自考05439考核知识点(中英版)

2019年自学考试《管理学原理》复习资料(9)1.计划工作是指制定计划，就是根据组织内外部的实际情况权衡客观需要的主管可能，通过科学地预测，提出在未来一定时期内的组织所要达到的目标以及实现目标的方法2.计划工作中5W1H的具体含义：⑴what做什么：要明确组织的使命，战略，目标以及行动计划的具体任务和要求，明确一个时期的中心任务和工作重点⑵why为什么做：要论证组织的使命，战略，目标和行动计划的可能性和可行性，也就是说要提供制定的依据，实践表明，计划工作人员对组织和企业的宗旨，目标和战略了解得越清楚，理解得越深刻，就越有助于他们在计划工作中发挥主动性和创造性⑶when何时做：规定计划中各项工作的开始和完成的进度，以便实行有效的控制和对水平及资源实行平衡⑷where何地做：规定计划的实践地点或场所，了解计划实践的环境条件和限制，以便合理安排计划实践的空间组织和布局⑸who谁去做：计划不但要明确规定目标、任务、地点和进度，还应规定由哪个部门、那个人负责⑹how怎么做：制定实现计划的措施，以及相对应的政策和规则，对资源实行合理分配和集中使用，对人力，生产水平实行平衡，对各种派生计划实行综合平衡等3.计划工作的基本特征：⑴目的性⑵主导性⑶普遍性⑷经济性4.在管理中居于主导地位的工作是计划工作5.计划工作的核心是决策与产出之间的比例7.计划工作的经济性是指投入与产出之间的比例8.计划工作的意义：(⑴补充不肯定性和变化带来的问题⑵有利于管理人员把注意力集中与目标⑶有利于更经济地实行管理⑷有利于控制9.计划的种类：⑴按企业职能分类：生产计划，财务计划，供应计划，劳资计划，安全计划，人员培训计划等⑵按计划所涉及的范围分类：上层管理计划，中层管理计划基层管理计划⑶按计划的内容分类：专项计划和综合计划⑷按计划所涉及的时间分类：长期计划，中期计划，短期计划⑸按计划的表现形式分类：目的或使命，目标，战略，政策，程序，规则，规划，预算等10.计划工作的程序：①估量机会②确定目标③确定前提条件④确定可供选择的方案⑤评价各种方案⑥选择方案⑦制定派生计划⑧用预算形式使计划数字化。

2019年4月全国高等教育自学考试00015《英语（二》真题与答案解析第一部分：阅读判断（第1～10题，每题1分，共10分）下面的短文后列出了 10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。

在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。

My BrotherMy brother is off at college, and at age 14, I miss him terribly. My brother is a rare kind of guy. He’s smart and kind. And my friends say he5s lovely. But it’s how he handles things and how he treats his friends and his family that make me feel more proud.He applied to 14 colleges. He was accepted by all but one, the one he wanted, Brown University. So he took his second choice, and off he went to a first year. When he came home for summer vacation, he said he’d move to Rhode Island near Brown, find a job, and do whatever he could to become known in the area. He'd work his heart out and do his best at everything. Someone, he was sure, would notice. This was a big deal for my parents as it meant agreeing to a year without college. But they trusted him and encouraged him to do whatever he thought it would take to realize his dream.It wasn’t long before he was hired as an amateur (业余的）play director at Brown. Now was his chance to shine, and shine he did. He put every bit of himself into the job. He met teachers and school officials, talked to everyone about his dream and never hesitated to tell them what he was after.And, sure enough, at the end of the year, when he reapplied to Brown, he was accepted. We were all happy, but for me the happiness went very deep. I had learned an important lesson—a lesson no one could have taught me with words. If I work hard for what I want, and if I keep trying after I’ve been turned down, my dreams can also come true. This is a gift I still hold in my heart.1.My brother had many good qualities.A.TrueB. FalseC. Not Given【答案】A【解析】题目中原句的意思是我的哥哥有很多好品质。

第一章管理与管理学※管理：是指组织中的管理者，通过实施计划、组织、人员配备、领导、控制等职能来协调他人的活动，使他们同自己一起实现既定目标的活动过程。

※管理的基本特征：1、管理是一种文化现象和社会现象；2、管理的主体是管理者；3、管理的任务、职能和层次；4、管理的核心是处理好人际关系※管理的五个基本职能：计划、组织、人员配备、领导、控制※管理的任务：设计和维持一种环境，使在这一环境中工作的人们能够用尽可能少的支出，实现既定的目标，层次分为上、中、下三个管理层次。

※管理是一种艺术，是强调管理的实践性※管理具有两重性：1、管理具有自然属性和社会属性，自然属性指管理的发展状况受到生产力和社会化大生产水平的制约，社会属性指管理的发展状况受到生产关系和社会制度的制约；反映出管理的必要性和目的性2、管理的两重性是马克思主义关于管理问题的基本观点。

