中科院2014年考博英语真题以及答案

词汇（无）完型（网络上找到的原文，试题没有这么长，压缩了。

划线部分为虫友考后忆起的待选空及答案）In the last post, we discussed why fabrication and falsification are harmful to scientific knowledge-building. The short version is that if you’re trying to build a body of reliable knowledge about the world, making stuff up (rather than, say, making careful observations of that world and reporting those observations accurately) tends not to get you closer to that goal.Along with fabrication and falsification, plagiarism is widely recognized as a high crime against the project of science, but the explanations for why it’s harmful generally make it look like a different kind of crime than fabrication and falsification. For example, Donald E. Buzzelli (1999) writes:[P]lagiarism is an instance of robbing a scientific worker of the credit for his or her work, not a matter of corrupting the record. (p. 278)Kenneth D, Pimple (2002) writes:One ideal of science, identified by Robert Merton as ―disinterestedness,‖ holds that what matters is the finding, not who makes the finding. Under this norm, scientists do not judge each other’s work by reference to the race, religion, gender, prestige, or any other incidental characteristic of the researcher; the work is judged by the work, not the worker. No harm would be done to the Theory of Relativity if we discovered Einstein had plagiarized it…[P]lagiarism … is an offense against the community of scientists, rather than against science itself. Who makes a particular finding will not matter to science in one hundred years, but today it matters deeply to the community of scientists. Plagiarism is a way of stealing credit, of gaining credit where credit is not due, and credit, typically in the form of authorship, is the coin of the realm in science. An offense against scientists qua scientists is an offense against science, and in its way plagiarism is as deep an offense against scientists as falsification and fabrication are offenses against science. (p. 196)Pimple is claiming that plagiarism is not an offense that undermines(zqc2849) the knowledge-building project of science per se. Rather, the crime is in depriving other scientists of the reward they are due for participating in this knowledge-building project. In other words, Pimple says that plagiarism is problematic not because it is dishonest, but rather because it is unfair.While I think Pimple is right to identify an additional component of responsible conduct of science besides honesty, namely, a certain kind of fairness to one’s fellow scientists, I also think this analysis of plagiarism misses an important way(whj19890715) in which misrepresenting the source of words, ideas, methods, or results can undermine the knowledge-building project of science.On the surface, plagiarism, while potentially nasty to the person whose report is being stolen, might seem not to undermine the scientific community’s evaluation(zqc2849) of the phenomena. We are still, after all, bringing together and comparing a number of different observation reports to determine the stable features of our experience of the phenomenon. But this comparison often involves a dialogue as well. As part of theknowledge-building project, from the earliest planning of their experiments to well after results are published, scientists are engaged in asking and answering questions about the details of the experience and of the conditions under which the phenomenon was observed.Misrepresenting someone else’s honest observation report as one’s own strips the report of accurate information for such a dialogue. It’s hard to answer questions about the little, seemingly insignificant experimental details of an experiment you didn’t actually do, or to refine a description of an experience someone else had. Moreover, such a misrepresentation further undermines the process of building more objective knowledge by failing to contribute the actual insight of the scientist whoappears to be contributing his own view but is actually contributing someone else’s. And while it may appear that a significant number of scientists are marshaling their resources to understand a particular phenomenon, if some of those scientists are plagiarists, there are fewer scientists actually grappling with the problem than it would appear.In such circumstances, we know less than we think we do.Given the intersubjective route to objective knowledge, failing to really weigh in to the dialogue may end up leaving certain of the subjective biases of others in place in the collective ―knowledge‖ that results.Objective knowledge is produced when the scientific community’s members work with each other to screen out subjective biases. This means the sort of honesty required for good science goes beyond the accurate reporting of what has been observed and under what conditions. Because each individual re port is shaped by the individual’s perspective, objective scientific knowledge also depends on honesty about the individual agency actually involved in making the observations. Thus, plagiarism, which often strikes scientists as less of a threat to scienti fic knowledge (and more of an instance of ―being a jerk‖), may pose just as much of a threat to the project of producing objective scientific knowledge as outright fabrication.What I’m arguing here is that plagiarism is a species of dishonesty that can un dermine the knowledge-building project of science in a direct way. Even if what has been lifted by the plagiarist is ―accurate‖ from the point of view of the person who actually collected or analyzed the data or drew conclusions from it, separating this contribution from its true author means it doesn’t function the same way in the ongoing scientific dialogue.In the next post, we’ll continue our discussion of the duties of scientists by looking at what the positive duties of scientists might be, and by examining the sources of these duties.阅读：Passage One（无）Passage Two – Passage Five同2009.3 （Passage One – Passage Four)六选五：第一篇（无）第二篇（同2014.3六选五Passage One）翻译：Our best college students are very good at being critical. In fact being smart, for many, means being critical. (1) Having strong critical skills shows that you will not be easily fooled. It is a sign of sophistication, especially when coupled with an acknowledgment of one’s own “privilege.”The combination of resistance to influence and deflection of responsibility by confessing to one’s advantages is a sure sign of one’s ability to negotiate the politics of learning on campus. But this ability will not take you very far beyond the university. Taking things apart, or taking people down, can provide the satisfactions of cynicism. But this is thin gruel. The skill at unmasking error, or simple intellectual one-upmanship, is not totally without value, but we should be wary of creating a class of self-satisfied debunkers — or, to use a currently fas hionable word on campus, people who like to ―trouble‖ ideas.(2) In overdeveloping the capacity to show how texts, institutions or people fail to accomplish what they set out to do, we may be depriving students of the chance to learn as much as possible from what they study.In campus cultures where being smart means being a critical unmasker, students may become too good at showing how things can’t possibly make sense.(3) They may close themselves off from their potential to find or create meaning and direction from the books, music and experiments they encounter in the classroom.(4) Once outside the university, these students may try to score points by displaying the critical prowess for which they were rewarded in school, but those points often come at their own expense. As debunkers, they contribute to a cultural climate that has little tolerance for finding or making meaning — a culture whose intellectuals and cultural commentators get ―liked‖ by showing that somebody else just can’t be believed. But this cynicism is no achievement.Liberal education in America has long been characterized by the intertwining of two traditions: of critical inquiry in pursuit of truth and exuberant performance in pursuit of excellence. (5)In the last half-century, though, emphasis on inquiry has become dominant, and it has often been reduced to the ability to expose error and undermine belief. The inquirer has taken the guise of the sophisticated (often ironic) spectator, rather than the messy participant in continuing experiments or even the reverent beholder of great cultural achievements.作文：大意：常言道“富不过三代”，你怎么看？。

