内蒙古工业大学过孔毕业外文翻译

引言概述：在现代高等教育中，毕业设计（或称为毕业论文、学士论文等）是学生完成学业的重要环节。

而对于一些特定的专业，例如翻译专业，有时候还需要完成外文翻译这一项任务。

本文将探讨毕设外文翻译的意义和目的，以及为什么对翻译专业的学生而言这一任务极其重要。

正文内容：1.提高翻译能力和技巧外文翻译是一项对翻译专业学生而言十分重要的任务，通过进行外文翻译，学生们可以通过实践提高自己的翻译能力和技巧。

在这个过程中，他们可以学习如何处理不同类型的外文文本，熟悉不同领域的专业术语，并掌握一些常用的翻译技巧和策略。

2.扩展语言和文化知识毕设外文翻译要求学生们对翻译语言的相关知识和背景有一定的了解。

在进行翻译时，学生们需要遵循目标语言的语法规则，并确保所翻译的内容准确、清晰地传达源语言的意义。

通过这一过程，学生们可以进一步扩展自己的语言和文化知识，提高自己的跨文化沟通能力。

3.提供实践机会毕设外文翻译为学生们提供了一个实践的机会，让他们能够将在课堂上所学到的理论知识应用于实际操作中。

通过实践，学生们可以对所学知识的理解更加深入，同时也可以发现并解决实际翻译过程中的问题和挑战。

这对于学生们将来从事翻译工作时具备更好的实践能力和经验具有重要意义。

4.培养翻译专业素养毕设外文翻译要求学生们具备良好的翻译专业素养。

在进行翻译过程中，学生们需要保持专业的态度和责任心，严谨地对待每一个翻译任务。

他们需要学会如何进行翻译质量的评估和控制，以确保最终翻译稿的准确性和流畅性。

这一系列的要求和实践，可以帮助学生们培养出色的翻译专业素养。

5.提升自我学习和研究能力毕设外文翻译要求学生们进行广泛的文献阅读和研究，以便更好地理解所翻译的内容，并找到适当的翻译方法和策略。

在这个过程中，学生们需要培养自己的自主学习和研究能力，提高对学术和专业领域的敏感性，并能够独立思考和解决问题。

这将对学生们未来的学术研究和进一步的职业发展产生积极的影响。

总结：引言概述:毕业设计外文翻译（Thesis Translation）是指在毕业设计过程中，对相关外文文献进行翻译，并将其应用于研究中，以提供理论支持和参考。

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。

假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。

该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。

基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。

本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。

此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。

关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。

零部件依次向下移动直到完工。

它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。

在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。

生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。

那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。

就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。

1.毕业设计说明书（论文的各组成部分和排列顺序封面、摘要、英文摘要、目录、图表清单及符号说明、引言（绪论、正文、结论、注释、参考文献、附录、谢辞、外文文献及译稿。

1.1封面采用内蒙古工业大学毕业设计说明书（论文统一封面，规范格式见附件。

1.1.1毕业论文题目毕业论文题目应能够概括整个论文的核心内容，字数不宜过多，一般不超过25字, 并尽量不设副标题。

1.1.2学生姓名1.1.3所在学院1.1.4学科、专业名称学科、专业名称按照《普通高等学校本科专业目录和专业介绍》（1998年颁布中规定的名称填写，而非某一专业方向。

1.1.5指导教师姓名、专业技术职务1.1.6时间在封面下部写明毕业设计说明书（论文提交时间。

1.2摘要摘要是毕业设计说明书（论文内容的简短陈述，约300—500字，应具有独立性和自含性（即不阅读全文就能获得必要信息。

需要说明研究目的、研究方法、结果或结论，重点是结果或结论。

摘要中一般不使用图、表、公式，不引用参考文献。

在摘要末另起一行，列出论文的关键词3-5个，关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技术词条，按词条外延层次从大到小排列，以分号相隔。

1.3英文摘要中文摘要之后为英文摘要，其要求同中文摘要。

1.4目录设计说明书（论文目录应包括论文全部章节的标题（要求编到3级标题和参考文献、附录（可选择、谢辞，页码右对齐。

1.5图表清单及符号说明如果毕业设计说明书（论文中插图、插表较多，可以分别列出清单置于目录之后。

图表清单应有序号、图题（表题和所在页码。

毕业设计说明书（论文中用到的符号，应加以说明。

对于物理量应注明量纲。

1.6引言（或绪论毕业设计说明书引言、毕业论文引言（或绪论应简要说明研究工作的目的范围、相关领域的研究进展、存在问题和研究工作的意义等。

1.7毕业设计说明书（论文正文正文是毕业设计说明书（论文的核心，设计说明书正文字数一般不低于8000字, 论文正文字数一般不低于1.5万字,外语类论文字数一般不低于6000单词。

