生化 翻译

生化名解简答1、pasteur effect(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)巴斯德效应在厌氧条件下，向高速发酵的酵母中通入氧，则葡萄糖消耗锐减，厌氧酵解积累的乳酸也迅速消失，这种现象称之为巴斯德效应2、glycolysis(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)糖酵解指葡萄糖或糖原在缺氧情况下（或氧气不足条件下）经过一系列反应分为乳酸和少量ATP的过程。

3、glycolytic pathway(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)糖酵解途径指糖原或葡萄糖分子分解至生成丙酮酸的阶段，使体内糖代谢最主要的途径。

231、tricarboxylic acid cycle(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)三羧酸循环简称TCA循环，是由四碳原子的草酰乙酸与二碳原子的乙酰CoA缩合生成具有三个羧酸的柠檬酸开始，经过一系列脱氢和脱羧反应又以草酰乙酸的再生成结束。

由于循环中首先生成含有三个羧基的柠檬酸，故被称为三羧酸循环或柠檬酸循环。

每循环一次，一分子乙酸被彻底氧化为等当量的CO2和H2O，并生成12分子ATP。

241、biological oxidation(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)生物氧化指有机物质在生物体内氧化分解的过程。

其在酶促作用下，逐步地分解有机物为CO2及H2O，同时吸收氧并伴随释放能量的过程。

2、uncouplersa(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)解偶联剂是指不抑制呼吸链上的电子传递体，但抑制ATP合成的物质如2，4-二硝基苯酚，这种物质呈脂溶性，能透过线粒体内膜，激昂膜外质子转移至膜内，消除质子浓度梯度，破坏ATP合成的条件。

25 1、gluconeogensis(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)糖异生指非糖物质（如丙酮酸、乳酸、甘油、生糖氨基酸等）转变为葡萄糖或糖原的过程。

机体只有在肝肾能通过糖异生补充血糖。

2、pentose phosphate pathway(请先翻译为中文，后作解释)磷酸戊糖途径指机体某些组织（如肝、脂肪组织等）以6-磷酸葡萄糖为起始物在6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶催化下形成6-磷酸葡萄糖进而代谢生成磷酸戊糖为中间代谢物的过程，又称为磷酸己糖旁路。

氨基酸：aa 或AA丙氨酸：Ala 、A天冬酰胺：Asn 、N天冬氨酸：Asp 、D谷氨酸：Glu 、E甘氨酸：Gly、G组氨酸：His 、H异亮氨酸：Ile 、I赖氨酸：Lys 、K甲硫氨酸：Met 、M脯氨酸：Pro 、P丝氨酸：Ser 、S色氨酸：Trp 、W酪氨酸：Tyr 、Y 等电：pI高效液相层析：HPLC二硫苏糖醇：DTT二硝基氟苯：( DNFB)磺酰氯：( DNS) 苯异硫氰酸：( PITC)肌红蛋白：Mb氧合肌红蛋白：MbO2蛋白质与蛋白质：Western DNA 与DNA：Southern 杂交十二烷基硫酸钠：(SDS)聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳：(焦磷酸硫胺素( TPP) 黄素单核苷酸( FMN)烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸( NAD) 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸酸吡哆醛( PLP) 四氢叶酸(THF)转移RNA：( tRNA)核糖体RNA：(rRNA)核内不均一RNA: ( HnRNA 成熟RNA前体精氨酸：Arg、R半胱氨酸：Cys 、 C谷氨酰胺：Gln 、Q亮氨酸：Leu 、L2,3-苯丙氨酸：Phe 、F苏氨酸：Thr、T 颉氨酸：Val 、V胰蛋白酶：Tryp 二磷酸甘油酸：( BPG) 丹DNA核磁共振：( NMR) 血红蛋白：Hb与RNA: Northern 杂交PAGE乳酸脱氢酶( LDH)NADP)黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸( FAD) 辅酶( COA) 磷焦碳酸二乙酯( DEPC)信使RNA：(mRNA)二氢尿嘧啶环：( DHU) 溴化乙锭：( EtBr )磷酸肌醇：(IP 3)二酰甘油：(DAG)磷脂酰肌醇4，5-二磷酸：PIP2钙调蛋白：CaM环腺苷酸：cAMP核糖核酸酶：RNase脱氧核糖核酸酶:DNase核蛋白( DNP) 磷酸果糖激酶(PFK) 3-磷酸甘油醛(GAP二羟丙酮磷酸(DHAP糖酵解( EMP)戊糖磷酸途径( PPP) 磷酸烯醇丙酮酸( PEP) 尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖(UDPG)谷丙转氨酶( GPT) 氨甲酰磷酸合酶I(CPSI) DNA 复制( DDDP)DNA转录(DDRP 逆转录( RDDP) RNA 复制( RDRP)cAMP 环腺苷酸HGP 人类基因组计划m GpppN 7-甲基鸟嘌呤- 三磷酸核苷CBP 帽结合蛋DHU FMN 黄素单核苷酸FAD CK 肌酸激酶PCR G-6-P 6- 磷酸葡萄糖PEK-1 6- 双氢尿嘧啶黄素腺嘌呤核苷酸聚合酶链反应磷酸果糖激酶-1TAC 三羧酸循环(TCA循环) GSH 谷胱甘肽UDPGZ尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸PKA蛋白激酶A“假尿嘧啶核苷LDH 乳酸脱氢酶FBP-2 果糖二磷酸酶-2PEP 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸UDPG 尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖FA 脂肪酸FFA 游离脂肪酸PA 磷脂酸IP 3 三磷酸肌醇MVA甲羟戊酸CEFe-S 铁硫中心CoQ 胆固醇酯LRP LDL辅酶Q (泛醌)受体相关蛋白Cyt细胞色素OSCP寡霉素敏感蛋白DNP二硝基苯酚mtDNA 线粒体DNA CP磷酸肌酸ROS反应活性氧类（自由基）SOD超氧物歧化酶GPT谷丙转氨酶ALT丙氨酸转氨酶GOT谷草转氨酶AST天冬氨酸转氨酶IMP次黄嘌呤核苷酸CPS-I氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶I AGA N- 乙酰谷氨酸OCT鸟氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶5-HT5- 羟色FH 4四氢叶酸SAM S-腺苷甲硫氨酸NOS一氧化氮合酶HGPRT次黄嘌呤- 鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶PRPP 磷酸核糖焦磷酸6MP6- 巯基嘌呤MTX甲氨蝶呤5-FU 5-氟尿嘧啶FUTP三磷酸氟尿嘧啶核 E.coli大肠杆菌dNTP脱氢三磷酸核苷（N 代表任一碱基）DNA-pol DNA 聚合酶SSB单链DNA吉合蛋白HDP螺旋反稳定蛋白RF复制因子/ 释放因子PCNA增殖细胞核抗原CDK细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶hTRT端粒酶逆转录酶TT胸苷酸二聚体CTP羧基末端结合域PIC转录起始前复合物TPB TATA- 吉合蛋白EF 延长因子fMet N-甲酰甲硫氨酸THFA N 10- 甲酰四氢叶酸RBS核糖体吉合位点PAB/PABP poly A 吉合蛋白TF触发因子HSP热休克蛋白SRP信号肽识别颗粒IFN干扰素AFP编码甲胎蛋白CAP分解物基因激活蛋白EBP增强子吉合蛋白RNP核糖体复合物eIF翻译起始因子RBP RNA 吉合蛋白dsRNA双链RNAIS插入序列bp碱基对YAC人工染色体载体cDNA逆转录DNPDE磷酸二酯酶PLC磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶CDAG 二酯酰甘油CaM钙调蛋白PP蛋白磷酸酶HRE激素反应元件GPCR G蛋白偶联型受体PTK酪氨酸激酶欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。