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷构成试卷一：小计110分钟65分Ⅰ　词汇15分钟10分Ⅰ　完形填空15分钟15分Ⅰ　阅读80分钟40分试卷二：小计70分钟35分Ⅰ　英译汉30分钟15分Ⅰ　写作40分钟20分2006年3月PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)1. The problem is that most local authorities lack the to deal sensibly in this market.A. anticipationB. perceptionC. prospectD. expertise2. Awards provide a(n) for young people to improve their skills.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. fugitiveD. captive3. The profit motive is inherently with principles of fairness and equity.A. in lineB. in tradeC. at timesD. at odds4. Oil is derived from the of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists.A. layoutsB. remindersC. remainsD. leftovers5. Successful students sometimes become so with grades that they never enjoy their school years.A. passionateB. involvedC. immersedD. obsessed6. Apparently there were between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.A. distortionsB. discrepanciesC. disordersD. distractions7. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden col unconsciousness.A. convergingB. culminatingC. finalizingD. releasing8. The 12-year-old civil war had 1.5 million lives.A. declaredB. proclaimedC. claimedD. asserted9. The tribe has agreed to contribute 2 percent of net to charitable activities in the county.A. expensesB. revenuesC. budgetsD. payments10. This will make schools more directly and effectively to parents, and more responsive to their criticisms and wishes.A. accountableB. submittedC. subjectedD. available11. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never from the highest standards of honor.A. deviateB. escapeC. deriveD. refrain12. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed in the glossary.A. in sumB. in totalC. in generalD. in full13. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a for more.A. scarcityB. commandC. hungerD. request14. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam , surveying what is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things.A. at peaceB. at leisureC. at restD. at speed15. The closest to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools; they can, however, accept some fee-paying pupils.A. equalityB. equationC. equivalentD. equity16. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was_____ revised.A. consecutivelyB. consequentlyC. successivelyD. subsequently17. He us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about.A. confusesB. regardsC. strikesD. knocks18. The water was so clear that it the trees on the river bank.A. shadowedB. shadedC. representedD. reflected19. Some 121 countries may be designated“developing”, and of this 121, seventeen countries___ than four-fifths of energy consumption.A. amount toB. account forC. add upD. take away20. The researchers found the age at which young people first fall to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.A. sacrificeB. shortC. witnessD. victimPART Ⅰ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Given the choice between spending an evening with friends and taking extra time for his schoolwork, Andy Klise admits he would probably 21 for the latter. It’s not that he doesn’t like to have fun; it desire to excel 22 drives his decision-making process.A 2001 graduate of Wooster High School and now a senior biology major at The College of Wooster, Klise acknowledges that he may someday have 23 thoughts about his decision to limit the time he has spent 24 ,25 out as well as they have, Ibut for now, he is comfortable with the choices he has made. “If things had notwould have had some regrets,” says Klise, who was a Phi Beta Kappa inductee as a junior.extra time studying has been well worth the 26 . I realized early on that to be successful, I had to make certain27 .”28 the origin of his intense motivation, Klise notes that it has been part of his makeup for as long as he3029 ,” he says. “This internal drive has caused me to give my all can remember. “I’ve always been goalpretty much everything I do.”Klise 31 Wooster’s nationally recognized Independent Study (I.S.) program with preparing him for hishoping that my I.S.next 32 in life: a research position with the National Institute of Health (NIH).“I amexperience will help me 33 a research position with NIH,” says Klise. “The yearlong program giv a chance to work with some of the nation’s 34 scientists while making the 35 from undergraduate t o graduate studies or a career in the medical field.”21. A. intend B. prefer C. opt D. search22.A. academically B. professionally C. socially D. technically23.A. different B. certain C. second D. other24.A. entertaining B. socializing C. enjoying D. sporting25.A. developed B. appeared C. occurred D. worked26.A. investment B. reward C. payment D. compensation27.A. devotions B. concessions C. sacrifices D. attempts28. A. Besides B. As for C. Out of D. Despite29.A. directed B. oriented C. conducted D. guided30.A. about B. with C. at D. in31.A. credits B. registers C. selects D. observes32. A. run B. step C. pace D. leap33.A. hold B. occupy C. anchor D. land34.A. leading B. advanced C. nominated D. marvelous35. A. achievement B. transition C. position D. vocationPART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneShe’s cute, no question. Symmetrical features, flawless skin, looks to be 22 years oldmarket bar, a woman lucky enough to have this face would turn enough heads to stir a breeze. But when Victor Johnston points and clicks, the face on his computer screen changes into a state of superheated, crystallized beau “You can see it. It’s just so extraordinary,” says Johnston, a professor of biopsychology at New University who sounds a little in love with his creation.The transformation from pretty woman to knee-weakening babe is all the more amazing because the changeswrought by Johnston’s software are, objectively speaking, quite subtle. He created the original face by digitally averaging 16 randomly selected female Caucasian faces. The changing program then exaggerated the ways in which female faces differ from male faces, creating, in human-beauty-science field, a“hyp grew a bit larger, the nose narrowed slightly and the lips plumped. These are shifts of just a few millimeters, but experiments in this country and Scotland are suggesting that both males and females find“averaged faces more beautiful.Johnston hatched this little movie as part of his ongoing study into why human beings find some people attractive and others homely. He may not have any rock-solid answers yet, but he is far from alone in attemptingto apply scientific inquiry to so ambiguous a subject. Around the world, researchers are marching into territory formerly staked out by poets and painters to uncover the underpinnings of human attractiveness.The research results so far are surprising—and humbling. Numerous studies indicate that human not be simply in the eye of the beholder or an arbitrary cultural artifact. It may be ancient and universal, wrought through ages of evolution that rewarded reproductive winners and killed off losers. If beauty is not truth, it mayskin may fascinate moviegoers because, at s ome deep level, itbe health and fertility: Halle Berry’s flawlesspersuades us that she is parasite-free.Human attractiveness research is a relatively young and certainly contentious field—th females, for example, is still hotly debated—but those on its front lines agree on one point: We wonidea that beauty is until we understand its source. As psychologist Nancy Etcoff puts it:“The“looks-ism”　unimportant or a cultural construct is the real beauty myth. We have to understand beauty, or we will always be enslaved by it.”36.The woman described in the very beginning of the text is .A. in fact in her late twentiesB. Johnston’s ideal girlfriendC. a stunning beautyD. is a professional prostitute37. Victor Johnston synthesized a new face by combining the features of 16 .A. beautiful European womenB. different women around the worldC. casually chosen white womenD. ordinary western women38. Through a few tiny changes made by Johnston, the synthesized face became even more .A. masculineB. averageC. feminineD. neutral39.Victor Johnston has produced such an attractive face in order to .A. give his computer a beautiful screenB. study the myth of human attractivenessC. prove the human capacity to create beautiesD. understand why Caucasian faces are special40. Paragraph 4 suggests that human beauty may be .A. culturally differentB. a disease-free idolC. individual-dependentD. a world agreed value41.It’s a consensus among the researchers that humans are still unconscious of .A. why they look attractiveB. when attractiveness is importantC. how powerful beauty isD. what constitutes beautyPassage TwoIt’s becoming something of a joke along the Maine-Canada border. So many busloads of retired people crisscross the line looking for affordable drugs that the roadside stands should advertise,Lipitor. Coumalin.” Except, of course, that such a market in prescription drugs would be illegal.These senior long-distance shopping sprees fall in a legal gray zone. But as long as people cross the border with prescriptions from a physician and have them filled for no more than a three-month supply for personal use, customs and other federal officials leave them alone. The trip might be tiring, but people can save an average of 60 percent on the cost of their prescription drugs. For some, that’s the difference between tak doing without. “The last bus trip I was on six months ago had 25 seniors,” says Chellie Ping state senator and now president of Common Cause.“Those 25 people saved $19,000 on their supplies o Pingree sponsored Maine RX, which authorizes a discounted price on drugs for Maine residents who lackinsurance coverage. The law was challenged by drug companies but recently upheld by the U.S.Supreme Court.It hasn’t yet taken effect.Figuring out ways to spend less on prescription drugs has become a multifaceted national movement of consumers, largely senior citizens. The prescription drug bill in America is $160 billion annually, and people over 65 fill five times as many prescriptions as working Americans on average.“But they do it on he are half as good and on incomes that are half as large,” says Richard Evans, senior analyst at Sa an investment research firm. What’s more, seniors account for 20 percent of the voting public.little wonder that the May 19 Supreme Court ruling got the attention of drug manufacturers and It’spoliticians across the country. The often-over-looked state of 1.3 million tucked in the northeast comer of the country became David to the phar-maceutical industry’s Goliath. The face-off began three years ago legislators like Pingree began questioning why Maine’s elderly population had to take all those bus t42.The elderly Americans cross the Maine-Canada border in order to get drugs that are .A. sold wholesaleB. over the counterC. less expensiveD. tax-free43.We can learn from the second paragraph that .A. people can buy as many drugs for personal useB. the cross-border drug shopping has been out of the federal controlC. Chellie Pingree used to be one of the cross-border shoppers for drugsD. the cross-border shopping is the only way for some Americans to get drugs44. Maine Rx mentioned in Paragraph Two is a .A. billB. drug companyC. customs officeD. seniors society45. Most cross-border shoppers are retired people, rather than working Americans, because the former .A.have more leisure timeB.fill more prescriptionsC.mostly enjoy long tripsD.are fond of street shopping46. Politicians were interested in the May 19 Supreme Court ruling because .A. they couldn’t improve the well-being of the elderlyB. they couldn’t afford to ignore the elderly’s votesC. they saw the elderly as the greatest contributorsD. they saw the elderly as deserving a special care47. David and Goliath are names used to describe a situation in which_____.A. the two groups are evenly matched in strengthB. a more powerful group is fighting a less powerful groupC. a less powerful group is fighting a more powerful groupD. both of the two groups are losersPassage ThreeIt’s navel gazing time again, that stretch of the year when many of us turn our attention inward and think about how we can improve the way we live our lives. But as we embark on this annual ritual of introspection, we would do well to ask ourselves a simple question: Does it really do any good?The poet Theodore Roethke had some insight into the matter:“Self-contemplation is a curse tha old confusion worse.” As a psychologist, I think Roethke had a point, one that’s supported controlled psychological studies.In a study I conducted with Dolores Kraft, a clinical psychologist, and Dana Dunn, a social psychologist, people in one group were asked to list the reasons their relationship with a romantic partner was going the way it was, and then rate how satisfied they were with the relationship. People in another group were asked to rate their satisfaction without any analysis; they just gave their gut reactions.It might seem that the people who thought about the specifics would be best at figuring out how they really felt, and that their satisfaction ratings would thus do the best job of predicting the outcome of their relationships.In fact, we found the reverse. It was the people in the“gut feeling”group whose ratings they were still dating their partner several months later. As for the navel gazers, their satisfaction ratings did not predict the outcome of their relationships at all. Rather, too much analysis can confuse people about how they really feel.Self-reflection is especially problematic when we are feeling down. Research by Susan Nolen Hoeksema, a clinical psychologist at Yale University, shows that when people are depressed, ruminating on their problems makes things worse.For years it was believed that emergency workers like police officers and firefighters should undergo a debriefing process to focus on and relive their experiences; the idea was that this would make them feel better and prevent mental health problems down the road. But did it do any good? In an extensive review of the research, a team led by Richard McNally, a clinical psychologist at Harvard, concluded that debriefing procedures havelittle benefit and might even hurt by interrupting the normal healing process. People often distract themselvesfrom thinking about painful events right after they occur, and this may be better than mentally reliving the events.48.According to the author, why do people tend to look inward at the end of a year?A. They want to know if they get prepared for the future.B. They consider it beneficial to their future lives.C. They pay too much attention to their self-improvement.D. They overemphasize their progress in the past year.49.The author agrees with Theodore Roethke on that_____.A. people need self-reflection when they feel blueB. people are reluctant to confide in romantic partnersC. people may be more depressed by recalling the painful pastD. people would become sober when clearing up the confusions50.The findings of the study on the satisfaction ratings in romantic relationship reveal that_____.A. meditation can keep the relationship at its peakB. retrospection helps people feel satisfied with the partnerC. specific analysis can foretell the future of the relationshipD. thinking about details makes one uncertain about the relationship51.The phrase“the navel gazers”in Paragraph 5 refers to people who_____.A. boast of their own successB. hesitate in romantic relationshipsC. worry about their futureD. focus on their past52. Which of the following is the best way to help firefighters relieve their trauma?A. Leave them alone to adjust their emotions.B. Provide them with consultation about their jobs.C. Help them figure out what has happened.D. Discuss with them how to do it better next time.53.According to the passage, _____can help people get over a painful experience.A. pouring out their feelings about itB. distracting their attention from itC. discussing it with specialistsD. recalling the specificsPassage FourPublic speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If parents, teachers or peers mocked your foibles as a child, you fear a repeat. