北京师范大学语言学概论2003年考研真题考研试题

北京师范大学汉语文化学院历年专业课考研试题汇总目录北京师范大学汉语文化学院历年专业课考研试题汇总 (2)1、2013年考研试题汇总 (2)①2013年北师大汉语文化学院语言学及应用语言学真题回忆 (2)②2013年北师大汉语国际教育真题回忆版 (3)③2013年北京师范大学汉硕考研真题（回忆版） (5)2、2012年考研试题汇总 (7)①北京师范大学2012汉语国际教育硕士真题回忆版 (7)②2012年北师大汉语文化学院语用题回忆 (8)③北师大2012年汉语言文字学专业课真题回忆 (10)④北师大汉语文化学院2012年对外汉语语言学相关题（回忆版） (11)⑤北师大汉语文化学院2012年对外汉语古汉、中国文学考研真题回忆版 (12)⑥北师2012对外汉语考研732专业基础回忆版 (13)3、2011年考研试题汇总 (15)①2011年北京师范大学全日制汉语国际教育硕士354汉语基础综合考试试卷（回忆版） .. 15②2011年北京师范大学全日制汉语国际教育硕士445汉语国际教育基础试卷（回忆版） .. 16③2011年北师大汉院中文信息处理专业课真题回忆版 (17)④2011年北师大对外汉语真题（回忆版） (18)⑤2011 北师对外汉语考研真题（732专业基础）（分值分布、95%原题回忆） (19)4、2010年考研试题汇总 (21)①北师大2010年汉语国际教育考研真题最全回忆版 (21)②2010北京师范大学汉语文化学院对外汉语教学考研真题 (22)5、2009年以前考研试题汇总 (26)①2008年北京师范大学汉语文化学院考研真题汇总 (26)②北京师范大学2003年汉语言文字学专业考研试题 (26)③北师大汉语言文字学2003年—2004年真题 (28)④北京师范大学2008年对外汉语考研试题_专业综合_古代汉语 (28)⑤2004年北京师范大学研究生入学对外汉语（回忆版） (28)⑥2008年北京师范大学对外汉语专业综合考研试题 (29)⑦2005年北师大对外汉语试题 (31)北京师范大学汉语文化学院历年专业课考研试题汇总1、2013年考研试题汇总①2013年北师大汉语文化学院语言学及应用语言学真题回忆2013年汉语文化学院语言学及应用语言学真题回忆下午刚考完，回来对了政治和英语答案，都没有预期的理想，特别是英语的第四篇阅读和新题型，失落啊，难受啊。

语言学历年真题试卷汇编6(总分66,考试时间90分钟)1. 案例分析题1. 根据发音特点比较下列发音的特征。

(2011年华中师范大学考题)(1)[i][y](2)[f][s](3)[k][p] 简单分析下列短语中的歧义并说明其产生歧义的原因。

(2007年华中师范大学考题、2013年北京师范大学考题)2. 小张和小李结婚了3. 写好书4. 我不懂这句话的意思指出下列句子中的词语(划线部分)所表示的语法形式。

(2007年华中师范大学考题)5. Shegaveme thepicturesyesterday．6. 请把手摇摇。

2. 填空题填空题请完成下列各题，在各题的空处填入恰当的答案。

1. 语音的同化就是_______，语音的异化就是_______。

(2004年南开大学考题)2. 日语属于哪种结构类型的语言_______。

(2011年中国人民大学考题)3. 文字的产生，从时间和空间上语言的交际功能。

(2011年北京语言大学考题)3. 论述题1. 动词重叠是现代汉语常见的语言现象，比较从下面能说和不能说的句子，试说说动词重叠成立和动词重叠句(动词重叠做谓语的句子)成立，各要求什么样的语义条件。

(提示：例①是动词重叠成立的问题，例②③是重叠句成立的问题，三例分别分析和说明。

)(2005年武汉大学考题)①a你签签名b大家签签名②a我们明天整天讨论讨论(×)b我们明天抽时间讨论讨论③a你去送送老师b你送送老师回家(×)2. 论述对汉语书面语中夹用外文的看法。

(2011年华中师范大学考题)4. 名词解释题1. 翻译单位(2006年上海交通大学考题)2. 言语行为(2012年北京语言大学考题)3. 音节(2005年暨南大学考题)4. 谓词(2005年曲阜师范大学考题)5. 语义成分(义素)(2005年南开大学考题)6. 亲属语言(2011年中山大学考题、2011年南开大学考题、2013年武汉大学考题)5. 简答题1. 举例说明什么是语流音变以及语流音变的主要类型。