管理的两重性反映出管理的必要性（即管理是有效组织劳动所必需的）和目的性（即管理反映了生产资料占有者组织劳动的目的）。

※掌握管理两重性的意义：1、认真总结我国在管理理论与实践上正反两方面的经验教训，更好地发挥社会主义制度的优越性；2、注意学习引进国外对我们有益的管理理论、技术和方法；3、要结合实际，随机制宜地学习与运用※管理学：是一门系统地研究管理过程的普遍规律、基本原理和一般方法的科学。

※管理学的特点：一般性、多科性、历史性、实践性※管理学研究的内容：1、根据管理活动总是在一定社会生产方式下进行的，可分为生产力方面、生产关系方面、上层建筑；2、从历史的角度研究管理实践，管理思想及管理理论的形成与演变过程；3、从管理者的基本职能或工作出发来系统研究管理活动的原理、规律和方法※学习研究管理学的原因：1、管理的重要性决定了学习研究管理学的必要性；2、是培养管理人员的重要手段之一；3、是未来的需要※学习与研究管理学的方法：1、唯物辩证法，总的方法论的指导；2、系统方法；3、理论联系实际的方法※系统：是指由相互作用和相互依赖的若干组成部分结合而成的，具有特定功能的有机整体，系统本身又是它从属的一个更大系统的组成部分。

湖北省高等教育自学考试 英语口语课程代码（00594）(考试时间 10分钟) Is He a Hero? "Fire! Fire! "What terrible words to hear when one wakes up in a strange house in the middle of the night! It was a large, old, wooden house-the sort that burns beautifully---and my room was on the top floor. I jumped out of bed, opened the door and stepped out into the passage. It was full of thick smoke. I began to run, but as I was still only half-awake, instead of going towards the stairs I went in the opposite direction. The smoke grew thicker and I could see flames all around. The floor became hot under my bare feet. I found an open door and ran into a room to get to the window. But before I could reach it, one of my feet caught in something soft and I fell down. The thing I had fallen over felt like a bundle of clothes , and I picked it up to protect my face from the smoke and heat. Just then the floor gave way under me and I crashed to the floor below with pieces of burning wood all around me.I saw a flaming doorway in front, put bundle over my face and ran. My feet burned me terribly, but I got through. As I reached the cold air outside, my bundle of clothes gave a thin cry. I nearly dropped it in my surprised? Then I saw a crowd gathered in the street. A woman in a night-dress and a borrowed man's coat screamed" as she saw me and came running madly."My baby! My baby!" she cried. The crowd cheered wildly as she took thesmoke-blackened bundle out of my arms. I had some difficulty in recognizing her. She was the Mayor's wife, and I had saved her baby. I was a hero!本试卷题型分为客观试题和主观试题两种。

自考学位英语是中国自学考试的一门重要科目，主要针对那些希望通过自学获取学位证书的学习者。

这门课程旨在评估考生的英语水平，特别是他们在阅读、写作、听力和口语方面的能力。

以下是自考学位英语考试的一些关键知识点，帮助你更好地准备考试：1. **词汇与语法**：- 掌握一定数量的英语基础词汇及其用法，通常涉及日常生活、工作、学习等方面的词汇。

- 理解并运用基本的英语语法规则，包括时态、语态、直接和间接引语、条件句、虚拟语气等。

2. **阅读理解**：- 能够阅读并理解各种类型的英文材料，如新闻报道、散文、简短的评论文章等。

- 提高快速抓取文章大意、细节信息、作者观点和态度等能力。

- 分析和推断文章隐含的意义或信息。

3. **写作**：- 学会如何组织一篇逻辑清晰、结构合理的英语短文。

- 掌握基本的写作技巧，包括论点的提出、论据的支持、结论的总结等。

- 注意文章的一致性和连贯性，以及正确使用标点符号和段落划分。

4. **听力理解**：- 能够听懂英语新闻、讲座、日常对话等不同场景下的英语听力材料。

- 提高抓取关键信息、理解对话或讲话大意的能力。

- 练习根据听到的内容进行推理和判断。

5. **口语表达**：- 虽然自考学位英语可能不会严格测试口语能力，但提高口语表达能力对于全面掌握英语非常重要。

- 练习日常对话、表达个人观点和感受、进行简单的陈述或描述等。

准备自考学位英语时，建议广泛阅读英文材料，多听英语广播或观看英语视频，积极参与英语交流活动，同时可以通过做历年真题来熟悉考试形式和题型。

此外，合理安排复习计划，坚持每天学习，是成功的关键。

湖北省高等教育自学考试课程考试大纲课程名称：商务英语阅读课程代码：05439第一部分课程性质与目标一、课程性质与特点商务英语阅读课程是湖北省高等教育自学考试商务英语（专科）的一门专业基础课。