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of failing in the most public of ways.While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal, it does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written screeds to speak from, there is alwaysa hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana’s funeral, it is possible both to word and to act naturally, a script rarely works and it is used as a crutch by most people. But, being yourself doesn’t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.I remember going to see British psychiatrist RD Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing theas psychologists call it, is very satisfying. illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of“flow”,Whether in normal life or making speeches, the key is to remind yourself that, contrary to what your teachers or parents may have implied, your best is good enough. In the zone, a strange place of authentic falsehood and shallow depth, play is possible.54.For most people the biggest fear for public speaking is_____.A. looking foolishB. failing in wordsC. not attracting attentionD. appearing pressurized55.According to the passage shy people_____A. have greater difficulty than extrovert onesB. are not good at actingC. may well do a good job in a speechD. are better speakers in the public eye56.A successful speech maker is usually one who_____.A. can act naturallyB. makes careful preparationsC. rehearses adequatelyD. can get across easily57.The example of the British psychiatrist in Paragraph 6 shows a failure in_____.A. showing modesty in publicB. talking about one’s own tradeC. presenting the topic logicallyD. communicating with the audience58.“Shallow depth” in the last paragraph implies_____.A. being yourself in the performanceB. trying to look seriousC. pretending to be well-preparedD. being seemingly knowledgeable59.From the passage, we get the impression that public speaking is something_____.A. hard to do wellB. scary but manageableC. tough but rewardingD. worthwhile to challengePassage FiveAfrican American women’s search for societal acceptance often encompasses struggle between natural a socially constructed ideas of beauty. As an essential component in traditional African societies, cosmetic modification is ritualized to emphasize natural features of blackness. Defined by social occasion such as childhood development to maturity, indicators of marital status or the group to which you belong, beautificationof the hair and body play an essential role. In our racially conscious society, presenting a physical image and being accepted is a complex negotiation between two different worlds.Hair is an outward expression of culture and heritage. It also represents a sense of personal style. In the search for the African American identity, blacks have undergone many different changes in hairstyle. Hairstyles are cultural classifiers of what African Americans consider beautiful. Hairstyles are a representation of the African American soul, all of their confidence and dignity show in how they present themselves on Sundays and on adaily basis.“Duringthe sixties, white American youth used their hair to make a variety of political and philosophical statements,”young blacks joined thereafter.“The natural hairstyle not only was eas but also gave African Americans a closer tie to their heritage. Natural style serves as a visible imprimatur of blackness; a tribute to group unity; a statement of self-love and personal significance.”standards of beauty, black Americans halted the processes of using chemical straighteners or hot irons.A woman talks about her struggle.“I remember battling with the idea of going natural for several year never had the courage because every time I pictured myself with my natural hair, I never saw beauty. Now myhair is natural, thick and healthy.”African American women are finding confidence within themselves t their hair naturally and feel beautiful about it. Many contemporary African Americans are avoiding high maintenance and feeling confident in their natural beauty.It was a different story in the past. African Americans were pressed. Shame was the motivation behind blacks losing their roots and ethnic identity. By being brainwashed into believing black people arepeople are“superior”African Americans have mutilated and adjusted their bodies to try to lookstandards.Hair is as different as the people it belongs to. People are finally recognizing that beauty is what helps to create our individual identities. Ultimately, individual confidence shapes and strengthens the culture of theAfrican American community.60.The first paragraph tells us that African Americans_____.A. have been trying hard to be socially acceptedB. have been changing their value about beautyC. have maintained their identity of traditional AfricansD. have modified their hairstyles to fit into the society61. What kind of problem do African Americans face in society?A. They would look ugly if they don’t change their hairstyles.B. Their natural image may not be accepted by white Americans.C. They would never find a suitable hairstyle in the hair salons.D. Their cultural heritage may risk being abandoned by themselves.62.The word“imprimatur”in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.A. dislikeB. betrayalC. approvalD. suspicion63. African Americans stopped using chemical straighteners or hot irons because_____.A. they reversed the attitude the white people had towards themB. they started to see beauty in their thick curly hairC. they feel good and comfortable in being differentD. they accepted the white standards of beauty64.Why did some African Americans accept the white standards of beauty?A. Because they tried to keep socially fashionable.B. Because they did not have their own standards of beauty.C. Because they were not well educated as white Americans.D. Because they wanted to become part of the mainstream.65.To African Americans, hair is a significant indicator of_____.A. their cultural identityB. their aesthetic tasteC. their social recognitionD. their challenge against the societySection B (20 minutes, 10 points)Passage OneFrancois Jacob wrote that“an age or culture is characterized less by the extent of its knowledge than b66 .nature of the questions it puts forward.”　Admittedly, the most brilliant cultures are developed during the days of knowledge acquirement. 67 . Many convincing examples can be given when looking back to the cultural development of these countries. The most influential Chinese culture flourished during Tang Dynasty, which was established a thousand years ago. This influence can be traced by the word“Tang Street”, another name for Chinatown. And it was du time that the Chinese acquired more knowledge than they had before.68 However, when compared with the knowledge people have acquired and are acquiring today, the knowledge of the ancient Tangs and Arabs is unquestionably limited. But in all history books, the cultures of the Tang Dynasty and the ancient Arab are introduced in detail, while the cultures of the Peopleand the Arab League are seldom mentioned.69 . For instance, the ancient Greeks and Romans’knowledge about nature was definitely insu but they are still recognized as the founders of the most magnificent ages and cultures in human history because the questions put forward and thought about by them were profound and meaningful. In the works of the Greeks and Romans represented by The Iliad, The Odyssey and The Aeneid, the questions concerning life and death, love and hatred, benevolence and malevolence and individual and society are raised. People can always draw inspirations from Achilles’s different attitudes towards death in the Iliad and the Odyssey and Aeneas from love and glory. 70 .The importance of an era or civilization can never be diminished because of its lack of knowledge. The essence of an age or culture should be the exploration in the spiritual world and the thoughtful questions posed.A. The Arabian culture thrived when the Arabians learnt the application of arithmetic and created Arabic numbers.B. These remain the questions people face, contemplate and discuss till today.C. In general, cultures are developed during the time of knowledge acquirement.D. This statement reveals that the nature of an epoch or civilization is decided by the things that are thought about, rather than the things that are already known.E. This is probably a universal truth for all countries and nations that boast impressive histories.F. Compared with knowledge, the questions put forward are more significant in an age or culture.Passage TwoOver the past two decades, the lives of American women have undergone unparalleled change. The VirginiaSlims Opinion Poll has chronicled that change in national surveys conducted six times since 1970. 71 .One of the most striking findings of the 1990 Virginia Slims Opinion Poll is the degree of consensusthan conflict—in women’s and men’s attitudes about the changing roles of women. In many respects, thesexes agree. Men express strong and consistent support for women’s improved status in society.72 And they agree that the most tangible way in which they could help women balance jobs and family is to take on more household work.But men are also a major cause of resentment and stress for American women. 73 Now, a generation of sweeping change later, women’s expectations have outpaced the change in men’s behavior. Tok74 .dishes or the children no longer inspires women’s gratitude.Increasingly, the kitchen table has become that bargaining table. 75 Next to money, “how much mymate helps around the house”is the single biggest cause of resentment among women who are married or li as if married, with 52 percent citing this as a problem. Improvement in this area is one of the top things womencite when they consider what would make their lives better.A. There is evidence in the poll that waiting for men to live up to the ideal of equal responsibility is a major irritant for most women today.B. Together, these surveys provide a comprehensive picture of women’s changing status, and of the future.C. In 1970, most women were concerned about getting men to share household chores.D. They, like women, believe that sex discrimination remains an important problem in the workplace.E. Over the past three generations, expectationns of men as rulers and protectors of the household havechanged.F. Instead, as women contribute more to the family income, they expect in return a more equal division ofthe household responsibilities.PAPER TWOPART IV TRANSLATION(30 minutes, 15 points)As we enter the 21st century, the gap between the world’s rich and poor is widening, both with countries. 1)The vast majority of the world’s population is receiving an ever-decreasing share of its c wealth, while the share claimed by a few rich nations and individuals is steadily growing. In 2001 Forbesmagazine counted 538 billionaires with a total net worth of 1.7 trillion dollars, while the United Nations identified2.8 billion people surviving on less than two dollars a day. Overall, the richest 20 percent of the worldcontrol 86 percent of global income, while the poorest 20 percent control barely one percent.The impacts of this widening rich-poor gap are varied and worrisome. 2) They include environmental nations and individuals can afford to over-consume resources, while poorer nations and destruction—richerindividuals are forced to over-exploit the environment just to survive. They include migrationto move in search of adequate resources. And they include conflict—wealthier nations and individkeep what they have, while those suffering a lack of resources fight to obtain them. 3) Because poorer groups typically lack the assets and technology to conduct large-scale conventional war to obtain their goals, they often resort to low-intensity conflict and terrorism. The causes of this global disparity are diverse and complex, but include colonial era trading patterns that favor industrialized nations; the globalization of economies and economic structures, in which poor nations struggle to compete; a growing“digital divide”of access to information technology; inadequate governance and protection of law; and lack of access to education healthcare, and social safety nets, especially for women and girls.4) Individuals and nations need not remain in poverty indefinitely, however. With an awareness o f theinterdependence o f our modern world and a concerted political will, it is possible to reverse this trend that。

