A Foundation for Verified Software Development Systems

被证实的真相英语作文Title: The Confirmed Truth: Exploring the Nature of Verified Facts。

In today's interconnected world, the pursuit of truth is both essential and complex. As information flows rapidly through various channels, discerning what is genuine from what is not has become a significant challenge. However, amidst this sea of uncertainty, there are instances where truths are verified and established beyond doubt. In this essay, we delve into the significance of verified truths and their implications.Verified truths hold a unique position in human understanding. Unlike conjectures or opinions, they are backed by concrete evidence and rigorous analysis. When a truth is confirmed, it serves as a cornerstone upon which further knowledge can be built. Whether in scientific discoveries, historical events, or societal phenomena, these truths shape our collective understanding of theworld.One realm where verified truths play a crucial role isin science. Scientific inquiry relies on the meticulous process of observation, experimentation, and peer review to establish facts. When a hypothesis withstands rigorous testing and scrutiny, it graduates into a verified truth. For example, the theory of evolution by natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin, has been corroborated by extensive evidence from various fields such as paleontology, genetics, and comparative anatomy. It stands as a confirmed truth in the scientific community, guiding ourunderstanding of the diversity of life on Earth.Similarly, in historical studies, the confirmation of truths is vital for unraveling the complexities of the past. Historians meticulously sift through primary sources, artifacts, and eyewitness accounts to piece together an accurate narrative. When historical events are verified through multiple credible sources, they become accepted truths. Take, for instance, the moon landing in 1969. Through photographs, video recordings, and testimony fromastronauts and engineers involved, the event has beenfirmly established as a historical truth, marking a significant milestone in human achievement.Moreover, in the realm of societal issues, verified truths serve as a foundation for informed decision-making and policy formulation. For instance, in public health, epidemiological studies and clinical trials provide evidence for the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. When these findings are verified through peer review and replicated in diverse populations, they form the basis for vaccination programs that save millions of lives globally.However, the journey to establishing verified truths is not without challenges. In an era of misinformation and fake news, discerning fact from fiction has become increasingly arduous. The proliferation of social media platforms and the rapid dissemination of unverified information have led to widespread confusion and distrust. Consequently, it is imperative to cultivate critical thinking skills and promote media literacy to navigate thislandscape effectively.Furthermore, the process of verifying truths itself can be subject to bias and manipulation. Confirmation bias, where individuals seek out information that confirms their preconceived beliefs, can hinder impartial analysis. Additionally, external pressures from vested interests may influence the dissemination of information, leading to the distortion or suppression of verified truths. Hence, maintaining the integrity of the verification process is paramount to upholding the credibility of established facts.In conclusion, verified truths occupy a pivotal role in human knowledge and understanding. Whether in science, history, or societal issues, they provide a solidfoundation upon which progress and innovation thrive. However, in an age marked by information overload and misinformation, the quest for truth requires vigilance, critical inquiry, and a commitment to intellectualintegrity. By upholding the principles of evidence-based reasoning and peer review, we can navigate the complexitiesof the modern world and uncover the enduring truths that shape our collective consciousness.。

♦144-药学研究• Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2021 Vol.40，No.3基于网络药理学探讨桑黄治疗肝炎的作用机制丁静1,吕海芹1,王鹤飞2,张晗1,陈文文1,党和勤1,刘燕琳1(1.山东第一医科大学第二附属医院药剂科，山东泰安271000;2.山东省煤炭泰山疗养院药剂科，山东泰安271000)摘要：目的运用网络药理学方法研究桑黄治疗肝炎的有效成分及作用靶点，为深入探索其药理作用机制提供依据。

方法本研究采用TCMSP平台中的CancerHSP软件检索桑黄的化学成分、作用靶点，通过Uniprot数据库 及GendCards数据库分别检索各化学成分和肝炎对应的靶基因，找出关键基因；采用Cytoscape 3.7.2软件做出桑黄-肝炎-靶点网络图；通过String数据库构建蛋白质相互作用（P P I)网络图；利用ClueGo软件对关键靶点进行功能富集分析及KEGG通路分析。

结果经检索桑黄共有9种化合物，经筛选得到3个化合物、27个靶点、30个基因，与肝炎相关的有MAOB、XDH、ALDH2、SMAD3、ALDH3A1、CYP2A6等22个关键基因。

主要通过组氨酸代谢(histidine metabolism)、酿氣酸代谢（tyTosine metabolism)等7条通路发挥作用。

结论本研究初步验证了桑黄治疗肝炎的作用靶点及作用通路，为进一步揭示其肝脏保护机制奠定基础。

关键词：桑黄;肝炎；网络药理学；作用机制中图分类号：R285文献标识码:A文章编号:2095-5375(2021)03-0144-005doi：10.13506/ki.jpr.2021.03.002Mechanism of Phellinus igniarius on hepatitis based on network pharmacology DING Jing1，LYU Haiqin1 , WANG Hefei2 , ZHANG Han1 , CHEN Wenwen1 , DANG Heqin1 , LIU Yanlin1(1 .Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University ,Tai'an 271000,China\2. Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Province Coal Taishan Sanatorium ,Tai' a n 271000,China)Abstract ：Objective To study the active components and action targets of Phellinus igniarius in the treatment of hep­atitis by network phar^nacolog^^. So as to provide a basis for further exploration of its phar^nacological action mechanism.Methods This study used the CancerHSP in the TCMSP platform to retrieve the chemical constituents and action targets of Phellinus igniarius.Cytoscape 3.7.2 was used to make the network map of Phellinus igniarius-Hepatitis-target.Target protein -protein interaction (P P I)network was constructed by using String database. ClueGo software was used to perform functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis of key targets. R esults A total of 9 compounds were retrieved and 3 compounds,27 targets and 30 genes were screened out.There are 22 key genes associated with hepatitis,including MAOB ,XDH,ALDH2 ,SMAD3 ,ALDH3A1 and CYP2A6.Histidine metabolism,Tyrosine metabolism and other 7 pathways play a role. C onclusion This study preliminarily verified the therapeutic target and pathway of Phellinus igniarius in the treatment of hepatitis,and laid a foundation for further revealing its liver protection mechanism.Key words:Phellinus igniarius ;Hepatitis;Network pharmacology;Mechanism桑黄（Phellinus igniarius)为多孔囷科，火木层孔菌的子实体。

