Formal model and implementation of the Java Card dynamic security policy

Organizational StructureThe DefiningOrganizational Structure (Organizational Structure) means that for task how to division of labor, grouping, and coordination. Organizational structure (organizational structure) is the organization of each part of the order, space position, gather state, contact information, and the pattern of the relationship between the elements, is the whole management system "framework". Of all the members of the organization structure is the organization to achieve organizational goals, to collaboration in the management work, the scope of duties, responsibilities, rights formed by the structure of the system. Organization structure is the organization of on-the-job, responsibility, rights the dynamic structure of the system, its essence is to achieve the strategic goal of a collaboration system, organization structure must be as the organization's significant strategic adjustment and adjust.Organizational structure refers to the way that an organization arranges people and jobs so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met. When a work group is very small and face-to-face communication is frequent, formal structure may be unnecessary, but in a larger organization decisions have to be made about the delegation of various tasks. Thus, procedures are established that assign responsibilities for various functions. Itis these decisions that determine the organizational structure.In an organization of any size or complexity, employees' responsibilities typically are defined by what they do, who they report to, and for managers, who reports to them. Over time these definitions are assigned to positions in the organization rather than to specific individuals. The relationships among these positions are illustrated graphically in an organizational chart (see Figures 1a and 1b). The best organizational structure for any organization depends on many factors including the work it does; its size in terms of employees, revenue, and the geographic dispersion of its facilities; and the range of its businesses (the degree to which it is diversified across markets).There are multiple structural variations that organizations can take on, but there are a few basic principles that apply and a small number of common patterns. The following sections explain these patterns and provide the historical context from which some of them arose. The first section addresses organizational structure in the twentieth century. The second section provides additional details of traditional, vertically-arranged organizational structures. This is followed by descriptions of several alternate organizational structures including those arranged by product, function, andgeographical or product markets. Next is a discussion of combination structures, or matrix organizations. The discussion concludes by addressing emerging and potential future organizational structures.The case:1980 , Haier with other enterprises , the implementation of the factory system group was founded, in 1996 began to implement the division system , the Group by the headquarters , business headquarters , division, branch four levels , namely, strategic decisions and investments bear center professional management of development Center profit Center cost Center functions Division transformed by a centralized to a decentralized system reform.General ManagerFunctional Departments Functional DepartmentsA Business DepartmentB BusinessDepartmentC BusinessDepartmentA Deputy GeneralManager B Deputy GeneralManagerC Deputy GeneralManagerThis organizational structure forms the most prominent feature is the "centralized decision-making, decentralized management."Division Group consists of six products, each Division is divided into different products according to the specific products division and production plants, sales companies and each product import and export companies belonging Business Division, the equivalent of a product division. Within each division, respectively, with planning, finance, marketing and other functional offices, while Group consists of planning, finance, human resources, legal, marketing, technology, culture, defense Eight Roles center, which functions under the Ministry and career offices constitute the traditional the administrative relations; products Division is the administrative headquarters and affiliation; products Division is an independent accounting unit, which is the administrative functions of the offices and subordinates affiliation. Thus, the entire organizational structure of Haier Group formed four levels: the Group's headquarters ininvestment decision-making centers, central business headquarters is a business decision, division is a profit center, manufacturing plant is the cost center. Duties at all levels, allowing the business headquarters conflicts, but not allowed their own way, the implementation of the Group's internal height of the planned economy, the Group's external height of the market economy.In the mode of operation of enterprises , Haier Group, the operating mechanism of a joint fleet flagship group headquarters to a planned economy as a way to coordinate subordinate enterprises affiliated companies within the Group are Business Division , externally, is a separate legal entity , independent operators to enter the market , the development of a market economy However, the deployment of personnel in the corporate culture technology development project investment financial budgets and final quality certification and management of networks and services markets and other aspects required to obey the Haier Group, the harmonization of everyone familiar with the words , companies can separately and can not be fragmented Zhang said , the group requested , you must perform , I have a problem I have to be responsible for makingrecommendations to revise you can , but never promised sham .PresidentMiddle managerLine workerIn essence , Haier's organizational structure has gone from linear functions of the structure to the matrix structure of the market chain and then three major changes in the structure of linear functions like a pyramid PresidentMiddle manager Line worker Affect the customers’ demandsstructure , the following are the most common staff , the top is Director General managers its advantage is relatively easy to control to the terminal linear functions in the enterprise is small, a pole caught in the end , the reaction is very fast but the company would not be such a big biggest weakness is slow to respond to the market in order to overcome this problem, Haier switch matrix structure abscissa is the functional departments , including planning ordinate financial supply procurement project is different in terms of functions , horizontal and vertical coordinates mutual contacts is necessary to grasp the work of such organizations in the form of diverse stages of business development can be relatively quickly mobilize all forces to promote a new project .In his discussion of the organizational structure changes when Haier , Zhang once again stressed the orderly unbalanced structure: structural changes throughout the organization originated from our point of view of organizational innovation that enterprises should establish an orderly non- equilibrium structure of an enterprise if it is ordered the equilibrium structure , the structure of this business is stable , there is no vitality , butif a business is disordered non-equilibrium , be sure it is confusing us in establishing a new equilibrium would break the original balance again when in the non- equilibrium establish a balance like a man 's clothes , as people grow up clothing should be changed, if you do not change this person will certainly be bound to grow .Innovation in practice , Haier explore the implementation of the "OEC" management model, the "market chain" management and "human single one" model of development are highly concerned about the international management community , present, Harvard University , University of Southern California , Switzerland IMD International Management Institute , USA, the European School of Management , University business School in Kobe, Japan specifically for this case study , Haier " market chain" management has also been included in the EU case base . Haier "human single one" model of development to address global business inventory and overdue accounts provide innovative thinking by the international management community as " the pulse of the global business standard No. " management model . Faced with the new conditions ofglobal competition , Haier established global brand strategy , start the " generate resources global reputation ," the entrepreneurial spirit and " one single one , quick, decisive victory " style of work , challenge themselves tomorrow for innovation the Chinese people 's own world famous and continuous innovation !The benefit1, each division has its own products and markets, to plan its future development, but also the flexibility to customize the new situation and adapt to the market to react quickly, so that the existing organizational structure of high stability, but also good adaptability.2, is conducive to the top leadership to get rid of daily administration and management of specific business working directly complicated affairs, and to become strong and powerful decision-making body, while allowing the management of each business unit to play the enthusiasm and creativity, thus improving the overall efficiency .3, Division Manager responsible for leading an albeit much smaller than an enterprise units, but because of division as asystem, independent operators, the equivalent of a complete enterprise, so he can withstand the various business executives face kind of test. Obviously, this is conducive to develop a comprehensive management personnel for the company's future development reserve cadres.4 Division as a profit center, both for their managers to establish measurable Division efficiency standards, a strict examination, easy to evaluate each product on the company's total profit contribution to guide strategic business development decisions.5, by product division, easy to organize specialized production, the formation of economies of scale, the use of special equipment, and make personal technology and expertise in the production and sales fields to maximize, and thus help to improve labor productivity and enterprise economic benefits.6, each business can have a comparison between departments, there is competition. Thereby enhancing the vitality of enterprises, and promote the comprehensive development of enterprises.7, each business unit to operate independently, accountability, so that the target management and self-control can be effective in such conditions, the senior leadership of the management range can be appropriately expanded.The defect:1, the company and business unit functions overlapping agencies constitute waste management;2, each business unit autonomy, independent accounting, considering the problems often starting from the headquarters, ignoring the interests of the whole enterprise, the impact of inter-collaboration;3, each division are set up a functional structure, which functions within the department lost economies of scale;4, Division based on their product or service to build their own capacity, often leads to a lack of coordination between product lines, loss of competitiveness and depth of technical expertise, product integration and standardization between the lines becomes more difficult.The suggestion:1, a reasonable set of functional departments, reducing redundant functions, such as: removal of the cause of the underlying functional structure to form the internal economies of scale.2, the top leaders from the overall interests, unified decision-making, communication and coordination of variousdepartments to actively promote cooperation.3, the introduction of new technologies to enhance their market competitiveness.4, the development of customer demand as the core of development strategies to meet market needs.。

国家开放大学管理英语3（作业答案）视频题目：1、Purchasing Manager 属于Finance Dept. 错2、“正装”的英语表达为__formal clothes __.3、She had been saving every cent she could for months, but twenty dollars a week —which was the total of their _ income_.4、Let us go for a picnic, _will you_?5、Why is Mike late for work?--- He is caught up in a traffic jam.6、Please find _out_ when the train leaves.7、What is the product they are talking about in this dialogue? Shirts8、Emergency numbers in diff erent countries 对9、So far, the contaminated baby milk hasn't caused any deaths yet. 对10、请为该词组选择正确的意思：blocking or defacing license plates。

遮挡、污损号牌11、They agreed __with_ this idea.12、bachelor的意思为：学士; 单身汉对13、Understanding yourself means knowing well about your strengths, weaknesses, your values, how you learn, how you do with others and so on. 错14、According to research by Top Employers, many corporations have enough talents for their development. 对15、You have to pay for the credit card loans by the end of each month. 错16、被动语态句指谓语动词表示的动作与主语之间是被动关系的句子。

iDM:A Unified and Versatile Data Model for PersonalDataspace Management∗Jens-Peter Dittrich Marcos Antonio Vaz SallesETH Zurich8092Zurich,Switzerlanddbis.ethz.ch|ABSTRACTPersonal Information Management Systems require a powerful and versatile data model that is able to represent a highly heterogeneous mix of data such as relational data,XML,file content,folder hier-archies,emails and email attachments,data streams,RSS feeds and dynamically computed documents,e.g.ActiveXML[3].Interest-ingly,until now no approach was proposed that is able to represent all of the above data in a single,powerful yet simple data model. This paperfills this gap.We present the iMeMex Data Model(iDM) for personal information management.iDM is able to represent unstructured,semi-structured and structured data inside a single model.Moreover,iDM is powerful enough to represent graph-structured data,intensional data as well as infinite data streams. Further,our model enables to represent the structural information available insidefiles.As a consequence,the artifical boundary be-tween inside and outside afile is removed to enable a new class of queries.As iDM allows the representation of the whole personal dataspace[20]of a user in a single model,it is the foundation of the iMeMex Personal Dataspace Management System(PDSMS)[16, 14,47].This paper also presents results of an evaluation of an initial iDM implementation in iMeMex that show that iDM can be efficiently supported in a real PDSMS.1.INTRODUCTION1.1MotivationPersonal information consists of a highly heterogeneous data mix of emails,XML,L A T E X and word documents,pictures,mu-sic,address book entries,and so on.Personal information is typ-ically stored infiles scattered among multiplefile systems(local or network),multiple machines(local desktop,network share,mail server),and most of all differentfile formats(XML,L A T E X,Office, email formats,etc.).This work is motivated by the fact that much of the data stored in thosefiles represents information such as hierarchies and graphs which are not exploited by current PIM tools to narrow search and ∗This work was partially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation(SNF)under contract200021-112115.Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the VLDB copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Very Large Data Base Endowment.To copy otherwise,or to republish,to post on servers or to redistribute to lists,requires a fee and/or special permission from the publisher,ACM.VLDB‘06,September12-15,2006,Seoul,Korea.Copyright2006VLDB Endowment,ACM1-59593-385-9/06/09.query results.Moreover,there is an artificial gap between the struc-tural information insidefiles and the outside structural information established by thefiles&folder hierarchies employed by the user to classify herfiles.This paper proposes an elegant solution to close these gaps.Key to our approach is to map all available data to single graph data model—no matter whether it belongs inside or outside afile.For instance,our model may be applied to represent at the same time data pertaining to thefile system(folder hierarchies)and data per-taining to the contents inside afile(structural graph).Consequently the artifical boundary between inside and outside afile is removed. At the same time,we also remove the boundary between different subsystems such asfile systems and IMAP email servers as we map that information to the same graph model.This enables new kinds of queries that are not supported with state-of-the-art PIM tools.1.2The ProblemE XAMPLE1[I NSIDE V ERSUS O UTSIDEF ILES]Personal Information includes semi-structured data(XML,Word or other Office documents1)as well as graph-structured data(L A T E X). These documents are stored asfiles on thefile system.Consider the following query:Query1:“Show me all L A T E X‘Introduction’sectionspertaining to project PIM that contain the phrase‘MikeFranklin’.”The query references information that is partly kept outsidefiles on thefile system,i.e.all project folders related to the PIM project. Another part of the query references information kept inside cer-tain L A T E Xfiles,i.e.all introduction sections containing the phrase ‘Mike Franklin’.With current technology,this query cannot be is-sued in one single request by the user as it has to bridge that inside-outsidefile boundary.The user may only search thefile system using simple system tools like grep,find,or a keyword search en-gine.However,these tools may return a large number of results which would have to be examined manually to determine thefinal result.Even when a matchingfile is encountered,then,for struc-turedfile formats like Microsoft PowerPoint,the user typically has to conduct a second search inside thefile tofind the desired infor-mation[13].Moreover,state-of-the-art operating systems—in-cluding the upcoming WinFS—do not support at all exploitation of structured information inside the user’s documents.The struc-tured information inside thefiles is in a data cage and cannot be used to refine the query.1Open Office has stored documents in XML since version1.0. MS Office12appearing end of2006will also enable storage of files using zipped XML.Desiderata:What is missing is a technology that enables users to execute queries that bridge the divide between the graph-structured information inside theirfiles and the outsidefile system.2 E XAMPLE2[F ILES VERSUS E MAIL A TTACHMENTS]Email has become one of the most important applications of per-sonal information management.Consider a simple project man-agement scenario.When managing multiple projects,e.g.industry projects,research projects,PhD students,lectures,and so on,you may decide to store documents of big projects in a separate folder on your local hard disk.For smaller projects you may decide to keep that information as attachments to email messages you ex-changed with members of the project team.Now let’s consider the following query:Query2:“Show me all documents pertaining to project‘OLAP’that have afigure containing the phrase‘In-dexing Time’in its label.”With state-of-the-art technology this type of query cannot be com-puted as it requires to consider structural information available on the different folder hierachies outside,i.e.,both the folder hierarchy on the local hard disk as well as the folder hierarchy on the IMAP server.Again,the structural constraint“all Figures containing”has to be evaluated considering structural information present inside certainfiles,i.e.locally availablefiles and email attachments. Desiderata:What is missing is a technology that abstracts from the different outside subsystems likefile systems,and email servers to enable a unified approach to querying graph-structured personal information.2 1.3Our ContributionsThis paper presents an elegant solution to the above problems. The core idea is to introduce a unified,versatile and yet simple data model.All personal information like semi-structured documents (L A T E X,Word or other Office documents),relational data,file con-tent,folder hierarchies,email,RSS feeds and even data streams can be instantiated in that model.Since we are able to represent all data inside a single model,we are then in the position to use a single powerful query language to query all data within a single query.This paper presents our data model.The full specification of our query language will be presented as part of future work.In summary,this paper makes the following contributions:1.We present the iMeMex Data Model(iDM)for personal infor-mation management.iDM allows for the unified representa-tion of all personal information like XML,relational data,file content,folder hierarchies,email,data streams and RSS feeds inside a single data model.2.We present how to instantiate existing data like XML,relations,files&folders and data streams inside our model.Further,we show how to instantiate iDM subgraphs based on the structural content offiles such as tree structures(XML)and graph struc-tures(L A T E X).3.We show that all parts of the iMeMex Data Model(iDM)canbe computed lazily.Because of this,iDM is able to support so-called intensional data,i.e.data that is obtained by execut-ing a query or calling a remote service.For this reason,iDM can model approaches such as Active XML[3]as a use-case.In contrast,to the latter,however,iDM is not restricted to the XML domain.4.iDM is the foundation for the iMeMex Personal DataspaceManagement System(PDSMS)[16,14,47].A PDSMS pro-vides integrated services on the whole dataspace[20]of a user,that is the total of all personal information pertaining to a given individual.We present the core architecture of iMeMex and show how iDM was implemented in that system.ing an initial iDM implementation in the iMeMex PersonalDataspace Management System we present results of experi-ments.The result of our experiments demonstrate that iDM can be efficiently implemented in a real PDSMS,providing both ef-ficient indexing times and interactive response times.This paper is structured as follows.Section2presents an over-view and the formal definition of the iMeMex Data Model(iDM) for personal information management.Section3then describes how to represent XML,files&folders,as well as data streams using iDM.After that,Section4discusses how to compute an iDM graph. Section5gives an overview on the implementation of iDM and its query language iQL in the iMeMex Personal Dataspace Manage-ment System.Section6reviews related work.Section7presents experiments with our initial iDM implementation in iMeMex.Fi-nally,Section8concludes the paper.2.iMeMex DATA MODELThis section is structured into an overview(2.1),the formal def-inition of our model(2.2),and a series of examples(2.3).2.1OverviewThe iMeMex Data Model(iDM)uses the following important ideas to represent the heterogeneous data mix found in personal information management:•In iDM,all personal information available on a user’s desk-top is exposed through a set of resource views.A resource view is a sequence of components that express structured, semi-structured and unstructured pieces of the underlying data.Thus all personal data items,though varied in their representation,are exposed in iDM uniformly.For example, every node in afiles&folders hierarchy as well as every ele-ment in an XML document would be represented in iDM by one distinct resource view.