博士研究生入学考试真题英语-2014装备学院2014年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，本试卷满分100分）Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Direction:There are 20 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourAnswer Sheet.1. Mourinho is a young and ________ coach who is prepared to lead his tem to win the championship in his first season.A. clumsyB. humorousC. ambitiousD. intimate2. Just wait for more second, I am ________ ready.A. all butB. all overC. at allD. at any moment3. If you can’t think of anywhere to go on Saturday, we ________ as well stay home.A. shouldB. mightC. canD. need4. A nation that does not know history is ________ to repeat it.A. discouragedB. characterizedC. linkedD. fated5. They preferred a British Commonwealth or European arrangement, because this wassubstantially ________ their British thinking.A. in touch withB. in line withC. with relation toD. with reference to6. The traffic accident that delayed our bus gave us a ________ reason for being late.A. promptB. vagueC. irritableD. legitimate7. The United States has 10 percent of the total petroleum ________ of the world in its ownterritory, and has been a major producer for decades.A. reservoirsB. reservationsC. reservesD. reproductions8. This is the world’s first accurate ________ model of human heart in computer.A. settingB. laboringC. showingD. working9. In 2000 I visited Berkeley, where I began my long ________ with this world famousuniversity.A. interactionB. nominationC. reconstructionD. association10. ________ ads for phony business opportunities appear in the classified pages of dailyand weekly newspapers and magazines, and online.A. SpeciallyB. TypicallyC. EspeciallyD. Commonly11. Too much time has ________ since we worked on this project.A. circulatedB. elapsedC. occupiedD. detached12. The girl fresh from college finally received a job ________ she had been expecting.A. requestB. pleaC. suggestionD. offer13. However busy we are, we’ll try to get back home ________ the dinner on the eve of theLunar New Year.A. in time forB. in exchange forC. in store forD. in return for14. Some difficult choices involving life and death are simply outside the ________ ofeconomic analysis.A. dimensionB. scaleC. domainD. space15. China’s economy, which was now on the brink of collapse, was beginning to ________after the implementation of reform and opening-up.A. pay offB. take offC. leave offD. drop off16. After a month or so, she came to dislike the subject and wished she had not _______ it_______.B. put…up B. given…upC. taken…upD. made…up17. It is considered a crime to ________ an election of any kind by bribing voters.A. fabricateB. launchC. populateD. manipulate18. Visitors to this plateau are likely to have a _______ headache for the first few days.A. splittingB. slappingC. slicingD. sprawling19. The central government is intensifying efforts to popularize _______ education in rurallocalities.A. voluntaryB. impulsiveC. instinctiveD. compulsory20. They are studying what kind of preferences might ________ this surging demand forhome-made TV sets.A. take a fancy toB. bring into playC. give rise toD. grow out ofPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for eachblank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase youhave chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your AnswerSheet.New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were added to make the job fasterand more accurate. Electronic computers were 21 the fastest and most versatile instruments for storing and 22 now in use. Computers provide the means for greater speed and accuracy than 23 previously 23 possible. With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become 24 of the mind.Although man 25 mentally richer ever since he started 26 , the electronic computer allows and will continue to allow him 27 tremendous “mental”tasks in a 28 short time. Great scientists of the past 29 ideas that sometimes had to wait for years before they 30 sufficiently well to be 31 . With the computer, the ideas of today’s scientists can be studied, tested, distributed and used more rapidly than 32 .Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently as so much information 33 we have now. The repeated actions of preparing, sorting, filing, distributing and 34 records and publications can be 35 as calculating. Errors occur because people grow tired and can be distracted.Part III Reading Comprehension (30 point)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneA warning has been issued by the electricity board that theremay be a repetition of yesterday evening’s block-outs in the London area. Although these were not serious or prolonged, there were voltage reductions in many homes of up to an hour, and the traffic lights in Piccadilly Circus were out for twenty minutes, causing considerable traffic congestion. Some commuter services were also affected. Some passengers had to face delays of up to two hours and at Victoria Station an angry argument broke out between a station inspector and a man on his way to visit his wife in hospital, and police had to be called. Both men were arrested. Local electricity switchboards were jammed with calls from housewives demanding to know how they were expected to cook supper for their families on a cold cooker. In one street in West London, all the lights went out without warning. Shops were closed but a relief service of candles and hand torches was set up by neighbors concerned about the risk of accident to old people and children. Today local hardware shops in the area report a run on candles and paraffin lamps normally sold to campers.A spokesman for the Electricity Board said they regretted the inconvenience the public had suffered, but there was no guarantee that further power cuts would not be necessary. Particularly after dark when there was an increased use of electrical appliances in the home.The trouble appears to be due to a work to rule by staff at power stations in remote areas, who are insisting on increased pay for night shifts and higher travel allowances. Although the work to rule is unofficial, Union leaders are to meet members of the electricity Board early next month to discuss these demands. It is hoped that both sides will be able to reach a satisfactory agreement and that the threat of more serious industrial actionwill be averted.36. According to the Electricity Board consumers may expect ________ .A. voltage reductions in a certain areaB. increased voltage reduction in the London areaC. power cuts of more than an hour in certain areasD. prolonged power cuts in many areas37. Owing to the delay at Victoria Station________.A. two passengers were arrestedB. a man was taken to hospitalC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents38. When the lights in one street went out, people _________.A. ran to the shops to buy candlesB. were involved in a series of accidentsC. evacuated the old people and childrenD. took care to prevent accidents39. The main cause of the power cuts seems to be _________.A. a strike by all night shift workers at power stationsB. the worker’s refusal to travel to remote power stationsC. the worker’s unwillingness to work night shiftsD. dissatisfaction among workers over conditions of service40. From the passage we understand that the present industrial unrest ________.A. was initiated by Trade Union officialsB. has been set in motion without Trade Union approvalC. is to be settled by arbitrationD. is to be taken to government levelPassage TwoDespite the defeat of the Nazis and their allies and thesetting up of the United Nations Organization in 1945, racism continues to haunt the world today. Men are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities because of their skin color; some rich countries still have racial immigration laws to keep out immigrants from poorer and hungrier lands; political leaders are imprisoned for life for demanding that all races should have the same political right; and even in the cities of the affluent Western world the Negro ghettoes burn, signaling to the world the blank despair of their inhabitants.The most striking instance of racism in the world today is that of the system of Apartheid（种族隔离制度）in South Africa. Apartheid is not as some people may still imagine a serious attempt to provide equal though separate facilities for all races. It is segregation carried through by men with white skins to their own advantage and to the disadvantage of the black and colored populations.Its viciousness lies not solely in the fact that different “races”must live in different areas, but far more in the fact that the areas assigned to the non-White groups are the overcrowded and eroded parts of the countryside. Inevitably those assigned to living there would face starvation unless they went as migrants and transients to seek work in the White areas. So what the theory of Apartheid means is this: that black men will work for white so long as political power lies where it does. Such a system as this is the product of conquest and of the monopoly of political power by a conquering group. The conquerors seize uponthe fact of skin color in order to imply that the inequality which they have created is given by Nature, that it is the inevitable consequence of biological differences, or even that itis the will of God.Such a political system could have established in many parts of the colonial world, but the process of decolonization set in train by the victory of 1945 and assisted by United Nations action succeeded in many countries in opening equal opportunities to all. Hence today we see many cases where those who govern a newly independent country are the children of peasants or of political prisoners.But where White supremacy and Apartheid prevail, colored people must either accept their inferior lot or be condemned for life to an island prison. A similar future is inevitable in other countries if their present political leaders establish governments based upon inequality of political rights between races.But racism and its social consequences are evident not only in the former colonial territories. They are an ever present feature of the life of advanced industrial countries. Increasingly in some at least of these countries the traditional political issues pale into insignificance beside the problem of racial inequality and men’s attempt to fight against it. Inevitably in the post 1945 world, with the advanced countries of Europe and North America undergoing a period of unparalleled economic prosperity, immigrants have come to their cities from the poorer countries, from the rural areas and from the areas where the old slave plantations were.There is much evidence to suggest that this migration has not represented an uncontrolled and uncontrollable flood, for the immigrants have exercised their own immigration control by going where the jobs are.Nevertheless this precisely how this immigration has been perceived in the countries concerned and they have reacted bythrowing up barriers either to immigration itself or to full equality of opportunity for the immigrant in fields such as housing or employment. Such barriers may not have an explicitly racial form. They may affect all newcomers. But there can be little doubt that colored people are most affected by them and that the discrimination involved is widely thought to be based upon color and race.41. The passages states that victims of racism include ________.A. immigrantsB. people whose skin is not whiteC. people of different color, and political leaders who fight for them; as well as would-be immigrants from poorer and hungrier countriesD. all those who are denied employment, housing and educational opportunities.42. “The Negro ghettoes burn.” Is it possible to infer from the passage who set them on fire.A. Yes, the Negroes themselves in protest against their living conditions.B. Yes, racists.C. Yes, the inhabitants of the ghettoes.D. No, we cannot really be sure from this passage.43. Apartheid is particularly wicked because _________.A. different races have to live in different areasB. the areas assigned to the non-white groups are not rich enough to support themC. some people still imagine it is a serious attempt at equal but separate developmentD. it is to the disadvantage of the black population44. In paragraph three the writer says that the non-whitepopulations are forced by ________.A. the Whites to work for themB. the law to work for the WhitesC. the threat of starvation to work for the WhitesD. claiming that “might is right”45. We can infer from this passage that the writer thinks that racism _________.A. is on the increase because of South Africa’s policiesB. is on the increase because of the growth of immigrant populationsC. has decreased because of the process of decolonizationD.continues to exist despite the defeat of the Nazis, the growth of UN and the process of decolonizationPassage 3A report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source----exhaust fumes. Also don’t walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver’s side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker canreduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be less toxic that that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for thelight to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.46. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big citiesC. How to breathe fresh air in big citiesD. How serious air pollution is in big cities47. According to the report, air pollution in big cities _____________.lA. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think.48. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger49. If you take a bus in a big city in china, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side on the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus50. It is implied in the passage that __________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the busPassage 4The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder that today’s worl d, you never know that you might see when you pick up newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized the interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Colum bia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but it’s how it’s covered that determines the effect.” For example, bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans w ho watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration ofthe group’s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,”say Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity（无处不在）of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. army Reserves in the first gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s the only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,”says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading（斩首）can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haround te lls webMD.“You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”51. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare?A. Terrorist attacks.B. The increase of military conflicts.C. Advances in nuclear weapons.D. Prosperity of the media.52. The goal of psychological warfare is to __________.A. change the ideology of the opponentB. win a battle without military attacksC. generate a greater sense of fearD. bring about more physical damage53. According to Richard Bulliet, publicizing a act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ____________.A. psychological terrorism is a tacticB. terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC. the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD. publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat54. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that ___________.A. means determines effectsB. hostage crises are prevalentC. psychological terrors remain harmlessD. the American media is effective55. In this passage the author __________.A. emphasizes the great impact of psychological warfareB. criticizes the violence of terrorismC. calls for an end to psychological warfareD. opposes the hostage crisisSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with five questions. After have read the passage, answer each question in English with no more than 15 words. Writedown your answer on the Answer Sheet.At the beginning of a country’s rise out of backwardness and poverty, more wealth does make a difference. However, citing surveys from china and south Korea, the economist Richard Easterlin points out: “In these countries, per capita income hasdoubled in 20 years but overall happiness does not seem to have followed the same path.”Economists aresurprised, because GNP（国民生产总值）has long been thought the best indicator of human welfare. More GNP generally means more money for most people, and more money improves the quality of life, and that means happiness.But, perhaps, the survey suggests that more money can make you happy only if those around you do not share in your good fortune. General prosperity may fail to enhance individual contentment. Perhaps it is a matter of being aware of your advantage, not that you need to get the highest salaries or be the object of envy. Maybe, individual goals vary too much to be generalized. Maybe one has nothing at all to do with the other. Freud was well aware that economic success did not make people happy. Most psychoanalysts and therapists today would agree. He thought only the realization of a deep childhood desire could provide such satisfaction.Another problem is that people are poor reporters of their own states of mind. They will usually tell you what they themselves want to believe. To know if someone is really happy or not, you have to catch him or her in the act of happiness. Being happy or acting happy are more reliable indicators than thinking too much about it.Professional therapists also know that what makes people happy defies explanation, but what prevents them from being happy doesn’t. Po or self-esteem undermines all feelings of success. Hunger and cold make it harder to relax and enjoy one’s experience. Insecurity and failure to engage one’s work leave one dissatisfied. Anxiety penetrates all our perceptions and feelings, and brings us down.Economists can probably hope to measure how well our basic needs for security and health are met in society, and if those are reasonably OK, people tend to find the happiness they seek. Most of us want to enjoy life, spend time with our children, play at sports, sing, dance and travel. If we can do those things without dread, the amount of money we have is irrelevant.56. According to the economist Richard Easterlin, what is the relationship between higher GDP and overall happiness?57. According to second paragraph, what does the individual happiness arise from?58. What does Freud’s doctrine show with relation to the wealth?59. In the 4th paragraph, what do the professional therapists imply?60. What is the author’s conclusion?Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each)Directions:Each of the following sentences contains an error. Your task is to identify that error and correct it. Write both the error and correction on your Answer Sheet61. Virginia Hamilton who has won consistent praise for her novels about Black children.62. When overall exports exceed imports, a country said to have a trade surplus63. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Frances Perkins became secretary of labor.64. Different species of octopuses（章鱼）may measure anywhere from two inches over thirty feet in length.65. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by meansanother than heat.66. Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations.67. The first national park in world, Yellowstone National Park, was established in 1872.68. Historians have never reached some general agreement about the precise causes of the Civil War in the United States.69. A leading Canadian feminist and author, Nellie McClung, struggled relentlessly in the early twentieth century to win politically and legal rights for Canadian women.70. Although they are in different countries, Windsor, Ontario, Detroit, and Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions:Translate the five underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese.Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.(71)This Christmas season finds us a rather bewildered human race. We have neither peace within nor peace without.(72)Everywhere paralyzing fears harrow people by day and haunt them by night. Our world is sick with war; everywhere we turn see its ominous possibilities. And yet, my friends, the Christmas hope for peace and goodwill toward all men can no longer be dismissed as a kind of pious dream of some utopian. (73)If we don’t have goodwill toward men in this world, we will destroy ourselves by the misuse of our own instruments and our own power. Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is out of date. (74)There may have a time when war served a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the very destructive power of modern weapons of warfare。