ORIGINAL ARTICLEStudy on the correlated design method of plate holes for progressive dies based on functional featureZhi-Xin Jia &Hong-Lin Li &Xue-Chang Zhang &Hong-Bing Wu &Ming-Cai FangReceived:1March 2009/Accepted:12October 2009/Published online:27October 2009#Springer-Verlag London Limited 2009Abstract There are a lot of holes in a progressive die for mounting inserts,assembles,and standards.This paper gives the classification of plate holes of progressive die design according to their structural types and relationships between the correlating parts and the plate holes and describes an automated hole design system for progressive dies.Taking advantage of prebuilt design knowledge and standard parts database,this system is able to generate the correlated holes on the main plates of progressive dies,such as upper die shoes,lower die shoes,stripper plates,punch plates,die plates,punch backing plates,and die backing plates according to the inserted parts or functional assem-bles.A descriptive model is set up.The feature library technology is adopted to develop the function for the design of plate holes,which can improve the efficiency and shorten the design cycle.The hole design system is built on the top of SolidWorks,taking advantage of its built-in modules,including part,assembly,and drawing.We use progressive die for motor core as concrete examples to demonstrate the power of our system.Experimental results show that our system cannot only improve the design quality but also reduce the design time and cost.Keywords Progressive die .Hole .Correlated design .Library feature1IntroductionA progressive die is used in various industries such as aerospace,electronics,automobiles,and electrical appliances for producing sheet metal components in large quantities.As a progressive die may contain a large number of operations such as punching,blanking,bending,lancing,et al.,it has been regarded as complex and requires a great deal of expertise.Usually,the progressive design procedure is composed of two phases,operations (stamping process)planning and die structure design.Stamping process planning is to produce a flat pattern of a model of stamped metal and then plan stamping operations to obtain strip layout.The die structure design process is as follows:(1)according to the size of the strip layout,the die set is determined and the overall structure of die is generated;(2)then the inserts,punches,dies,and other forming parts are designed including positioning and locating holes;and (3)based on the specific circumstances,assistive devices are inserted such as pilot pins,ejectors,screws,dowel pins,springs,standard parts,etc.The progressive die structure design usually costs about 2/3design cycle time.There are a lot of holes in a progressive die for mounting inserts,assembles,and standards,and hole design is tedious,time-consuming,and error prone.This study is concentrated on the correlated design of holes on plates.The developments of automated,basic knowledge and intelligent design systems are studied by researchers all over the world.Cheok and Nee presented a review of research and design before 1998in the design automation of tools for metal stampings and proposed a framework for an integrated design system for progressive dies [1].Wang et al.did some research of association technology in assembly design for precision progressive die on AutoCADZ.-X.Jia (*):X.-C.Zhang :H.-B.WuNingbo Institute of Technology,Zhejiang University,1#Qianhu Road,Ningbo 315100,People ’s Republic of China e-mail:jzx@H.-L.Li :M.-C.FangSchool of Mechanical Engineering,Ningbo University,818Fenghua Road,Ningbo 315211,People ’s Republic of ChinaInt J Adv Manuf Technol (2010)49:1–12DOI 10.1007/s00170-009-2371-6[2].Kumar et al.developed an intelligent system for automatic modeling of progressive die[3].They also presented an expert system for automation of strip-layout design process using the production rule-based expert system approach of artificial intelligence on AutoCAD [4].Choi et al.developed a system written in AutoLISP on the AutoCAD for strip layout and die layout and a tool kit on the SmartCAM software for modeling and postprocessing with a PC[5–7].Based on knowledge-based rules,Kim et al.developed a system for electric product with bending and piecing operations written in AutoLISP on the AutoCAD with a PC[8].Tor et al.investigated the suitability of using a blackboard framework for stamping process planning in progressive die design[9].Li et al. adopted feature-and rule-based approach and developed an integrated modeling and process planning system for planning bending operations of progressive dies using C++and ObjectARX of AutoCAD[10].Farsi and Arezoo described a two-stage method to determine bending sequence in progressive dies[11].Chang et al.established a genetic algorithm to solve the problems of ranking the working steps in progressive dies using AutoCAD as a drawing tool[12].Taking advantage of neural network and computer-aided design(CAD)software,Pilani et al. proposed a method for automatically generating an optimal die face design based on die face formability parameters [13].Based on sheet metal operations,Singh and Sekhou developed a punch machine selection expert system,which was built in AutoCAD and used AutoLISP[14].Jiang et al. proposed a flexible and complete insert representation scheme and analyzed the complex assembly relationships and constraints between inserts and components[15]. Almost all the design systems mentioned above belong to 2D patterns.As it is not easy to find defects,check interference, modify correlated drawings,etc.in2D patterns,the development of3D software and PC technology,which describes parts in solid modeling,can dramatically help to resolve the above problems.This technique has gradually become a mainstream tool in the design industry.In recent years,more and more systems were developed on top of3D software.An automated nesting and piloting system for progressive die according to minimum scrap strategy on 3D SolidWorks was developed by Ghatrehnaby and Arezoo [16].Roh and Lee proposed a hull structural modeling system for ship design,built on top of C++and3D CAD software[17].Chu et al.developed a computer-aided parametric design system for3D tire mold production by in CATIA[18].Kong et al.developed a Windows native3D plastic injection mold design system based on SolidWorks with Visual C++[19].Lin et al.in National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology developed structural design systems for3D drawing dies based on functional features in Pro/E and CATIA software[20,21].Lin and Kuo also developed an integrated RE/RP/CAD/CAE/CAM system for magnesium alloy shell of mobile phone in3D software[22].Compared with the much work done in the computer-aided process planning,less work in structure design has been done. Most of the work is concentrated in the computer-aided process planning[1–4,7–13,16–19].Jia et al.presented a relationship model of structural relevance in progressive dies [23].Wang et al.discussed association technology in assembly design for precision progressive die on AutoCAD [2].Jiang et al.discussed the inserts design automation[15]. They proposed a representation scheme of inserts using an object-oriented,feature-based approach.Methods of standard part library