•Resource views in iDM are linked to each other in arbitrary directed graph structures.The connections from a given re-source view to other resource views are given by one of its components.•In contrast to XML approaches[45,3],iDM does not impose the need to convert data to a physical XML document repre-sentation before query processing may take place.Rather,we favor a clear separation between logical and physical repre-sentation of data.Data may be dynamically represented in our model during query processing although it remains pri-marily stored in its original format and location.Note that this does not preclude a system that implements iDM to pro-vide facilities such as indexing or replication of the original data to speed-up query evaluation.•We introduce resource view classes to precisely define the types and representation of resource view components.Any given resource view may or may not comply to a resource view class.We show how to use resource view classes to constrain our model to represent data infiles&folders,rela-tions,XML and data streams in Section3.•Resource views may be given extensionally(e.g.,files&fold-ers or tuples in a relational store)or computed intensionally(e.g.,as a result to a query).Further,resource views may contain components that are finite as well as infinite .Those aspects of our model are explored in Section 4.2.2Resource ViewsIn this section,we formally define a resource view and explain its constituent parts.After that,we present examples of resource view graphs (see Section 2.3).ηi NAME COMPONENT :ηi is a finite string that represents the name of V i .τi TUPLE COMPONENT :τi is a 2-tuple (W ,T ),where W is a schema and T is one single tuple that conforms to W.The schema W = a j ,j =1,2,...,k is defined as a sequence of attributes where attribute a j is the name of a role played bysome domain 3D j in W.The tuple T = v j,j =1,2,...,k is a sequence of atomic values where value v j is an element of the domain D j of the attribute a j .χi CONTENT COMPONENT :χi is a string of symbols taken from an alphabet Σc .The content χi may be finite or infinite.When χi is finite,it takes the form of a finite sequence of symbols denoted by c 1,...,c l ,c j ∈Σc ,j =1,...,l;when χi is infi-nite,the respective sequence is infinite and we denote χi = c 1,...,c ll →∞,c j ∈Σc ,j =1,...,l ,l →∞.γi GROUP COMPONENT :γi is a 2-tuple (S ,Q ),where S is a (pos-sibly empty)set of resource views and Q is a (possibly empty)ordered sequence of resource views.Further,(i)The set S and the sequence Q may be finite or infinite.When S is finite,we denote S ={V s 1,...,V s m };when it is infinite,then we denote S ={V s 1,...,V s m }m →∞.Likewise,when Q is finite,we denote Q = V q 1,...,V q n ;when Q isinfinite,then we denote Q = V q 1,...,V q nn →∞.(ii)S ∩Q =∅,i.e.,S and Q are disjoint 4.(iii)Assume a resource view V i has a non-empty γi component.If there exists a resource view V k for which V k ∈S ∪Q holds,we say that V k is directly related to V i ,i.e.,V i →V k .Any given resource view may be directly related to zero,one or many other resource views.(iv)If V i →V j →...→V k ,we say that resource view V k is in-directly related to V i ,i.e.,V i ;V k .If any of the components of a resource view is empty,we denote its value,where convenient,by the empty n-tuple ()or by the empty sequence .2The ηi component is a name used to refer to the resource view.It is of service for the construction of path queries,discussed in 2We use the subscript notation to denote one specific resource viewand its components.3A domain is considered to be a set of atomic values.In the remain-der,whenever we mention attributes or domains,we refer to the definitions given above.Our definitions of domains and attributes conform to the ones given in [19].4For the sake of simplicity,we extend notation and use the sym-bols ∩and ∪to denote intersection not only between sets,but also between a set and a sequence.The ∩operation returns a set con-taining the (distinct)elements of the sequence that also belong to the intersected set.The ∪operation returns a set containing the (distinct)elements that belong either to the set or to the sequence.Section 5.1.The τi component has a similar definition as the one given for tuples in a relational data model [9,19].One important difference is that the schema W is defined for each tuple,instead of for a set of tuples.This decision of course creates a tension for rep-resenting sets of resource views with the same structural features.Schematic information is important in this setting and we introduce it in our model by defining resource view classes (see Section 3).The χi component represents arbitrary unstructured content.For iDM,it is merely a sequence of atomic symbols from some alpha-bet,such as characters in a file’s content or in an XML text node.The χi component may be finite or infinite.Allowing infinite con-tent is useful to naturally represent media streams in our model.Finally,the γi component creates a directed graph structure that connects related views.Note that we impose no restriction on this graph,so that we may represent trees,DAGs and cyclic graphs.If the relative order among the connections established between re-source views is of importance,we represent them in the sequence Q of γi .Otherwise,they are represented in the set S .Like the χi component,both the set and/or the sequence of γi may be finite or infinite.The infinite case is useful for representing data streams as infinite sequences of resource views in our model.2.3ExamplesIn Figure 1(a),we present a typical files&folders hierarchy con-taining information on some research projects of one of the authors.There is one high-level folder that groups all research projects and we show two sub-folders for specific projects.The ‘PIM’folder isfurther expanded to reveal one L A T E X document for one version ofthis VLDB 2006paper,one Microsoft Word document for a grant proposal,and one folder link to the top-level ‘Projects’folder.The contents of those documents are also partially displayed.Both doc-uments contain sections,subsections and their corresponding text.In addition,the document ‘vldb2006.tex’also contains a reference to section ‘Preliminaries’in the subsection ‘The Problem’.Unified Representation.As we may notice in Figure 1(a),there is a gap between the graph-structured information inside files and the hierarchies present on the outside file system.We show the rep-resentation of the same information in iDM in Figure 1(b).Nodes denote resource views and edges denote the connections induced by the resource views’group components.Each node is labeled with