本课程以当代英语国家的原版教材、英语报纸、杂志和学术刊物中与经济和商务有关的文章为基础，材料内容涉及商贸英语的主要领域，如经济学、国际贸易、市场营销、企业管理、投资、证券、保险、广告等。

本课程是一门理论联系实际，应用性较强的课程。

二、课程目标与基本要求通过本课程的学习，学生既可学到地道的英语（包括大量的专业术语），又可以学到对外经济贸易知识，同时也能够掌握商务报刊文章的基本特点，提高阅读和分析能力，最终从整体上提高商贸英语语言水平以及语言欣赏和运用能力，达到商务英语专业专科生水平。

三、与本专业其他课程的关系商务英语阅读课程与商务英语口语、综合英语等课程同属于专业基础课，是商务英语写作、商务英语翻译、商务英语函电等课程的先修课程。

第二部分考核内容与考核目标第一单元财经一、学习目的与要求通过本单元学习，认知商贸英语文章的内在逻辑关系，帮助学生提高第 1 页阅读理解的能力，了解国际财经概况。

二、考核知识点与考核目标（一）课内训练（重点）识记：1. When Banker’s Bets Go Bad银行家的猜测落空名词解释：OCC: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 通货监理局Alan Greenspan 艾伦·格林斯潘，美联储主席句子翻译：1)The bank had doubled profits in the past year viaa string of successful mergers, but on Apr. 21 itreported that its securities portfolio hadunrealized losses of nearly $131 million.2)We’re considering strategies that make the mostsense if rates are going up much more aggressivelyand sooner than anticipated.2. Creating Government Financing Programs for Small andMedium-sized Enterprises in China中国为中小型企业提供政府财政援助项目名词解释：Labor-intensive 劳动密集型SME: small and medium-sized enterprise 中小型企业SOE: state-owned enterprises 国有企业句子翻译：In China, as a result of the economic reforms and market opening measures, SMEs have enjoyed remarkabledevelopment and have grown to become an important forcein contributing towards sustained and rapid growth ofthe Chinese economic.（二）阅读技巧（次重点）应用：阅读的逻辑技巧（三）课外练习（一般）理解：1.Carlyle Group’s As ian Invasion加雷集团的亚洲扩张名词解释：Venture-capital 风险资本Carlyle Group 凯雷投资集团Citigroup 花旗集团2. Why the Dollar Is Blooming Again为什么美元再次复兴？名词解释：Greenback 美元（俚语）第 3 页Lehman Brothers Inc 雷曼兄弟公司European Central Bank 欧洲中央银行Federal Reserve Bank 美国联邦储备银行（四）拓展阅读（一般）理解：1. How Banks Pretty up the Profit Picture银行如何美化收益前景2. Thai Stocks What Goes Up泰国股市：到底是怎么了？3. Inventing to Order以市场为导向开发产品4. I t’s an Office Party in Hong Kong香港办公楼地价之争第二单元人力资源管理一、学习目的与要求通过本单元学习，掌握商务英语阅读中的快速阅读技巧，了解人力资源管理概况。

自考05439考核知识点《新编商务英语泛读2》Unit 1Definition of advertising，types of advertising，advertising media，considerations in choosing media.广告的定义、类型,广告媒体（媒介）,对选择媒体的考虑。

Unit 2 The four functions of money；cashless ways of dealing with money.钱的四个功能,非现金处理钱的方式。

Unit 3 The five steps in entering business in China.在中国进入业务的五个步骤。

Unit 4 The reasons why Dell is so successful in China.戴尔在中国如此成功的原因。

Unit 5 Sources to investigate for information on employers；preparing the essential written materials，details about the resume and the cover letter.雇主的信息来源调查;准备必要的书面材料、详细的简历和求职信。

Unit 6 The definition of insurance,types of insurance.保险的定义,保险的类型。

Unit 7 The concepts behind consumers’actions；the 3 steps for the purchase process.基于消费者行为背后的概念;购买过程的3个步骤。

Unit 8 The personnel policy in management；the building up of Microsoft Co.人事政策管理;微软公司的建立。