All Umbrella staff must wear their identity tags at all times. 保护伞公♥司♥全体职员必须时刻佩戴身份卡All radiation badges will be collected at 5pm.所有放射检测徽章在下午五时收回Thank you!谢谢!God! Morning.老天!Some people.被人搞的Yeah.是Don't show this to me. Why not?别给我看这个干嘛不看?Because I’m busy.因为我很忙It’s nothing. Fire drill.没什么火警演习What is that?怎么回事?Fire drill.火警演习Shit! Hey what the hell's going on?妈的究竟是怎么回事?Get the computers covered! Move it! I’m trying!把电脑盖住! 移开它! 我正在干!The experiments! Move them!实验品! 移开它们!Be quiet! Hey!安静!Shouldn't the er...doors open or something?门不是应该打得开的吗?It’s supposed to take us to the nearest floor.它应该带我们去最近的楼层Hello?有人吗?Hello? What's happening?怎么回事?Line's dead.线路不通What's the problem? The doors won't open!出什么问题? 门打不开What about the ones at the back? Locked as well.后面那些门呢? 也锁住了There's no fire here! No fire!这里没火灾! 没火灾!The code doesn't work! There's no fire here!密♥码♥不起作用没火灾!What's wrong with you? The door won't open!你怎么了? 门打不开!This water isn't going anywhere! What?这些水流不出去! 什么?It’s a sealed room! Help me with the doors!这是密封的房♥间帮我开门!Oh fuck the doors!去他妈的门!We have to get out of here.我们一定要离开这里W...what's going on?发生什么事了?Has this happened before? We have to get out of here. 以前发生过吗? 我们一定要离开这里We have to get out of here! Take it easy.我们一定要离开这里! 放松些You take it easy! Quiet!你去放松! 安静!Quiet.安静What is that?那是什么?Oh my God.天哪Halon!灭火剂Stop it!停下!Stop it!停下!Stop!停下!Let me see.让我看看We have to get out of here. We have to get out of this building! 我们一定要离开这里我们必须离开这幢大楼Here gimme a hand.这里帮我一下This is as far as they'll go. They're caught on something!只能这样了被卡住了It’s wide enough. I can squeeze through...够宽了我可以挤出去...I’ll get help.找帮手I’m stuck!我被卡住了You're gonna have to push!你们推一把That's it! A bit more!就这样! 再来一下!What was that?那是什么?Oh Christ! It’s the brakes! Quick get out!上帝制动器! 出去!I can't move! We have to get out of here!我动不了! 我们必须离开这里!Oh my God.我的天Push her out of the way! Pull me back inside!推她出去! 拉我进去!Oh my God!我的天啊!Pull me back in...拉我进...Hello?有人吗?Hello?有人吗?Who are you? Move!你是谁? 快走!Don't touch me!别碰我!Stop! Get away from me!住手! 离我远点!What are you doing? I’m a cop!你们在干嘛? 我是警♥察♥!I told you I’m a cop!告诉你了我是警♥察♥!You're breaking my arm!你要把我胳膊拧断了!Report.报告Report now.现在报告What?什么?I want your report Soldier.我要你的报告士兵I don't know what you're talking about.我不知道你在说什么Sir the house's primary defenses have been activated.长官房♥子的首选防御系统已经激活She's probably still suffering the side effects.她可能还在受到副作用影响What are you doing with us? What about the cop?你们要对我们干嘛? 那个警♥察♥怎么了? Matthew Addison. I’m not getting a match.马修安德森我没在玩比赛Who are you?你是谁?I just trained for it! They probably don't even have me on file yet! 我刚受训他们也许还没给我建档The locals aren't efficient. It’s possible.当地人办事效率低有可能Should I secure him here?要我把他关在这里吗?No. We take him with us.不他跟我们走You can't do this!你们不能这样做!Blow me.妈的!Hey! Prep for entry to the Hive.准备进入蜂巢Power's down.没有电力So fix it. I’m on it.修好它我去修Are you done yet?修好了吗?Jumpy!神经过敏Stand clear.站开!You got a problem?你有问题吗?How's that door? It’s sealed shut.那扇门怎么了? 被封死了Let me.让我来Jumpy.神经过敏?Lie still.躺着别动Lie still!躺着别动!Watch this light.看着这道光Follow it.眼跟着转动How many fingers am I holding up?我现在举起几根手指?Three. Good.三根很好Now tell me your name.告诉我你的名字I...我...I dunno. He’s fine.我不知道他没事Memory loss just like the other one.失忆了就像那个人一样Goddamn.见鬼Let's open that door.打开那扇门Listen to me. I wanna know who you people are and what's going on here.听着我想知道你们是谁这里发生了什么事Now.现在You and I have the same employer.你我受雇于同一个老板We all work for the Umbrella Corporation.我们都为保护伞公♥司♥工作The mansion above us is an emergency entrance to the Hive.我们上面的大楼是通往蜂巢的紧急入口You are security operatives placed there to protect that entrance. 你们是守护入口的保安员What about this?这如何解释?Your marriage is a fake.你的婚姻是假的Just part of your cover to protect the secrecy of the Hive.只是保住蜂巢机密的掩饰And what is the Hive?蜂巢是什么?Show them.给他们看看Accessing schematic of the Hive.蜂巢路线图Raccoon City nearest urban centre.浣熊市最近的市中心The mansion where we found you...这是我们发现你们的地方and through which we gained access to the train...通过那里我们进入列车which in turn brought us to the Hive.然后列车带我们来到蜂巢The Hive itself is located underground...蜂巢本身位于地下...deep beneath the streets of Raccoon City.浣熊市街面的地底深处A top secret research facility owned by the Umbrella Corporation... 一个高度机密的研究机构由保护伞公♥司♥拥有it houses over 500 technicians scientists and support staff.蜂巢内有五百多名技术员科学家以及支援人员They live and work underground.他们在地下生活工作Their research is of the highest importance.他们的研究极其重要Its nature is...classified.研究性质属于机密Our position on the map is indicated by heat signature.我们在地图上的位置由热点显示Why can't I remember anything?我为何什么都想不起来?The Hive has its own defence mechanisms all computer controlled. 蜂巢有其自身的防御机制都由电脑控制A nerve gas was released into the house.房♥子内排放出了神经毒气Primary effect of the gas...毒气的主要作用是complete unconsciousness lasting anything up to four hours.吸入者持续四小时完全昏迷Secondary effects are varied but can include acute memory loss.并有多种副作用包括严重失忆For how long? Subjective.要多久? 因人而异An hour day week.一小时一天一星期So you're saying this place was attacked?那么你是说这里遭受了攻击?I’m afraid things are a little plicated than that.恐怕比这还复杂Sir!长官We've breached the Hive.我们已侵入蜂巢J D.杰迪Got it.行了Halon content has dissipated.灭火剂已经耗尽Makes it easier to work underground thinking there's a view.地下工作应会更容易想必有得一看It looks like we're taking the stairs.看来我们要走楼梯Status.情况如何Red Queen has logged onto us. She knows that we're here.红后已将我们锁定她知道我们在这里Who's the Red Queen?谁是红后?State of the art artificial intelligence.顶尖的人工智能系统She is the computer that controls the Hive.她是控制蜂巢的电脑This is gonna slow us down.这将会延缓我们行动Our route to the Queen takes us straight through these labs.去红后的路线需要直接穿过这些实验室Rain J D see how bad the flooding is.蕾杰迪查看一下溢水有多糟Kaplan find us an alternate route.卡普兰再去找条通路What happened here?这里怎么了?Five hours ago Red Queen went homicidal killed everyone down here. 五小时前红后杀了这里所有的人Jesus. We realized what was happening...天哪当我们意识到所发生的一切and my team was dispatched to shut her down.我的小队就被派来关闭她Why did she do it? That we don't know.她为什么要这样做? 我们也不知道But outside interference is a possibility.但有可能是外部干扰Oh Jesus!天啊!Hey you OK?你没事吧?Here. Please come on. No listen I’m fine.拿着不我没事It’s cold in here.这里很冷Are you...你...Do you remember anything...你记得起什么事吗...from...before...this?在这之前?No.不No.不Nothing before the train.列车之前都不记得And you?你呢?No.不Nothing.什么也想不起来I found an alternate route but it's gonna cost us time.我找到另外一条路但有点费时We double back cut through Dining Hall B then we're right on track. 我们绕回去抄近路穿过B餐厅然后就一路直达Sir.长官No go the whole level is flooded.此路不通整层楼全淹了All right. We're behind schedule.好了我们已落后于预定计划So let's move it!快点行动Come on.走吧Poor bastards.可怜虫Kaplan. Dining Hall B.B餐厅That's what it says on the map.地图上是这么说的Maybe you're reading it wrong.也许你看错了Maybe the Corporation's keeping a few secrets down here...也许公♥司♥在这里留了些秘密something you're not supposed to see.有些你不该看到的东西J D?杰迪You and Rain keep the prisoner here and secure the exit. 你和蕾在这里看着犯人同时守住出口Sir halon levels are nonexistent in this room.长官这个房♥间没有喷过灭火剂I think the system malfunctioned.我想是系统故障All right. There may be survivors.好吧也许有幸存者Gimme a search line but keep it tight.搜索队形保持紧凑Move it.行动I said keep it tight.我说了跟紧点Sorry.对不起I’m not sure I wanna remember what went on down here.我不确定我能记起这里发生的事I don't blame you.我没怪你What the hell do they keep in these things?他们在这放的是什么东西?How do I know?我怎么知道?What's taking so long? Red Queen's defenses are in place. 怎么要那么久? 红后的防御很到位She's making it difficult.她正在加强防御Let's pack it up.把它包起来You stay here.你留在这里The lights are automated. Nothing to worry about.自动灯光不用担心Transmitter in position. Roger.传送器就位收到Trying a bypass.正在解码Checkmate.搞定前进What is that?那是什么?That's gonna shut the Queen down.那是用来关闭红后的Delivers a huge electrical charge...它能释放出强大电荷scrambles the mainframe and forces it to reboot.搅乱主机并使它重新启动Kaplan?卡普兰Kaplan!卡普兰Some kind of dormant defence mechanism.像是某种休眠防御机制We must have tripped it. Put it back to sleep.开门触发了它让它返回休眠状态Working on it.正在干Would you open that door please? I’m trying.现在你可以开门了吗? 我在试Hold your positions everyone. Stay calm.呆在原地大家镇静What's that?那是什么?Help them quick!帮帮他们快点!Kaplan you gotta hurry! Come on!卡普兰你得快些! 快啊!Down! Get down!卧倒! 快卧倒!Something's killing them in there! Jeez come on man. Hurry up! 有东西要杀他们! 天啊! 快点!Medic! Medic!医务兵! 医务兵!Open the door! Open this door!开门! 开门!Yeah I am trying! Stay conscious. You're in shock.我在试保持清醒你要休克了Stay awake!I am almost there. Sir! It’s coming back!就快成功了长官! 它又回来了!Open the door! I’m trying!开门! 我在试!Well try harder! It’s coming back!好吧再加把劲! 它又回来了!Oh God.噢天啊!Just do it! I’m almost there.就那样做! 就快成功了Come on!快啊!Shit. Got it.妈的! 成了All right.好吧Let's do it.让我们来干Do what? We...have to complete the mission.干什么? 我们必须完成任务There's no way I’m going down there.我绝不去那里Her defences are down.她的防御崩溃了DJ Wu anyone?杰迪吴还有人吗?Keep going.继续前进Here give me a hand with this.帮我弄一下这个Get out get out you can't be in here.出去! 出去! 你们不能呆在这里Don't listen. She's a holographic representation of the Red Queen. 别听她说的话她是红后的全息像You have to get out.你们必须出去!Modelled on the programmer's daughter.模仿开♥发♥员的女儿塑造She'll deceive us confuse us. I wouldn't advise this.她会蒙蔽迷惑我们我不建议这样做Disabling me will result in loss of primary power.关闭我会导致失去主电源She'll say anything to stop us from shutting her down.她会尽力阻止我们关闭她I implore you.我恳求你们Implore away. Please?求你让开求你们了Please?求你们了You're all going to die down here.你们都会死在这里The pulse forces the circuit breaker to shut down her mainframe. 那个脉冲波会强制断路器关闭她After 30 seconds if I don't have her boards she can reboot.三十秒之后如果不取走她的主板她就会重新启动They're late.他们迟到了I’m on it.我去看看J D we got a survivor!杰迪我们找到一个幸存者It’s OK we're here to help.没事了我们是来这里救人的You seem to be in some sort of...你好像伤得很重...Get off me!滚开!Get off me!滚开!J D get her off me before I stab her ass!杰迪在我捅她屁♥股♥前把她弄开Are you OK?你没事吧?Jesus...She bit me man! She took a chunk clean right out of me! 她咬我老兄她咬掉了我一大块肉Stay back.退后I’m warning you stay down!我警告你趴下!She's crazy.她疯了Come any closer and I’ll fire.再靠近我我就开枪了I mean it!我说真的!Damn it去你♥妈♥的♥I shot her five times.我打了她五枪How was she still standing? Bitch isn't standing now.她怎么还站着? 婊♥子♥ 现在站不住了What was all the shooting?怎么会开枪的?We found a survivor.我们发现了一个幸存者And you shot him?你向他开枪?She was crazed. She bit me.她疯了她咬我She's gone. She's gone!她不见了她不见了!That's bullshit!胡说!She fell right here but she's gone!她就倒在这里但不见了!Look look at this.看看看这个There's blood but...it's not much.有血但不多Looks like it's coagulated.好像早就凝结了Yeah. It’s not possib le.是这不可能Why not?何以见得?Because blood doesn't do that till after you're dead.因为死前血是不会凝结的Can we go now?现在可以走了吗?We're not going anywhere till the rest of the team get here. 在其它队员没到之前我们哪里也不去There's no one else coming.