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Estonian Journal of Engineering, 2008, 14, 1, 3–16 doi: 10.3176/eng.2008.1.01A conceptual design method for the generalelectric vehicleRaivo Sell a, Mart Tamre a, Madis Lehtla b and Argo Rosin ba Department of Mechatronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; {raivo,mart}@staff.ttu.eeb Department of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; {mlehtla,vagur}@cc.ttu.eeReceived 19 January 2007Abstract.The paper discusses conceptual design of mechatronic systems considering a mobile electrical vehicle platform as an application example. A set of design templates are developed and organized into libraries for the use in early stages of the system design. The advantages of retaining usability of component libraries, allowing verification of design alternatives on the conceptual level are demonstrated.Key words: mechatronics, mobile robotics, system design, conceptual modelling, simulation.1. INTRODUCTIONThe design of mechatronic systems differs considerably from the domains like mechanics, electronics, etc. Although mechatronics is often defined as a combina-tion of mechanics, electronics and control theory, design of a mechatronic product can not be divided into three separate parts. A mechatronic system needs to be designed as an integrated product from the very beginning. Domain-specific design plays also a certain role but the designer must always be aware of the interaction of design aspects of various components. Mechatronic system design is closely related to system engineering and therefore many tools and techniques used in system engineering are applicable also in the mechatronic system design.Decomposition of the general design cycle has been considered by several authors [1–3]. The design cycle starts with a conceptual stage, which consists of the specification of the requirements and situation analysis. According to French [4], the conceptual design stage puts greatest demands on the designer and in this stage the most important decisions are made. The result of this process is a candidate for the design solution and a clearly formulated set of desired measur-able properties of the future product, which introduces the quality measure into3the design process. This cross-domain design takes into account the overall system requirements and goals. The conceptual design as well as other design stages are implemented in many cycles. Complex mechatronic product design cycles (macrocycles) are described in greater detail in [5].In real design, many tools and techniques are used to carry out the whole design process. For the domain-specific stage, a large selection of most advanced tools exist. Conventional domains like mechanics, electronics and control engineering are well exploited. Computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools like computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), finite element method (FEM), printed circuit board (PCB) routing & layout, etc. are probably known for every engineer. In software design, computer aided software engineering (CASE) and the unified modelling language (UML) are used [6,7].On the conceptual design stages fewer tools are available, although there is a great needed for CAE. Domain-independent techniques as Bond graphs [8], Petri nets [9] and hybrid automata [10] are not widely used in the design of mechatronic systems. However, recent research is focused on the conceptual design and automation of the generation of the candidate for the design solution. Several investigations [11–13] exploit the combination of artificial intelligence and domain-independent techniques. One of the reasons why the conceptual level lacks computer support is that the used methodology must support high-level conceptual design with the option to apply very specific constraints at the same time. The system design stage needs similar tools, but the system must be modelled on a more detailed level. The system components, subcomponents, behaviour and per-formance, etc., must be modelled in the frame of the whole system. The most used technique here is block diagrams of different modifications. In the recent years many efforts are put on the system design and mechatronics software development. Some software package examples are AMESim [14], Dymola [15], 20-sim [16] and also the well known MatLab/Simulink environment.Methodology of the mechatronic design process is presented in the mechatronic design guideline VDI 2206 [5], which proposes several tools and techniques for the design of mechatronic systems.The objective of the present work is to combine mechatronics design methods with the system modelling language and to develop practical tools for the design of a mobile electrical vehicle platform on conceptual level. We create a specific toolbox for a general electric vehicle, which can be utilized in the conceptual design process. Some practical examples are shown, based on current projects at Tallinn University of Technology.2. DESIGN APPROACHThe conceptual design method, considered in this paper, expands the approach [5] with the design templates and concept simulation aids. System modelling language (SysML) [17] is used as the basic modelling language. The general conceptual design modelling approach is described in Fig. 1.4Fig. 1. The SysML toolbox for mobile platform design.The approach consists of three integrated substages: requirements modelling, conceptual solution development and design candidate simulation. All stages are supported by specific template libraries. A template class from the template library provides a parameterized description of the model element, specifying its attributes and operations. By binding multiple elements to the template it is possible to generate new elements with the same characteristics as the template.SysML is used for requirement and concept modelling and Simulink for conceptual simulation, although other tools are not excluded. The proposed approach relies on the design methodology [18] and the SysML toolbox for the mobile platform design, which is taken as an example. The mobile platform is a generalization of different types of (mainly electrical) vehicles. Mobile robots, unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) and railway vehicles are used as examples for different diagrams later on.3. MODELLING OF THE REQUIREMENTSFormulation of the requirements is the foundation of a project. Every require-ment is tightly related to the cost and therefore the requirements modelling and analysis must be carried out with great care. Big changes in requirements in later stages of the design process may increase significally the cost of the whole project. Requirements arise from customer needs, regulations, legislation, organiza-tion environment, technology availability, etc.Definition of the requirements is a complex process and typically includes performance analysis, trade studies, constraint evaluation and cost analysis. Requirements modelling is not just a top-down process, but must be carried out with the interaction of the initial analysis and simulation of the concepts.Initial