中国科学院考博英语-4(总分89.5, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Vocabulary1.The profession fell into ______, with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.SSS_SINGLE_SELA harmonyB turmoilC distortionD accord2.The researchers found the age at which young people first fall ______ to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.SSS_SINGLE_SELA sacrificeB shortC witnessD victim3.The motorist had to ______ to avoid knocking the old woman down in the middle of the road.SSS_SINGLE_SELA swerveB twistC departD swing4.**puter can be programmed to ______ a whole variety of tasks.SSS_SINGLE_SELA assignB tackleC realizeD solve5.After negotiation for some time, all the members of the association promised to ______ to the strict code of practice.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ascribeB confirmC adhereD confide6.Apparently there were ______ between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.SSS_SINGLE_SELA distortionsB discrepanciesC disordersD distractions7.**puter can be programmed to ______ a whole variety of tasks.SSS_SINGLE_SELA assignB tackleC realizeD solve8.There are few, if any, countries in the world in which sports ______ national life to the degree that they do in the US.SSS_SINGLE_SELA permeateB overwhelmC submergeD immerse9.The Association of University Teachers claims that taxpayers"money, ______ for basic research, is being used to prop up industrial and other applied research projects.SSS_SINGLE_SELA designedB engagedC orientedD intended10.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be ______ controlled and modified.SSS_SINGLE_SELA deliberatelyB consequentlyC originallyD absolutely11.The head of the Museum was ______ and let us actually examine the ancient manuscripts.SSS_SINGLE_SELA promisingB agreeingC pleasingD obliging12.If you don"t want to talk to him, I"ll speak to him ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA on your accountB on your behalfC for your partD in your interest13.It happened in a flash, although ______ everything seemed to occur in slow motion, as though I were watching from another planet.SSS_SINGLE_SELA in returnB in practiceC in realityD in retrospect14.The prime minister"s proposal for new taxes created sucha(n)______that his government fell.SSS_SINGLE_SELA sensationB upheavalC withdrawalD outbreak15.Hosting the 2008 Olympics provided China with an opportunity to______ its unprecedented progress.SSS_SINGLE_SELA demonstrateB deduceC distinguishD disperse16.While this arrangement was a major improvement over its ______, it still had drawbacks.SSS_SINGLE_SELA premiumB prevalenceC premiseD predecessor17.His expenditure on holidays and luxuries is rather high in ______ to his income.SSS_SINGLE_SELA comparisonB proportionC associationD calculation18.History will always ______ any intended route and take an unforeseen one instead.SSS_SINGLE_SELA lead toB deviate fromC pass throughD result from19.The water was so clear that it ______ the trees on the river bank.SSS_SINGLE_SELA shadowedB shadedC representedD reflected20.A knowledge of history ______ us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.SSS_SINGLE_SELA equipsB providesC offersD satisfiesPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionSection APassage 1States are considering major changes in prepaid college tuition programs - raising prices, restricting participation of canceling them - as they grapple with financial woes. Nationwide, families will likely have to pay more to participate, or accept that they might not cover tuition when children go to college.Colorado has closed its prepaid plan to new investors and told existing ones that it may not cover future tuition increases. Wisconsin stopped selling its plan Dec. 20. Maryland and Illinois are among states hiking prices by 20% or more.Prepaid plans let parents lock in tuition by paying for it now, protecting them against rising costs. But the hear market has hurt investment returns, leaving the plans unable to keep up with big increases in tuition. So far, Colorado is the only state that hastold participants their investments may not cover tuition, and no plan has missed a payment.Other states have said they will fulfill obligations, even if it requires a legislative bailout. Still, the financial problems have forced thousands to grapple with uncertainty - something prepaid plans were designed to avoid. More than 1 million families have an estimated $ 8 billion invested in the plans, says ＜ Saving for College. com ＞.Some states, including Colorado, may replace the prepaid plan with a guaranteed investment contract, a CD-like investment that"s backed by an **pany. Investors get a minimum rate of return, but no guarantee that it will cover tuition.Wisconsin"s EdVest program is encouraging investment in a stable value fund, which is similar to a guaranteed investment contract, in its investment plan. Wisconsin"s prepaid plan never guaranteed to cover tuition inflation. It also never got a lot of investors, possibly because it lacked that guarantee.In Florida, a task force is considering limiting the state"s prepaidprogram to low-income families. Ohio officials are also looking at limiting participation, but it"s a measure they hope to avoid. "Program administrators are looking for alternatives," says Andrea Feirstein, a state-plan consultant.Maryland recently boosted its prices by up to 30%; Illinois by up to 23%. The increases have made some prepaid plans uneconomical for parents of older children. In Ohio, the price of one year"s tuition for a child over 12 months old is $ 8, 000, more than 40% above current tuition at Ohio State. SO it may not be a good deal for children starting college in three or four years because tuition may not jump that much that fast.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Prepaid college tuition is generally designed on the principle that ______.A it is easy to pay at the present timeB it is economical in the long runC it saves pains to pass the entrance examD it ensures the admission to the collegeSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.Many states plan to modify their prepaid college tuition programs______.A under the mounting financial pressuresB because of deficient college facilitiesC to ease overcrowding problems in collegeD to limit the participation of low-income familiesSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The word "investors" (in boldface in Paragraph 2) most exactly refers to those who ______.A serve as the main source of finance to the stateB invest money in developing local collegesC sponsor colleges and their educational programsD join the plan and pay the tuition in advanceSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Colorado now has told participants in the prepaid tuition plan that ______.A they would not have to make any other payment laterB they would not be guaranteed against further paymentC the plan would cover further tuition increasesD the plan would be replaced by a guaranteed investment contractSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.The expression "a CD-like investment" (in boldface in Paragraph 5) most probably refers to an investment ______.A to support civil defenseB put in **pact discC to promote show industryD like certificate depositSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that in Ohio ______.A prepaid plans require a participation at most 3 or 4 years before starting collegeB children may start college 3 or 4 years earlier than at a normal age if they prepay tuitionC college tuition 3 or 4 years later may not be so high as today"s price of prepaid tuitionD the younger a child to join the plan, the greater loss he/she will suffer at the age for collegePassage 2The familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us once again. Millions of children sit clown to SATs, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should eitherbe letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SATs, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say that standards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgements on what our children are learning. But it"s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school. Some trends are encouraging—education has been made more relevantand enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons" A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Molière. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as graps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child"s interests at heart may send a draft piece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question "Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?" Each side points to indicators that favour them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that ______.A SATs is one of the most rigorous exams mentionedB it has been debated if children should be given examsC few parents approve of the exam systems in EnglandD each year children have to face up to some new examsSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.Parents try to judge the educational standards by ______.A whether their children have passed the examsB what knowledge their children have acquiredC what educators say about curriculum planningD whether their children"s school scores are stableSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.To the author, the rereading of Molière was ______.A drearyB routineC outmodedD arduousSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.To the author"s generation, it is beyond understanding today why______.A teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good gradesB teachers show much concern for students" futureC parents help little with their children"s courseworkD parents focus on their children"s general knowledgeSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, ______.A no authorities have ever made a commentB no one has ever tried to give them a definitionC no effective ways have been taken to apply themD no consistent yardstick has ever been usedSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.In the author"s opinion, the school education in Britain has been______.A inflexibleB irresponsibleC unsuccessfulD unforgivablePassage 3Of late, there have been several posts suggesting that America has no culture or that what culture it has is somehow inferior to that of other societies. Of course, it cannot be both. To suggest that America has, in some sense, an inferior culture is to grant that it has a culture.America most definitely has culture and the culture of America is easily the most dominant of the world. Whether it is McDonald"s in the heart of what was once the center of the Evil Empire, or Arnold Schwarzenagger storming across German theatres, or Disneyland sending the French snobs into hysteria, American culture dominates Europe as never before. And it is not just Europe. Enter any shopping center in Asia and the odds are that the music blasting over the sound systemis American pop music. Madonna look-alikes speak Mandarin Chinese. Often, American culture is derided by the so-called "intellectuals".(And by that, I do not mean the traditional definition of those who use their intellect to make a living as, in a increasingly service economy, there are few people today who would not fit into that category but, rather, people who fancy themselves as in some way gifted to impose their views upon the rest of us, to save us from ourselves.)What is it about American culture that annoys the "intellectuals" so much? It is precisely that which differentiates it from other cultures, particularly the cultures of Europe ("intellectuals" tending to be europhiles). Whereas European culture (and, indeed, most pre-industrial cultures) sprang from their traditions of aristocracy and the subservience of society to the ruling class, American culture serves the middle-class, the vulgar, if you will. Whereas European culture is concerned with what is exclusive and aloof, American culture is concerned with what is common and accessible. You don"t need classes in school in rock music appreciation or the finer aspects of eating pizza.Some have suggested that America is doomed because it has no culture. But the contrary is more likely the case. In spite of the bestefforts of the multi-cultural fascists, America has yet to fulfillits manifest destiny primarily because its culture is not only dominating and assimilating immigrants from every corner of the world, it is, indeed reaching out to every corner of the world and creating a **munity, a community centered on the individual, every individual not just those gifted with expensive tastes.