译文:一般来说,当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时,测试最为有效;而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时,测试效果最差。
4. For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.结构分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate…,and thus do not tell how…。
and连接两个并列分句,第二个并列分句中由how引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句,其中had he grown up…(=If he had grown up…)是省略了连词if的非真实条件句。
主句主语的they,在此代指上文提到的tests; able在句中作might have been的表语。
underprivileged 在此不能译为“没有特权的”,而译为“没有地位的”或“物质条件差的”。
译文:例如,测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境中成长的话,会有多大才干。
5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.结构分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that…。
冒号后的复合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。
复合句中that引导宾语从句,从句中有either…or…引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语,修饰动词be treated,其中第一个with 介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句humans extend to other humans,修饰the consideration。
it代指上文的观点,即如果对人权没有达成一致看法,而谈论动物的权利是徒劳的。
介词短语at the outset译为“从一开始”。
动词invites应转译为“使”、“让”或“促使”。
动宾结构extend consideration to意为“给予关怀或关心”,consideration不应译为“考虑”。
译文:这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
6. But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.结构分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that…。