requirements model is completed usually on the system level. Oncearchived, it is necessary to allocate and flow the requirements down to lower56levels. According to [19], the requirements modelling process is iterative for each phase, with continuous feedback as the level of design specifications increases. The design of an electrical vehicle and mobile platform follows the system engineering concept. The general requirements model is shown in Fig. 2. The model is based on the SysML requirements diagram and describes general con-cept of the requirements model. A single requirement is described as a box with various parameters. The requirement can be decomposed into subrequirements and is linked with each of them as well as with analysis, design, implementation and testing elements. In a general requirement element the following parameters are used: ID (unique identifier across the model), priority, text (textual repre-sentation of the requirement or reference to a document), risk, weight, type, etc. According SysML specification, a requirement can be generated or deduced from another requirement using Derive relationship. A requirement can be ful-filled by another model element using Satisfy relationship. A requirement can be verified by various behaviours using the Verify relationship. Standard or specific test cases ()TestCase are developed for this purpose. All of these are specializa-tions of the UML Trace relationship; which is used to track requirements and changes across the model [17].Requirements template. Introducing new design tools to practising engineers is often related with various problems as people are used to work with habitual tools and methods. Therefore it is important to make the implementation of the new system as easy as possible. One way to do this is to use pre-defined modelFig. 2. Metamodel of the requirements.7templates. Templates are defined according to the specific product domain. In this paper we focus on the general electrical vehicle platform design. Templates are still general enough to be adopted to other subdomains.A requirement is defined by ID, textual representation and parameters. Default parameters are Weight , Risk , OptimizationDirection , and Source . Optional parameters are ConsistentStandard and MaxCost (Fig. 3). Every single requirement has to be verified on some level by one of the following methods: test, demonstration, analysis, inspection. Therefore every single requirement has a relationship with the activity TestCase . If a requirement needs multiple tests, the requirement should be decomposed into multiple subrequirements.When the process proceeds, the requirement can be connected with design elements as block, assembly, activity, etc. This relationship indicates specific design elements, which satisfy the particular requirement.Templates are intended to be used for effective and professional requirement modelling. The engineer can pick the best matching template according to the design scope and start to bind the predefined requirement parameters with real values. Requirement templates consists of activities like standardized TestCases . These activities are collected to the knowledge base library, where they can be extracted and redesigned if necessary.Fig. 3. Requirements metaclass and Activity relationship.4. CONCEPTUAL MODELS4.1. Conceptual designConceptual design is actually the first stage, where engineers start to develop the target system, corresponding in an optimal way to requirements. This stage is tightly related to the previous one, to the requirements modelling part. After starting to develop actual concepts of the system, often new aspects arise and very often they cause some changes in initial requirements. This is an interactive process and must be well coordinated.A frequent mistake in this interactive process, made by beginners, is that the very fist idea is taken as the best one and is developed into a product [3]. This may be a very costly approach. Correction of design mistakes and conceptual changes in a later, product development or integration stage, will cost much more than in the conceptual stage. Therefore it is very important to develop more than one candidate for the solution. Methodical comparison and initial simulation will ensure that the optimal solution is selected and the risk of project failure is reduced.4.2. Development of the conceptual solutionDevelopment of a candidate for a conceptual solution is the next step after the requirements model is established. Our concept is described by the static structure, interaction of components, behaviour and dynamic parameters. All these aspects are modelled with a corresponding diagram. At the same time, the diagrams can interact with each other and one diagram can consist of parts from other diagrams. In the concept design process, the requirements model must be kept in mind and relationships with the requirements diagram are allowed and strictly suggested through the <<satisfy>> relationship. Diagram template library incorporates categories for concept design shown in Table 1. Diagram templates are divided logically according to SysML diagram types.The interaction levels are as follows:Level I – System and subsystem hierarchy, subsystem general interactions are defined; main functionality and system states are indicated.Level II – Subsystems are opened and defined in general ‘black box’ components;parameters of subsystems are initiated, subsystem inner activities aredistinguished.Table 1. Diagram template libraryLevel(acronym)Name DiagramFor the whole conceptHierarchical structure Block Definition (bdd) ISystem usage Use Case (uc) IFor every solution candidateComponent interaction Internal Block diagram (ibd) IBehaviour Activity(act) II(par) II Dynamics Parametric8The first two diagrams (bdd, uc) are common for all solution candidates because in the context level they do not differ very much for various solution candidates.System usage at the context level is defined by the Use Case diagram. Use Case diagram defines the usage of the system under the development. This is particularly important in the early design stage. The diagram describes high-level behaviour and bounding of the system at the same time. This diagram can be compared with the context diagram in the data flow diagram (DFD). We use the original structure of the Use Case package. The syntax is analogous to UML. In that way the software engineers and mechanical engineers use the same syntax to describe the system usage and context. This ensures that the gap in understanding will be reduced to minimum.The concept level structure of the system is described by the Block Definition diagram (bdd). A Block is defined as a modular unit of the system and depending on the design detailization level the block describes different things. In the beginning of the conceptual stage, the hierarchy of the components is defined and disclosed to assembly level, e.g. vehicle drive. The Block encapsulates its contents, which include attributes, operations and constraints.Every system has interconnections between its blocks. These connections can be quite