北师大文学院各科考研试题（二）中文系外国文学史外国文学史2003年一、名词解释伊阿宋清新诗派玛卡梅百喻经诗艺日本战后派俄国自然派席勒式非个人化(艾略特)陌生化二,问答1,比较东方文学与西方文学的总体特征,并说明形成这些特点的原因.2,比较欧洲自然主义与现实主义的区别与联系.三,论述西方现代文学中有哪些思潮流派,作家作品是受到中国文学影响的?请举两个以上(含两个)例子说明.2002年一，名词解释1往事书2谣曲3拜伦式英雄4古典主义5解冻文学6魔幻现实主义7流浪汉小说8新喜剧二问答题（共28分，每题14分）1，印度古典文学中有没有悲剧？为什么？有人说中国古典文学中没有悲剧，你对这个问题怎么看？2，在欧洲文学中，现代主义与后现代主义有什么区别与联系？三论述题（共40分，每题20分）1，浪漫主义为何会成为一种世界性的文艺思潮？2，请举出英，法，俄，美，日，印等国古典文学中的爱情悲剧主人公，并从社会学，历史学，美学的角度分析人物的民族特征2001年1，印度两大史诗2，俳句3。

狂飚突进运动3，14行诗5，湖畔派6，多余人7，黑色幽默二，请回答下列问题（每题15分，共45分）1，有人说，“中国人研究外国文学，无论如何也比不上外国人对本国文学的研究”。

你同意这种看法吗？为什么？2，你细读过哪些外国文学名著?哪部作品给你留下的印象最深刻?为什么?3,请以英国的王而德和日本的谷崎润一郎为例,谈谈惟美主义与现实主义的根本对立论述题(27分)请以文学传统比较悠久,文学比较发达的几个国家(如英,法,德,俄,印,日)为例,从宏观的,比较文学的角度,论述宗教文化,民族性格,思维方式,地理环境等因素,如何影响着一个民族的文学面貌. 比较文学专业一名词解释1 英雄传说2 人文主义3 狂飙突进运动4 《克伦威尔》序言二简答 1 1848年革命后，法国文学出现了怎样的变化2 什么是巴尔扎克的人物再现法，它的意义是什么3 19世纪40年代的俄国出现的自然派是怎样是文学流派4 惠特曼的《草叶集》在形式上有那些创新5 在《德伯家的苔丝》中，作者赋予主人公这样的品质三论述题1结合具体的作品论述表现主义的创作倾向2 论《尤利西斯》在写作技巧上的创新1999年欧美文学史：（专业：文艺学。

北京师范大学英语语言学真题2003年(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)ⅠExplain the following terms:（分数：20.00）(1).duality as a design feature of language（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).synchronic vs. diachronic perspective (of language)（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).distinctive features of speech sounds（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).semantic field（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).cooperative principle（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ⅡDescribe the following sounds:（分数：5.00）(1)./d/（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2)./v/（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3)./ ? /（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4)./ ? /（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5)./a: /（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ Ⅲ1.Explain and comment on the following pair of sentences a and b:a. John is easy to please.b. John is eager to please.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ Ⅳ2.There are two kinds of grammar based on different linguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ Ⅴ3.What are the principal differences between sentence meaning and speaker meaning?（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅵ4.Analyze the grammatical structure of the following sentence to illustrate its possible meanings:I saw him on the bus.（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅶ5.Some people say that the Chinese particle expresses the completion of an action. Is that true? How would you explain its meaning in the following sentences:天气冷起来了。

1/1十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
圣才电子书
2003年北京师范大学专业基础一考研真题
一、名词解释（每题5分，共8题）
1．神圣同盟
2．旧金山对日和约
3．马关条约
4．万隆会议
5．八国首脑会议
6．乌拉圭回合谈判
7．肯尼斯华尔兹
8．北约东扩
二、简述（每题15分，共4题）
1．简述20世纪30年代德国法西斯主义兴起的原因。

2．简述W·布什政府在美国国家安全战略报告中提出的“先发制人”战略。

3．简述新时期中国多边自主和平外交的特点。

4．简述全球化条件下国际行为主体的新变化。

三、论述（每题25分，共2题）
1．试论凡尔赛华盛顿体系的形成及其内在矛盾。

2．试论全球化条件下国家主权地位的变化及其发展趋势。

中文系语言学概论2002年2002年科目429 语言学概论专业：语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学研究方向：以上专业所有方向一、简答题（每小题2分，共20分）1、简述现代汉语书面语和口头语的源头2、闽方言包括哪几个次方言？各以哪个地方的语音为代表？3、说明汉语音节的结构地点4、汉语拼音方案有哪些优点？5、简要说明调值和调类的关系6、-i[前]、-i[后]、ong、iong等韵母分别属于四呼中的哪一呼？7、词汇学中的义位和传统所说的义项有什么不同？8、说明谚语被认为是词汇的一部分的原因9、什么是独立语？简要说明独立语的类型10、举例说明主谓句的主要句型二、应用题（共56分）1、为下列词语注上汉语拼音（6分）创伤粗犷呆板解剖皈依桎梏2、下列成语中的汉字有正确的有错误的，把错误的改为正确（6分）负隅顽抗陈词烂调班门弄斧既往不究刚愎自用不孝子孙病入膏肓风声鹤唳一愁莫展各行其事悬梁刺骨趋之若鹜3、解释下列成语中划线的语素的意义（4分）汗流浃背开门揖盗如火如荼高屋建瓴4、分析下列合成词的结构（6分）容貌弃儿宪法梦想灰心霜降融化船只铅印瀑布响应权衡5、改正下列句中的错误（2分）江西名城南昌，毗邻巍峨的江西省人民政府办公大厦，有一座很不显眼的三层小楼，这就是江西省高级人民法院。