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.From the beginning of the passage we can infer that the author______.A believes that America has culture despite its inferiority to othersB agrees that America has no culture, let alone an inferior cultureC objects to both of the views about American cultureD tries to show objectively the two views about American cultureSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.According to the passage, Disneyland in France ______.A has overridden the country"s cartoon industryB has driven all its fans there madC has encountered strong oppositionD has enjoyed a nationwide acclaimSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.It is implied in Paragraph 2 that ______.A Chinese girls are crazy about MadonnaB McDonald"s is regarded as evil in RussiaC German films become more of Schwarzenagger"s styleD American pop music is confined to shops and stores in AsiaSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.In the author"s eyes "intellectuals" are those who ______.A are gifted and thus categorized as suchB claim themselves to be superior to othersC are in small **pared with the restD advance their careers to save humanitySSS_SINGLE_SEL5.The last sentence "You don"t need ""eating pizza" of Paragraph 4 implies ______.A rock music, eating pizza or the like is quite popular in the school curriculumB anything that concerns American pop culture is prohibited in schoolC schoolchildren are all equal in enjoying rock music and eating pizzaD American culture is never taught to but intuitively assimilated by peopleSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.Which of the following would the author most probably agree to as to describing American culture?A It is full of vitalityB It is non-intellectualC It enhances vulgarityD It scorns wealthSection BPassage 4Advertising is paid, **munication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of**munication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 1 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and by governments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such a wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 2The visual and **mercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 3 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, andlive sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 4 Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function , that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over other products. 5 The third function of advertising is to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse of the product as well as new uses; this is the persuasion function.A. Another function of advertising is to communicate information about the product, its attributes, and its location of sale, this is the information function.B. The forms that advertising takes and the media in which advertisements appear are as varied as the advertisers themselves and the messages that they wish to deliver.C. An especially important issue in the creation of advertising is related to understanding how much information consumers want about a given product.D. Advertising may influence consumers in many different ways, but the primary goal of advertising is to increase the probability that consumers exposed to an advertisement will behave or believe as the advertiser wishes.E. Advertising also exists on billboards along the freeway, in subwayand train stations, on benches at bus stops, and on the frames around car license plates.F. The pervasiveness of advertising and its creative elements are designed to cause viewers to take note.SSS_FILL1.SSS_FILL2.SSS_FILL3.SSS_FILL4.SSS_FILL5.Passage 5No single element has tantalized and tormented the human imagination more than the shimmering metal known by the chemical symbol Au. For thousands of years the desire to possess gold has driven people to extremes, fueling wars and conquests, girding empires and currencies, leveling mountains and forests. 1 Yet its chief virtues—its unusual density and malleability along with its imperishable shine—have made it one of the world"s most **modities, a transcendent symbol of beauty, wealth, and immortality. From pharaohs (who insisted on being buried in what they called the "flesh of the golds") to the forty-niners (whose mad rush for the mother lode built the American West) to the financiers (who, following Sir Isaac Newton"s advice, made it the bedrock of the global economy); 2Humankind"s feverish attachment to gold shouldn"t have survived the modern world. Few cultures still believe that gold can give eternal life, and every country in the world—the United States was last, in 1971—has done away with the gold standard. 3 The price of gold, which stood at $ 271 an ounce on September 10, 2001, hit $1,023in March 2008, and it may surpass that threshold again. Aside from extravagance, gold is still continuing to play its role as a safehaven in perilous times. 4 In 2007 demand outstripped mine production by 59 percent. "Gold has always had this kind of magic," says Peter L. Bernstein, author of The Power of Gold. "But it"s never been clear if we have gold or gold has us. "While investors flock to new gold-backed funds, jewelry still accounts for two-thirds of the demand, generating a record $53.5 billion in worldwide sales in 2007. 5 However, such concerns don"t ruffle the biggest consumer nations, namely India, where a gold obsession is woven into the culture, and China, which leaped past the U.S. in 2007 to become the world"s second largest buyer of gold jewelry.A. But gold"s luster (光泽) not only endures; fueled by global uncertainty, it grows stronger.B. Gold is not vital to human existence; it has, in fact, relatively few practical uses.C. In the U. S. an activist-driven "No Dirty Gold" campaign has persuaded many top jewelry retailers to stop selling gold from mines that cause severe social or environmental damage.D. Nearly every society through the ages has invested gold with an almost mythological power.E. For all of its allure, gold"s human and environmental toll has never been so steep. Part of the challenge, as well as the fascination, is that there is so little of it.F. Gold"s recent surge, sparked in part by the terrorist attack on9/11, has been amplified by the slide of the U. S. dollar and jitters over a looming global recession.SSS_FILL1.SSS_FILL2.SSS_FILL3.SSS_FILL4.SSS_FILL5.Part Ⅲ ClozeThere are so many new books about dying that there are now special shelves set aside for them in bookshops, along with the health-diet and home-repair paperbacks. Some of them are so 21 with detailed information and step-by-step instructions for performing the function, that you"d think this was a new sort of 22 which all of us are now required to learn. The strongest impression the casual reader gets is that proper dying has become an extraordinary, 23 an exotic experience, something only the specially trained can do.24 , you could be led to believe that we are the only 25 capable of being aware of death, and that when the rest of nature is experiencing the life cycle and dying, one generation after 26 , it is a different kind of process, done automatically and trivially, or more "natural", as we say.An elm in our backyard 27 the blight (枯萎病) this summer and dropped stone dead, leafless, almost overnight. One weekend 28 was a normal-looking elm, maybe a little bare in spots but 29 alarming, and the next weekend it was gone, passed over, departed, taken. Taken is right, for the tree surgeon came by yesterday with his 30 of young helpers and their cherry picker, and took it down branch by branch and carted it off in the back of a red truck, everyone 31 .The dying 32 a field mouse, at the jaws of an amiable household cat, is a spectacle I have beheld many times. It 33 to make me wince. However, early in life I gave up throwing sticks 34 the cat to make him drop the mouse, 35 the dropped mouse regularly went ahead and died anyway.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.A containedB embracedC packedD litteredSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.A abilityB skillC qualityD technologySSS_SINGLE_SEL3.A andB evenC yetD butSSS_SINGLE_SEL 4.A FurthermoreB HoweverC Even soD Since thenSSS_SINGLE_SEL 5.A racesB creaturesC peopleD humanSSS_SINGLE_SEL 6.A the otherB anotherC the nextD the followingSSS_SINGLE_SEL 7.A caughtB heldC tookD pickedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 8.A thatB whichC itD thisSSS_SINGLE_SEL 9.A somethingB anythingC nothingD everythingSSS_SINGLE_SEL 10.A crewB membersC corpsD fellowsSSS_SINGLE_SEL 11.A singsB sangC sungD singingSSS_SINGLE_SEL 12.A toB inC forD ofSSS_SINGLE_SEL 13.A wasB was usedC usedD was aboutSSS_SINGLE_SEL 14.A intoB onC atD offSSS_SINGLE_SEL 15.A butB becauseC whileD in order thatPart Ⅳ TranslationOne of the most difficult situations that a researcher can encounter is to see or suspect that a colleague has violated the ethical standards of the **munity. It is easy to find excuses to do nothing, but someone who has witnessed misconduct has an unmistakable obligation to act. At the most immediate level, misconduct can seriously obstruct or damage one"s own research or the research of colleagues. 1) More broadly, even a single case of misconduct can malign scientists and their institutions, which in turn can result in the imposition of counterproductive regulations, and shake public confidence in the integrity of science.To be sure, raising a concern about unethical conduct is rarely an easy thing to do. In some cases, anonymity is possible--but not always. Reprisals by the accused person and by skeptical colleagues have occurred in the past and have had serious consequences. 2) Any allegation of misconduct is a very important charge that needs to be taken seriously. If mishandled, an allegation can gravely damage the person charged, the one who makes the charge, the institutions involved, and science in general.Someone who is confronting a problem involving research ethics usually has more options than are immediately apparent. In most cases the best thing to do is to discuss the situation with a trustedfriend or advisor. 3) In universities, faculty advisors, department chairs, and other senior faculty call be invaluable sources of advice in deciding whether to go forward with a complaint.An important consideration is deciding when to put a complaint in writing. Once in writing, universities are obligated to deal with a complaint in a mole formal manner than if it is made verbally. 4) Putting a complaint in writing can have serious consequences for the career of a scientist and should be undertaken only after thorough consideration.The National Science Foundation and Public Health Service require all research institutions that receive public funds to have procedures in place to deal with allegations of unethical practice. 5) These procedures take into account fairness for the accused, protection for the accuser, coordination with funding agencies, and requirements for confidentiality_ and disclosure.In addition, many universities and other research institutions have designated an ombudsman, ethics Officer, or other official who is。