different, e.g. flow of energy or material, software operations, data exchange, analogue signals, etc. In the system hierarchy a model generalization relationship is used instead of interactions between the components. The system is decomposed and linked with parts or assemblies from the model library.Both the Block Definition diagram and the Use Case diagram are common for all solution candidates due to the reason that these diagrams describe a general view of the perspective system and are derived directly from the requirements. Solution-specific diagrams are more detailed and describe the specific solution.Three different diagrams are defined for the solution-specific development in the conceptual stage:• Internal Structure, describing the interaction between the components in terms of service and flow;• Parametric, describing the key parameters and system dynamics;• Activity, describing the behaviour.4.3. Conceptual design templatesIn the framework of the electrical vehicle profile, several design templates for the Block Definition diagram have been developed. The system hierarchy on the concept level has one main template with mostly common blocks. When starting to use the template, the engineer can select or not select these pre-defined blocks and their attributes. This enables to start quickly the system description without missing relevant components.Most commonly used components in electrical vehicle design are presented with common attributes and the generalization relationship. Attributes are in most cases optional and can be added or removed depending on the design characteristics. The Internal Block diagram template describes the interrelation-910ship between the movement components. Service and flow ports are defined but kept open for most cases.Activity diagram templates are composed with the Swim Lane technique, where activities are mapped with blocks on the basis of functions. An example of this is shown in Fig. 4. Templates based on functions and behaviour describe more specific activities, e.g. MotionTraction , Brake , Accelerate , etc., and TestCase for the satisfaction of the requirements.The general dynamic model [20] of the system or subsystem is shown schematically in Fig. 5. The system S is characterized by a set of state variables X that are influenced by a set of input variables, ,U representing the action of the system’s environment on the system. The set of output variables, ,Y are observable indicators of the system’s response.The general dynamic model can be applied for all subsystems or components. The dynamic model can be executed and by feeding different input parameters different system behaviour is achieved. The system and its model can be linear orFig. 4. Example of an Activity diagram.Fig. 5. Dynamic model of the system. ▪ ▪▪ ▪11non-linear. Linear systems generally can be described by a set of linear first-order differential equations and it is possible to obtain detailed solutions of the system response. If one of the components or a subsystem is non-linear, the overall system is non-linear and conventional analytical tools do not work any more [20]. Solving the non-linear system, the simulations according to time steps must be carried out. The real-world systems are in most cases non-linear and therefore it is important to have tools for early stage simulations, where even the dynamic model of the system is not fully defined yet. The early stage system dynamics is determined by the Parametric diagram. This defines how one value of the structural property affects other values. Parametric constraints are tightly connected with the system structure and are used in combination with Block diagrams.The Parametric diagram is the main input for the system simulation model. Different conceptual solutions can be obtained and simulation results used for the improvement of the design. For example this is used for the performance and reliability analysis as well as for meeting all the requirements, specified by the Requirement diagram.The Parametric diagram template for basic performance of an electrical vehicle is taken as an example (Fig. 6).Fig. 6. Parametric example.5. SIMULATION OF THE ELECTROMECHANICAL (PHYSICAL)MODELTo describe interaction, a pair of variables should be used. One variable is an input, which describes the effect and another is the result or feedback, showing the reaction (or vice versa). The instantaneous power can be calculated from this pair of variables. Equations of the mechanical behaviour of the motors and voltage–electromotive force equations are placed in different blocks [21] accord-ing to the structure of the energetic macromodels. For example, electrical sub-systems, described with transfer functions, have as an input the instantaneous value of voltage and the reaction is calculated as the instantaneous value of the current. Mechanical subsystems can have as input the linear or angular velocity and the calculated reaction is the force or torque.A simulation model should be simplified as much as possible because of energetical, technical and time restrictions. A model is always a simplification of the reality for a certain purpose. The simplified electromechanical model does not always describe electrical parameters of windings, supply network, controllers and converters. The main purpose of modelling of the control object and load is virtual testing of control methods for the simplification of the development process. Models allow the verification of control methods and software in different operation modes, mode-altering conditions and different control modes [22].For the verification of the model and comparison with the real system, it should be divided into subsystems using subsystem macromodels. These subsystem macromodels can be also divided into subsystem and component models. MatLab/ Simulink simulation model has a hierarchical structure and each block can be flexibly composed from configurable subblocks. The grouping of the blocks should take into account different configurations of the drive hardware, such as different motor–wheel configurations, different compositions of supply converters, motors, etc. This can be done via parametric (Fig. 6) and operation mode transition (Fig. 7) diagrams.Events that cause changes in the control structure can be defined as transitions in the operation-mode transition diagram shown in Fig. 7. Each state describes a different set of control structures and algorithms.Conceptual models, developed with design tools in Mobile Platform Toolbox, will be linked with the MatLab/Simulink object in the template model. Toolbox consists of several predefined models for multiple purposes. For example, the simulation models of electrical vehicle performance, current consumption, efficiency, etc., are stored in the simulation template library. A template is a general simulation model for a specific simulation target. Appropriate modification will be done and correct parameters assigned for the picked template model. The following example shows a simple simulation model template for electrical and performance simulation in different operation modes. The Simulink