没人会来了What the fuck are you talking about?你究竟在说什么?Wait!等等Quiet.安静Fuck!靠!Don't come any closer!别再过来!They're behind us! Jesus!他们在我们后面天哪!They're everywhere.他们到处都是Guys they're everywhere they're all around us.他们到处都是我们被包围了I said stay back!我说了退后!Why aren't they dying?他们怎么不死?Watch the tanks!小心实验槽!The tanks!实验槽!Let's go. Hurry up!走! 快点!OK come on let's go move! Come on!来啊快走! 快走! 快!Move.走!I can help you get the virus.我能帮你拿到病毒I have access to security codes surveillance plans the works. 我知道安全密♥码♥ 监视系统的布置及工程Shit!妈的!We lost the others! Keep moving!我们和其他人分散了! 快走!Have you waited? Didn't know the code.还等什么? 不知道密♥码♥Come on come on.快快Shit! Come on.妈的快点Hurry up.快快点Come on man. Shit!快啊老兄妈的!What's tak ing so long? I’m trying!怎么要那么久? 我在试!Come on!来吧Move! What's the code?走! 密♥码♥是什么? 快点!Hurry up I’m running outta ammo! 0 4 3 2...No fuck!我子弹快用完了! 0 4 3 2... 不What? 0 4 3...什么? 0 4 3...What is the code? 0 4...密♥码♥是什么? 0 4...Got it? See how easy that was?行了看有多简单Shit! J D! No!妈的! 杰迪不!Grab my hand man!抓住我的手老兄! 快!Don't let go!别松手!No J D!不杰迪!Rain!蕾!No!不Where are the bodies? Where did they go? Oh fuck!尸体呢? 尸体去了哪里? 妈的!Whatever they are there's too many of them out there. 不管他们是什么他们实在太多了Whatever they are? It’s pretty obvious what they are!不管是什么? 很明显就是他们Lab coats badges...Those people used to work here!实验外套徽章这些人以前就在这里工作!All the people working here are dead.所有工作人员都死了It isn't stopping them walking around.那阻止不了他们四处游荡Well where did they come from? Why didn't we see them on the way in? 他们哪里来的? 怎么没看到他们进来?When you cut the power you unlocked the doors. You let them out.你切断电源的同时也解除了门锁你让他们出来的We're never gonna make it to the surface.我们没希望回到地面了You are security operatives...security operatives...你是保安员...placed there to protect that entrance.被安排在这守护入口...Lisa.丽萨I’ve got one in the breech... and an extra mag.我的枪上了子弹只剩一个弹夹了Lisa...丽萨?I can help you get the virus.我可以帮你拿到病毒I have access to security codes surveillance plans the works.我已可以使用保安密♥码♥和监视系统这能行But?但?But there's gonna be a price. Name it.但这要付出一定的代价说吧Who is she? My sister.她是谁? 我的妹妹Corporations...保护伞公♥司♥...Like Umbrella... thinks they're above the law.那些机构自以为可以无法无天But they're not.可我们不容许There are hundreds of thousands of us who think the same...有成百上千志同道合的人...all over the world.遍布全球Some of us provide information.有些人提供情报Others give their support.其他人给予支援Some take more direct action.有些人直接参与行动Like you.就像你If your friends had been a little more thorough...如果你朋友查得再彻底点...they would have seen right through my false ID.他们会发现我是个冒牌警♥察♥ Then all the red flags would have gone off.到处都有我的不良记录Quantico NSA VICAP all the rest.海军军情处国安局暴行逮捕办都有我的案底There's no way I could have infiltrated the Hive.我绝无可能混进蜂巢来So you sent your sister.所以你让你妹妹来We needed something concrete.我们需要一些实质的证据Anything to expose Umbrella to the press.任何可以揭露这个公♥司♥的证据Proof of the research that was going on down here. 就是这下面正在进行的研究What kind of research?哪方面的研究?The illegal kind.非法研究Genetic.基因方面的Viral.病毒性的My sister was gonna smuggle out...我妹妹要偷运出...a sample of the virus they were developing.他们正在研制的病毒样本So how...how was she gonna make it out of here? 她怎样偷运出去?She had a contact...within the Hive someone I never met.她在蜂巢里有线人我不知道是谁They had access to security codes surveillance everything she needed. 他们可以提供安全密♥码♥ 保安资料她所需要的一切So why didn't she make it?那为什么她失败了?Maybe she trusted the wrong person.可能她看错了人Maybe they set her up...也可能被出♥卖♥♥♥了kept the virus for themselves.那人把病毒据为己有Do you know how much the T virus would be worth on the open market? 你知道在黑市上T病毒可以卖♥♥多少钱吗?What worth all this?什么值得搞成这样!Yeah. To someone.是的对某些人来说是的Don't shoot! Don't shoot!不要开枪! 不要开枪!Close that door! They're right behind us!关上门! 它们就在后面!Get off! Get off!放开! 放开!Son of a bitch!狗♥娘♥养♥的!You OK?你还好吧?Yeah.是的Right behind us. What about this door?就在我们后面那这门怎么样?They're waiting out there too! And that way?它们就在哪里等着我们那条路呢?It’s a dead end. There's no way out of the Queen's chamber.这次完了女皇的主机房♥没有出口So we wait.我们只能等了Someone doesn't hear from you they send backup or something? Right? 如果他们没你的消息就会派后援或别的什么来的对吗?What? What's wrong?什么? 有什么不对吗?We don't have much time.我们没有时间了You know those blast doors we passed on the way in from the mansion? 你记得那些防爆门吗? 从入口来这的路上They seal shut in just under an hour.在一小时内都会锁死If we're not out of here by then we're not getting out.如果我们在那之前不出去的话就别想出去了What are you talking about? They can't just bury us alive down here.你在说什么? 他们不能把我们埋在这里Containing the incident is the only fail safe plan they had...意外事故隔离是用来对付污染泄漏的...against possible contamination.唯一的保险措施You tell us this now...当我们困在离地面半里深的地方...when we're trapped half a fucking mile underground?你才告诉我们这些We have to find a way out of this room.我们必须找到办法离开What are you doing?你在干什么?Where are you taking those? I’m turning her back on.你要拿那些东西去哪? 我要重启女皇That is not a good idea. She'll know a way out of here.这不是个好主意她知道怎么离开这里That homicidal bitch killed my team.那个嗜血的婊♥子♥杀了我的队友That homicidal bitch may be our only way out of here.那个嗜血的婊♥子♥可能是我们离开这儿的唯一方法I’m sure she's gonna be real happy to help us out!?你认为她会乐意帮助我们!?That circuit breaker you were talking about can you bypass it?你刚说的那个断路器你能解开它吗?Yeah. So do it.可以啊那就快做The circuit breaker's disabled.断路器终止了This time if I hit the switch she won't be able to shut down.这次假如我按这钮的话她就再也关不上了She's gonna fry.就等她被烧焦吧Kaplan?卡普兰?The charge must have damaged her boards.启动电压可能会把电路板烧毁的Ah there you are.原来你们在这Things I gather have gone out of control.我收集的东西已经失控了Gimme that fucking switch right now! I’m gonna fry your ass!快把那控制钮给我我要把你屁♥股♥给烧了I did warn you didn't I?我不是警告过你了吗?Tell us what's going on down here.下面发生什么事了?Research and development. What about the T virus?研究和开♥发♥ 那T病毒是什么?The T virus was a major medical breakthrough...T病毒是医药科学上的一大突破although it clearly also possessed profitable military applications. 在军事应用上具有巨大的价值How does it explain those things out there?那这又跟外面那些东西扯上什么关系?Even in death the human body still remains active.人就算死了但他们的躯体仍活着Hair and fingernails continue to grow.头发和指甲继续生长New cells are produced...新细胞还在产生...and the brain itself holds a small electrical charge...而大脑仍保持微量电荷运转that takes months to dissipate.直到几个月后才消失The T virus provides a huge jolt...T病毒可以产生巨大震动波both to cellular growth and to those trace electrical impulses.来保持细胞生长以及提供追踪电脉冲能量Put quite simply it reanimates the body.简单来说它令死尸复活It brings the dead back to life?死而复生?Not fully.并不是完全The subjects have the simplest of motor functions...它们只拥最简单的活动能力perhaps a little memory and virtually no intelligence.可能还有少许的记忆但几乎没有智力They are driven by the basest of impulses the most basic of needs.它们被最基本的神经冲动和需求驱使Which is?什么需求?The need to feed.满足食欲How do you kill them?怎么能够杀了它们?Severing the top of the spinal column or massive trauma to the brain... 切断脊椎顶端或重创大脑...are the most effective methods.是最有效的方法You mean shoot them in the head? Why did you kill everybody here? 你意思就是说打它们的头你为什么把这里的人都杀了?The T virus escaped into the air conditioning system...T病毒已经侵入了空调通风系统...and an uncontrolled pattern of infection began.病毒已经扩散开了无法控制The virus is protean...病毒已经变异...changing from liquid to airborne to blood transmission...由液体传播变为空气传播现在是随着血液传染了depending on its environment.可以随环境而变化It’s almost impossible to kill.几乎难以消灭I couldn't allow it to escape from the Hive...我不能让它从蜂巢里面扩散出来so I took steps.所以我采取了措施Steps? You must understand...措施你一定要知道...Those who become infected I can't allow you to leave.被感染的人我决不能让你们离开Whoa. We're...we're not infected. Just one bite...我们又没被感染只要被咬一口...one scratch from these creatures is sufficient.一个抓伤就足以让你感染And then you become one of them.然后你就变得和它们一样A check of my systems...我检查到...indicates my main drive circuit breaker has been disabled.我系统中的一个断路器被关掉了May I ask why?这是为什么呢?Insurance. We need a way out of here.以防万一我们需要离开这里的方法If you refuse to help we flick the switch. Understand?假如你拒绝帮忙的话我们就关上它知道吗?After you.你先What the hell is this place? The utility tunnels.这是什么鬼地方? 水电管隧♥道♥They run underneath the Hive for water gas and power lines. 就在蜂巢下面水煤气和电线都在这儿Been in here before.它们来过这Keep moving! Going round in circles.快走吧我们在绕圈圈吧?The computer gave us this route. Why are you listening to her? 电脑是这样显示的你怎么还听她的?Enough already! We have no choice but to keep moving...够了吧! 我们除了前进别无选择cause those things are behind us.那些东西就在我们后面That mesh won't hold. Keep move...那网子根本挡不住他们快走吧Jesus Christ! Hold it!天啊! 停下来!There's too many of them!它们太多了Jesus! Fuck!天啊! 妈的!Up on the pipes.快爬到管子上Up on the pipes!快爬到管子上!Quickly everyone up on the pipes!快! 都到管子上去!Come on there's a way up!快来从这上来Watch out! Keep them back!小心! 拖住它们!Go on up. Move it!快上去! 快啊!Shit. OK.妈的好吧Look out!小心Get over here! There's too many!来这儿! 它们太多了!Go go go!来啊! 走快走!Go on!走啊!Go go!走Kaplan go!卡普兰走Gotcha!抓到你了!J D?杰迪?Rain?蕾?Rain.蕾?What?有事吗?We have to do something about your wounds. 你的伤口要赶快治疗I’m fine.我没事I said I’m fine!我说我没事!You like that don't you huh?你喜欢吧对不对?You like the way it tastes don't you?你喜欢血的滋味对吧?Like the taste of that?喜欢那滋味?She was right.她说的对We're all gonna die down here. No.我们全要死在这儿不We're getting out.我们一定可以出去的All of us.所有的人Kaplan...卡普兰...you OK?还好吧?Kaplan!卡普兰No!不No!不Your foot! God!你的脚天啊!Hold on! Get up!坚持住! 起来!Help him!帮帮他I can't.我没办法What are you waiting for? I can't focus!你在等什么? 看不见!I can't see!我看不见!Kaplan!卡普兰!Kaplan go up! Come on Kaplan get up there! 卡普兰快上去! 快上去!You gotta keep going!继续走!Come on! Come on you can do it!来啊! 快! 你行的!Oh you got it.你做到了!Kaplan? Just stay there.卡普兰待在那!Hold on we're gonna come get you.等着我们会来接你的We need to cut this wire then we can throw it to him. 得把这线剪了扔给他Hold on!等会!That's lucky.还真走运I want you to go.你们走吧No!不We're not leaving you Kaplan! Yes you are!我们不会丢下你的卡普兰不你们一定得走No! You can't kill all of them!你杀不光它们的And I’m not going anywhere.而我也逃不了I want you to go! Now!快走吧!Please.拜托了Just do it!快走Just do it now!快走! 马上Please.求你们了Go!走!You're gonna have to work for your meal!要想吃我得费点劲Come on.来吧Gimme your arm. Up over my shoulder.把手放我肩膀上Ready? Here we go.准备好了? 来吧When I get out of here...当我离开这后...I think I’m gonna ge t laid.我想我要去做♥爱♥Yeah. You might wanna clean up a little bit first.嗯你还得先洗个澡Hey wait.嗨等等Are you OK?你还好吧?Blue for the virus green for the antivirus.蓝色是病毒绿色是抗体Blue for the virus green for the antivirus.蓝色是病毒绿色是抗体There's a cure. What are you talking about?能治好的你说什么?There's a cure.有办法治好的The process can be reversed.那过程可以逆转There's a cure!抗病毒血清!You're gonna be OK!你一定会没事的I was beginning to worry!我刚还担心了一下This is where they kept the T virus.T病毒就是放这儿的How do you know all this?你怎么会知道这么多?Because I was gonna steal it.因为我本来想偷走它的I was your sister's contact.我就是你妹妹的线人You betrayed her. I don't know.你出♥卖♥♥♥了她我不知道You caused all this. I can't remember.。

