CFA 2008年2级公式表
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CFAL1一级公式汇总CFA一级考试包含许多公式和概念,这些公式和概念涉及财务报表分析、投资组合管理、估值模型、公司财务等方面。
以下是一级考试中常见的一些公式的汇总:1.资本预算公式:净现值(Net Present Value, NPV) = 初始投资 + 现金流量的现值2.资本预算指标:报酬率(Return on Investment, ROI) = (净利润/投资额) × 100%财务杠杆(Financial Leverage) = 总资产/股东权益盈利杠杆(Earnings Leverage) = 净利润/营业利润财务杠杆乘以盈利杠杆(Financial Leverage × Earnings Leverage) = 杠杆系数(Leverage Factor)3.财务报表分析公式:流动比率(Current Ratio) = 流动资产/流动负债速动比率(Quick Ratio) = (流动资产 - 存货)/流动负债现金比率(Cash Ratio) = 现金/流动负债利息保障倍数(Interest Coverage Ratio) = 息税前利润/利息开支股东权益比率(Equity Ratio) = 股东权益/总资产股东权益报酬率(Return on Equity, ROE) = 净利润/股东权益4.会计公式:利润总额=营业收入-营业成本-营业税金-利润分享给优先股东-利润分享给普通股东净利润=利润总额-所得税总资产=股东权益+负债股东权益=资产-负债5.宏观经济指标公式:国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product, GDP) = 消费者支出 + 投资 + 净出口通货膨胀率(Inflation Rate) = (物价指数现值 - 物价指数上期值)/物价指数上期值×100%6.估值模型公式:股票估值=(股票股利/折现率)+终值折现债券估值=公允价值-未来现金流量的现值现金流估值(Cash Flow Valuation) = 现金流量/折现率7.风险管理公式:标准差(Standard Deviation) = [(X1 - μ)^2 + (X2 - μ)^2 + (X3 - μ)^2 + ... + (Xn - μ)^2/(n-1)]^(1/2)协方差(Covariance) = [(X1 - μx)(Y1 - μy) + (X2 - μx)(Y2 - μy) + (X3 - μx)(Y3 - μy) + ... + (Xn - μx)(Yn - μy)]/(n-1)以上是CFA一级考试中一些常见的公式。
CFA II Alternative Investments1 dimension: public or private市场。
1)Private为直接投资。
solely owned或indirectly owned through partnership or commingledreal estate funds.2)Public无直接投资,而是securities.包括REIT, real estate operating company &mortgage-backed securities. 3K1或equity. Debt投资者拥有mortgage介于bond和stock之间。
3K51.Office: Gross lease:房东负责opx(费用);net lease则是tenant负责3K62.Industrial: Net lease更常见。
3K63.Retail: Percentage lease: min rent of $20 per square foot 或5% of sales per square foot ifsales is over $ 400 per square foot.3K74.Multi-family: 3K7Assessed value: taxing authority使用3K7Mortgage lending value: lenders value collateral使用3K7V aluation Approaches 3K7 ---3种方法1.Cost approach: property value= land cost + 建类似新房cost -→=land value +新房现行replacement cost–折旧&obsolescence估算. 适用条件:property比较新&缺乏可比交易2.Sales comparison approach: buyer value = value others pay for similar properties+/-differences with subject property.适用:最近有大量类似交易3K83.Income approach: PV of future cash flows. 适用:commercial real estateHighest & best use:NOI是基础:Net Operating Income. = 3K9Rental income if fully occupied+ other income= potential gross income- vacancy and collection loss= effective gross income- operating expense= net operating income 3K9第一部分:direct capitalizationCapitalization rate: 只用于1st year NOI. Cap rate = discount rate – growth rateCap rate(going-in cap rate) = current yield on the investment:----------→把公式计算顺序重置后如下:3K10 当cap rate未知时,可用以下公式获得:前提:当tenants pay all expenses, 左边公式成立:3K11其中ARY = all risks yield.(=cap rate)当rents每年增长constant时,nternal rate of return = cap rate(ARY)+growth rateStabilized NOI: 排除特殊情况导致NOI波动。
2.投入学习的时间相应调整学习时间的安排,有侧重的并有效的来规划学习时间。
CFA每个级别都有18个章节,考生每周最少要花10-15个小时,持续18个星期的时间来学习协会指定的内容,考生制定的考前时间规划表要在考前30-45天完成所有知识的第一次学习。
考前最后4-6周的时间,考生要巩固前面所学的内容,做好习题的演练,其中一定要包括协会的samplequestion和mockexam。
3.精读CFA的知识体系(CandidateBodyofKnowledge简称CBOK)和协会的教材(curriculum)细分并详述了投资行业各个部分的要点。
建议考生一般先看SchweserStudyNotes,将每一个Session都学习之后,如果有不理解的知识点,可以通过Curriculum对相应的内容进行查看。