model shown in Fig. 8 uses torque reference values and state variables of wheels as arrays (multiple numbers) indicated with bold lines in the figure.1213Fig. 7. Operation mode transition diagram of the drive.Fig. 8. Simulation model of a multimotor drive describing axial weights, adhesion and wheel diameters.14The models of the mechanical part and control circuits together form the modelof the control object, including load and motor electromagnetic models and models of the electronic part of the converter, hardware of the control part and feedbacks. The model should be simple because of energetic, technical and time limitations and limitations of the available computer hardware. But it should include important properties and parameters needed for the control system design.Using the model of the mechanical part, shown in Fig. 8, and adding the detailed model of the electrical part, gives the opportunity to observe different operation modes and ranges of the system.These operation ranges, shown in Fig. 9, include the torque ramp, constant torque operation, motor field weakening in constant power operation and maximum speed limitation due to the end of field weakening. The torque ramp limits maximal available motor current and is needed for limiting the acceleration. The start of the motor field-weakening process depends on the maximum available supply voltage for drive systems. Control principles (methods) are an important part for system modelling. Most of modern systems are based on a microprocessor control system, thus a dynamic model should also contain descriptions of software based controllers, control algorithms, torque controllers, speed controllers or reference integrators, ramp-functions, anti-slip systems, control of the field weakening, control of the operation mode and control of the braking.Fig. 9. Acceleration process, calculated using a simulation model.6. CONCLUSIONSConceptual modelling for the design of mechatronic systems is described. The method utilizes new rapidly advancing SysML as the modelling language. The concept consists of models of the requirements, structure and behaviour. An important feature of the approach is instantaneous analysis and simulation link to get the fast response of strengths and weaknesses of the developed mechatronic system design candidate. The described method is bounded and specified for the mobile electric vehicle design. Some examples and metamodels for this case are presented. Design templates for modelling and simulation are required to start a fast product development process. Therefore the implemented methodology relies on predefined templates from the template library. The next step is to widen the template library for different design cases. Together with the develop-ment of the design templates, simulation templates (Simulink models) will be designed. Further work lies in the integration of the solution with an automatic mechatronics system development framework, where design concepts can be generated from the requirements diagram in a semiautomatic way.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe work is part of the robotics projects supported by the Estonian Ministry of Science and Education, grant No. 0142506s03.REFERENCES1. Hubka, V. and Eder, W. Design Science: Introduction to the Needs, Scope and Organization ofEngineering Design Knowledge. Springer, London, 1996.2. Pahl, G. and Beitz, W. Engineering Design – A Systematic Approach. Springer, Berlin, 1996.3. Ullman, D. G. Mechanical Design Process. McGraw–Hill, New York, 2002.4. French, M. Conceptual Design for Engineers. Springer, London, 1999.5. Design Methodology for Mechatronic System – VDI 2206. Beuth Verlag GmbH, DI, Düssel-dorf, 2004.6. Gurd, A. Using UMLTM 2.0 to Solve Systems Engineering Problems. Telelogic, 2003.7. Kukkala, P., Riihimäki, J., Hännikäinen, M., Hämäläinen, T. D. and Kronlöf, K. UML 2.0 Pro-file for Embedded System Design. In Proc. Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference. Munich, 2005, 710–715.8. Gawthrop, P. Metamodelling: for Bond Graphs and Dynamic Systems. Prentice Hall, London,1996.9. Desel, J. and Juhas, G. What is a Petri net? – Informal answers for the informed reader. LectureNotes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2001, 2128, 1–25.10. Davoren, J. M. and Nerode, A. Logics for hybrid systems. Proc. IEEE, 2000, 88, 985–1010.11. Rzevski, G. On conceptual design of intelligent mechatronic system. Mechatronics, 2003, 13,1029–1044.1512. Seo, K., Fan, Z., Hu, J., Goodman, E. D. and Rosenberg, R. C. Toward a unified and automateddesign methodology for multi-domain dynamic systems using bond graphs and genetic programming. Mechatronics, 2003, 13, 851–885.13. Granda, J. J. The role of bond graph modeling and simulation in mechatronics systems. Anintegrated software tool: CAMP-G, MATLAB–SIMULINK. Mechatronics, 2002, 12, 1271–1295.14. AMESim: Modeling & simulation environment for systems engineering. http://www.15. Dymola – dynamic modeling laboratory with Modelica (Dynasim AB). http://www.16. 20-sim, the dynamic modeling and simulation package for iconic diagram, bond graph, blockdiagram and equation models. 17. System modeling language (SysML) specification. Version 1.0, Draft. OMG documentad/2006-03-01, 2006. 18. Sell, R. and Tamre, M. Integration of V-model and SysML for advanced mechatronics systemdesign. In Proc. Research & Education on Mechatronics Conference REM05. Annecy, 2005, 276–280.19. Systems Engineering Handbook. INCOSE-TP-2003-016-02, version 2a. Technical Board ofInternational Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), 2004. 20. Karnopp, D. C., Margolis, D. L. and Rosenberg, R. C. System Dynamics – Modeling andSimulation of Mechatronic Systems. J. Wiley, New Jersey, 2006.21. Popa, I. S., Popescu, M. O. and Popescu, C. Energetic macroscopic representation applied to anelectrical urban transport system. In The Annals of “Dunarea de Jos”, University Of Galati Fascicle, 2002, III, 34–39.22. Lehtla, M. Microprocessor Control Systems of Light Rail Vehicle Traction Drives. TallinnUniversity of Technology Press, Tallinn, 2006.Mobiilse elektrisõiduki kontseptuaalse modelleerimise metoodika Raivo Sell, Mart Tamre, Madis Lehtla ja Argo Rosin On loodud elektrisõiduki modelleerimise metoodika, mis kasutab modellee-rimiskeelena uut, kiiresti arenevat keelt SysML. Metoodika on suunatud kontsep-tuaalse modelleerimise faasi kiiremale ja efektiivsemale projekteerimisele. Selleks on välja arendatud eeldefineeritud mudelite süsteem, mida arendaja saab andmebaasist valida sõltuvalt süsteemi spetsiifikast. Eeldefineeritud mudelid on nii süsteemi nõuete kui ka lahenduse kirjeldamiseks. Kirjeldatud metoodika abil saab modelleerida süsteemi struktuuri ja käitumist ning siduda erinevaid lahen-dusvariante simulatsioonimudelitega. Väljatöötatud lahendus võimaldab kiiresti ja efektiivselt alustada mehhatroonikasüsteemi arendusprotsessi ning juba kontsep-tuaalses faasis simuleerida erinevaid lahendusvariante. Töö on üks osa meh-hatroonikasüsteemide projekteerimisega seotud uuringust, mille eesmärk on auto-matiseerida tootearenduse kontseptuaalset faasi.16。