英译汉1.Domestic business 国内商务国内商务2.economic 2.economic globalization 经济全球化球化3.host country 东道国东道国 intellectual4.property intellectual 4.property 知识产权知识产权5.non-tariff barriers 非关税壁垒非关税壁垒6.national product 国民产值国民产值7.per capita GDP人均国内生产总值8.Durable equipment耐用设备9.Staple goods大路货10.Creditor country债权国11.Customs union关税同盟12.Dual-Ministerial meetings 12.Dual-Ministerial meetings 双部长会议双部长会议13.European Commission 欧盟委员会anization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)石油输出国组织 15.North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)15.North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)北美自由贸易协北美自由贸易协定16.Board of directors 董事会17.day to day running 日常管理18.the parent MNE 18.the parent MNE 多国公司目公司多国公司目公司19.national economic welfare 国家经济利益20.the legal jurisdiction 法律经管范围21.self-sufficient 21.self-sufficient 自给自足的自给自足的22.farm produce 农农品23.the endowments of nature 自然禀赋24.perfect competition 完全竞争25.output per many-year of labour人均年产量26.production capability 生产能力27.consumption preference 消费偏好28.cost advantage 成本优势rge-scale production大规模生产30.tariff barrier关税壁垒31.International Chamber of Commerce国际商会32.customs clearance结关33.EDI电子数据交换34.Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则35.destination port目的港36.binding obligation有约束力的义务37.international trunk call国际长途38.the business line业务范围39.force majeure不可抗力40.cross-border contract进出口合同41.clearing system清算系统42.leverage杠杆作用43.trade credit account贸易信贷往来账户44.centrally planned economy中央计划经济45.financial status财务状况46.to open account开立账户47.Consignment transaction寄售交易48.a usance draft远期汇票49.documentary collection跟单托收50.impeccable documents正确无误单据51.correspondent bank往来行52.confirming bank保兑行53.transportation clause运输条款54.clean credit即期信用证55.deferred payment credit不可转让信用证56.freight prepaid运费预付57.prepare documents缮制单据58.consignor托运人59.consular invoice领事发票60.notify party被通知人61.contract carriers契约承运人62.intermediate product半成品63.ultimate consumers最终消费者64.natural product province产品自然领域65.time lag 时差66.claim on goods 对货物的索赔67.premium 保险费68.insurer 承保人69.insurable interest 可保利益70.settlement of a claim 理赔71.freight forwarder 货运代理行72.utmost good faith 最大诚信原则73.valued policies 有价保单74.exchange rate 买入价75.balance of payment 收支平衡76.direct quote 直接标价77.buying rate 买入价78.financial policies 金融政策79.financial policies 资金80.retained capital 预留资金81.grace period 优惠期82.a specialized mandate 特殊使命83.direct investment 直接投资84.tax holiday 免税期 85.greenfield strategy 绿地战略86.customer mobility 客户流动87.investment return 投资回报88.start from scratch 政府债券89.market maker 股票经营商90.standing committee 常务委员会91.underlying securities 基础证券92.global trade rules 世界贸易规则93.the reciprocal tariff concession list 互惠关税减让表94.a uniform tariff system 统一关税体系95.the non-discrimination principle 非歧视原则96.escape clause 豁免条款97.a new economic order 新经济秩序98.trade concession 贸易减让99.Special Drawing Rights 特别提款权100.maturity 100.maturity 到期日到期日101.certificate of deposit 101.certificate of deposit 大额大额102. cartel 102. cartel 卡特尔卡特尔汉译英1.1.国际商务国际商务international business2.2.无形贸易无形贸易invisible trade3.3.国内生产总值国内生产总值gross domestic products4.4.证券投资证券投资portfolio investment5.5.交钥匙工程交钥匙工程turnkey project6.6.国民生产总值国民生产总值Gross National product Gross National product（（GNP GNP））7.7.收入分配收入分配income distribution8.经济合作与发展组织the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development9.9.基础储备基础储备infrastructure10.10.外汇储备外汇储备foreign currency reserves11.11.区域经济一体化区域经济一体化regional economic integration12.12.自由贸易区自由贸易区free trade area13.13.欧盟欧盟European Union14.14.亚太经合组织亚太经合组织Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)16.16.部长理事会部长理事会Council of Ministers17.17.经济全球化经济全球化Economic Globalization 18.18.跨国企业跨国企业multinational economic environment19.19.生产设施生产设施manufacturing facilities20.20.自然资源分配自然资源分配the distribution of nature resources21.21.初级产品初级产品the primary commodities22.22.比较优势论比较优势论the theory of comparative advantage23.23.互利贸易互利贸易the mutual beneficial trade24.24.资源储备资源储备资源储备 the reserves of natural resources the reserves of natural resources25.25.技术创新技术创新technology innovation26.26.贸易方式贸易方式patterns of trade27.27.关税区关税区customs area28.28.自动出口限制自动出口限制voluntary export restraint29.29.名胜古迹名胜古迹places of historical interest30.30.贸易条款贸易条款trade terms31.31.修改信用证修改信用证amendment to the letter of credit32.32.集装箱运输集装箱运输container transport33.33.运费付至运费付至CPT34.34.报价报价quotation35.35.有效期有效期the validity period36.36.付款方式付款方式modeOf payment37.37.仲裁仲裁arbitration38.38.对销贸易对销贸易cunter trade39.39.实际头寸实际头寸net positions40.40.双边协议双边协议bilateral agreement41.41.易货贸易易货贸易barter42.42.垂直合并，纵向组合垂直合并，纵向组合vertical combination43.43.汇率浮动变化汇率浮动变化exchange rate fluctuation44.44.资信状况资信状况credit standing45.45.分期付款分期付款payment by installments46.46.即期汇票即期汇票sight draft47.47.付款交单付款交单document against payment document against payment（（D/P D/P））48.48.商业信用证商业信用证commercial letter of credit49.49.开证行开证行the opening bank50.50.受益人受益人the beneficiary51.51.统一惯例统一惯例the uniform customs and practice52.52.循环信用证循环信用证revolving credit 53.53.保兑信用证保兑信用证confirmed credit54.54.远期信用证远期信用证usance credit55.55.票面价值票面价值face value56.56.资金周转资金周转capital turnover57.57.空运提单空运提单airway bill58.58.产地证书产地证书certificate of origin59.59.运输标记运输标记shipping marks60.60.装运港装运港port of shipment61.61.原始的生产方式原始的生产方式primitive mode of production62.62.竞争机制竞争机制competition system63.63.运输体系运输体系transportation system64.64.公共承运人公共承运人common carriers65.65.保证金保证金margin66.66.股票投资股票投资investment in stocks67.67.货物保险货物保险cargo insurance68.68.外汇储备外汇储备foreign exchange services69.69.共同基金共同基金the common pool70.70.代位追偿代位追偿subrogation71.71.近因原则近因原则the doctrine of proximate cause72.72.预约保单预约保单open policy73.73.平安险平安险F.P.A74.74.水渍险水渍险W.P.A75.75.金本位制金本位制gold standard76.76.平价平价par value77.77.布雷顿森会议布雷顿森会议the Bretton Woods Conference78.78.间接标价间接标价indirect quote79.79.储备货币储备货币reserve currency80.80.世界资本市场世界资本市场World capital market81.81.借贷成本借贷成本the cost of borrowing82.82.产权产权产权((股票股票))投资equity investment83.83.经济结构调整经济结构调整economic restructuring84.84.合资公司合资公司joint venture85.85.并购并购acquisition86.86.生物遗传学生物遗传学biogenetics87.87.自动出口限制自动出口限制Voluntary Export Restriction Voluntary Export Restriction（（VER VER））88.88.证券交易所证券交易所the Stock Exchange Market 89.89.普通股普通股ordinary share90.90.补偿基金补偿基金compensation fund91.91.金边债券金边债券gilt92.92.期权期权option93.93.协商机制协商机制a consultative mechanism94.94.双边谈判双边谈判bilateral negotiation95.95.签约国签约国the signatory countries96.96.充分就业充分就业full employment97.97.多边贸易体制多边贸易体制multilateral trade system98.98.国际组织国际组织international organizations99.99.技术转让技术转让technology transfer100.100.商品协议商品协议commodity agreement101.101.国际货币体系国际货币体系international monetary system102.102.