construction and modeling methods of punches and dies were discussed in references on SolidWorks[24, 25].Zhao et al.in HuaZhong University of Science and Technology discussed correlated design of standardized parts and components in CAD system for progressive die on AutoCAD[26].For die structure design,the designer can treat each function feature as a design unit[15,20].According to the design norm and standard part library of our partner who is a progressive die company,this study describes a hole design system based on function feature in SolidWorks software.There are several commercial progressive die design systems available in the market, e.g.,progressive die wizard on NX,progressive die expert on Pro/ENGINEER, LOGPRESS on SolidWorks,TopSolid/Progress,et al. These packages can fulfill the holes design in condition that the users set up their own part library and make some customization.As the die companies are mainly small-and medium-sized enterprises,discussion with the local tool and die industry indicates that those systems are too expensive and beyond what they could afford to invest in. In addition,the commercial packages for progressive die contain“generic”design rules provided by die design textbooks,course materials,component manufacturer’s catalogues,etc.,while each die company concentrates on several classes of dies and has its own company’s specific design rules,parameters,and tooling components.Hence, the development of hole design system is necessary especially for the companies which have their own specific component library and in-house design rules.In order to make die design more flexible and efficient with higher quality,this paper proposes a computer-aided structural design system of holes on the plates of progressive die based on functional feature according to a set of design rules of a local progressive die company. Taking advantage of well-organized die design knowledge base,standard parts database,hole feature library database, and an integrated3D CAD environment,our system is ableto output hole structure correlated design for the main plates of a progressive die,such as upper die shoe,lower die shoe,punch holding plate,punch backing plate,die holding plate,and so on.Upon user’s input of strip layout, selection of die set,and design information of correlating parts,the parts are inserted into the die assemble,and correlated holes on the plates are constructed automatically.A system has been implemented which is interfaced with a parametric and feature-based CAD system,SolidWorks through C++.An example is provided to demonstrate our approach and to show its effectiveness in progressive die design.The rest of the paper is organized as follows:Section2 describes the design procedure for progressive die,hole classification,and the descriptive model for design of hole on plates for progressive dies.Section3explains the architecture of the structural design system for holes on plates and deals with the process for constructing the holes design with the help of library feature in detail.Section4 demonstrates the hole designing of a progressive die for the motor core using the proposed system.Conclusions are given in Section5.2Hole classification and the descriptive modelfor progressive diesThe structure of a progress die usually consists of an upper die shoe,a lower die shoe,a punch holder plate,upper backing plates,a lower plate,a punch backing plate,a die backing plate,and other die structure components required by each process station such as punches,dies,strip guide pins,lifters, guide posts and bushings,et al.,as shown in Fig.1.Figure1shows the structure of a typical progressive die.There are a lot of holes on the main parts such as upper die shoe,lower die shoe,punch holder plate,upper backing plates,die holder plate,punch backing plate,die backing plate,etc.,which are used for connecting, locating,and installing.The holes are different in structure,function,tolerance,and fit.Meanwhile,holes on different plates have complex correlated relations for different kinds of correlating parts or assembles,such as punches,dies,screws,pilot pin assembles,lifter pin assembles,etc.When the parameters or location is changed for the correlating parts,the size or the location must also change to fit,which cannot be defined and achieved by functions provided by general3D CAD software.Hence,the relationship among the holes,the correlating parts(or assembles),and the correlated plates must be studied on the basis of relevance.So in this paper, we first give classification for holes on plates by structure then analyze the relationship between the plate holes and associated parts and present a descriptive model.2.1Hole classification by structureBy studying the structure of the progressive dies,six types of holes are summarized according to their structure.They are through hole,step hole,blind hole,screw hole,figure hole,and combined hole.The characters of the different kinds of holes are listed below in detail.2.1.1Through holeThe hole goes through the plate.The assemble of guideposts and bushes which are employed for aligning the die set associates with the upper die shoe,the stripper holding plate, and the bottom die shoe,as shown in Fig.2.The holes on the stripper holding plate and the bottom die shoe are through holes.2.1.2Step holeThe hole has one or two steps.As shown in Fig.3,when screws and pins are employed to connect and locate two plates,the step holes are usually adopted.In Fig.1,the hole on upper die shoe is also a step hole for amounting the guide seat and the housing plate.2.1.3Blind holeThe hole is blind.Figure4shows that a slot punch is amounted on the punch holding plate by a supporting plate and a screw.A blind hole must be constructed on the stripper holding plate below in order to avoid colliding when the upper die set moves down to shear.2.1.4Screw holeThe screw hole is mainly used for screw.As shown in Fig.3,a screw hole is constructed on the connected plate.2.1.5Figure holeThe figure hole is mainly for noncircular punches and dies. As shown in Fig.4,the slot punch which is formed by wire electrical discharge machining goes through punch holding plate,stripper holding plate,and stripper plate.The contour of figure holes on the three plates is as same as that of slot punch,while the fits and tolerance are different.In addition, when the outside contour of the die inserts is noncircular, the hole on die holding plate is also regarded as figure hole, as shown in Fig.5.2.1.6Composite holeThe composite hole means that the geometric structure of the hole is complex and can be viewed as the combination(a) A set of progressive die(b) Holes on bottom die shoeHole for pilotpin components Upper die shoeHole for guideposts and bushesStripper b acking plate Stoppers Bottom die shoeHook screwHoles for hook screwHole for pilot pin components Stripper plate Die insertsBottom die shoe backing plateFig.1The structure of a typical progressive die.a A set of progressive die.b Holes on bottom dieshoeComponents for rolling ball guide post, guide cushion etc.1-guide post 2- guide bushes 3- guide bushes 4- guide seat 5-housing plate 6- inner hex screw 7- Helical-coil spring 8- steel ball retainer9- steel ball retainer 10- internal retaining ringsFig.2Assembly for guide post and bushes and the plate holesof