6、用直接成分分析法（框式图解）分析下列复杂词组（每小组3分，共六分）（1）这后一句话给祥林嫂很大的鼓励（2）屋里有人轻轻地哼着小调7、用六大成分分析法（加线法）分析下列单句（每小题3分，共6分）（1）我们往往容易把赢得荣誉的人的衣服的每一个皱折，都描绘得光彩夺目。

（2）把博物馆比作智慧的女神、博学的君子，我看很恰当。

8、用符号法分析下列复句（4分）如果你是一个真正的艺术家，那么无论是站在演出的舞台上，还是站在生活的大舞台上，你都会真正赢得人民的掌声。

9、指出下列句中用得好的词语并分析其修辞效果（每小题4分，共八分）（1）七斤嫂眼睛好，早望见今天的赵七爷已经不是道士，却变成光滑头皮，乌黑发顶；伊便知道这一定是皇帝坐了龙庭，而且一定需有辫子，而且七斤一定是非常危险。

语言学概论2001一、术语解释题（10分）语音同化粘着语语言习得语言能力语法范畴二，填空题（10分）1.我们把语音分为口音/鼻音的对立，送气/不送气的对立，塞音/擦音的对立等，这是根据语音中的——分的类。

2.在语言类型学中，日语、朝鲜语、维吾尔语属于——型语言。

3.当今形式主义语法学派中最有影响的理论是——，系统功能语法学派的代表人物是——。

4.非亲属语言因同化而发生融合，形成一种混合语言，并被该社会采用为主要交际工具，作为母语来学习和使用，这种语言叫做——。

5.当今世界上文字主要有——文字、——文字、——文字三种类型。

6.对人脑的机制以及人脑与语言之间的关系进行研究的语言学叫做——。

7.景颇语以至于汉藏语系的——语支。

二，分析题（30分）1.请给下面一句话用国际音标注音，并分析其中的音位变体。

（6分）一个在枯黄田野上劳碌半世的人，终于等来草木青青的一年。

2.按照你的理解，请从语素角度分析下列结构。

（说明各由几个语素组成，是自由语素还是粘着语素）（6分）（1）歌星--歌迷--歌唱家---歌手--民歌（2）酒吧--网吧--陶吧--书吧（3）卡拉OK--OK(4) 葡萄--葡萄干--葡萄园--葡萄酒--提子3.分析下列加点词语中的色彩意义。

（6分）（1）“癞皮狗，你骂谁？”王胡轻蔑地抬起眼来说。

（2）她的晚年，据我想，是总算不很辛苦的，享寿也不小了，正无须我来下泪。

况且哭的人不是多着么，连先前竭力欺凌她的人们也哭，至少脸上很惨然。

（鲁迅《孤独者》）（3）“不怕，不怕，我老孙头怕啥？我是有啥说啥的，要说韩老六这人吧，也大不离。

你瞅那旁拉的苞米”。

老孙头用别的话岔开关于韩老六的文化：“这叫老母猪不翘脚，都是胡子闹瞎的，今年会缺吃的呀，同志。

”4.分析下列各组中A句和B句的语义关系，指出预设（前提）句或蕴涵句。

（6分）（1）A.这次开会没人缺席。

B.这次开会小王没缺席（2）A.北京的天安门广场有人民英雄纪念碑。

北师大_汉语文化学院_历年真题北师大汉语文化学院历年真题北师大汉院考研题（对外汉语教学方向）的试卷结构，古汉，现汉，语言学，古代文学，现代文学各占多少分值？专业基础卷:60分现代汉语的语音修辞语法；90分语言学纲要；专业综合卷:40分现代汉语文字词汇，60分古代汉语（名词解释10分，字词20分，不加标点的古汉原文翻译成现代汉语30分），文学50分（填空20分，名词解释6分，简答10分，问答14分）1999年中国文学史一、简答题：（总计40分，共4小题，每小题10分）1、举例说明庄子散文中的寓言的特点。