优惠关税优惠关税preferential preferential（（customs customs））tariff103.103.承包生产承包生产Contract manufacturing104. tariff rates 关税率105. settlement 105. settlement 协议协议106.Shareholders 股东股东107.board of directors 董事会 108.parent company 母公司 109.affiliate 子公司 110.day-to-day running 日常管理 101.multinational corporation 跨国公司跨国公司102.home country 母公司所在国母公司所在国103.host country 东道国 术语解释1.affiliate MNC: a MNC which is associated or controlled by its parent MNC without losing its own identity.2.Absolute advantage: an advantage possessed by a country engaged in international trade when, using a given resource input, it is able to produce more output than other countries possessing the same resource input.3.Arbitration: the setting of a dispute by means of a neutral third party rather than by a court of law.4.A correspondent bank: a bank which acts 4.A correspondent bank: a bank which acts as an as an as an agent agent for another bank.5.All 5.All risks: risks: risks: extensive extensive extensive insurance coverage insurance coverage insurance coverage of cargo, of cargo, of cargo, including including coverage due to external causes such as fire, collision, pilferage etc., but usually excluding ”special” risk such as those resulting from acts of war, labor strikes and the perishing of good, and from internal damage due to faulty packaging, decay or loss of market.Buyback: an agreement by an export of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Bill Bill of exchange: of exchange: of exchange: a a a signed signed signed document document document that that that orders orders orders a person a person a person or or or an an organization, such as a bank, to pay a fixed sum of money on demand or on a certain date to the person specified.Capital: the contribution to productive activity made by investment in physical capital and in human capital.Customs clearance: the formalities necessary to satisfy the customs officers before they will allow goods to the cleared from customs for dispatch or delay elsewhere.Banknotes circulation: movement of the printed paper money issued by a bank, usually the country’s central bank.Contract: a legally binding agreement made between two or more people.Clause: part of a legal document that deals with a particular item or condition in it.Confirmed credit: a letter of credit to which a number of other document such as shipping documents have been joined by the exporter to obtain payment from the bank.Commission: the amount paid to an agent, which may be an individual, a broker, or a financial institution, for consummating a transaction involving sale or purchase of assets or services.Commercial invoice: a document identifying numbers such as invoice number, date, shipping date, mode of transport, delivery and payment terms, and a complete listing and description of the goods or services being sold including prices, discounts and quantities.Common pool: a fund contributed by all insured parties in the name of premium against certain risk, outof which the claims if those suffering losses are paid.capital infrastructure: the basic physical requirements, without without which which which the the the industry industry industry cannot cannot cannot function effectively, function effectively, function effectively, water water and electricity installations, qualified and killed professionals in technology and administration.Capital market: markets where corporations and governments sell securities to investors in order to raise funds for long or short periods.Consumerism: considerable desire to make purchase for consumption.Distributor: a person who sends goods from those who produce them to them to those who use them.Documents against acceptance(D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will be paid on a laterdate.Documentary credit: a letter of credit to which a number of other documents such as shipping documents have been joined by the exporter to obtain payment from the bank.Devaluation: the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange exchange value value value of of of its currency its currency its currency in in in units of units of units of gold gold gold or as or as or as compared compared with other currencies.Envisage: picture in the mind as a future possibility; imagine Economic of scale: the long-run reduction in average costs that occurs as the scale of the firm’s output is increased./the reduction in unit cost and increase in profit obtained when goods are produced in large quantities.EDI: an electronic system that sends specially-prepared document direct from the computer of one company to that of another, so avoiding delays and improving services to customers.Equity investment :a type of investment by buying the ordinary shares of a company.Exchange rate: the ratio between one currency unit and the number of number of units units units of another of another of another currency at currency at currency at which which which it it it is possible is possible is possible to to exchange the two at a given time.Economic integration: economic integration is a term used to describe how different aspects between economic are integrated. As economic integration increase, the barriers of trade between markets diminishes. The most integration economy today, between independent nations, is the European Union and its euro zone.FOB FOB: in foreign trade contracts, the seller’s delivers the : in foreign trade contracts, the seller’s delivers the goods on board the ship named by the buyer at the named port of of shipment. shipment. shipment. From From From that that that point, point, point, all all all charges charges charges and and and risks risks risks have have have to to to be be borne by the buyer.Fair trade: in international trade, the principle that maintains that there should only be free trade with those countries which themselves extend free trade.Full employment: an economic situation in which all persons physically and mentally capable of doing some kind of work, canfind employment.Gold reserves: the stock of gold coin and bullion held by a note-issuing bank in country on the gold standard. GNP : refers refers to to the market market value value of goods and services produced by by the the property property and and and labor owned by labor owned by labor owned by the the the residents residents residents of of of an economy an economy GDP : refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Host country: in international trade, the country in which a multinational corporation is active, but which is not the