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英汉互译：1.肽：Peptide2.结构域：domain3.变性：denaturation4.碱基：base5.双螺旋：double helix6.酶：enzyme7.核酶：ribozyme8.酶原：zymogen9.同工酶：isoenzyme10.变构调节：allosteric regulation11.共价修饰调节：covalent modification12.呼吸链：respiratory chain13.氧化磷酸化：oxidative phosphorylation14.葡萄糖：glucose15.糖酵解：glycolysis16.有氧氧化：aerobic oxidation17.三羧酸循环：tricarboxylic acid cycl18.柠檬酸循环：citrate cycle19.磷酸戊糖途径：pentose phosphate pathway20.糖原：glycogen21.糖异生：gluconeogenesis22.血糖：blood sugar23.脂类：lipid24.甘油三酯：triglyceride25.磷脂：phospholipid26.胆固醇: cholesterol27.脂蛋白：lipoprotein28.脂肪酸：fatty acid29.酮体：ketone bodies30.乳糜微粒：chylomicra, CM31.极低密度脂蛋白：very low density lipoprotein, VLDL32.低密度脂蛋白：low density lipoprotein, LDL33.高密度脂蛋白：high density lipoprotein, HDL34.转氨基作用：Transamination35.关键酶：key enzyme36.半保留复制：semiconservative replication37.端粒：telomere38.逆转录酶：reverse transcriptase39.编码链：coding strand40.外显子：exon41.内含子：intron42.剪接：splicing43.启动子：promoter44.反密码子：anticodon45.信号肽：signal peptide46.翻译：translation47.遗传密码：genetic code48.生物转化：biotransformation49.胆汁酸：bile acid50.蛋白激酶：protein kinase名词解释（50个）1.结构域：指一些较大的蛋白质分子，其三级结构中具有两个或多个在空间上可明显区别的局部区域。