2、概述陶渊明的田园诗在思想内容上的价值。

3、举例说明苏轼词的艺术风格。

4、概述明代章回小说各个发展阶段的基本特点。

二、论述题（总计60分，只选做其中两题，每题30分）1、前人谓司司迁《史记》“其文直，其事核，不虚美，不隐恶，故谓之实录”，试结合作品论之。

2、前人称杜甫诗为“诗史”，又谓其“备于众体”，试结合作品论之。

3、试比较分析《西厢记》中的崔莺莺形象和《杜丹亭》中的杜丽娘形象的异同。

现代汉语与语言学概论语言学概论（50分）1、简述语言和言语的关系及其划分的意义。

（7分）2、给“发扬抗洪精神”注上国际音标（元音要用严式）请对头三个音节的辅音和元音进行描写。

（7分）3、给“她脸蛋儿好看”注上国际音标（元音要用严式）请分析其中的元音是几个音位，为什么？（7分）4、请对汉语“父、母、伯父、叔父、姑、舅、姨”进行义素分析。

（7分）1、举例说明语素、词、词组应该如何区分？（7分）2、什么是形态，汉语有无形态？（8分）7、结合直接成分分析法给下列句子建立树形图（7分）民族的凝聚力是战胜一切灾难的源泉。

古代汉语（50分）一、用“六书”理论逐一分析下列文字的构造方法，指明各字属于“六书”的哪一书（10分）：果（）门（）亦（）赖（）眉（）涉（）暴（）高（）徒（）志（）二、简要解释下列术语或名词（10分）：1、隶变2、形训3、石鼓文4、《尔雅》5、王引之三、简述“者”“所”两个特殊代词的异同关系（10分）。

2003年北京师范大学439传播学概论考研真题及详解北京师范大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试传播学概论试题一、名词解释（共30分，每题6分）1．把关人2．组织传播3．群体压力4．传播学二、简答题（共60分，每题15分）1．简述大众社会理论中“大众”的概念及特点。

2．什么是“有限效果论”？3．“沉默的螺旋”的理论概要。

4．内容分析法的定义和特点。

三、论述题（共60分，每题30分）1．比较传播技巧和传播效果研究中的几种诉求方法，并谈谈自己的见解。

2．谈谈你对“使用与满足”理论的理解和看法。

参考答案：北京师范大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试传播学概论试题一、名词解释（共30分，每题6分）1．把关人（北京师范大学2003研）答：把关人是指那些在新闻媒介系统中居于决断性的关键位置，又译为“守门人”，是对信息进行过滤和加工的人或组织，而这种对信息进行的过滤和加工的过程就是把关。

1947年，传播学先驱者库尔特·卢因在《群体生活的渠道》一书中系统论述了这个问题，认为群体传播中存在着一些把关人，只有符合群体规范或把关人价值标准的信息才能进入传播渠道。