home country of that corporation.Hyperinflation: an extreme form of inflation; the situation that exists in a Economy when the money supply is being increased very rapidly, resulting in an increase of over 20%in the annual growth of the money supply or of the price level. Infrastructure: large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communication,etc. needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce.Integration: combine into a whole.Inflation: a general rise in prices within an economy, accompanied by a reduction of the value of money.International trade: the exchange of goods and services between countries through exports and imports.Irrevocable credit: a letter of credit to which the paying bank has added its guarantee that payment will be made against presentation of certain documents.Intermediate products: goods that enter into the production of other goods. In the manufacturing process, goods and materials pass through various states of production, frequently requiring transfer from one plant to another or sale by one firm to another.Indemnity: a basic idea in all branches of insurance that the insured should be in the same position after a loss as he as be was before it, i.e. neither richer nor poorer as a result of loss.Intellectual property: certain non-tangible assets held,principally covering the areas of patent protection,registered trade marks and designs, and copy right.Joint venture: a commercial undertaking by two or more people,differing from a partnership in that it relates to thedisposition of a single lot of goods or the termination of aspecific project.just-in-time inventory: making or ordering only just enoughparts or materials for the factory’s immediat immediate e needs, soavoiding the expense of keeping stocks.Liberalize: of trade, the act of government in lifting controlover import and exports.Letter of credit: A written instruction by a bank or some otherfinancial institution. To its agent or another bank, eitherlocal local or or or aboard, to aboard, to aboard, to lend lend lend the bearer the bearer the bearer of of of the letter certain sums the letter certain sumsof money for a fixed period of time.Loan: a commercial transaction between two legal entitieswhereby one party, known as lender agrees to put at the disposalof another known as a borrower certain property, usually money ,for its temporary use, with am understanding by both partiesthat the property will be returned. Money circulation: money in the hands of the public and beingused to pa for goods and services.Most-favored nation Most-favored nation clause: clause: clause: an an an understanding principle understanding principle understanding principle of the of theWTO whereby each country undertakes to apply the same rate oftariff to all its trade partners.Negotiable transport document: transport document can betransferred from one person to another by endorsement.Non-tariff barriers: all public regulations and governmentpractices that introduce unequal treatment for domestic andforeign goods of the same or similar production.North American free trade agreement(NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定):NAFTA is a trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, theunited states, which entered into force on january1,1994. Itwas preceded in 1988 by a trade agreement covering Canada andthe U.S.U.S.——the Canada –U.S. free trade agreement, which servedas a negotiating framework for the expanded agreement.Option: a contractual agreement between a buyer and a sellerto buy or sell a particular security commodity or currency ata specific price within a pre-determined period of time.Partnership: a contractual Partnership: a contractual relationship relationship relationship undertaking by undertaking by undertaking by two or two ormore people, differing from a partnership in that it relatesto to the the disposition of disposition of a a a single single single lot lot lot of of of goods or the termination goods or the terminationof a specific project.PPP: purchasing power parity.Protectionism: the deliberate use or encouragement ofrestrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficientdomestic producers to compete successfully with foreignproducers.Productivity: the relation between the output or amountproduced in a given period and one unit of the factors ofproduction employed in producing that output.Preferential customs tariff: a lower (or zero) tariff on aproduct from one country than is applied to imports from mostcountries. This violation of the MFN principle is permitted inspecial cases.Per capita income : It is calculated by dividing its nationalincome by its populationQuota: a Quota: a limit limit limit placed by placed by placed by a a a government government government on the on the on the amount amount amount of imports of importsor commodity.Revenue: the money received by a firm from selling its outputof goods or services or money earned by government fromtaxation.Reserves: in a business, amount set aside from profits to meetcontingencies or for future investment.Specialization Specialization: : to restrict one’s economic activities tocertain particular field.Subrogation: the legal right of an insurer to receive any moneyobtained by the insured as a result of his making use of hisrights against third parties; this reduces the cost of the lossto the insurer and prevents the insured from obtaining more thanhis full indemnity.Stock exchange: a markets where stocks and shares are boughtand sold under fixed rules, but at princes controlled by supplyand demand.Settlement: a payment of money claimed.Tariff Tariff: a form of tax that occurs as the scale of the firm’s : a form of tax that occurs as the scale of the firm’soutput is increased./the reduction in unit cost and increasein profit obtained when goods are produced in large quantities.Terms of payment: the terms agree upon between a sellers anda buyer regarding a transaction with respect to the mode andtime-table of payment.Trade fair: a big exhibition where manufactures and sellers anda similar or related products display their goods, meetcustomers and each other.Transfer Transfer of technology: of technology: of technology: a a a complicated complicated complicated aspect of international aspect of internationalbusiness. Technology can be divided into two types: non-tacitand tacit. It can be transferred through various modes, eitherexport of products and goods or though service. The mostimportant feature of technology transfer is it is a transferof the right to use, not the right to ownership.Terms of trade: a measure of the trading success of a countryby comparing the prices of its imports with the prices of its exports.Triad and Quad : A . United StatesB. Western EuropeC. JapanD. CanadaW.P.A: a wider coverage than the F.P.A. partial loss of ordamage to damage to the insured goods the insured goods the insured goods is is is excluded only excluded only excluded only where where where the loss the loss the loss to tothe insurer and prevents the insured from obtaining more thanhis full indemnity.