the resource view’s name component.In iDM,what we call files&folders are only resource views.Each file or folder is represented as one resource view in Figure 1(b).Further,the data stored inside files is also uniformly represented as resource views.The document class,title,abstract and document portions of the VLDB 2006paper are some of these resource views.They are directly related to the ‘vldb 2006.tex’file resource view.In addition,any structural information present in the document por-tion of that file is represented as resource views.Note that the same applies to the ‘Grant.doc’resource view.This is possible as an in-creasing number of office tools,such as Microsoft Office 12,OpenOffice and L A T E X,offer semi-structured or graph-structured docu-ment formats that make it feasible to write content converters thatobtain good quality resource view graphs.In addition,structure extraction techniques [18,12,35]may be used in conjunction with our approach to further increase the quality of resource view sub-graphs extracted from content components.Intensional Data.One important aspect of our model is that the resource view graph is a logical representation of personal infor-mation.That logical representation does not need to be fully mate-rialized at once and may be computed lazily.Personal information does not have to be imported to or exported from our data model,but rather represented in it.This is in sharp contrast to XML ap-All ProjectsFigure 1:iDM represents heterogeneous personal information as a single resource view graph.The resource view graph represents the whole dataspace of a userproaches which are usually tied to having a physical representation of the whole data as an XML document before querying may be carried out (see Section 4).Resource Views and their Components.Let us show the de-tailed representation of one resource view present in Figure 1.Con-sider the ‘PIM’folder.We represent it as a resource view V PIM =(ηPIM ,τPIM ,χPIM ,γPIM ),in which:ηPIM =‘PIM’;τPIM =(W ,T ),where W =creation time:date,size:integer,lastmodified time:date and T =‘19/03/200511:54’,4096,‘22/09/200516:14’,i.e.,the τPIM component represents the filesystem properties associated with the ‘PIM’folder;χPIM =;γPIM =(S ,Q ),where S ={V vldb 2006.tex ,V Grant.doc ,V All Projects }andQ = .Note that the children of the ‘PIM’folder in the filesystem are represented as resource views directly related to V PIM .These re-source views are V vldb 2006.tex ,V Grant.doc ,and V All Projects .The re-source views V vldb 2006.tex and V Grant.doc have their ηand τcompo-nents defined analogously to V PIM ,their γcomponent correspond-ing to the resource views in their document content and their χcomponent equal to the binary stream of each file.The V All Projects resource view is also represented analogously to V PIM ,except that its γcomponent corresponds to the folder ‘Projects’.Here and in the remainder,we will omit the empty components from the re-source view notation as they are clear from the context.Therefore,we denote V PIM =(‘PIM’,τPIM ,γPIM ).We also use V PIM to repre-sent a view named ‘PIM’where there is no risk of confusion with other views with the same name.Graph Structures.Some data models,such as XML and tradi-tional files&folders,organize data in a tree structure.The extension of that structure to represent graphs is usually done through the in-clusion of second-class citizens in the model,such as links.iDM naturally represents graph structures by the connections inducedby the resource views’group components.The relevance of rep-resenting and querying arbitrary graph data has been increasingly recognized in the literature [24,30].For example,the V Projects →V PIM →V All Projects →V Projects path of directly related resource views in Figure 1(b)forms a cycle in the resource view graph.Further,in Figure 1(b),resource view V Preliminaries is directly related to both views V document and V ref .Schemas.Personal information is trapped inside a large array of data cages.Some solutions to this problem propose to cast user’s information into a rigid set of developer defined schemas,e.g.Mi-crosoft WinFS [44].They defend that the relational model is the most appropriate underlying representation for desktop data.Other proposals,e.g.Apple Spotlight [4],abolish schemas and employ search engine technology to represent all data as completely un-structured.In contrast,iDM offers a schema-agnostic graph representation of personal information.We may employ resource view classes,defined in the following section,to enrich iDM with schematic in-formation and to constrain it to represent a wide array of data mod-els typically used to represent personal data.3.INSTANTIATING SPECIALIZED DATA MODELSIn the following,we show how to instantiate specialized data models like files&folders,XML,as well as data streams using iDM.Due to space constraints,we omit details on how to instantiate rela-tional data.These instantiations will,however,become clear to the reader based on the discussion for the other data models.Table 1summarizes the instantiations for the specialized data models.3.1Resource View ClassesFor convenience,we introduce resource view classes ,which con-strain iDM to represent a particular data model.D EFINITION 2(R ESOURCE V IEW C LASS )Given a set of resource views D ={V i },i =1,...,n,we define a resource view class C as aResource View Class Resource View Components Definition ηC i τC i χC i γC iDescriptionNameSQ File file N f (W FS ,T f )C f∅Folder folder N F (W FS ,T F ) {V child 1,...,V childm } child ∈{file ,folder }Relational Tupletuple (W R ,t i ) ∅Relation relationN R (){V tuple 1,...,V tuplem } V tuplei= τtuple i ,τtuple i =(W R ,t i ),i =1,...,mRelational database reldb N DB () {V relation 1,...,V relationm}XML text node xmltext ()C t ∅XML element xmlelem N E (W E ,T E ) ∅ V xmlnode 1,...,V xmlnoden xmlnode ∈{xmltext ,xmlelem }XML document xmldoc () ∅ V xmlelemroot XML File xmlfile N f (W FS ,T f )C f ∅ V xmldocdocData Stream datstream () ∅ V 1,...,V n n →∞Tuple stream tupstream () ∅ V tuple1,...,V tuple n n →∞RSS/ATOM streamrssatom()∅V xmldoc 1,...,V xmldoc n n →∞or:same as in xmldocTable 1:Important Resource View Classes to represent files&folders,relations,XML,data streams,and RSSset of formal restrictions on the ηi ,τi ,χi and γi components of all views V i ∈D.The formal restrictions specified by a resource view class include:1.E MPTYNESS OF COMPONENTS :specifies that a certain subset of the components of resource views that obey to the resource view class must be empty or not.2.S CHEMA OF τ:determines the schema W that the τcompo-nents of resource views must have.3.F INITENESS OF χOR γ:enforces content χor group γelements S or Q to be either finite,infinite or empty.4.C LASSES OF DIRECTLY RELATED RESOURCE VIEWS :given a resource view V i ,determines the set of resource view classes that are acceptable for any resource view V j such that V i →V j .When a view V i conforms to the resource view class C,we denote itV C i .Accordingly,we denote its components ηC i ,τC i ,χC i ,and γCi .A given resource view may obey directly to only one class.One may,however,organize resource view classes in generalization (or specialization)hierarchies.When a resource view obeys to a given class C ,it automatically obeys to all classes that are generalizations of C .In this sense,our classes have an object-oriented flavor [8].Resource view classes may be used by application developers to provide pre-defined schema information on sets of resource views.Note that a full specification of schemas,including several differ-ent categories of integrity constraints,exceeds the scope of this pa-per.Note,additionally,that not all resource views need to have a resource view class attached to them.This means that unlike the relational [9]or object-oriented approaches [8],which support only a schema-first data modeling strategy,our model also supports schema-later and even schema-never [20].3.2Files&FoldersTraditional filesystems can be seen as trees in which internalnodes represent non-empty folders and leaves represent files or empty folders.Each node in the tree has a fixed set of properties,such as size,creation time,last modified time,etc.The attributes that appear on each node are defined in a filesystem-level schemaW FS ={size:int,creation time:date,last modified time:date,...