第一章蛋白质的结构与功能1、蛋白质protein蛋白质(protein) 是由许多氨基酸(amino acid) 通过肽键(peptide bond)相连形成的高分子含氮化合物2、氨基酸 amino acid氨基酸（amino acid）是蛋白质的基本组成单位。

3、肽键 peptide bond蛋白质分子是氨基酸通过肽键连接形成的多肽链。

一份子氨基酸的α-羧基与另一分子氨基酸的α-氨基脱水缩合形成的酰胺键（—CO—NH—）称为肽键。

4、一级结构 primary structure蛋白质分子中，从N端至C端的氨基酸排列顺序称为蛋白质的一级结构。

5、二级结构secondary structure是指蛋白质分子中某一肽链的局部空间结构，即多肽链中主链原子的相对空间排列分布，而不涉及氨基酸残基侧链的空间排布。

6、α-螺旋α-helix多肽链中的主链围绕中心轴有规律的螺旋式上升，螺旋的走向为顺时针方向，称右手螺旋。

氢键是维持α-螺旋结构稳定的主要化学键。

7、β-折叠β-pleated sheetβ-折叠呈折纸状多肽链充分伸展，各个肽单元以Cα为旋转点，依次折叠成锯齿状结构，氨基酸残基侧链交替地位于锯齿状结构的上下方。

8、三级结构 tertiary structure是指整条肽链中全部氨基酸残基的相对空间排布，即整条肽链所有原子在三维空间的排布位置。

主要靠次级键，包括氢键、离子键(盐键)、疏水作用、范德华力、二硫键等。

9、四级结构quaternary structure每一条具有完整三级结构的多肽链，称为亚基（subunit）。

各亚基之间以非共价键相互连接形成特定的三维空间构象，称为蛋白质的四级结构。

维持四级结构的作用力主要是疏水作用，也包括氢键、离子键及范德华力等。

10、变性 denaturation蛋白质在某些理化因素的作用下，空间构象受到破坏，改变理化性质，并失去其生物活性，称为蛋白质的变性。

变性涉及空间结构的改变。

肽peptide 糖异生gluconeogenesis甘油三酯triglyceride 信号肽signal peptide磷脂phospholipid 翻译translation胆固醇cholesterol 遗传密码genetic codon脂蛋白lipoprotein 生物转化biotransformation脂肪酸fatty acid 胆汁酸bile acid乳糜微粒chylomicra CM 蛋白激酶protein kinase PK酮体ketone bodies 结构域domain极低密度脂蛋白very low density lipoprotein 变性denaturation低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein 碱基base高密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein 双螺旋double helix转氨基作用transamination 酶enzyme关键酶key enzyme 核酶ribozyme半保留复制semiconservative replication 酶原zymogen端粒telomere 同工酶isoenzyme逆转录酶reverse transcriptase 变构调节allosteric编码链coding strand 共价修饰调节covalent modification 外显子exon 呼吸链respiratory chain内含子intron 氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 剪接cleavage splicing 葡萄糖glucose启动子promoter 反密码子anticodon有氧氧化aerobic oxidation 脂类lipids糖酵解glycolysis 柠檬酸循环citrate cycle三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle 糖原glycogen磷酸戊糖途径pentose phosphate pathway 血糖blood sugar生化名词解释1、结构域：指一些较大的蛋白质分子，其三级结构中具有两个或多个在空间上可明显区别的局部区域。