简答1.Major difference between international business anddomestic business: A . differences in legal system; B.differences in currencies;C . differences in culturalbackground; D . differences in natural and economic conditions.2.Major types of international business: A. tradea. Commodity tradeb. Service tradeB. investmenta. foreign direct investmentb. portfolio investmentC. other typesa. licensing and franchisingb. management contract and contract manufacturingc. turnkey project and BOT3.Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major difference. Can we use them interchangeably? GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP measure the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The difference between between GNP GNP GNP and and and GDP GDP GDP is that is that is that the the the former former former focuses om ownership focuses om ownership focuses om ownership of of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place. We can use them interchangeably.4. what is the free trade area? And what is Customs union? In what way is a customs union different from a free trade area. Free trade area is the first trade area is the first and loosest and loosest and loosest form of regional form of regional economic integration. Members of a free trade area area removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders. Custom Union is the second form of regional economic integration that goes a step farther by adopting the same trade policy for all the members toward countries outsides their organization in addition to abolishing trade barriers among themselves . Since imports from other other countries countries are subject subject to to the same tariff no matter matter which which member they export export to, to, it is impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.5. Describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs.①they are usually enormous in size in terms of the amount of annual sales and of resources it controls.②they have a wide geographical spread, and ②they have a wide geographical spread, and seek to set up an seek to set up an integrated production and distribution network in the world. ③MNEs enjoy longevity and rapid growth. They have a long development history and rapid growth record.6. how are MNEs usually usually operated? operated? operated? And And how are important decision made?①the operation ofMNES is under the control of parent MNE at their home countries. ②the affiliate MNEs also have their own decisionmaking mechanism, however the major decision, such as those on corporate goals, new investment and their location are made by parent MNEs.8. Which theory makes more sense, absolute absolute advantage advantage advantage or or comparative advantage. Comparative advantage sound more plausible .As it is very difficult to find for a country a product with absolute advantage, and also, a country still gains from trade for its products with comparative advantages.9. What are the important factors that one has to take into account when talking about the possibility of international specialization?Whether the internationalization will happen or not is decided by trade patterns, economic of scale, innovation.The production capacity and conditions decide what a country can produce and trade, the economies of scale decides if a country has a cost advantage for the traded product, and the innovation decides if the traded product is competitive in the foreign market.10. Why is it necessary to have Incoterms? And what is the purpose of making amendments and additions to Incoterms? The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade term in foreign trade, thus, the uncertainties of different interpretation of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.And the purpose of making amendments and additions is in orderto bring the rules in line with current international trade practices.11. What contents should be included in a firm offer?A firm offer s a promise to sell goods at a stated price. The major terms include time of shipment, made of payment, description of goods and validity period.12.Give the major item of the contract proper.This includes four major parts: the full name and address of the buyer and seller; the description of the commodities; the terms and conditions for the transaction; indication of the number of original copies of the contract and other additional terms.13. Please Please define define define counter counter counter trade. trade. trade. What What are the possible reasons for its attraction. An umbrella term for several sorts of trade in which the seller is required to accept goods or other instruments or trade, in partial or whole payment for its products. Counter trade transactions include barter, buyback, or compensation, compensation, offset offset requirements, and clearing agreements. Counter trade is allegedly popular in less development countries and in planned economies, it attracted much interest in the past. Now as the landscape od landscape od economic system economic system economic system drastically drastically drastically changed changed changed recently, recently, recently, it it attracts much more attention.14.What is the difference between a clean draft anda documentary draft?For a clean draft, it is a draft without attached additional documents; for a documentary draft, it is a draft supported supported by by title documents, such as an invoice, bill of lading or insurance policy. In fact everything having a real commercial value is know as a documentary draft.15.How dose L/C offer security to the buyer and the seller? ①it enable exporters obtain, through a correspondent bank,duarantees that the invoice for goods sent by them will actually be paid by the buyer actually be paid by the buyer——the importer.②it also provides the buyer with a guarantee that goods will be received in good order, for L/Cs are subject to appropriate。