2014年3月中科院考博英语真题阅读理解第一篇阅读文章中科院考博英语阅读理解的短文内容涉及社会科学（主要包括社会学、教育、人类学、心理学、经济、管理、金融等领域）、自然科学（主要包括化学、生物、交通、物理、工程、计算机、医学、农业等领域）和人文科学（主要包括哲学、历史、文学、语言、新闻、艺术等领域）。

考博英语的阅读理解题型中的文章通常选取外文杂志、外文网站中的文章，然后由各院校的命题组命题，或者选取四六级、考研、研究生学位英语考试等已考过的文章。

2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解第一篇阅读文章Passage OneMark Kelly is originally from Lancashire in England. He has been living in Japan for six years and, at the weekend, he is a fake priest. "I was living in Sapporo, studying Japanese, and I needed the money. it's far better paid than teaching in a language school," he said. "Being a fake priest is big business in Japan----I've done a TV commercial for one company," he added. "In Sapporo, there are five agencies employing about 20 fake priests. In a city like Tokyo, there must be hundreds."The fake Western priests are employed at Western-style weddings to give a performance and add to the atmosphere. These are not legal ceremonies-the couples also have to make a trip to the local registrar. "In the past almost all weddings in Japan were Shinto, but in the last few years Western-style weddings have appeared and become very popular," said one Japanese priest. "Most couples are trying to re-create a European wedding, so they overwhelmingly ask for a foreign priest instead of a Japanese one," he added.The fake priests in Japan sometimes have to deal with difficult situations. Mr. Kelly has often presided over ceremonies where the bride is pregnant. "It is common. Once, the bride vomited on me and then fainted. It wasn't very romantic," he said. Another difficulty is meeting genuine Japanese priests. "We do occasionally bump into the real thing. They are very much against us, but there are not enough genuine Japanese priests to meet the demand" he said.One Japanese Christian priest spoke out. "It is a real problem for us. They are not genuine and they give us a bad name," he said. "It isimportant for the bride and groom to have a proper wedding, and they are not getting it from these foreign priests. I have even heard of hotels using staff when they can't find anyone else."But Mr. Kelly argues that the ceremony is not about religion, but about image. "I give a good performance. I use an Apache wedding prayer in my ceremony. It works very well, although I had to take out the part about the bear god in the sky," he said. "If people are crying by the end of the wedding, I think I have done a good job."36. What do we know about Mark Kelly?A. He's a professional priest.B. He's a language student.C. He's working for a TV station.D. He's earning a living in Japan.37. The fake Western priests are in great demand in Japan because of______.A. the popularity of Western-style weddingsB. the bad reputation of Japanese priestsC. the decline of the traditional religion, ShintoD. the low prices at which they are hired38. Using a foreign priest at a wedding in Japan is______.A. forbidden according to criminal lawB. meant for having a Western atmosphereC. aimed to save a trip to a registrarD. deemed necessary to add to the solemnity39. According to the passage, Mr. Kelly considers his jobrather______.A. demandingB. amusingC. sacredD. creative40. Japanese priests are angry with those fake foreign priests because they are______.A. bringing an end to the occupationB. misleading the bride and groomC. damaging the image of the formerD. corrupting the morals of weddings41. According to Mr. Kelly, what mostly interests a Japanese couple at the wedding is______.A. how well the priest can perform his roleB. what religious rituals are being followedC. whether other participants can be movedD. who can make them burst into tears2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解文章大意及参考答案【华慧考博独家解析：文章大意】本文讲述的是西方人在日本假扮神父。

2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One）答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上.3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30％）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers，At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said，The question will be read only once，After youhear the question, read the four possible answers marked A，B, C，and D。

Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman：I feel faint.Man: No wonder。

You haven’t had a bite all day。

中国科学院大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲•招生办公室•2014年11月21日考试对象报考中国科学院大学各单位（具体指中国科学院所属各研究院、所、中心、园、台、站及校部各直属院系）相关专业拟攻读博士学位的考生。

考试目的检验考生是否具有进入攻读博士学位阶段的英语水平和能力。

考试类型、考试内容及考试结构本考试共有五个部分：词汇（占10%）、完形填空（占15%）、阅读理解（占40%）、英译汉（占15%），写作（占20%）。

试卷分为：试卷一（Paper One）客观试题，包括前三个部分，共75题，顺序排号；试卷二（Paper Two）主观试题，包括英译汉和写作两个部分。

一、词汇主要测试考生是否具备一定的词汇量和根据上下文对词和词组意义判断的能力。

词和词组的测试范围基本以本考试大纲词汇表为参照依据。

共20题。

每题为一个留有空白的英文句子。

要求考生从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当词或词组。

二、完形填空主要测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力以及对词汇表达方式和结构掌握的程度。

考生应具有借助于词汇、句法及上下文线索对语言进行综合分析和应用的能力。

要求考生就所给篇章中15处空白所需的词或短语分别从四个选项中选出最佳答案。

三、阅读理解本部分共分两节。

要求考生能：1）掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节；2）进行相关的判断和推理；3）准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义；4）领会作者观点和意图、判断作者的态度。

A节：主要测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。

考生须完成1800-2000词的阅读量并就题目从四个选项中选出最佳答案。

B节：主要测试考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。

考生须完成700－900词的阅读量（2篇短文），并根据每篇文章（约400词）的内容，从文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。

四、英译汉要求考生将一篇近400词的英语短文中有下划线的5个句子翻译成汉语。

中科院历年考博英语作文题集(1999-2012)1. 12年03月history repeat itself, do you think so? give some examples to support your viewpoints2. 11年03月To be successful you need friend; To be huge successful you need enemy. 3. 10年03月People often come up with different decisions when facing the same situation. Why? 4. 09年03月Should there be two focuses available in Chinese high school (humanity focus and science focus)? Please give specific reason to support your argument. 5. 08年03月When do you think is the best time for a college candidate to dicide on his major: before going to college or while enrolled in college? Provide your reasons and supporting details. 6. 08年10月What has China gained from holding the Olympic Games? Please give specific examples to suppo rt your argument. 7. 07年03月How would you react to appearance when you are trying to the discrimination against your physic al find a job? 8. 07年10月There have been instances of students humiliating their teacher at school. What do you think is the cause for such happenings? 9. 06年03月China has the greatest population in the world and a large pool of reseach workers, yet it has not p roduced a single Nobel Prize winner so far. What has caused this situatuin in your opinion? 10. 06年10月A lot of people, especially the young, are crazy about stars. They wish to see their heroes at all cos ts. Do you think these people are foolish, understandable or desirable? Justify your opinion. 11. 05年10月 AWhat does work mean to you? Is it just a means to make ends meet, to cover life expenses? 12. 05年10月 BIs a job seeker’s previous work experience important? If so, in what sense and to what extent? If not, why not? 13 . 05年03月How to reduce traffic accidents? 14. 04年03月Some people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagr ee? State your opinion and give good reason.作文库大全小升初中考满分高考满分高考零分215. 03.年10月My idea of professional Ethics for a scientist 16. 03年03月Good management can help the organization achieve its desired results. This is particularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and reseach workers. What is your idea about a good management or a good management of a group of people? 17. 02年10月As a yung scientist, which live would you prefer to: common or uncommon? Why? 18. 02年03月With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher- level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, amon g other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about th is reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint. 19. 01年03月There is no denying that the average living standard of our country has greatly increased since the economic reform started 20 years ago. However, neither is it deniable that there has been a growin g contrast in income between the rich and the poor. What do you think of this contrast in our count ry? State your opinion with appropriate supporting details. 20. 00年03月One day Jim gave some money to a man on the street who claimed that he had lost all his money a nd couldn’t afford a train ticket to be back home. Some time later, Jim met the same man again wh o told the same story. Jim got very angry with this and decided not to give any more help to anyon e whom he did not know.One respose to this story is that we should help whoever in need if it even if we might have the ris k of be cheated. That is your opinion? State what you think is proper and give your reasons for yo ur viewpoint. 21. 1993年03月To what extent should university courses be geared to economic needs of society? Discuss.。