1950年，传播学者怀特将这个概念引入新闻研究，明确提出了新闻筛选过程中的“把关”模式。

这一模式说明，新闻报道是一个对事实加以取舍的过程。

传媒内部存在着一系列的把关环节，把关是一种有组织的活动。

2．组织传播（北京师范大学2003研）答：组织传播是指组织所从事的信息活动。

它包括组织内传播和组织外传播，这两个方面都是组织生存和发展必不可少的保障。

组织传播的总体功能是通过信息传递将组织的各部分联结成一个有机整体，以保障组织目标的实现和组织的生存与发展。

它既是保障组织内部正常运行的信息纽带，也是组织作为一个整体与外部环境保持互动的信息桥梁。

具体来说，组织传播的功能包括内部协调、指挥管理、决策应变、形成共识等。

3．群体压力（北京师范大学2003研）答：群体压力是指群体中的多数意见对成员中的个人意见或少数意见所产生的压力。

一、名词解释1．语法［北京师范大学2010年研］答：语法是词、短语、句子等语言单位的结构规律，即说话所遵守的词句排列组合的规矩。

语法有两个含义：一是指语法结构规律本身，即平常说的语法事实；二是指语法学，即研究、描写、解释语法结构规律的科学，是对客观存在着的语法系统的认识和说明。

语法具有抽象性、生成性、层次性、递归性、系统性和稳固性等特征，一般包括词法和句法：词法是指词的构成和变化的规则；句法是指词或词组组成句子的规则。

2．自然语言和算法语言［武汉大学2011年研］答：（1）自然语言自然语言通常是指一种自然地随文化演化的语言。

例如，英语、汉语、日语为自然语言。

有时所有人类使用的语言（包括自然地随文化演化的语言，以及人造语言）都会被视为“自然”语言，以区别于如编程语言等为计算机而设的“人造”语言。

自然语言是人类交流和思维的主要工具，也是人类智慧的结晶。

（2）算法语言算法语言是计算机词汇，计算机语言分为机器语言、汇编语言、高级语言。

其中高级语言又称为算法语言。

常见算法语言有BASIC、FORTRAN、COBOL、PASCAL、C、C＋＋、JAVA 等。

3．语言符号的任意性和约定性［武汉大学2011年研］答：语言符号的任意性和约定性是语言一对相对的特征。

（1）语言符号的任意性和约定性的差异语言符号的任意性是指作为符号系统的成员，单个语言符号的语音形式和意义之间没有自然属性上的必然联系，只有社会约定的关系。

而语言的约定性则是指语言的音义结合虽然是没有自然联系的，但是在语言产生初期，音义一经约定俗成，就不能再更改，是全民必须共同遵守使用的规则。

（2）语言符号任意性和约定性的联系①正是由于任意性的作用，语言的音义结合必须要约定俗成，没有必然联系的音和义必须要依靠社会的约定力量才能实现实际运用的可能。

这两者是不能分割的两大特点。

②语言符号的形式跟意义是没有必然联系的，只要为符号的使用者所共同认可，一定的语音形式就可以与一定的意义联系在一起，所以语言符号的音义关系才是可变的。

北京师范大学2003年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试基础英语试题及答案详解专业：英语语言文学科目代码：321研究方向：语言学、语言教学、文学、翻译考试科目：基础英语I. Grammar 351. Insert prepositions to the slots (10):It is a well-known rule ( ) logic that classification made ( ) the basis of a singleattribute are artificial and ( ) limited use. So there must be a cluster of attributes ( )which a human group is defined, and these must be specific and essential, if they areto serve a useful purpose. Yet what is essential ( ) one observer is not ( ) another.Some would opt ( ) language, others ( ) race, religion, or shared destiny in the pastor the present. It is also quite common to find that individuals tend to identify theirown community ( ) criteria which may be different from those used ( ) the samepurpose by outsiders.2. Supply an article in the slot when necessary: (10)All ( ) books are divisible into two kinds: ( ) books of ( ) hour, and ( )books of all ( ) time. Mark this distinction---it is not one of ( ) quality only. It isnot merely ( ) bad book that does not last, and ( ) good one that does. It is ( ) distinction of ( ) species.3. Supply the proper verb forms in the slots: (10)Einstein’s connection with the politics of the nuclear bomb __ (be) well known. In1933 Hitler ___(come) to power. Einstein __ (be) in America, and he __ (declare)he _____ (not return) to Germany. In the face of the Nazi threat, Einstein__(renounce) pacifism, and eventually,______(fear) that German scientists_____(build)a nuclear bomb, __(propose) that the United States __ (develop) its own. But evenbefore the first atomic bomb had been detonated, he publicly warned of the danger ofnuclear war and proposed international control of nuclear weaponry.4. Read the following passage and answer the attached questions. (5)To avoid the various foolish opinions, no superhuman genius is required. If the matteris one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Ancientand medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders (火怪); not one ofthem thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he hadnever seen one of them.(1) What is the anaphoric referent of the word ‘he’?(2) How shall we analyze the sentence structure ‘Not one of them ...’? Do you agreeto the following paraphrase?‘Because they had never seen one of them, no one of them thought it necessary toavoid dogmatic statements about them.II. V ocabulary 251. Choose words from column A to fit the definitions in column B. (6)Example : foreman, forester1. a man who is in charge of a group of workmen: foremanA.reluctant, leisure, yearning, entertainer, supersede, rebuff,incompatible, sabbatical (leave),assert, artifact, variable,tramps;B.(1). an unexpected or contemptuous refusal:_______(2). freedom from work:______(3). insist on one's right:______(4). one who amuses an audience as a profession:______(5). a period of paid free time for rest and special study given to auniversity teacher after a certain length of service:_____(6). a thing or quantity that is changeable:______(7). people who roam the streets to find what they can:______(8). strong longing, feeling or desire for:_______(9). anything made by human work or act:______(10). opposed in character; unable to exist in harmony:_____(11). unwilling, not wanting to do something:_______(12). take the place of because better or more important:______2. Complete the following paragraph by filling in the blanks with appropriateWords from the list below, modifying their form where necessary, (7) immune, little, to roam, against, to pronounce, astound, away,austere, to slice, outburst, to have, to hunt, outset, to promote;We were strolling through Oxford's old buildings as he was (1)_____ these words. I had often(2)_____round the outside looking up at the(3)___walls, and imagining the opulent interiors. But (4)____ lived here now forsome years, I had grown(5)____ to its beauty. At the (6) ____of mywalk with the Professor, we had talked a little about the country's economy, butthis sudden (7)_____against our society did not just (8)_____me but leftme quite flabbergasted. I (9)______in my mind for something non-committalto say. “Is it really possible to (10)_____our society down the middle likethat?” I asked. “I mean,” I said, panicking a (11)_____lest I had offended thiseminent man, “is it really as bad as all that? Shouldn’t we be trying to (12)____ understanding between people, rather than setting them up (13) ___ oneanother?” I hunted in my mind for a way of turning the conversation (14)____ to less troubled waters.3. Choose the word from a, b or c that best completes the sentence. (12)(1). National and international efforts should give __ to action programsintegrating population and development.a. privilegeb. priorityc. principle(2). At Golden State Power we are accused of the same thing for __ reasons.a. identicalb. optionalc. original(3). Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ____ to find itlocked.a. justb. onlyc. hence(4). On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont _____ I noticed ayound man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.a. whereb. whichc. when(5). The remarkable of life on the Galopagos Island inspired Darwin toestablish his theory of evolution.a. varietyb. celebrityc. diversity(6). If you want to set up a company, you must with the regulations laid down by the authorities.a. confirmb. accordc. comply(7). A wage-earner has to make for his/her old age by putting asideenough money to live on when old.a. supplyb. provisionc. assurance(8). We all know that the farmers are more anxious for rain than the people in thecity because they have more at____ .a. stakeb. lossc. danger(9). The pollution question as well as other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in again next spring.a. assemblyb. conferencec. session(10). To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must__ the qualities and varieties of products we make to world marketdemand.a. improveb. enhancec. gear(11). An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to __ furtherresearch and further thinking about a particular topic.a. advocateb. arousec. stimulate(12). Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each otherin thought, but they are inseparable in fact.a. independentlyb. instinctivelyc. separatelyIII. Reading Comprehension (45)Part A Read the texts below and answer the questions by choosingthe correct responses.Characters in fantasies written for children differ significantly from one historical period to another. Each fantasy in some way holds up amirror to the culture in which it is produced. When we examineliterary fantasy, we look upon a reflection of the social pressures of theperiod, problems of sex role and personal identity, and the changing roleof the artist. What all of these changing patterns mean is the subject ofan interesting sociological study.1. Which sentence best summarizes the passage?A. What applies to the writer of fantasy applies to other artistsas well.B. Literature and the field of sociology have much incommon.C. Literary fantasies reveal the social realities of their time.D. Fantasies communicate social pressures to children at anunconscious level.2. As used in the passage, which of the following pairs of words isan example of a metaphor?A. Fantasies --- childrenB. Mirror --- reflectionC. Role --- identityD. Pressures --- patterns3. The last sentence of the passage suggests that the passage maybe part ofA. an advertisement for a film based on a fantasy.B. an article on urban sociological problems.C. an advertisement for a children’s book.D. a review of an article or book.Psychology, as the behaviorist views it, is a purely objective,experimental branch of natural science which needs consciousness aslittle as do the sciences of chemistry and physics… This suggestedelimination of states of consciousness as proper objects of investigationin themselves will remove the barrier which exists between psychologyand the other sciences. The findings of psychology become thefunctional correlates of structure and lend themselves to explanation inphysico-chemical terms.4. This passage centers aboutA. the nature of consciousness.B. the behaviorist view of psychology.C. the natural sciences.D. what the psychologist should investigate.5. According to the author, psychology will become an objectivescience whenA. consciousness is considered outside its province.B. it is considered as a branch of natural science.C. structure rather than function is made the focus of investigation.D. physico-chemical terms are included in explanations of behavior.6. The author feels that psychology should beA. eliminated as a proper object of study.B. the leading social science.C. a natural science.D. a proper object of investigation.Part B Read the text below and complete the tasks that follow.Getting Close tothe Machine1. People imagine that computer programming is logical, a process like fixing a clock.Nothing could be further from the truth. Programming is more like an illness, a fever, an obsession. It's like riding a train and never being able to get off.2. The problem with programming is not that the computer is illogical—the com-puter is terribly logical, relentlessly literal. It demands that the programmer explainthe world on its terms; that is, as an algorithm that must be written down in order, ina specific syntax, in a strange language that is only partially readable by regularhuman beings. To program is to translate between the chaos of human life and therational, line-by-line world of computer language.3. When you program, reality presents itself as thousands of details, millions of bitsof knowledge. This knowledge comes at you from one perspective and then another,then comes a random thought, then you remember something else important, thenyou reconsider that idea with a what-if attached. For example, try to think of every- thing you know about something as simple as an invoice. Now try to tell an idiot how to prepare one. That is programming.4. When you are programming, you must not let your mind wander. As the human-world knowledge tumbles about in your head, you must keep typing, typing. Youmust not be interrupted. Any break in your concentration causes you to lose a linehere or there. Some bit comes, then—oh no, it's leaving, please come back. But itmay not come back. You may lose it. You will create a bug and there's nothing youcan do about it.5. People imagine that programmers don't like to talk because they prefer machinesto people. This is not completely true. Programmers don't talk because they must not be interrupted. “6. This need to be uninterrupted leads to a life is strangely