WTO（世界贸易组织）一, 选择1, 1947年4月至8月，美国, 英国, 法国, 中国等23个国家在日内瓦召开了第二次筹委会会议。

就详细产品的关税减让进行了谈判。

2, 1947年11月至1948年3月，在哈瓦那实行的联合国贸易和就业会议，审议并通过了《国际贸易组织宪章》，又称《哈瓦那宪章》3, 1947年11月15日签署了关税与贸易总协定《临时适用议定书》，同意从1948年1月1日起实施关税与贸易总协定的条款。

4, 关税与贸易总协定从1948年1月1日开始实施，到1995年1月1日世界贸易组织正式运行，共存续了47年。

截止1994年底，关税与贸易总协定共有128个缔约方。

5, 1947年4月至10月，关税与贸易总协定第一轮多边贸易谈判在瑞士日内瓦实行。

下调关税的承诺是第一轮多边贸易谈判的主要成果。

6, 第五轮1960年9月至1962年7月，共有45个参与方，后称为“狄龙回合”。

前一阶段从1960年9月至12月，着重就欧洲共同体建立所引出的关税同盟等问题，与有关缔方进行谈判。

7, 第六轮1964年5月至1967年6月，共有54个缔约方参与，又称“肯尼迪回合”。

这次谈判首次涉及非关税壁垒。

这轮谈判还汲取波兰参与，开创了“中央支配经济国家”参与关税与贸易总协定的先例8, 第七轮又称“东京回合”。

历时5年多，取得的主要成果：⑴开始实行按既定公式削减关税，关税越高减让幅度越大⑵产生了只对签字方生效的一系列非关税措施协议⑶通过了对发展中缔约方的授权条款，允许发达缔约方赐予发展中缔约方普遍优惠制待遇。

9, 第八轮又称“乌拉圭回合”，从1986年9月到1994年4月，共历时8年。

10, 在启动“乌拉圭回合”的部长宣言中，明确了这轮谈判的主要目标：一是通过削减或取消关税, 数量限制和其他非关税措施，改善市场准入条件，进一步扩大世界贸易；二是完善多边贸易体制，将更大范围的世界贸易置于统一的, 有效的多边规则之下；三是强化多边贸易体制对国际经济环境变化的适应实力；四是促进国际合作，增加关税与贸易总协定同有关国际组织的联系，加强贸易政策和其他经济政策之间的协调。