}.The sequence of values that conform to that schema are expressed per node and,for a node n ,we denote this sequence T n .Each node also has a name,denoted N n .In addition,if n is a file node,then it has an associated content C n .In iDM we consider a ‘file’just one out of many possible resource views on user data.In order to have iDM represent the files&folders data model we define a file resource view class ,denoted file ,that constrains a view instance V file i to represent a file f as follows:V file i =(ηfile i ,τfile i ,χfilei ),where:ηfile i =N f ,τfile i =(W FS ,T f ),and χfilei =C f .Based on this definition we can recursively define the concept of a‘folder’.A folder resource view class ,denoted folder ,constrains a view instance V folder i to represent a folder F as follows:V folder i =(ηfolder i ,τfolder i ,γfolder i),where:ηfolder i=N F ,τfolder i =(W FS ,T F ),and γfolder i = {V child 1,...,V childm }, ,child ∈{file ,folder }.Further,as discussed in Section 2,iDM may be used to exploitsemi-structured content inside files.One special case of this type of content is XML.We may thus specialize the file resource view class to define an XML file resource view class ,denoted xmlfile ,in which the group component is non-empty and defined as:γxmlfile i= ∅, V xmldocdoc .The resource view V xmldocdoc pertains to resource view class xmldoc and is the document resource view for the XML document.The xmldoc resource view class is defined in Subsection 3.3.Note that other specializations of the file resource view class may be definedanalogously for other document formats,e.g.L A T E X.3.3XMLWe assume that XML data is represented according to the defin-itions in the XML Information Set [46].Due to space constraints,we only discuss how to instantiate the core subset of the XML In-formation Set (document,element,attribute,character)in iDM.In order to have iDM represent the XML data model we first define an XML text resource view class ,denoted xmltext ,that con-strains a view instance V xmltexti to represent a character information item with text content C t = c 1,...,c nas follows:V xmltext i =(χxmltext i ),where:χxmltext i=C t .As a second step,we need to represent element information itemsin our model.An element information item E has a name N E ,a set of attributes with values T E and schema W E ,and a sequence of children,each of which is either a text or an element information item.We define an XML element resource view class ,xmlelem ,that constrains a view instance V xmlelem i to represent an element information item E as follows:V xmlelem i =(ηxmlelem i ,τxmlelem i ,γxmlelem i),where:ηxmlelem i =N E ,τxmlelem i =(W E ,T E ),and γxmlelem i=(S ,Q ),S =∅,Q = V xmlnode 1,...,V xmlnode n ,xmlnode ∈{xmltext ,xmlelem }.Note that the XML attribute nodes are modelled by the τxmlelem icomponent of V xmlelem i .Finally,we can define an XML document resource view class ,xmldoc ,to represent a document information item as follows:V xmldoc i =(γxmldoc i),where:γxmldoc i= ∅, V xmlelemroot ,and V xmlelemroot is a view thatrepresents the root element information item of the document.Figure 2shows an example of an instantiationFigure 2:XML fragment represented as a resource view graph of an XML fragment in iDM.Each node in the XML document is represented as a resource view.We use an expanded notation in the figure to represent nodes in the resource view graph and explicitly indicate their components.The connections among views are given by the resource views’γcomponents.3.4Data StreamsWe assume that a data stream is an infinite data source delivering data items.For the moment we do not require any restrictions on the type of data items.To constrain iDM to represent a generic data stream model we define a generic data stream resource view class,datstream ,that restricts a resource view V datstream i as follows:V datstream i =(γdatstream i ),where:γdatstream i = ∅, V 1,...,V n n →∞.Figure 3shows schematically how the instantiation of a data stream occurs in iDM.Each data item delivered by that stream is repre-sented as a resource view.Depending on the data model in whichFigure 3:A data stream is represented as a resource view graph the item is represented,the corresponding resource views may beof different classes.The data stream itself is represented as a re-source view whose γcomponent contains all corresponding data item views.Examples of data streams include streams that deliver tuples.A tuple stream resource view class,tupstream ,is defined to restrict a view instance V tupstream i as follows:V tupstream i =(γtupstream i),where:γtupstream i = ∅, V tuple 1,...,V tuplen n →∞ .Another example of a data stream is an RSS/ATOM stream deliver-ing XML messages.An RSS stream resource view class,rssatom ,is defined to restrict a resource view V rssatom i as follows:V rssatom i =(γrssatom i),γrssatom i = ∅, V xmldoc 1,...,V xmldocn n →∞ .Note that RSS/ATOM streams,even though they are frequently called ‘streams’,are just simple XML documents that are provided by a growing number of web servers.There is no notification mech-anism for the clients interested in those documents.So,one may argue that an alternative representation for an RSS/ATOM stream is the same as given for an XML document (see also Table 1).4.COMPUTING THE iDM GRAPHThis section outlines how to compute resource views and re-source view graphs.In the following,we show that all components of a resource view may be computed lazily (Section 4.1).After that,we discuss three paradigms to compute resource view compo-nents:extensional components (Section 4.2),intensional compo-nents (Section 4.3),and infinite components (Section 4.4).4.1Lazy Resource ViewsIt is important to understand that all components of a resource view may be computed on demand (aka lazily or intensionally).We do not require that any of the components of the iDM graph are ma-terialized beforehand.Whether the components of a resource view are materialized or not is hidden by modelling a resource view as an interface consisting of four get-methods,one for each component:Interface ResourceView {getNameComponent():return ηgetTupleComponent():return τgetContentComponent():return χgetGroupComponent():return γ}As a consequence,each resource view hides how ,when and even where the different components are computed.For instance,in Figure 1the subgraph representing the contents of L A T E X file “vldb 2006.tex”may be transformed to an iDM graph if a user requests that information,i.e.when she calls getGroup-Component()on resource view V filevldb 2006.tex .In the following sec-tions,we discuss how to obtain the data returned by the four differ-ent get*Component -methods.。