several simple holes.For example,in order to facilitate the installation and lifting,usually four hook screws are mounted on large plates such as upper die shoe,bottom die shoe,and stripper plate,and the holes for hook screws are combined holes as shown in ually on the progressive die,typical components such as pilot pin assemble and lifter pin assemble are employed which are composed by plug screw,spring,cylinder pin,pilot,or lifter.Figure 7shows one pilot pin assemble and the holes on the correlated plates.The hole on upper die shoe is a composite hole that consists of a through hole and a screw hole.2.2Classification according to the relationship between the correlating parts and correlated plates From the points of relevance,the above-mentioned various holes associate the correlating parts (or function assemble)and the correlated plates.The relationship between the correlating parts and correlated plates can be classified into three categories,which are one to one,one to many,many to many,as shown in Fig.8.2.2.1One to oneIt means the one correlating part and the one correlated plate,as shown in Fig.8a .For example,when the hook screw is mounted on the upper die shoe or the bottom die shoe or the stripper plate as shown in Fig.6,the hook screw is the correlating part while the upper die shoe or the bottom die shoe or the stripper plate is the correlated part.The hook screw hole is the connector.This kind of relation is simple.2.2.2One to manyIt means the relation between one correlating part and a group of correlated plates,as shown in Fig.8b .This kind of relationship exists commonly such as a threaded fastener connected two or three plates and pins located two plates.There are also many such examples in relevant punch and die structures.In Fig.4,the slot punch is amounted by the supporting plate and screw.The slot punch is the correlating part that associates the punch holding plate,stripper holding plate,and stripper plate and three holes with different fits on the corresponding plate.In Fig.5,the die is the correlating part that results in threeholes,Composed dies Circular dieFig.5Die insert and relevantholesScrew and pinFig.3Step hole,screw hole,and pinholePunch1-screw 2-suporting plate 3- slot punchFig.4Figure hole,blind hole,and screwed holerespectively,on die holding plate,die backing plate,and bottom die shoe.The die is amounted on the die holding plate with an interference fit.The diameter of the circular holes on the die backing plate and the bottom die shoe is increasingly larger than the maximum contour size of the scrap in order to let the scrap drop down smoothly.2.2.3Many to manyIt indicates the relation between a group of correlating parts and several correlated plates,as shown in Fig.8c .In a set of progressive die,assembles such as guideposts and bushes,the pilot pins,and lifter pins are common components which can be standardized.In Fig.2,the assemble of guideposts and bushes composed of ten parts associates with the correlated three parts,upper die shoe,stripper backing plate,and bottom die shoe.In Fig.7,the pilot pin assemble consists of plug screw,spring,cylinder pin,pilot,and adjusting collar.The correlated parts are upper die shoe,punch backing plate,punch holding plate,stripper holding plate,stripper plate,and die holding plate.2.3The descriptive model of plate holes and associated partsFrom the analysis of the relationship of the correlating parts and the correlated plates,we can see that two conditions must be met in order to achieve the correlated structure design of holes on plates:1.The size of the hole(s)on the correlated part(s)will bedetermined by the correlating part(s).2.When location of the correlating parts is moved or the sizeof the correlating parts is edited,so too do the holes on the correlated plates.Hence,we establish a descriptive model that views the correlating parts as controller.The relationship model of associated holes is defined as follows:Class associated holes:Correlating part (one part or a functional assemble)Location points for the correlating part Correlated plates (one or a group of parts)Corresponding library features of holes (one or a group)3Construction process for correlated hole design system for progressive dieParameterized die design takes changeable sizes of die structure as parameters and then changes the die structure sizes by means of a relationship formula for the parameters so as to fulfill the design objectives.But in the relevant hole design process for progressive die,some portions of thedieHook screwFig.6Composite hole for hookscrewPilot pin assemble1-plug screw 2-spring 3-cylinder pin 4-adjusting collar 5-pilot pinFig.7Pilot pin assemble and relevant holesstructure,such as guides,punches,dies,lifters,and supporting plates,may be rather different in shape,so it is impossible to meet the design requirements by simply changing the structure size alone.Therefore,in this document,various structures of the main parts of a progressive die are partitioned into functional features,and the same functions are catego-rized into a single identical functional module.The resulting structural chart of the functional modules for holes on plates for progressive dies is shown in Fig.13.The standard punches,for example,are classified into three types:circular, rectangular,and irregular.The configuration for parts and assembly are adopted to express multiple kinds of parts and components.The library feature technology is used to accomplish the hole structure in accordance with the design criteria and design standards.3.1Application of library featureLibrary feature is modeled by using the function provided by SolidWorks software.The function let the user define customized feature by composing a group of simple feature with user-defined parameters.By extracting the feature parameters and establishing template files,user can achieve variable design for parts and assemblies.So users can quickly and easily build their own library features which can be loaded when needed.The user-defined library features are regarded as a simple feature like other features provided by SolidWorks software.When the library features is added onto the design part,they can also be parameterized in shape and location which enlarge the scope of the feature-based modeling module and simplified the modeling process effectively.b One to manyc Many to manya One to oneFig.8a One to one.b One tomany.c Many to manyFig.9Part and hole drawings for hook screw Fig.10Hook screw with three configurationsDuring the progressive die design procedure in Solid-Works software environment,different kinds of holes usually are modeled by employing the “cut-extrude ”or “hole wizard ”function.For some complex holes,e.g.,composite hole,repetitive use of “cut-extrude ”,or “hole wizard ”functions with various parameters are needed.Because there are a lot of holes on the plates and some holes are often reused,it is very convenient to establish hole feature library with various structures which can be loaded by program.As a result,the efficiency of the design is improved to a large extent.The characteristics of library feature are:1.Flexibility,the production is simple and convenient 2.The size and the structure can be self-definition 3.Positioned by setting the reference point4.The same structure with different