第1期(总第224期) 2021年2月机 械工程与自动化MECHANICAL ENGINEERING&AUTOMATIONNo1Feb文章编号=1672-6413(2021)01-0158-03基于LabVIEW的伺服电机测控系统设计櫜张日红，朱立学，杨松夏(仲恺农业工程学院机电工程学院，广东广州510225)摘要：伺服运动控制以其精准稳定的定位控制优势在工业机器人、机床自动化等方面得到了广泛应用。

在LabVIEW图形化编程开发环境下，通过调用研华PCI1245运动控制卡中的运动控制函数对4台交流伺服台达电机进行了单独运行和联动运行的定位控制程序开发，该程序还可以实时动态地监控伺服电机的状态参数。

通过在实验室环境下的调试运行，验证了控制程序的有效性。

关键词：伺服电机；LabVIEW；测控系统中图分类号：TP273文献标识码：A0引言由于伺服电机的精度高、高速性能好、适应性强以及运行稳定等优点，因而得到众多科研人员的青睐。

在机械运动控制研究领域中，伺服驱动控制是一个非常重要的研究课题，也是一个非常综合性的研究课题,其普遍应用于自动化CNC数控设备、自动化仪表车床、纺织业以及生产加工与制造进程控制系统中，它关系到机械电子工程、自动化控制以及计算机技术等学科［3。

与此同时，随着电子计算机应用技术的高速发展,使得虚拟仪器也逐渐得到学术界和工业界的认同及推广。

伴随着运动控制卡等一系列硬件的开发，在众多领域的研究、制造和开发中,LabVIEW虚拟仪器测控程序得到了非常广泛的应用，通过LabVIEW编程语言调用运动控制卡的内置函数对系统进行高精度的控制是全新的控制方案。

运用LabVIEW编程语言进行由运动控制卡、伺服电机及其驱动器所组成的单轴或多轴伺服控制系统开发具备系统调试方便、稳定性高等优点［5。

1伺服电机控制系统的硬件配置图1为单个伺服电机控制的硬件接线示意图。

硬件系统由ECMA-C20602SS伺服电机、ASD-B2-0221-B 伺服驱动器、PCI1245运动控制卡、ADAM-3952接线端子板、24V直流电源和电脑等组成［］。

关于管理制度的例子英文范文Management System: An ExampleIntroductionA management system is a set of practices, procedures, and policies put in place to ensure the smooth functioning of an organization. It provides a framework for decision-making, clarifying roles and responsibilities, and ensuring accountability. Effective management systems create an environment of efficiency, productivity, and growth. In this article, we will examine a specific example of a management system implemented in a manufacturing company.BackgroundXYZ Manufacturing Company is a global player in the automotive industry, supplying parts to major car manufacturers. With multiple production sites worldwide and a diverse workforce, it recognized the need for a robust management system to streamline operations and enhance productivity. The company decided to implement the ISO 9001 Quality Management System as a foundation for its internal management system.ISO 9001 Quality Management SystemISO 9001 is an international standard that provides requirements for implementing a quality management system. It is based on a set of principles, including customer focus, process approach, and continuous improvement. XYZ Manufacturing Company saw thevalue of implementing this system and went through the certification process to ensure compliance.Implementation ProcessXYZ Manufacturing Company started the implementation process by forming a cross-functional team consisting of representatives from various departments, including production, quality assurance, engineering, and human resources. This team was responsible for coordinating the implementation efforts.The first step was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the company's existing practices and procedures. This involved conducting interviews with employees at all levels, reviewing documentation, and analyzing current processes. The findings from this assessment formed the basis for developing the management system.The team developed a quality manual, which outlined the company's quality policy, objectives, and key processes. They also developed a set of procedures for each process identified, detailing the steps to be followed, responsibilities, and performance indicators.Training and CommunicationOnce the procedures were developed, the team focused on training employees on the new processes. Training sessions were conducted, both in person and online, to ensure all employees understood their roles and responsibilities within the system. Theteam also emphasized the importance of adhering to the procedures and maintaining accurate documentation.To facilitate communication within the organization, XYZ Manufacturing Company implemented a centralized document management system. This system allowed employees to access and share relevant documents easily. It also ensured the latest versions of procedures and other documentation were readily available to all employees.Monitoring and MeasurementTo ensure continuous improvement, the company put in place mechanisms to monitor and measure performance. Key performance indicators (KPIs) were identified for each process, and data was collected regularly to track progress. The KPIs included metrics such as customer satisfaction, on-time delivery, and defect rate.Regular management review meetings were held to review performance data, identify areas for improvement, and set objectives for the upcoming period. The cross-functional team presented the data and analysis to the management, who then made strategic decisions to enhance the system's effectiveness.Auditing and CertificationTo validate the effectiveness of the management system, XYZ Manufacturing Company conducted internal audits periodically. These audits were carried out by trained auditors from within theorganization but independent of the processes being audited. The auditors verified compliance with the procedures and identified any nonconformities or areas for improvement.Additionally, the company engaged an independent certification body to conduct an external audit for ISO 9001 certification. The auditors from the certification body evaluated the management system's compliance with the requirements of the standard. After successfully passing the audit, XYZ Manufacturing Company received ISO 9001 certification, demonstrating its commitment to quality management.Benefits and ResultsThe implementation of the ISO 9001 Quality Management System brought about several benefits for XYZ Manufacturing Company. First and foremost, it enhanced customer satisfaction by ensuring consistent product quality and on-time delivery. The system also improved internal communication and coordination, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.The performance data collected allowed the company to identify areas for improvement and take corrective actions promptly. As a result, defects were reduced, and processes became more streamlined. The systematic approach provided by the management system also facilitated employee training and development, leading to a skilled and motivated workforce.ConclusionThe example of XYZ Manufacturing Company highlights the importance and effectiveness of implementing a management system. By adopting the ISO 9001 Quality Management System, the company established a framework that improved communication, enhanced productivity, and increased customer satisfaction. It is a testament to the benefits that a well-designed and implemented management system can bring to an organization.。