对于一级考生,重点学习Level1的SchweserStudyNotes辅助CFA协会官方教材的章节习题及道德手册就可以了。
4.计算器的使用熟练掌握CFA指定的金融计算器,仅三种计算器(BAIIPlus、BAIIPlusProfessional、HP12C)可带入考场,推荐考生使用性价比较高的德州仪器BAIIPlus。
5.复习阶段学习是一个逐步积累的过程,要成体系的看待自己学习的知识。
考生要不断夯实基础,温故知新。
考生都要不断的温习以前学过的知识。
6.习题冲刺阶段针对考试,CFA协会每年都会提供online questions,帮助考生做好相关准备,大致预测考试所需时间。
模拟试题都会紧扣考纲,题型和结构都满足CFA协会的相关要求。
Level 2准备时间了两个月,成绩全A。
这个就是我说反面教材的例子了。
一级轻松到手之后,飘飘然了,立刻报了来年二级,但是直到四月还在看第一本Notes。
如果说一级用三个月准备还算合理,那二级准备两个月就和自杀是差不多的节奏。
结果到后来我就急了,两个月时间,要完成我读三遍Notes的目标,就必须废寝忘食。
CFA考试二级——须温故,知识要贯通CFA二级考试可以说是一到难关,一次性通过CFA二级的概率较之CFA一级低了很多。
CFA二级考试失败原因有很多,主要包括:1.每年新增内容多,内容变化大,考纲要年年更新。
CFA一级考试侧重于金融基本概念和公式,二级考试则侧重于资产定价理论和高级会计理论的应用,考生在备考中要注意关键知识点的变化。
在财务报表分析(FSA)部分,二级考试对会计科目知识的要求进一步提高,在一级会计内容的基础上新增了公司并购会计、投资会计、外币会计和养老金会计等专题,并要求考生辨别财务报表中的”会计骗术”。
在Equity方面,每年的知识点变化最多,考试内容更注重应用,特别是近年来,考试内容从以往强调传统的股利贴现模型(DDM),自由现金流贴现模型(FCF Discount Model),大规模地调整到对RI (Residual Income Model) 和EVA (Economic Value Added) 模型的应用,大大增加广大考生考试难度,这一部分也是近期大部分学员反馈表现很差的部分。
在衍生产品和固定收益部分,虽然此部分在考试中比重降低了,但其覆盖的相应知识点没有减少,特别是很多考生没有真实地操作过相关投资产品,因而在答题上(特别是计算题)没有切实感觉,考试表现非常不理想。
.2. 强调各知识点的综合运用如前所述,CFA一级考试重点是金融基本概念和公式,考生依靠死记硬背概念和一定的考试技巧可能侥幸通过考试。
但这样的方法对于二级考试是行不通的,二级考试将所有一二级的学习内容串联起来要求考生综合应用,因而部分一级”侥幸过关”的考生会止步于二级考试。
在理解基础上加强记忆,相对于一级考试,二级考试更偏重于对基础知识的应用。
因此,考生不能死记硬背,应注重对阅读资料的理解,在理解的基础上进行活学活用。
把握新增的知识点。
二级考试是一级考试的延伸,很多覆盖知识点在一级考试中已有涉及。
在时间有限的情况下,考生应将更多精力放在新增知识点上,进行重点突破。
cfa二级考试时间和题量一、CFA二级考试时间与题量概况。
CFA二级考试总时长为4小时24分钟,分为上、下午两场考试,每场考试时间为2小时12分钟。
CFA二级考试共有20个案例(Item Sets),每个案例包含6个选择题,总共120道选择题。
二、CFA二级20题示例及解析。
(一)财务报表分析(Financial Reporting and Analysis)部分。
1. 某公司采用先进先出法(FIFO)核算存货,在物价持续上涨期间,以下关于该公司财务比率的说法正确的是()- A. 存货周转率会被高估。
- B. 毛利润率会被低估。
- C. 流动比率会被低估。
- D. 以上说法都不正确。
- 答案:D。
- 解析:在物价持续上涨期间,采用FIFO法,存货成本是按照较早的较低价格核算的。
存货周转率=销售成本/平均存货,由于存货成本低,销售成本相对较低,存货价值相对较高,存货周转率会被低估,A错误;毛利润率=(销售收入 - 销售成本)/销售收入,销售成本低,毛利润率会被高估,B错误;流动比率=流动资产/流动负债,存货价值相对较高,流动资产相对较高,流动比率会被高估,C错误。
2. 公司A在2020年对一项固定资产进行减值测试,该固定资产账面价值为1000万元,可收回金额为800万元。
公司采用直线法折旧,剩余使用寿命为5年,无残值。
减值后的年度折旧费用为()- A. 160万元。
- B. 200万元。
- C. 180万元。
- D. 150万元。
- 答案:A。
- 解析:固定资产减值后,账面价值调整为可收回金额800万元。
减值后的年度折旧费用 = 800/5 = 160万元。
(二)公司金融(Corporate Finance)部分。
3. 公司B正在考虑一个新项目,初始投资为1000万元,预计未来5年每年的现金流入分别为300万元、350万元、400万元、450万元和500万元。
公司的加权平均资本成本(WACC)为10%。
CFA2笔记2Session101、IV intrinsic value 内在价值(回报现值)(大多数投资的标准)2、Going concern 继续经营3、Fair market value 愿买愿卖,了解情况下的价值4、Investment value 股票对个别购买者的价值(视个别情况而定)(对收购的人有参考价值)5、Porter’s five elements of industry structure.P126、Conglomerate discount 混合折扣,(经营多个业务,市值小于各部分价值之和(sum of theparts value))7、考虑模型时的三个问题P15 适合公司、符合输入要素、符合分析目的8、P229、IRR 未来现金流现值等于当前价格的利率10、Equity risk premium=required return on equity index –risk-free rate11、Required return for stock j=risk-free rate +p(Equity risk premium)12、Gordon growth model(常数增长模型)简单。
适用于发达经济体和市场,但不能用于变化的环境,且稳定的增长率不适合快速发展的经济体13、Supply-side estimates(macroeconomic model)仅适合发达国家,P2614、CAMP(简单,但是解释力不强)=15、Multifactor model (解释力强,但是复杂,贵)16、Fama-French model 解释小盘股高收益P2817、Pastor-Stambaugh 在Multifactor model的基础上增加了流动性因素18、Macroeconomic multifactor model19、Bulid-up method (使用历史数据,对当前市场情况估计不足)20、Bond-yield plus risk premium method 适合公司有公开交易的负债21、Public company 一般用近五年的月数据,或者近两年的周数据(快速增长市场)计算股票收益22、Beta drift:23、Beta estimates for thinly traded stocks and nonpublic company(选基准公司,去杠杆,恢复杠杆)P3324、Country spread model(用发达国家做技术,然后用发展中国家的债券和发达国家债券的利率差做为附加溢价)25、Country risk rating model 计算出发达国家的等式,用发展中国家的数据作为输入1、企业考虑竞争策略的两个核心问题:行业吸引力,竞争优势2、Porter 分析六部法P49 定义行业,定义参与者,五力优缺点分析,定义产业结构,评估各势力当前和潜在的变化,决定五力中可改变影响行业或者企业的价值的力3、P62 股利计算现金流(DDM): 支付过股利,股利支付与盈利相关,从小股东角度出发4、FCFF 经营现金流与公司投资现金的差,FCFE 资本支出、运营资本,债务融资需要之后的由股东掌握的现金。