暗反应（dark reactions）：利用光反应生成的ATP和NADPH的化学能使CO2还原成糖或其它有机物的一系列酶促过程。

氨基酸（amino acids）:是含有一个碱性氨基和一个酸性羧基的有机化合物，氨基一般连接在α-碳上。

氨基酸是肽和蛋白质的构件分子。

氨基酸臂（amino arm）：也称之接纳茎（acceptor stem）。

tRNA分子中靠近3ˊ端的核苷酸序列和5ˊ端的序列碱基配对，形成的可接收氨基酸的臂（茎）。

氨酰-tRNA（aminoacyl-tRNA）：在氨基酸臂的3ˊ端的腺苷酸残基共价连接了氨基酸的tRNA分子。

氨酰-tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase）：催化特定氨基酸激活并共价结合在相应的tRNA分子3ˊ端的酶。

巴斯德效应（Pasteur effect）：氧存在下，酵解速度放慢的现象。

摆动（wobble）：处于密码子3ˊ端的碱基和与之互补的反密码的5ˊ端的碱基之间的碱基配对有一定的宽容性，即处于反密码的5ˊ端的碱基（也称之摆动位置），例如I可以与密码子上3ˊ端的U、C和A配对。

由于存在摆动现象所以使得一个tRNA反密码子可以和一个以上的mRNA密码子结合。

半保留复制（semiconservative replication）：DNA复制的一种方式。

每条链都可用作合成互补链的模板，合成出两分子的双链DNA，每个分子都是由一条亲代链和一条新合成的链组成。

伴娘蛋白（chaperone）：与一种新合成的多肽链形成复合物并协助它正确折叠成具有生物功能构象的蛋白质。

伴娘蛋白可以防止不正确折叠中间体的形成和没有组装的蛋白亚基的不正确的聚集，协助多肽链跨膜转运以及大的多亚基蛋白质的组装和解体。

半乳糖血症（galactosemia）：人类的一种基因型遗传代谢缺陷，特点是由于缺乏1-磷酸半乳糖尿苷酰转移酶导致婴儿不能代谢奶汁中乳糖分解生成的半乳糖。

胞吐（作用）（exocytosis）：确定要分泌的物质被包裹在脂囊泡内，该囊泡与质膜融合，然后将物质释放到细胞外空间的过程。

20个氨基酸中文名三字符合一字符号1.非极性脂肪族氨基酸：甘氨酸Gly G丙氨酸Ala A缬氨酸Val V亮氨酸Leu L异亮氨酸Ile I脯氨酸Pro P 2.极性中性氨基酸丝氨酸Ser S半胱氨酸Cys C蛋氨酸Met M天冬酰胺Asn N谷氨酰胺Gln Q苏氨酸Thr T 3.芳香族氨基酸苯丙氨酸Phe F色氨酸Trp W酪氨酸Tyr Y 4.酸性氨基酸天冬氨酸Asp D谷氨酸Glu E 5.碱性氨基酸赖氨酸Lys K精氨酸Arg R组氨酸His H cDNA文库：cDNA library DNA印迹：DNA blotDNA变性：DNA denature GTP 酶超家族：GTPase supurfamliy G蛋白偶联受体：G protein-coupled receptor Klenow片段：Klenow fragment LDL受体：LDL receptor RNA复制：RNA replicationRNA干涉：RNA interference，RNAi RNA剪接：RNA splicingRNA剪切：RNA cleavage RNA聚合酶：RNA polymerase RNA印迹：RNA blot SH2结构域：SH2 domaina-螺旋：a-helix β-氧化：β-oxidation半保留复制：semiconservative replication 半寿期：half-life必需脂酸：essential fatty acid 变构调节：allosteric effector不对称转录：asymmetric transcription 层析：chromatography层粘连蛋白：laminin 初级胆汁酸：primary bile acids初级转录物：primary transcript 次级胆汁酸：secondary bile acids单顺反子：monocistron 蛋白激酶：protein kinase蛋白聚糖：proteoglycans 蛋白质靶向输送：protein targeting 蛋白质相互作用结构域：protein interaction domain 蛋白质变性：protein denature蛋白质等电点：isoelectric point，pI 氮平衡：nitrogen balance第二信使：second messenger 端粒：telomeres多胺：polyamine 多聚核蛋白体：polysome翻译后修饰：posttranslational modification 翻译：translation反式作用因子：trans-acting factor 泛素：ubiquitin非蛋白氮：non protein nitrogen，NPN 分子伴侣：molecular chaperon冈崎片段：Okazaki fragments 共价修饰：covalent modification固醇类：sterols 管家基因：housekeeping gene核蛋白体循环：ribosomal cycle 核酶：ribozyme核酸分子杂交：nucleic acid hybridization 核小RNA：small nuclear RNA，snRNA 黑色素：melanin 化学渗透假说：chemiosmotic hypothesis 黄疸：jaundice 基因：gene基因表达：gene expression 基因剔除：gene knock out基因芯片：gene chip 基因诊断：gene diagnosis基因治疗：gene therapy 基因组：genome基因组DNA文库：genomic DNA library 基因组印记：genomic imprinting剪接体：spliceosome 结合胆红素：conjugated bilirubin聚合酶链反应：polymerase chain reaction，PCR 解偶联剂：uncoupler开放阅读框架：open reading frame，ORF 空间特异性：spatial specificity框架突变：frame shift mutation 磷脂：phospholipid磷脂酶：phospholipase 螺旋-环-螺旋：helix-loop-helix酶偶联受体：enzyme-linked receptor 密码子：codon免疫印迹：immunoblot 模体：motif膜受体激素：membrane receptor hormone 内含子：intron内源性途径：intrinsic pathway 逆转录：reverse transcription逆转录PCR：reverse transcription PCR,RT-PCR 鸟氨酸循环：ornithine cycle鸟苷酸结合蛋白：guanine nucleotide binding protein，G protein配体-门控受体型离子通道：ligand-gated receptor channel启动子上游元件：upstream promoter elements 启动子：promoter切除修复：excision repair 乳糜微粒：chylomicron，CM乳糖操纵子：lac operon 生物转化：biotransformation时间特异性：temporal specificity 实时PCR：really-time PCR顺式作用元件：cis-acting element 肽键：peptide bond探针：probe 糖胺聚糖：glycosaminoglycan糖蛋白：glycoprotein 糖复合物：glycoconjugate糖基化：glycosylation 糖基转移酶：glycosyltransferase糖生物学：glycobiology 糖脂：glycolipid铁蛋白：ferritin 酮体：ketone bodies退火：annealing 外显子：exon外源性途径：extrinsic pathway 微量元素：microelement微小RNA：microRNA,miRNA 维生素：vitamin维生素C：vitamin C 未结合胆红素：unconjugated bilirubin 细胞色素P450单加氧酶：cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 细胞色素：cytochrome细胞外基质：extracellular matrix 纤溶酶：plasmin纤连蛋白：fibronectin 酰基载体蛋白:acyl carrier protein小干扰RNA：small interfering RNA，siRNA 限速酶：rate-limiting enzymes信号肽识别颗粒：signal recognition particles，SRP 锌指结构：zinc fingers信号序列：signal sequence 信号转导：signal transduction氧化呼吸链：oxidative respiratory chain 氧化磷酸化：oxidative phosphorylation引发体：primosome 载脂蛋白：apolipoprotein，apo增强子：enhancer 增色效应：hyperchromic effect脂蛋白：lipoprotein 脂蛋白脂酶：lipoprotein lipase，LPL 脂肪动员：fat mobilization 脂酶：lipase转氨酶：transaminase 转基因动物：transgenic animal转录后加工：post-transcriptional processing 转录：transcription转录因子：transcription factor 自身磷酸化：autophosphrylation组成性基因表达：constitutive gene expression 阻遏蛋白：repressors。