李时珍英语介绍作文1Li Shizhen was a remarkable figure in the field of medicine. Born in an era when medical knowledge was in need of consolidation and expansion, he dedicated his life to the pursuit of accurate and comprehensive understanding of medicinal substances.To compile the Compendium of Materia Medica, Li Shizhen endured countless hardships. He traveled extensively across various regions, not afraid of the long and arduous journeys. He collected medicinal specimens with great care and enthusiasm, showing an unwavering commitment to his work. Moreover, he humbly consulted folk doctors, seeking their wisdom and experiences. He listened attentively to their stories and insights, incorporating this precious knowledge into his vast repository of medical understanding.Li Shizhen's efforts were not in vain. The Compendium of Materia Medica he compiled became a masterpiece, a comprehensive and authoritative guide to medicinal substances. It has had a profound impact on the development of medicine not only in his time but also for generations to come. His work has saved countless lives and has been a source of inspiration for countless medical practitioners.In conclusion, Li Shizhen's contributions to the field of medicine areimmeasurable. His dedication, perseverance, and pursuit of excellence have made him an unforgettable figure in history. His spirit continues to inspire us to strive for knowledge and to make significant contributions to the well-being of humanity.2Li Shizhen was a remarkable figure in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. Born in a time when medical knowledge was limited and often inaccurate, he was determined to make a difference.From his early years, Li Shizhen showed a great passion for medicine and a curiosity to understand the nature of various herbs and remedies. He spent countless hours studying ancient medical texts and observing the effects of different treatments.However, the path he chose was not easy. There were few resources available and much of the existing knowledge was filled with errors and confusion. But Li Shizhen was not deterred. He traveled far and wide, climbed mountains, crossed rivers, and ventured into remote areas to collect samples and observe plants in their natural habitats. He faced harsh weather conditions, wild animals, and many other difficulties, yet his determination never wavered.After years of painstaking research and verification, Li Shizhen completed his masterpiece, the Compendium of Materia Medica. This work was not only a comprehensive collection of medicinal knowledge butalso a revolutionary contribution to the field. It detailed the properties, uses, and preparation methods of thousands of herbs and remedies.The Compendium of Materia Medica has since spread far and wide, influencing medical practices around the world. It has provided valuable insights and guidance for generations of physicians and researchers, highlighting the wisdom and importance of traditional Chinese medicine.Li Shizhen's dedication and perseverance have left an indelible mark on the history of medicine, inspiring us to pursue knowledge with passion and determination, regardless of the challenges that lie ahead.3Li Shizhen was a remarkable figure in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. Born during a time when medical knowledge was evolving, he dedicated his life to the pursuit of understanding and improving it.Li Shizhen's spirit of meticulousness was evident in his approach to identifying herbs. He would travel far and wide, climbing mountains and traversing forests, to collect and study various herbs. He examined each herb with great care, noting its appearance, smell, and properties. For instance, when studying a particular herb known for its healing properties, he would observe it in different seasons and under different conditions to ensure a comprehensive understanding of its efficacy.His innovative理念was equally remarkable. He did not blindly follow the traditional medical theories but questioned and verified themthrough practical experiments and observations. He corrected many misunderstandings and inaccuracies in the existing medical knowledge, making significant contributions to the development of traditional Chinese medicine.Li Shizhen's work has had a lasting impact on the field of medicine. His dedication,严谨态度, and innovative spirit continue to inspire future generations of medical practitioners to strive for excellence and the betterment of human health.4Li Shizhen was a remarkable figure in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. His contributions have had a profound and lasting impact on the development of medicine.Li Shizhen was driven by an unwavering passion for medicine and a desire to alleviate the suffering of patients. He spent years conducting extensive research and practical experiments. One of the notable cases that demonstrated his exceptional medical skills was when he successfully treated a patient who was suffering from a rare and complex disease that had baffled many other physicians. Through his meticulous observation, profound knowledge of medicinal herbs, and innovative treatment approaches, Li Shizhen was able to formulate an effective remedy that restored the patient's health.Another instance that showcases his brilliance was his handling of anepidemic. He carefully studied the symptoms and patterns of the disease, and developed a series of preventive and therapeutic measures that saved countless lives.Li Shizhen's achievements not only lie in his individual medical cases but also in his comprehensive work, the Compendium of Materia Medica. This masterpiece compiles a vast amount of knowledge about medicinal substances and their applications.In conclusion, Li Shizhen's work serves as a testament to the value of traditional medicine. His dedication, expertise, and innovative spirit continue to inspire and inform medical practitioners to this day. We should cherish and build upon the wisdom he has passed down to us, exploring and developing traditional medicine to benefit humanity further.5Li Shizhen was a remarkable figure in the field of medicine in ancient China. His contributions have had a profound and lasting impact on the development of medicine.Li Shizhen spent years conducting extensive research and documentation of various medicinal herbs and remedies. His masterpiece, "Compendium of Materia Medica," is a comprehensive collection of medical knowledge. This work not only detailed the properties and uses of numerous medicinal substances but also reflected his meticulous observation and in-depth understanding of medicine.In comparison to ancient medical research methods, modern medicine benefits from advanced technologies and scientific approaches. However, Li Shizhen's emphasis on practical experience and close attention to nature's offerings still holds significant value today. His work reminds us of the importance of direct observation and hands-on exploration in the pursuit of medical breakthroughs.The applications and developments of Li Shizhen's contributions in the contemporary era are numerous. His insights into the properties and effects of medicinal plants have provided a foundation for modern herbal medicine. Additionally, his dedication to accuracy and thoroughness inspires researchers to maintain high standards in their work.In conclusion, Li Shizhen's achievements serve as a guiding light for modern medicine. They encourage us to combine traditional wisdom with modern science, to constantly seek new discoveries and improvements in the field of healthcare, and to strive for the well-being of humanity.。