asynchronous to the onelived by other human beings. It's better to send e-mail to a programmer than to call.It's better to leave a note on the chair than to expect the programmer to come to ameeting. This is because the programmer must work in mind time while the phonerings and the meetings happen in real time. It's not just ego that prevents programmers from working in groups—it's the synchronicity problem.Synchronizing with other people (or their representations in telephones, buzzers, anddoorbells) can only mean interrupting the thought train. Interruptions mean begs.You must not get off the train.7. I once had a job in which I didn't talk to anyone for two years. Here was thearrangement: I was the first engineer to be hired by a start-up software company. In exchange for large quantities of stock that might be worth something someday, I was supposed to give up my life.8. I sat in a large room with two other engineers and three workstations. The fans inthe machines whirred, the keys on the keyboard clicked. Occasionally one of uswould grunt or mutter. Otherwise we did not speak. Now and then I would have anoutburst in which I pounded the keyboard with my fists, setting off a barrage ofbeeps. My colleagues might have looked up, but they never said anything.9. If you want money and prestige, you need to write code that only machines orother programmers understand. Such code is called “low.” In regular life, “low”usually signifies something bad. In programming, “low” is good. Low means thatyou are close to the machine.10. If the code creates programs that do useful work for regular human beings, it iscalled “high.” Higher-level programs are called “applications,” Applications are things that people use. Although it would seem that usefulness is a good thing,direct peopleuse is bad from a programmer's point of view. If regular people,called “users,” can understand the task accomplished by your program, you will bepaid less and held inlower esteem.11. A real programmer wants to stay close to the machine. The machine means mid-night dinners of Diet Coke. It means unwashed clothes and bare feet on the desk. Itmeans anxious rides through mind time that have nothing to do with the clock. Towork on things used only by machines or other programmers—that's the key. Pro- grammers and machines don't care how you live. They don't care when you live.You can stay, come, go, sleep—or not. At the end of the project looms a deadline,the terrible place where you must get off the train. But in between, for years at astretch, you are free: free from the obligations of time.Task I. What do the following words may most probably mean accordingto the text?(1) obsession (paragraph 1)(2) chaos (paragraph 2)(3) invoice (paragraph 3)(4) tumble (paragraph 4)(5) synchronicity (paragraph 6)(6) bugs (paragraph 6)(7) grunt (paragraph 8)(8) loom (paragraph 11)Task 2. Explain the following in your own words.(1) It demands that the programmer explain the world on itsterms; that is, as an algorithm that must be written downin order, in a specific syntax, in a strange language that isonly partially readable by regular human beings.(Paragraph 2)(2) When you program, reality presents itself as thousands ofdetails, millions of bits of knowledge. (Paragraph 3)(3) Synchronizing with other people (or their representationsin telephones, buzzers, and doorbells) can only meaninterrupting the thought train. (Paragraph 6)Task 3. Answer the following questions according to the text.(1) Explain the purpose of the figurative language the authoremploys in the opening paragraph. Can you find otherexamples in the text?(2) Explain the difference between mind time and real timeand between low code and high code.(3) The author suggests that programmers don't talk becausethey must not be interrupted. Explain. She goes on todescribe code, the language of computer programmers.How does this language differ from ordinary humandiscourse?IV. Translation. 45A. Translate the following into Chinese. (20)The balance of nature is a very elaborate and very delicatesystem of checks and counterchecks. It is continually beingaltered as climates change, as new organisms evolve, as animalsor plants permeate to new areas. But the alterations have in thepast, for the most part, been slow, whereas with the arrival ofcivilized man, their speed has been multiplied manifold: from theevolutionary time-scale, where change is measured by periods often or a hundred thousand years, they have been transferred tothe human time-scale in which centuries and even decades count.Everywhere man is altering the balance of nature. He isfacilitating the spread of plants and animals into new regions,sometimes deliberately, sometimes unconsciously. He is coveringhuge areas with new kinds of plants, or with houses, factories,slag-heaps and other products of his civilization. Heexterminates some species on a large scale, but favours themultiplication of others. In brief, he has done more in fivethousand years to alter the biological aspect of the planet thanhas nature in five million.Many of these changes which he has brought about have hadunforeseen consequences. Who would have thought that thethrowing away of a piece of Canadian waterweed would have causedhalf the waterways of Britain to be blocked for a decade, or thatthe provision of pot cacti for lonely settlers' wives would haveled to Eastern Australia being overrun with forests of PricklyPear? Who would have prophesied that the cutting down of forestson the Adriatic coasts, or in parts of Central Africa, could havereduced the land to a semi desert, with the very soil washed awayfrom the bare rock? Who would have thought that improvedcommunications would have changed history by the spreading ofdisease-sleeping sickness into East Africa, measles intoOceania, very possibly malaria into ancient Greece?B. Translate the following into English. (25)历史的道路，不会是坦平的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界。