sizes can be producedby multiple configurations Select hook screw hole as an example.The modeling processes and applications for library feature are as follows:1.Set up a desired folder for saving user-defined featuresin the design library directory.2.Draw a sketch point coincidence with the origin point,name the sketch as “locating sketch ”,then model the hole structure by employing the feature of “cut-extrude ”,“hole ”,“hole wizard ”,and so on.3.Select one or a group of features and drag them todesired folder and name the library feature with a file extension “.sldlfp ”.4.If the hole has multiple group of parameters,multipleconfigurations will be set up.Reference PlaneReference PointfeaturesFig.11Hole library feature with three configurations for hook screwFig.12Hole design system for progressive die5.When the defined library feature is loaded on a plate,the locating point on the plate is indicated and the configuration is also selected (Figs.9,10,and 11).3.2Program based on library featureSolidWorks software provides a series of redevelopment application programming interface (API)functions.The programmer can use Visual Basic,Visual C++,or other programming tools that support the object linking and embedding technology to call these API functions directly.These functions can be used to deal with the library feature by accessing “LibraryFeatureData ”.On the basis of hole library features,developer can get the parameters and configurations for each hole file with extension filename “.sldlfp ”and use them to model the plate holes which are in accordance with the design standard and criteria.This method reduces the programming workload and is more convenient and efficient than holes modeling step by step by program.So the redevelopment cycle is shortened.3.3The structure of automatic correlated hole design systemIn order to implement the hole design task according to the criteria and standards,the proposed system also allows the user to assign the type of functional features in order to replace the design with the existing functional features.Thearchitecture of the proposed system,as shown in Fig.12,includes the following:progressive die design knowledge base,holes location selector,model generator,and user interface.Each section is described below.3.3.1Standard parts and functional assembles library Standard parts and typical functional assembles Library are essential part of CAD system.Parameterized die design takes changeable sizes of die structure as parameters and then changes the die structure sizes by means of a relationship formula for the parameters so as to fulfill the design objectives.Taking the hook screw as an example,there are 12design parameters based on the design standards shown in Fig.7.Three configurations are built corresponding to three groups of parameters for hook screw part shown in Fig.8.There are 70such standard parts and 15typical functional assemblies in our system.3.3.2Holes feature libraryHoles feature library is composed of all kinds of holes which can be parameterized and located.For example,the through hole with different size can be modeled as a hole library feature which has only one changeable parameter,hole diameter.The composed hole is complex,so we deal with the model by using multiple configurations,e.g.,the hook screw hole library feature has three configurations,as shown in Fig.9.There are ten such hole library features in our system.3.3.3Progressive die design knowledge baseFor the progressive die design to be constructed with 3D standardization,it is necessary to analyze the die structure and categorize both constructional subparts and functional features of the die.Thus,the designer can systematically classify the die structure and understand the geometric operations necessary for each functional feature during the modeling processes.These data are stored in the format of a 3D solid model template and excel files.Table 1is the excel file content for the hook screw and hole in which theTable 2Pilot pin hole design table Pilot size (diameter)Pilot assemble Upper die shoeUpper backing plate Punch holding plate Stripper backing plate Stripper plate Die holding plate 3\\Pillot::config1PilotUDS(10,10)ThrouH(x1)ThrouH(x1)ThrouH(y1)ThrouH(z1)ThrouH(d1)4\\Pillot::config2PilotUDS(12,10)ThrouH(x2)ThrouH(x2)ThrouH(y2)ThrouH(z2)ThrouH(d2)5\\Pillot::config3PilotUDS(14,10)ThrouH(x3)ThrouH(x3)ThrouH(y3)ThrouH(z3)ThrouH(d3)6\\Pillot::config4PilotUDS(16,10)ThrouH(x4)ThrouH(x4)ThrouH(y4)ThrouH(z4)ThrouH(d4)Table 1Hook screw hole design table Pilot pin size (diameter)PartHoleM16\\F32HookScrew.prt::HookScrew -M16HookScrewHole_M16M24\\F32HookScrew.prt::HookScrew-M24HookScrewHole_M24M30\\F32HookScrew.prt::HookScrew-M30HookScrewHole_M30first column records the size of screw and the second column restores the hole library feature configuration, respectively.Table2is the excel file for pilot pin assemble and holes on six plates.They can be used for training new designers,inquiring about die information, as well as the compilation,modification,and debugging of programs.3.3.4Holes location selectorThis selector provides the location data for the relating parts to be inserted into the die and the holes to be modeled. There are two types of selections:One is through the point sketch,while the other one is selected from strip layout. The point sketch is composed by a series of points that are used to locate the parts such as guide post and pushing, screws,pins,and stoppers.For the punch(dies),pilot pins, lifters,and so on which are located inside the strip layout area,the location can be determined by the selection of points or contour in the strip layout.3.3.5Correlating parts selectorThis selector provides the data of type and size related to the correlating parts.Therefore,when the system is used to design correlated holes,this selector would select the type and sizes related to parts according to the design criteria. The progressive die hole design system is divided into seven main plates and ten correlating parts,as shown in Fig.13.3.3.6Model generatorThe model generator can perform3D hole modeling process and inserting relevant parts.It can be used to construct the solid model of correlated holes on corresponding plates according to the type,quantity, location,and size parameters of candidate library features by reading the excel files.Since the parameters or configurations of the holes are recognized automatically by the system rather than resulting from interactions with the user,the modeling process for hole is performed automatically.If there exists any error during the modeling processes,the design coordinator will then send an error message to the user presenting error command and circumstance.3.3.7User interfaceThe user interface is responsible for the communication between a designer and the system.The user interface of the proposed system comprises the selection of parameters and the assigned type of correlating parts.The user interface also is responsible for the detection of incorrect input data and the management of exceptional events.4Illustrative exampleThe developed system is explained with the design of a progressive die for the motor core for house appliance.Die Main Plate(Corr e lated parts)Module(Corr elating parts)Fig.13Structure charts of holes design for progressive die。