Theory and Practice of Science and Technology2022, VOL. 3, NO. 6, 118-122DOI: 10.47297/taposatWSP2633-456919.20220306Research on Interactive Model of Curriculum Standards Implementation -- Taking Java Programming as an Example Guohua XiongGuangdong Construction Polytechnic, Guangzhou Guangdong 510440, ChinaABSTRACTIn order to improve the teaching quality of software technology specialty,this paper first analyzes the foreign interactive teaching model,reconstructs the theoretical analysis framework for teachers to implementcurriculum standards, summarizes the core indicators for teachers toimplement curriculum standards and designs a suitable curriculumstandard implementation model, and verifies the rationality of the modelwith the implementation of the curriculum standard of JavaProgramming as an example, Through the joint implementation ofteachers and students, the results show that the model can effectivelyimprove students' learning interest and practical ability, and can provide atheoretical basis for promoting teachers' professional development in thenew curriculum and teaching reform.KEYWORDSCurriculum standard; Interactive model; Teaching implementation; JavaProgramming1　IntroductionThe implementation of curriculum standards carries educational ideas, is a professional and practical work, and has complex value orientation. How to effectively implement curriculum standards and promote teacher professionalization is the key to the realization of curriculum teaching design. The implementation of curriculum standards has always been put in a prominent position in the curriculum reform research of all countries in the world. How to inspire teachers to think about the implementation process of curriculum standards "like experts" as a whole [1], pay attention to students' learning and growth, and form a good teacher-student interaction has become a hot research issue for educators.2　Research Status(1)　Research status abroadForeign scholars pay attention to the study of the interaction between teachers and curriculum, and the representative researchers are Remilard, Drake, etc. They are mainly based on teachers' empirical research to understand the interaction between teachers and curriculum, and use this as an analytical framework to solve the problem of teachers' implementation of curriculum standards. They regard the development of theoretical models as an important part of the implementation of curriculum standards, and the number of models constructed is complex. From the perspective of research, the model can be divided into two categories. One is the model of teachers' curriculumTheory and Practice of Science and Technology implementation, such as the famous "Concern-based adoption model (CBAM)"; The other is the interactive model for the implementation of curriculum standards, such as the curriculum hierarchy theory created by Goodlad in the early stage, and the "teacher student content" interactive model developed by Anderson on the basis of this theory.(2)　Domestic research statusThe research in China is relatively late. The research on teachers' implementation of curriculum standards mainly focuses on the implementation level, influencing factors and effectiveness. It is difficult to explore the development context of the implementation of curriculum standards, and the theoretical depth is not enough. Although the theoretical research on the implementation of curriculum standards by teachers has been continuing in recent years, it is still in the exploration period, and there is no systematic theory of curriculum implementation. Some domestic scholars equate the implementation of curriculum standards with teaching, and "curriculum" is regarded as teaching materials. The implementation of curriculum standards is to implement the content of teaching materials; Another part of scholars believe that the implementation of curriculum standards is the process of putting innovative curriculum plans into practice [2].3　Research IdeasBy comparing the research on the implementation of curriculum standards by teachers at home and abroad, it is found that there are some typical models for the implementation of curriculum standards by foreign teachers, and they have developed in depth; However, in China, there are either speculative discussions or direct practical explorations, and there are few theoretical systems for teachers to implement curriculum standards. In view of this, the research idea of this paper is to reconstruct the theoretical analysis framework of teachers' implementation of curriculum standards through the theoretical analysis of foreign typical models, and on this basis, summarize the key issues of teachers' implementation of curriculum standards and design a suitable curriculum standard implementation model, and take the implementation of Java Programming curriculum standards as an example to verify the rationality of the model, At the same time, the consistency of teaching evaluation in the implementation of curriculum standards by teachers is analyzed, and thespecific ideas are shown in Figure 1.Figure 1　Research ideas 119Guohua Xiong 1204　Construction of Interactive Model for Curriculum Standard Implementation (1)　Concept of interactive teaching modeThe literature [3]believes that the interactive teaching mode refers to the teaching principle of "students as the main body and teachers as the leading role", which focuses on heuristic teaching and allows students and teachers to participate in the teaching and learning of the course. Literature [4] believes that it is a teaching structure model aimed at cultivating students' independent consciousness and innovation ability, and at "making students love, learn and be good at learning". This paper believes that the interactive teaching mode refers to the teaching mode that, under the guidance of the teaching ideology of "students as the main body, teachers as the leading, and training projects as the main line", around the training projects, interactive teaching methods, supplemented by heuristic methods, let teachers and students participate in the bilateral activities of training project teaching and learning, so as to achieve the goal of cultivating students' innovative spirit and improving practical ability.(2)　Relevant theoretical basisAt present, the relevant theories of interactive teaching research mainly focus on constructivism and humanism.Constructivism is one of the most influential educational concepts in the world today. It puts forward a series of new explanations for learning and teaching. It believes that learning is carried out under specific social and cultural background and specific learning environment conditions. When designing practical projects, combining the actual situation of real life is conducive to stimulating students' interest and overcoming the abstraction of learning content To enable students to fully use their knowledge and experience in their cognitive structure, give play to their association and imagination, and promote the effective transfer of students' knowledge [5] [6]. The essence of constructivism is to analyze the nature of cognitive activities and put forward a new understanding of the construction process of learning. Constructivism regards students as the subject and center of the teaching process, attaches importance to the role of students' existing knowledge and experience and psychological structure, attaches importance to the subjective initiative of students' learning process, emphasizes the social and situational nature of students' learning, and believes that teachers should play the role of organizers, helpers and promoters in the teaching process, reflecting the student-oriented teaching concept.Humanism education theory mainly emphasizes the teaching goal view of knowing and unifying, the meaningful free learning view and the student-centered teaching view. Its emphasis is not on the teaching results but on the teaching process, emphasizing the development of students' potential, personality and creativity in the process; What we pay attention to is not the teaching content but the teaching method. In the teaching method, we advocate student-centered, everything for the development of students, and let students choose and discover themselves.