A ATP synthaseing（ATP合酶）：又称复合体V，由F0和F1的部分组成，F0是镶嵌在线粒体内膜中的质子通道，F1可催化ADP磷酸化为ATP氨基酸代谢库（AA metabolic pool）：食物蛋白质经消化而被吸收的氨基酸与体内组织蛋白质降解产生的氨基酸混在一起，分布于体内各处，参与代谢氮平衡试验 (nitrogen balance)：测定摄入食物中的含氮量和粪尿含氮量来研究体内蛋白质代谢的一种实验B变构效应allosteric effect：酶聚蛋白与配基结合后改变蛋白质的构象，导致蛋白质生物学特性改变的现象PKU（苯丙酮酸尿症）：尿中出现大量苯丙酮酸等代谢产物的疾病必需氨基酸(EAA)：人体内有八种氨基酸不能合成，这种氨基酸体内需要而又不能自身合成，必须通过食物提供alanine-glucose cycle（丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环）：丙酮酸和葡萄糖反复在肌和肝之间进行氨的转运的途径（不）可逆抑制作用 (ir-)reversible inhibition：抑制剂通过非共价键与酶和酶-底物复合物可逆性结合；不可逆抑制作用的抑制剂通过和酶活性中心上的必须基团以共价键结合，使酶失活。

变构调节 allosteric effect：体内的代谢物与关键酶分子活性中心外的某个部位可逆的结合，使酶发生变构，而改变其催化活性，对酶催化活性的调节方式称为变构调节。

pasteur effect巴斯德效应：有氧氧化抑制生醇发酵（糖酵解）的现象。

必需脂肪酸：机体不能合成，必须由食物提供，是动物不可缺少的营养素。

半保留复制(semi conservation replication):在DNA生物合成时，母链DNA分解成两股链，分别作为模板，按碱基配对原则合成与母链互补的子链。

子细胞中的DNA。

一股链从亲代完整获得，另一股链则完全重新合成。

两个子细胞DNA的碱基序列与亲代一致1不对称转录:(asymmetric transcription)在DNA分子双链上，一股链作为模板指引转录，另一股链不转录；但模板链并非总在同一单链上。

两性离子（dipolarion）：氨基酸分子含有一个正电荷和一个负电荷。

等电点（isoelectric point, 简写为pI ）：正负电荷数相等，即静电荷为零时溶液的pH值。

在等电点时氨基酸的溶解度最低。

盐析(salting out)：在蛋白质溶液中加入大量中性盐，以破坏蛋白质的胶体性质（破坏蛋白质分子的水化层），使蛋白质从溶液中沉淀析出，称为盐析（salt precipitation）。

盐溶(salting in)：低浓度时，中性盐可以增加蛋白质的溶解度，这种现象称为盐溶（salting in）。

盐溶作用主要是由于蛋白质分子吸附某种盐类离子后，带电表层使蛋白质分子彼此排斥，而蛋白质分子与水分子间的相互作用却加强，因而溶解度提高。

构型（configuration）：是指在立体异构体中取代原子或基团在空间的取向。

构象（conformation）：是指这些取代基团当单键旋转时可能形成的不同的立体结构。

超二级结构(super-secondary struture)：蛋白质中相邻的二级结构单位（即单个α－螺旋或β－折叠或β－转角）组合在一起，形成有规则的、在空间上能辩认的二级结构组合体称为蛋白质的超二级结构基本组合方式：αα；β×β；βββ结构域（structure domain）：在二级结构的基础上，多肽进一步卷曲折叠成几个相对独立、近似球形的三维实体，再由两个或两个以上这样的三维实体缔合成三级结构，这种相对独立的三维实体称为结构域。

蛋白质一级结构(protein primary structure)：是指多肽链的氨基酸序列，也包括多肽链中连接氨基酸残基的共价键，主要是肽键和二硫键。

蛋白质二级结构(protein secondary structure)：多肽链借助氢键排列成有规则的α螺旋和β折叠等元件蛋白质的三级结构(protein tertiary structure)：多肽键在二级结构的基础上，通过侧链基团的相互作用进一步卷曲折叠，借助次级键维系使α－螺旋、β－折叠片、β－转角等二级结构相互配置而形成特定的构象。