因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见，特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成：译文 +原文。

3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。

外文翻译（包含原文）（宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：（宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team, Korean Film Council （小四号）出处：（宋体小四号加粗）Korean Cinema from Origins to RenaissanceP358~P34C）韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996~现在在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。

上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态，直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。

在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。

1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。

但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35.8%,到2001年更是达到了50% 虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。

虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。

当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA〉和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录。

2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。

姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。

从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。

成人高等教育本科（专科）毕业设计（论文）题 目______________________学 院______________________专 业______________________姓 名______________________指导教师______________________二Ｏ 年 月学校代码:学号：10128内蒙古工业大学成人高等教育本（专）科生毕业设计（论文）格式规范一、毕业设计（论文）完成后应提交的资料最终提交的毕业设计（论文）资料应由以下部分构成：（一）毕业设计（论文）任务书（二）毕业设计（论文）考核评议表（三）毕业设计（论文）答辩记录（四）毕业论文或毕业设计说明书，包括：1．封面2．中（英）文摘要或设计总说明3．目录4．正文5．致谢6．参考文献7．附录（五）影印件（六）工程图纸、软盘等二、毕业设计（论文）资料的填写与装订毕业设计（论文）须用计算机打印，一律使用A4打印纸，学校统一纸面格式。

毕业设计（论文）任务书、毕业设计（论文）评语、毕业设计（论文）答辩提问记录等资料一般要求计算机打印，字体工整，页面整洁（如手写一律用黑或蓝黑墨水）；任务书由指导教师填写并签字，经主管院领导签字后发出。

毕业设计（论文）使用统一的封面，毕业设计（论文）与毕业设计（论文）任务书、毕业设计（论文）指导教师评语、毕业设计（论文）答辩提问记录、影印件、工程图纸（按国家标准装订）、软盘等，统一格式装订后上交办学单位。

三、毕业设计（论文）撰写的内容与要求一份完整的毕业设计（论文）应包括以下几个方面：（一）标题标题应简短、明确，主标题不宜超过20字；可以设副标题。

（二）论文摘要或设计总说明论文摘要应能概括研究课题的内容和主要观点，中文摘要在300字左右。

设计总说明介绍设计任务来源、设计标准、设计原则及主要技术资料，中文字数以1500－2000字为宜，外文字数以1000个左右实词为宜。

（三）目录目录按三级标题编写（即：1……、1.1……、1.1.1……），要求标题层次清晰。

毕业设计（论文）外文原文及译文一、外文原文MCUA microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microcontroller emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC).With the development of technology and control systems in a wide range of applications, as well as equipment to small and intelligent development, as one of the single-chip high-tech for its small size, powerful, low cost, and other advantages of the use of flexible, show a strong vitality. It is generally better compared to the integrated circuit of anti-interference ability, the environmental temperature and humidity have better adaptability, can be stable under the conditions in the industrial. And single-chip widely used in a variety of instruments and meters, so that intelligent instrumentation and improves their measurement speed and measurement accuracy, to strengthen control functions. In short，with the advent of the information age, traditional single- chip inherent structural weaknesses, so that it show a lot of drawbacks. The speed, scale, performance indicators, such as users increasingly difficult to meet the needs of the development of single-chip chipset, upgrades are faced with new challenges.The Description of AT89S52The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel's high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes ofFlash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.Features• Compatible with MCS-51® Products• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz• Three-level Program Memory Lock• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters• Eight Interrupt Sources• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode• Watchdog Timer• Dual Data Pointer• Power-off FlagPin DescriptionVCCSupply voltage.GNDGround.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs.Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSENis activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Special Function RegistersNote that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect.User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.Timer 2 Registers:Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.Interrupt Registers:The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.Dual Data Pointer Registers: To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers areprovided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register.Power Off Flag:The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON SFR. POF is set to “1” during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and is not affected by reset.Memory OrganizationMCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.Program MemoryIf the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.Data MemoryThe AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space.When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access of the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2).MOV 0A0H, #dataInstructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H).MOV @R0, #dataNote that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.Timer 0 and 1Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52.Timer 2Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 2). Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON.Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.InterruptsThe AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in Figure 10.Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabledby setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once.Note that Table 5 shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. In the AT89S52, bit position IE.5 is also unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software.The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.二、译文单片机单片机即微型计算机，是把中央处理器、存储器、定时/计数器、输入输出接口都集成在一块集成电路芯片上的微型计算机。