软件测试工程师英文简历范文Software Testing EngineerFull name: [Your Name]Address: [Your Address]Phone: [Your Phone Number]Email: [Your Email Address]LinkedIn: [Your LinkedIn Profile URL]Objective:Highly skilled and dedicated software testing engineer with over 5 years of experience in quality assurance and testing. Strong understanding of software development life cycle and excellent analytical skills. Seeking a challenging position as a Software Testing Engineer to utilize my expertise and contribute to the success of a dynamic organization.Education:Bachelor of Science in Computer Science[University Name], [Year]Certifications:- ISTQB Certified Tester - Foundation Level- Agile Testing CertificationSkills:- Extensive experience in manual testing, test planning, test design, and test execution.- Proficient in testing methodologies including black box testing, white box testing, and grey box testing.- Strong knowledge of software development life cycle and testing processes.- Expertise in defect tracking, analysis, and reporting using defect tracking tools like JIRA.- Experience in test automation using tools like Selenium WebDriver and scripting languages like Java.- Familiarity with Agile development methodologies and continuous integration principles.- Excellent problem-solving and analytical skills with attention to detail.- Ability to work effectively both independently and in a team-oriented environment.- Strong verbal and written communication skills.Professional Experience:Software Testing Engineer[Company name], [Dates]- Collaborated with the development team to understand project requirements and design test cases.- Developed and executed test plans, test cases, and test scripts for various software applications.- Performed manual functional testing to ensure the quality of the software.- Conducted regression testing to verify the impact of software changes on existing functionality.- Identified and documented software defects and tracked their status until resolution.- Utilized defect tracking tool (JIRA) to track and manage defects. - Collaborated with cross-functional teams to ensure successfuldelivery of high-quality software.- Participated in software release activities and provided go/no-go recommendations based on testing results.- Conducted performance and load testing to ensure software stability and scalability.- Worked closely with developers to review and understand the root cause of defects.Software Testing Intern[Company name], [Dates]- Assisted the senior testing engineer in designing and executing test cases.- Conducted manual functional testing on assigned modules of the software.- Logged defects and tracked their status until resolution.- Assisted in test plan documentation and test case creation.- Assisted in the setup and maintenance of test environments.- Collaborated with the development team to resolve issues and improve software quality.Additional Information:- Languages: English (Fluent), [Additional Languages]- References: Available upon request.Note: Remember to tailor this resume to your own unique skills, experience, and qualifications.继续写相关内容，1500字Experience:Software Testing Engineer[Company name], [Dates]- Collaborated with the development team to understand project requirements and design test cases. Conducted meetings with stakeholders to gather requirements and ensure test coverage.- Developed and executed comprehensive test plans, test cases, and test scripts for various software applications. Ensured that test cases covered all functional and non-functional requirements.- Performed manual functional testing to ensure the quality of the software. Verified that the software met the specified requirements and performed according to user expectations.- Conducted thorough regression testing to verify the impact of software changes on existing functionality. Ensured that bug fixes and new features did not introduce new defects or break existing functionality.- Utilized defect tracking tool (JIRA) to track and manage defects. Assigned defects to the appropriate development team members and monitored their progress until resolution.- Worked closely with cross-functional teams, including developers, designers, and business analysts, to ensure the successful delivery of high-quality software. Collaborated on requirements clarification and issue resolution.- Participated in software release activities and provided go/no-go recommendations based on the testing results. Advocated for the release of stable and bug-free software.- Conducted performance and load testing to ensure software stability and scalability. Identified bottlenecks, analyzed performance metrics, and provided recommendations for optimization.- Worked closely with developers to review and understand the root cause of defects. Assisted in the identification of the underlying issues and provided guidance on potential solutions. - Conducted compatibility testing across different operating systems, browsers, and devices. Ensured that the software performed consistently across various platforms.- Actively participated in Agile Scrum meetings and provided input on testing efforts and testability of user stories. Collaborated on sprint planning, backlog grooming, and release management. - Implemented automated testing using Selenium WebDriver and scripted in Java. Developed and maintained test automation frameworks to increase efficiency and effectiveness.- Mentored and trained junior testing engineers on testing methodologies, tools, and best practices. Provided guidance and support to ensure the growth and development of the team. Software Testing Intern[Company name], [Dates]- Assisted the senior testing engineer in designing and executing test cases. Contributed to test case creation based on requirements and conducted manual testing.- Logged defects and tracked their status until resolution. Assisted in the triaging of defects and communicated with developers regarding defect details.- Assisted in the setup and maintenance of test environments. Ensured that the test environments were properly configured and representative of the production environment.- Collaborated with the development team to resolve issues and improve software quality. Actively participated in bug scrubsessions and provided input on defect priority and severity. Additional Skills:- Proficient with test management tools like TestRail and Zephyr. - Experience with load testing tools like JMeter and Gatling.- Familiarity with API testing using tools like Postman and SoapUI. - Knowledge of SQL and ability to write and execute database queries.- Familiarity with Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) principles and tools like Jenkins.- Experience in testing web applications, mobile applications, and desktop applications.- Knowledge of cybersecurity principles and ability to perform security testing.- Familiarity with accessibility testing and ensuring software compliance with accessibility standards.- Strong understanding of Agile principles and experience working in an Agile environment.References:Available upon request.。