生化英文缩写生物化学英文缩写第一章蛋白质氨基酸分类1、非极性脂肪族氨基酸Gly 甘氨酸Ala 丙氨酸Val 缬氨酸Leu 亮氨酸Ile 异亮氨酸Pro 脯氨酸2、极性中性氨基酸Cys 半胱氨酸Met 蛋氨酸Asn 天冬酰胺Gln 谷氨酰胺Thr 苏氨酸3、芳香族氨基酸Phe 苯丙氨酸Trp 色氨酸Tyr 酪氨酸4、酸性氨基酸Asp 天冬氨酸Glu 谷氨酸5、碱性氨基酸Lys 赖氨酸His 组氨酸Hb 血红蛋白Mb 肌红蛋白PrP 阮病毒蛋白PI 等电点CD 圆二色光谱NMR 核磁共振技术第二章核酸cAMP 环腺苷酸HGP 人类基因组计划hnRNA 不均一核RNAmGpppN 7—甲基鸟嘌呤—三磷酸核苷PABP poly（A）结合蛋白ORF 开放阅读框DHU 双氢尿嘧啶ψ假尿嘧啶核苷G，A 甲基化嘌呤snmRNA 非mRNA小RNA snRNA 核内小RNAsnoRNA 核仁小RNAscRNA 胞质小RNAsiRNA 小片段干扰RNA第三章酶NAD 尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸，辅酶IFMN 黄素单核苷酸FAD 黄素腺嘌呤核苷酸LDH 乳酸脱氢酶CK 肌酸激酶PCR 聚合酶链反应BAL 二巯基丙醇PAM 解磷定第四章糖代谢SGLT Na依赖型葡萄糖转运体GLUT 依赖一类葡萄糖转运体G-6-P 6-磷酸葡萄糖PEP 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸FBP-2 果糖二磷酸酶-2 TAC 三羧酸循环（TCA循环) GSH 谷胱甘肽UDPG 尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖UDPGA尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸PKA 蛋白激酶A第五章脂类代谢FA 脂肪酸PG 前列腺素TX 血栓烷LTs 白三烯CM 乳糜微粒HSL 激素敏感性甘油三酯脂酶ACP 酰基载体蛋白VLDL 极低密度脂蛋白LDL 低密度脂蛋白IDL 中密度脂蛋白HDL 高密度脂蛋白SRS-A 过敏反应的慢反应物质5—HPETE 氢过氧化廿碳四烯酸PA 磷脂酸PIP 磷脂酰肌醇-4，5—二磷酸IP 三磷酸肌醇RCDP 康-亨综合症MVA 甲羟戊酸SCP 固醇载体蛋白CE 胆固醇酯LRP LDL受体相关蛋白HL 肝脂酶CERP 胆固醇流出调节蛋白LCAT 卵磷脂胆固醇脂肪酰转移酶第六章生物氧化Fe—S 铁硫中心CoQ 辅酶Q（泛醌）F P 黄素蛋白-2（人复合体2）Cyt 细胞色素OSCP 寡霉素敏感蛋白DNP 二硝基苯酚mtDNA 线粒体DNACP 磷酸肌酸ROS 反应活性氧类(自由基）SOD 超氧物歧化酶(完整word版)生化英文缩写第七章氨基酸代谢GPT 谷丙转氨酶ALT 丙氨酸转氨酶GOT 谷草转氨酶AST 天冬氨酸转氨酶IMP 次黄嘌呤核苷酸CPS-I 氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶IAGA N—乙酰谷氨酸OCT 鸟氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶5-HT 5-羟色胺(完整word版)生化英文缩写SAM S-腺苷甲硫氨酸NOS 一氧化氮合酶第八章核苷酸代谢HGPRT 次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶PRPP 磷酸核糖焦磷酸6MP 6—巯基嘌呤MTX 甲氨蝶呤5-FU 5—氟尿嘧啶FUTP 三磷酸氟尿嘧啶核苷第九章物质代谢的联系与调节MS 中心性肥胖CCK 胆囊收缩素第十章DNA的生物合成E.coli 大肠杆菌dNTP 脱氢三磷酸核苷(N代表任一碱基）DNA—pol DNA聚合酶SSB 单链DNA结合蛋白HDP 螺旋反稳定蛋白RF 复制因子/释放因子PCNA 增殖细胞核抗原hTR 人类端粒RNAhTP 人类端粒协同蛋白1hTRT 端粒酶逆转录酶TT 胸苷酸二聚体第十一章RNA的生物合成CTP 羧基末端结合域Inr 转录起始子TF 转录因子PIC 转录起始前复合物TPB TATA-结合蛋白CDK-9 周期蛋白依赖性激酶9 CPSF 断裂和聚腺苷酸化特异性因子PAP 多聚腺苷酸聚合酶PAB II 腺苷酸结合蛋白II第十二章蛋白质的生物合成rp 多种核糖体蛋白质EF 延长因子fMet N-甲酰甲硫氨酸THFA N—甲酰四氢叶酸RBS 核糖体结合位点PAB/PABP poly A结合蛋白TF 触发因子HSP 热休克蛋白PDI 蛋白质二硫键异构酶PPI 肽-脯氨酰顺反异构酶ACTH 促肾上腺皮质激素β-LT β酯酸释放激素α—MSH α—促黑激素CLIP 促肾上腺皮质激素样中叶肽SRP 信号肽识别颗粒IFN 干扰素第十三章基因表达调控AFP 编码甲胎蛋白CAP 分解物基因激活蛋白IPTG 异丙基硫代半乳糖苷TAF TATA盒结合蛋白(TBP）相关因子UAS 上游激活序列EBP 增强子结合蛋白bHLH 碱性螺旋—环-螺旋RNP 核糖体复合物TfR 运铁蛋白受体IRE 铁反应元件eIF 翻译起始因子RBP RNA结合蛋白RISC 沉默复合体dsRNA 双链RNA第十四章基因重组与基因工程IS 插入序列bp 碱基对YAC 人工染色体载体cDNA 逆转录DNA第十五章细胞信息传导PDE 磷酸二酯酶cGPK cGMP依赖性蛋白激酶(PKG) PLC 磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶C DAG 二酯酰甘油PIKs 磷脂酰肌醇激酶CaM 钙调蛋白PP 蛋白磷酸酶HRE 激素反应元件GPCR G蛋白偶联型受体PTK 酪氨酸激酶EGF 表皮生长因子IκB NF—κB抑制蛋白β-AR β-肾上腺素能受体XLA 人类X染色体连锁低γ丢蛋白血症第十六章血液的生物化学Gal 半乳糖APP 急性时相蛋白质GRP C-反应蛋白IL-1 白细胞介素-1APR 急性时相反应物MHb 高铁血红蛋白ALA δ-氨基—γ-酮戊酸UPG—I 尿卟啉原I同合酶CPG III 粪卟啉原IIIEPO 促红细胞生成素第十七章肝的生物化学GK 葡糖激酶MEOS 肝微粒体乙醇氧化系统UGT 葡糖醛酸基转移酶COMT 可溶性儿茶酚—O-甲基转移酶GST 谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶第二十章癌基因Rb基因视网膜母细胞瘤基因。

生化名词及解答总结生物遗传中心法则：遗传信息从DNA向RNA，再向蛋白质传递的规律。

基因表达：从贮存状态的遗传信息表现为有功能的蛋白质过程，包括转录和翻译。

半保留复制：以DNA两条链分别为模板，以dNTP为原料，在DNA聚合酶作用下按照碱基配对规律合成互补新链，这样形成的两个子代DNA分子与原来DNA分子完全相同，故称为复制。

又因子代DNA分子的一条链来自亲代，另一条链为新合成，故称为半保留复制。

不连续复制：在DNA复制中，以3’->5’DNA链为模板能连续合成5’->3’互补新链；而以5’->3’DNA链为模板只能合成若干与模板反向互补的5’->3’冈崎片断，这些片断再相连成随从链。

DNA拓扑异构酶：能改变DNA拓扑状态的酶。

DDDP依赖DNA的DNA聚合酶：是以DNA为模板，催化dNTP合成DNA的酶。

复制叉：正在进行复制的DNA分子的Y形区域，在此区域发生DNA双链分离以及新链合成，沿前导链合成的方向不断前移，直到复制终点。

前导链&随从链：DNA复制时，两条链均为模板，合成方向都是5’->3’。

因此，以3’->5’DNA链为模板的互补新链能沿着正常方向连续合成，称为前导链；另外一条不能沿着正常方向合成，只能随着DNA双链打开一次合成正常方向的DNA短片断，再连成长的DNA链，为随从链。

反转录：以RNA为模板在反转录酶的作用下合成DNA的过程为反转录。

端粒酶：细胞核内存在的一种反转录酶，含有蛋白质与RNA，以RNA为模板催化端粒3’端重复序列的延长，维护端粒区的正常结构。

Asymmetric transcription不对称转录：双链DNA中只有一股单链作为模板；另外在同一条单链上可以交错出现模板链或编码链。

Sigma factor（Sigma因子）：原核生物RNA聚合酶全酶的成分，功能是辨认转录起始区，影响对启动子结合位点的选择。

Rho factor（Rho因子）：是原核生物转录终止子，有ATP酶活性和解旋酶活性。

生化名解：1.协同效应：一个亚基与其配体结合后，能影响蛋白质分子中另一亚基与配体结合能力的效应。

2.变构效应（别构效应）：蛋白质分子与其他小分子物质结合后，构象发生改变，其功能也随之改变的现象。

3.氧化呼吸链：在生物氧化过程中，代谢物上脱下的氢经过一系列的按一定顺序序列的氢传递体和电子传递体的传递，最后传递给分子氧并生成水，这种氢和电子的传递体系称为呼吸链，又称为电子传递链。

4.生物氧化：营养物质（糖、脂、蛋白质等）在活细胞内氧化分解，最终生成CO2和水并释放能量的过程。

5操纵子:由若干个结构基因及其上游的调控序列构成，作为转录和调控的基本单位。

6.断裂基因：真核生物的结构基因，由若干个编码区和非编码区互相间隔但又相互连接镶嵌而成，去除非编码区再连接后，可译出由连续氨基酸组成的完整蛋白质，这些基因称为断裂基因。

7.半保留复制：是DNA的复制方式，DNA复制时，两个子代DNA分别保留了一条亲代DNA链，各自与新合成的互补链形成双链分子。

8.冈崎片段：随从链中不连续复制产生的DNA小片段。

9..外显子：断裂基因中的编码序列。

10..内含子：断裂基因中的非编码序列。

11.顺式作用元件：与基因表达调控有关的DNA非编码序列。

12.反式作用因子：能直接或间接辨认，结合顺式作用元件，从而调节基因表达的一类蛋白质因子。

13.转录因子：一般指能直接或间接与RNA聚合酶结合的反式作用因子。

14.基因：是遗传的基本单位，是负载着特定遗传信息的DNA片段。

其结构包括DNA编码序列、非编码调节序列和内含子组成的DNA区域。

15.基因组：一个生命个体，细胞或病毒所携带的全部遗传信息，又称基因体。

基因组包括基因和非编码DNA。

16.组成性表达：生物基因组中的某些基因，较少受外界环境因素影响，以相对稳定的速率表达，这种基因表达的方式成为组成性表达。

17.管家基因：采取组成性方式表达的基因。

18.变构调节：变构酶的酶分子活性中心外的某一部位可以与体内一些代谢物可逆地结合，使酶发生变构而改变其催化活性的调节方式。