（Sheaｒ waｌl ｓt ｒuctural desigｎ ofh ｉgh-ｌev ｅl fr ａmeworkＷｕ Jiche ｎgＡbstract ： In t ｈis pape ｒ the basic c ｏｎcepts of ｍａn ｐow ｅr ｆｒom th ｅ ｆra ｍｅ sh ｅａr w ａｌl str ｕc ｔｕｒｅ, analy ｓis of the ｓtruct ｕr ａｌ des ｉgn ｏf th ｅ c ｏnt ｅnt ｏｆ t ｈe fr ａme she ａr wall, in ｃｌudi ｎg the ｓeism ｉc wa ｌl she ａr spa本科毕业设计外文文献翻译学校代码： 10128学 号：题 目：Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程专业（建筑工程方向） 班 级：土木08-（5）班 指导教师： (副教授)ｎratiｏdesign, ａnd a concrｅtｅｓtruｃtuｒe in thｅmｏst co ｍmonｌy useｄframe shear walｌstｒｕcturｅtｈｅdesign of p ｏiｎｔs to note.Keyworｄs: cｏncrｅｔｅ; fｒaｍｅshｅａｒwall sｔｒucｔｕre；hiｇh－risｅbuildｉｎｇsThe wall is aｍoｄern high－rｉｓe buiｌdiｎgs is an iｍpo ｒｔant buiｌdinｇconｔｅnt, the ｓize of thｅfraｍe sheａr wall must comｐly with buildｉng reguｌａtｉons. The pｒｉnｃipｌe is ｔhat the largeｒsｉzｅbｕt the thｉｃknessｍuｓt ｂｅsmaller gｅoｍetric featｕrｅｓshoｕlｄｂe ｐｒeｓented ｔo the pｌatｅ,ｔｈe forｃe is close to cylｉndrｉcal.Ｔhe waｌl sｈｅar wa ｌl strｕｃｔure ｉs a flaｔcomｐonent. Itｓeｘposure to tｈe force aｌoｎg ｔhe ｐlane leｖｅl of theｒole ofｓｈear and momｅｎt, must also take ｉｎtｏａccounｔthe veｒｔical preｓsure.Opeｒate unｄer thｅcomｂiｎed actｉｏn oｆbenｄing momeｎts and axial force aｎｄsheａr forcｅbｙthe caｎtilｅｖｅr deep beａm uｎder ｔｈe acｔion of the force leveｌｔo lｏo ｋinto ｔｈe bottom mouｎted on ｔhe basｉs of. Sheaｒｗaｌl ｉｓdiｖidｅｄinｔo a whole walｌand ｔheａssoｃiated ｓｈeａr wall in thｅactual project,a wholｅwａlｌfor ｅxａmpl ｅ, suｃh as ｇenｅraｌhｏusiｎｇｃonstｒuction in tｈe gablｅｏr fish bｏne strｕcture ｆｉlｍwａｌls ａnd small opｅningｓwall.Cｏupled Sｈeａr ｗalls are ｃonnｅcted bｙｔhｅcｏupｌing ｂeam shｅａr wall.Buｔｂecause tｈeｇｅnerａlｃｏupling beaｍstｉｆfness is less thaｎｔhe wall stiｆfnｅsｓof the lｉmbs，ｓｏ. Wａlｌliｍb aｌonｅis obviｏus.The ｃｅntral beam of tｈeｉnflｅｃtion pｏｉnｔtｏpay aｔtenｔiｏｎto tｈeｗaｌl pressｕre thａn the limiｔs of the lｉmb axis. Will forｍa shortｗiｄe beａms，widｅcolｕmn wａll liｍｂｓhear wａll ｏpｅnings toｏlarge ｃomｐonｅnt aｔbothｅn ｄs ｗith jｕst the domain of vａｒiabｌe crosｓ－ｓecｔｉon ro ｄin ｔhe intｅrｎａｌforcｅｓｕnder tｈｅaｃtioｎof maｎy Ｗalｌlｉmb iｎflｅcｔion point Ｔhｅｒeｆoｒe, ｔhe cａｌcula ｔions ａｎd consｔruction sｈouldAccordinｇtｏappｒoxiｍａｔe tｈe framｅstｒucｔure to ｃonsideｒ.Tｈe desｉｇｎof ｓhｅａr walls ｓhoulｄbe based on the cｈａractｅrisｔics ｏf ａvａｒｉｅty oｆwall itseｌｆ,ａnd dｉfferｅnｔmeｃhanical ch ａrａcteｒisｔｉcｓand requireｍents,wall oｆthｅinternａｌforceｄistrｉbutｉon and failurｅmoｄｅs ｏf sｐecific and cｏmprehensive ｃonｓideration of the design rｅinｆorcemｅnt aｎd stｒuctural measｕres. Ｆrame sｈear wall ｓｔrｕctuｒe deｓiｇn is to cｏｎsider the ｓtructｕre of the oｖerall ａnａｌysis for ｂoｔh dｉrecｔｉｏｎsｏｆthｅhｏrｉzontal and vｅrtiｃalｅfｆects. Oｂtain thｅinternal force ｉs reｑuirｅd in ａccｏrdancｅｗｉｔｈtｈe bias or paｒtｉal ｐull normal sｅcｔｉon forｃｅｃaｌculatiｏn.The waｌl strｕcture oｆtheｆｒame sｈear ｗall ｓｔructural dｅsign of ｔhe coｎtent frame hｉgh-rise buildings, in ｔhe actual ｐrｏjeｃｔiｎｔhｅuse of thｅｍoｓt seisｍic ｗａlls have suffiｃient quantitｉeｓto meｅt ｔheｌｉmitsｏf the lａyer displacement, the loｃation iｓｒelａtiｖely flexiblｅ. Seiｓmic wａll for cｏntinuous layout，ｆulｌ-length ｔhroｕgh．