cfa二级记公式
CFA二级考试涉及的公式较多,以下是一些常见的公式:
1. 假设变量A和变量B的线性相关系数为ρAB,那么变量A和变量B的样本相关系数为ρABsqrt((σA^2)(σB^2))/(σAσB),其中,ρAB是总体相关系数,σA和σB分别是变量A和变量B的标准差。
2. 在线性回归模型中,斜率b1可以通过最小二乘法进行估计,即
b1=(Σ(xiyi)-n x̄ȳ)/Σ(xi^2)-n x̄^2,其中,xi和yi分别是变量x和y的观测值,x̄和ȳ分别是变量x和y的均值。
3. 回归模型的残差标准差可以通过以下公式计算:SEE=MSE×sqrt((1-
R^2)/n),其中,SEE是标准误差估计值,MSE是均方误差,R是样本决定系数,n是样本数量。
4. 假设有两个投资组合A和B,其收益率分别为RA和RB,波动率为σA 和σB,相关系数为ρAB,则投资组合A和B的组合风险为:
[(σA^2)+(ρAB×σA×σB)+(σB^2)]/2。
5. 假设股票价格S服从几何布朗运动,即dS=μSdt+σSdWt,其中μ是股票的预期收益率,σ是股票的波动率,Wt是威纳过程,则股票的预期收益率为μ=dS/Sdt。
以上公式仅供参考,具体公式还需以CFA协会发布的官方教材为准。
cfa二级知识点总结The Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Level II exam is designed to test candidates' knowledge of investment tools and fundamental concepts. This exam builds on the foundational knowledge tested in Level I and focuses on more complex topics related to investment management. In this summary, we will review some of the key knowledge areas covered in the Level II exam.Ethical and Professional StandardsEthical and professional standards are a key component of the CFA program and are tested at all three levels of the exam. In Level II, candidates are required to demonstrate a deep understanding of the CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct. This includes knowledge of the ethical principles that guide the behavior of investment professionals, as well as the standards that govern their professional conduct.Quantitative MethodsQuantitative methods are essential tools for investment analysis. In Level II, candidates are expected to have a strong understanding of statistical concepts, including probability distributions, sampling and estimation, hypothesis testing, and regression analysis. They are also expected to be proficient in the application of these concepts to investment analysis, including the calculation and interpretation of key statistics such as alpha, beta, and the Sharpe ratio.EconomicsEconomics is a critical element of investment analysis, as it provides the foundation for understanding the behavior of markets and economies. In Level II, candidates are required to have a thorough understanding of microeconomic and macroeconomic principles, including market structure, supply and demand, economic indicators, and monetary and fiscal policy. They are also expected to be able to apply these concepts to the analysis of investment opportunities and market trends.Financial Reporting and AnalysisFinancial reporting and analysis are key skills for investment professionals, as they provide the information necessary to make informed investment decisions. In Level II, candidates are required to have a deep understanding of financial statement analysis, including the interpretation and analysis of balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements. They