(3)　Curriculum standard interactive model designSince the teaching of the curriculum follows the corresponding curriculum standards, a better interactive curriculum standard is, to a certain extent, the prerequisite for achieving high-quality curriculum interaction. For another course, from the beginning to the end of the course assessment, the interaction between teachers and students is permeated in the whole teaching process, so we divide the design of interactive curriculum standards into three stages.The first stage is to interact before class and formulate curriculum standards. Before each class,Theory and Practice of Science and Technology the teacher requires the students to preview. Before class, the teacher should explain the teaching objectives, key and difficult points of the course, relevant requirements of practical training and scoring standards to the students. Then, through questionnaires, group discussions, network tool interaction and other methods, master the students' preview situation and basic needs for the course content, and carry out pre-class learning situation analysis based on this, and then modify or redesign in combination with the original curriculum standard to develop a new curriculum standard. Take part of the contents of Chapter 2 Java Programming Basics of Java Programming for example, as shown in Table 1. Since students have learned C Content Language Programming before learning this course, they use the form of pre-class questionnaire to achieve the purpose of interaction. This can clarify what content students can learn by themselves, what content needs to be taught and what kind of teaching method students can accept more easily. Based on this, the curriculum standard of this course can be preliminarily designed.The second stage is interaction in class and adjustment of curriculum standards. During the course of teaching according to the preliminarily designed curriculum standard, analyze whether the students' mastery of knowledge is consistent with the pre-class analysis according to the students' actual training completion and the students' performance in the discussion link. During the course of teaching, students may also put forward some new questions. At this time, the teacher should make a good record and analysis of the learning situation in class, and modify the preliminarily implemented curriculum standard after class according to the analysis. Java Program Design is a practical course, which uses students to achieve the organic integration of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The course selection is based on project-based teaching. In class, teachers and students jointly discuss the needs analysis of the project. The key technology realization is explained by teachers in the way of theoretical teaching and practical demonstration, and then by students on the computer, To reflect the student-centered concept, students can also design and complete independently.The third stage is after-class interaction and optimization of curriculum standards. After class, teachers should not only organize students to investigate the teaching satisfaction of this class, but also ask students to put forward good practices and problems that need to be improved, and analyze students' mastery of the knowledge of this class according to the completion of homework after class, so as to further optimize the curriculum standards of this class.Through the above theoretical analysis, the designed interactive model for the implementation of curriculum standards is shown in Figure 2.Table 1　Analysis of basic knowledge points of Java programmingKnowledge PointsBasic format of Java programComments in JavaIdentifier in JavaKeywords in JavaConstants in JavaDefinition of variablesData type of variableType conversion of variableScope of variableArithmetic operatorAssignment OperatorsComparison operatorLogical operatorOperator precedence Self-study or not √√√√√√√Key Lectures √√√√√√√Teaching Method Lecture and Demonstration Lecture and Demonstration Lecture and Demonstration Lecture and Demonstration Lecture and Demonstration Lecture and DemonstrationLecture and Demonstration 121Guohua Xiong 5　ConclusionAt present, there is still a lack of research on the interactive model of curriculum standard implementation, and even less empirical research and specific teaching practice are involved. Starting from this weak link, this paper comprehensively introduces the concept, basis and process of the establishment of interactive curriculum standards in three stages of pre-class, in-class and post-class, and accordingly designs an interactive model for the implementation of curriculum standards, and validates the model through the implementation of the curriculum standard Java Programming. The results of the validation not only deepen the teachers' understanding of the implementation process of curriculum standards to a certain extent, More importantly, it can provide some theoretical basis for promoting teachers' professional development in the new curriculum and teaching reform, and provide a framework for reference and analysis for improving teachers' professional practice.FundingThis paper is Supported by Educational Planning Project of Guangdong Province in 2021 (Grant No. 2021GXJK534), Supported by Project of China Construction Education Association in 2021 (Grant No.2021177), Supported by Science and Technology Innovation Strategy Special Project in Guangdong Province in 2022 (Grant No.pdjh2022b0834), Supported by universities characteristic innovation project of Guangdong Province in 2022 (Grant No. 2022KTSCX248), Supported by School level project of Guangdong Construction Polytechnic in 2021 (Grant No.JG2021-12).References[1] Research on the interactive model of teachers'implementation of curriculum standards[D].Yangtze University,2020.[2] XIA Xuemei,CUI Yunhuo.Interaction Perspective of Teachers'Curriculum Implementation:A Construction Based on Literature Review of 40 Years[J]. Research in Educational Development,2013,33(24):1-5+10.[3] Zhao Liqun. The Research and Practice of Interactive Pattern in Class between the Teacher and Students[D]. Liaoning Normal University,2006.[4] Li Ment. Instructional Pattern Construction and Practice Research of the Synchronous Interactive Class[D]. Central China Normal University,2015.[5] ZHANG Zhiliang, WANG Meng, LI Hui. Research on experimental teaching based on constructivism learning theory[J]. Laboratory Science. 2022,25(04):93-96.[6] Zhang Sai.Integrating Innovation Education into Professional Education Practice Based on Anchoring Teaching Model:Taking Changjiang Polytechnic as an Example[J]. Journal of Hubei Adult Education Institute. 2022,28(03):62-66.Figure 2　Interactive model of curriculum standard implementation 122。