Should bｅdesigned to avoid the waｌl mutaｔioｎs ｉn limb ｌｅｎgth and alignment is noｔuｐａnd down the ｈolｅ. The samｅtｉme．Tｈe inｓide of ｔhe hole marginｓcｏlｕｍｎshｏｕld not ｂｅｌｅssｔhan３00mm ｉｎordｅｒtｏguaraｎteｅtheｌengtｈof the colｕｍn ａs the edgｅof tｈe coｍponent and constｒａiｎt eｄgｅcｏｍponeｎts．Thｅbi-direc ｔiｏnal laｔerａl forｃe ｒesiｓting strucｔurａl fｏrm of verticａl aｎｄhorｉzontaｌwalｌcoｎnected.Eａｃh ｏｔhｅr as ｔhe ａffiｎiｔｙof the shｅar wall. Ｆor ｏnｅ, two seismic frａme sｈe ａr ｗalｌｓ,ｅｖen beam highｒatio ｓhould noｔgreateｒthan 5 aｎd a height of nｏt less thaｎ400mm.Midline colｕmnａnd beａmｓ,wall ｍｉdline shouｌdｎoｔbe greaｔer tha ｎthe ｃoｌｕmｎwidｔｈof1/4，ｉn ordｅr ｔｏreｄuce thｅtoｒsional eｆfect of the sｅiｓmｉｃacｔion ｏnｔｈｅｃolｕmn．Oｔhｅrwｉsｅcan be taken tｏstrengthｅn theｓtirruprａｔｉo iｎｔhe cｏlｕmn tｏmake ｕp.If thｅshear wａｌl sheａｒsｐａn ｔhａnｔhe ｂig twｏ. Ｅveｎthe beａｍcro ｓs-heｉｇht ratiｏgreateｒthan 2.5, ｔhen tｈe design presｓｕｒe ｏf thｅｃｕt shoulｄnoｔmａkｅａｂig 0.2. Howevｅｒ, ｉf the sheａｒwallｓheａr sｐａｎｒatiｏof ｌess than two couｐlinｇｂeａms sｐan of ｌeｓs than ２．5, then the shear coｍｐres ｓiｏn rａｔiｏis noｔgreaｔer thａn 0.15. Thｅｏther haｎｄ，ｔhe bｏttom oｆthe fraｍe ｓhｅar walｌstructure ｔo enhａnce tｈｅdｅsign sｈould ｎoｔbe leｓs thaｎ２０0mmａnd noｔlesｓthaｎstorey 1/１6，othｅｒｐaｒtｓｓhｏulｄnot be lｅss than 160mm ａnd ｎｏt ｌｅss thaｎｓtoｒey １/20. Arounｄthe wall of the frame ｓhｅar ｗall strucｔure sｈｏulｄbe set ｔo the beａm or dark bｅamａnd the sｉｄe columｎｔｏform a borｄｅr. Ｈoｒizｏntａl ｄｉｓtrｉbuｔioｎoｆsｈear waｌls cａn from the sheａr effect，tｈｉs design wｈen ｂuilｄｉng higｈｅr longeｒor fｒaｍｅｓtructｕre reinfoｒcｅment shｏuld be aｐprｏpｒiatelｙincｒeａｓed, ｅspｅcｉａlｌy in the sｅnｓitivｅｐarts of the beam pｏsition ｏr teｍperaｔuｒe, stiffnｅsｓchａnge is besｔappｒopriatｅly increased, ｔｈeｎcｏnsidｅration sｈoulｄbe ｇｉveｎｔo the wａlｌvertｉcaｌreiｎforｃemeｎt,becaｕse ｉt is mａinly fｒom the bｅnding efｆecｔ, aｎｄtake in ｓome ｍｕlti-ｓtorｅｙshｅａｒｗａll structuｒereinforcｅｄreｉnｆorceｍent rate -likｅlｅsｓconｓtｒained edgｅｏｆｔhｅcomｐonent or components reinforｃemeｎt of thｅedge ｃomｐｏnent.Referｅnces: [1 sad Hａyaｓhi,He Yaming. Ｏn the shorｔshｅar ｗall ｈigh-riｓe bｕilｄinｇｄesign ［J]．Kｅｙｕaｎ, 2008, (O2).高层框架剪力墙结构设计吴继成摘要: 本文从框架剪力墙结构设计的基本概念人手, 分析了框架剪力墙的构造设计内容, 包括抗震墙、剪跨比等的设计, 并出混凝土结构中最常用的框架剪力墙结构设计的注意要点。

外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。