are also expected to be able to apply this knowledge to the evaluation of companies and industries.Corporate FinanceCorporate finance is an important area of study for investment professionals, as it provides the framework for understanding the financial decisions of corporations. In Level II,candidates are required to have a strong understanding of capital budgeting, cost of capital, and capital structure. They are also expected to be able to apply this knowledge to the evaluation of investment opportunities and the determination of optimal capital structures for companies.Equity InvestmentsEquity investments are a core component of many investment portfolios, and candidates are required to have a strong understanding of equity valuation methods, including dividend discount models, discounted cash flow analysis, and relative valuation techniques. They are also expected to be able to apply these methods to the valuation of individual stocks and equity portfolios.Fixed IncomeFixed income securities are an important asset class for many investors, and candidates are required to have a deep understanding of the characteristics and valuation of fixed income securities, including bonds, mortgage-backed securities, and floating rate notes. They are also expected to be able to apply this knowledge to the analysis of fixed income portfolios and the assessment of interest rate risk.DerivativesDerivatives are complex financial instruments that are used to manage risk and speculate on market movements. In Level II, candidates are required to have a strong understanding of the characteristics and valuation of futures, forwards, options, and swaps. They are also expected to be able to apply this knowledge to the analysis of derivative strategies and the assessment of derivative instruments.Alternative InvestmentsAlternative investments, such as private equity, hedge funds, and real estate, are an important component of many investment portfolios, and candidates are required to have a deep understanding of these asset classes. In Level II, candidates are expected to have a strong understanding of the characteristics and valuation of alternative investments, as well as the risks and opportunities associated with these asset classes.Portfolio ManagementPortfolio management is the process of constructing and managing investment portfolios, and candidates are required to have a thorough understanding of the principles and practices of portfolio management. In Level II, candidates are expected to be able to apply their knowledge of asset allocation, portfolio construction, and performance evaluation to the management of investment portfolios.Overall, the Level II exam covers a wide range of topics related to investment management, including ethical and professional standards, quantitative methods, economics, financialreporting and analysis, corporate finance, equity investments, fixed income, derivatives, alternative investments, and portfolio management. Candidates are required to have a deep understanding of these topics in order to pass the exam and earn the CFA designation.。