北京师范大学一九九年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题·语概·现汉专业：汉语言文字学研究方向：训诂学与汉语词汇学、汉字学、汉语语法学、修辞学考试科目：语言学概论及现代汉语语言理论部分(共50分)一、解释下列名词或术语(20分)语法范畴历史语言学结构语言学语义场音位二、回答下列问题(30分)1、“汉藏语系”与“印欧语系”是根据什么标准划分的？这两种语系的主要区别表现在哪些方面？2、怎样认识语言符号的“任意性”与“强制性”？3、按照功能分类法，世界文字大致可经划分为几种类型？现代汉字属于哪种类型？现代汉语部分(共50分)一。

、回答下列问题(20分)1、什么是“异读词”？它与多音多义字有何区别？2、现代汉字的标准化包括哪些内容？怎样进行现代汉字的整理和规范？3、什么是基本词汇？其主要特征有哪些？4、什么叫歧义句式？什么叫同义句式？安徽师范大学1996年招收研究生考题·语言学招生专业、研究方向：现代汉语考试科目：语言学基础一、解释下列术语：（17分）音位（3分）变词语素（3分）态（一种语法范畴）（3分）语言融合（4分）言内意外（4分）二、结合汉语词类的划分谈谈组合关系和聚合关系之间的联系。

（10分）三、元音和辅音有哪些区别？（6分）四、怎样确定音位的区别特征？请举例加以说明。

（12分）五、汉语中的助词“们”与英语里表示名词复数的“-6”相比有哪些不同？请举例说明。

（13分）六、语言的结构类型有哪四种？它们主要有哪些特点？（10分）七、结合同义词、反义词现象谈谈词的理性意义和附加意义（附加色彩）之间的关系。

（12分）八、外业词进入汉语以后会发生哪些变化？试举例说明。

（10分）安徽师范大学1994年招收研究生考题招生专业、研究方向：现代汉语考试科目：语言学基础一、简述语言系统中的组合关系和聚合关系。

（10分）二、人类语言和动物的交际方式的本质区别表现在哪几个方面？试简述之。

（12分）三、普通话音位系统的区别特征有哪几对？试举例说明。

一、名词解释1、思维2、语言符号的层级性3、音谷4、音位区别特征5、语流音变二、填空1、《句法结构》的作者是（），是（）学派的代表人物。

2、[人、男性、成年、未婚]是“单身汉”一词的（）。

3、俄语属于（）语系的（）语族。

4、语法范畴一般包括：（）、数、格、时、（）、态、式、（）、级。

5、词的机构可以包括词根、（）和（）。

三、简述你所知道的人类常用的交际工具，比较它们的重要性，并说明你是如何理解语言作为“工具”的含义。

四、说话说“人有人言，兽有兽语”，试谈谈你对这句话的看法。

五、用国际音标给“欢呼党的十六大”注音（用盐式音标），请对头三个音节的元、辅音进行描写然后分析其中的元音是几个音位，并列举每个元音音位的音位变体。

六、比较下列句子，分析它们在句法关系和句子成分之间的语义关系上的异同，并在此基础上论述句法与语义的关系。

（1）这种人炸弹也不怕。

（2）这种声音狼也不怕。

（3）这种狗狼也不怕。

（4）事实上我也不怕。

七、下列句子里都含有名词“人”，请指出它们各自的意思，并说明词义的特性以及词语使用中语境对词义的制约作用。

（1）这本书人手一册。

（2）小明已长大成人。

（3）人是高等动物。

（4）这是给人捎的东西，别乱动。

（5）他人很好。

八、简述汉字和表音文字的异同，并以形声字为例分析声旁与字母表音功能的差异。

九、北京话和广东话语音相差很大却属于汉语的不同方言，而北欧有些语言差别较小，却属于不同的语言，结合这个现象说明如何区分方言和亲属语言？十、语言发展的不平衡性是如何影响语言的发展变化的？十一、语言接触中的借词、皮钦语（“洋泾浜”）和混合语（克里奥尔语）有什么不同。

十二、指出下列语素的发音条件：（1）zh (2)k (3)n (4)ê(5)o十三、用国际音标拼写下列词语的普通话读音：（1）晕眩（2）确凿（3）棉花（4）蛋黄儿（5）勒死十四、写出下列词语括号中的汉字：（1）沆（）一气（2）好高（）远（3）真知（）见（4）刚（）自用（5）怙恶不（）十五、解释下列词语：（1）与时俱进(2)IT (3)吃不了兜着走（4）AA制（5）不刊之物十六、辨析下列各组同义词：（1）商量——商榷（2）缺点——毛病（3）教训——教诲十七、解释下列术语：（1）元音（2）四定（3）成语（4）色彩意义（5）多义词十八、指出下列词的结构方式：（1）宪法（2）痛快（3）凌乱（4）典故（5）体验十九、谈谈汉字和汉语的关系。