中科院考博英语历年真题必背固定搭配in question讨论中的;谈及的;争论中的in/with respect of/to关于in return回报;付给in search of寻找;搜寻;查究in secret/private/public私下;暗地/不公开;私下;秘密地/当众;公开地in short/brief/sum简言之;总之in spite of虽然;不管;不顾;纵使in support of维护…;支持…;证实…in that因为in/under the circumstances在这种情况下;考虑到这种情况in the course of在…期间;在…的过程中in the end最后;最终;结果;终归in the face of面临;不顾(反对等)in the first place起初;首先;早先(not)in the least/the least bit一点(也不);丝毫(不);(常用于强调否定)in the long/short run结果;最后/暂时：目前in the name of在…的名下;以…的名义;为…的缘故in no/good time立刻;马上，一转眼工夫;迅速地;恰好in vain徒劳;无益in view of鉴于;考虑到independent of独立于…之外;不依赖…的;不受…支配的inform of告诉;报告;通知insist(on/upon)坚决主张;坚决要求;坚持认为;定要;坚持要instead of代替;而不是interfere with干涉;干预;妨碍;干扰;影响involve in涉及;卷入;陷入;使进入;使连累join in参加;加入jump to a conclusion草率决定;贸然断定keep down控制，限制，;低下;蹲下;躺下;压住;压制;镇压;忍住了呕吐;缩减keep from隐瞒，瞒住;避开;使免于keep off驱散;避开;防止，挡住;不接近keep on继续…;不停地…keep to恪守;遵守;遵循;按…办;坚持(做)keep to the(a)minimum控制到最低限度;尽可能短(少)keep under control控制(监视等)keep up(with)跟上;赶上;保持;不落在后面;及时了解(情况)knock down拆除;拆卸;打倒，撞倒;使减价knock off下班，停止工作;减低，扣掉;匆忙做完(写完)knock out敲出;击倒;击昏;使失效;匆匆做好;(药物)使入睡knock over打翻know of/about知道;听说lack of不够;不足;没有laugh off一笑置之;把…当儿戏lay down放下;放弃(想法态度等);拟订(计划等);兴建;规定;制定lay off暂时解雇;休息;休养lay out展开;铺开;摆开;说明，表达(想法等);设计;布置;准备人殓lead the way向导;领路;引路lead to领;带;导向;通向;通往;导致;造成leak out走漏(消息等);(水，煤气等)泄露lean on对…施加压力;讹诈;逼迫;倚靠;依靠leave behind抛弃;忘记带;把…拉下;落后leave out遗漏;省去;删去;不考虑lead to把…借给;把钱贷给;使…增添了…,使…有了let alone更不用说;更别提let down使(人)失望;放下;放(长)衣服;不支持let off免除;放过;放掉(气);放(枪);引爆(炸弹);准许…暂时停止工作let out释放;放走;放(水，气);出租(房屋);把(衣服)放大level off/out稳定;持平;整平;弄平;水平飞行line up排队;列队;整顿;排列整齐;排成行;安排妥当;与…站在一起live on/by继续活着;靠…生活;以食…为生/按照或遵循…(准则)而生活;靠…过活live through渡过;熬过live up to配得上。

英语试卷一【±q461533046】Part I Answer Dialogue Completion1. We will be shown around the city : schools , museums , and some other places , _________ othe r visitors seldom go .A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when2．The famous basketball star . __________ tried to make a comeback , attracted a lot of attention .A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who3．He is only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years .A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been4. Is this the reason __________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained5. The result of the experiment was very good , __________ we hadn’t expected .A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase . ________ was very reasonable .A. which priceB . the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose7. Caral said the work would be done by October , ________ personally I doubt very much .A. itB . thatC. whenD. which8. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play , __________ , of course , made the others unhappy .A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what9. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour , __________ was true .A. heB. thisC. whichD. who10. He must be from Africa, _________can be seen from his skin.A. thatB. asC. whoD. what11. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _________ leading actor is world famous ?A. itsB. it’sC. whoseD. which12. He was very rude to the customs office , _________ of course made things even worse .A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which13. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town __________ he grew up as a c hild .A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when14. I don’t like _________ you speak to her .A. the wayB. the way in thatD. the way of which15. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _________ in the forest .A. once they growB. they grew onceC. they once grewD. once grew16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm , ________ many people have got h ome .A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which17. _________ we know , China will be an __________ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time .A. That ; advancingB. This ; advancedC. As ; advancedD. It ; advancing18. I shall never forget those years __________ I lived in the country with the farmers , ________ has a great effect on my life .A. that ; whichB. when ; whichC. which ; thatD. when ; who19. The weather turned out to be very good , ________ was more than we could expect .A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it20. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person __________ she could turn for help .A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom21. He made another wonderful discovery , __________ of great importance to science.A. which I think isC. which I think itD. I think which is25. His son has become a doctor, ________ he wanted to be.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. what26. She said she was busy, _________ was a lie.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. that。

2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题翻译真题训练PART IV TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 15 points)The only advice, indeed, that one person can give another about reading is to take no advice. to follow your own instincts, to use your own reason, to come to your own conclusions. 1) If this is agreed between us, then I feel at liberty to put forward a few ideas and suggestions because you will not allow them to fetter (禁锢) that independence which is the most important quality that a reader can possess. After all, what laws can be laid down about books? The battle of Waterloo was certainly fought on a certain day; but is Hamlet a better play than Lear? Nobody can say. Each must decide that question for himself. 2) Everywhere else we may be bound by laws and conventions-there we have none. Then, how are we to bring order into this multitudinous chaos and get the deepest and widest pleasure from what we read?3) It is simple enough to say that since books have classes---fiction biography, poetry---we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. 4) If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, the signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other."We have only to compare"-with those words the cat is out of the bag, and the true complexity of reading is admitted. The first process, to receive impressions with the utmost understanding, is only half the process of reading; it must be completed, if we are to get the whole pleasure from a book, by another. 5) We must pass judgment upon these multitudinous impressions; we must make of these fleeting shapes one that is hard and lasting.2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题翻译参考译文【华慧考博独家解析: 参考译文】PART IV TRANSLATION1.如果我们对此达成共识，我就可以无拘束地提出一些看法和建议，因为你不会让这些看法和建议禁锢你的独立见解，而独立见解正是读者应具备的最重要的品质。

PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a__________ symbol among university professors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in support of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. endB. handC. coreD. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of___________ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were_____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. criticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9. Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10. While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A. discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.A. find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13. In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A. intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________ on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A. countB. insistC. fallD. dwell15. When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into the elevator.A. heartsB. tempersC. headsD. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply ___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17. In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension inHong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A. equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18. He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk ____________.A. honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20. She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end.A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some roughmeasure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations. 23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous 24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in 25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the 26 resources.It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic change in as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy —can be utilized. (1996)21. A. one B. it C. this D. there22. A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24. A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25. A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26. A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27. A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28. A. in B. with C. as D. to29. A. least B. late C. latest D. last30. A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31. A. on B. up C. down D. out32. A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33. A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34. A. line B. move C. drive D. track35. A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore,in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelated when viewed in a broad historical perspective.The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base.As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36. The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A. finding the most important cause for a particular historical eventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37. The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory” apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historical eventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38. The best definition for the term “historical synthesis”would be ______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39. A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit” of a time period because ____________.A. the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single mostimportant cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40. Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A. One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car—not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos.A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determineinstantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area.(Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.)Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling, directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not be clogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42. A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A. locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A. the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44. The computer dispatching system is particularly good at______________.A. assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45. According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A. Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child byfrightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.46. According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A. tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47. In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A. He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48. According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to____________.A. make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be______________.A. scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50. The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that ___________.A. old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, thesedecisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection ofa child from violent parents of ____________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod” (in boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of ____________.A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run _____________.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter and widely-varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel. The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word) of the crime species. Itscreation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economists, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle or Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant” novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain with the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller thesecurity of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as_________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in_______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because ___________.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’ support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to feel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not prevail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction reading Passage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.” When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate an energy into the atmosphere.I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atmosphere.” “You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,” says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.” Players of any sport throughout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, and mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it this way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.” People who flowfeel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Moreover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, however; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathing. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems larger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour.It seems then that flow is a “floating action” in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness.A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing well?” or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and even day-dreaming.61. What is the main purpose of the article?A. to illustrate the feeling of “flow”B. to analyze the causes of a special feelingC. to define the new psychological term “flow”D. to lead people to acquire the feeling of “flow”。

2010年10月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．The dancers for the ballet were selected for similarity of height and build so that they might present a(an)______appearance.A．ultimateB．deceptiveC．homogeneousD．unanimous正确答案：C解析：句子的大意为：根据相似的身高和体型选拔芭蕾舞演员就可以达到整齐划一的外观。

A项ultimate“最终的，最后的”；B项deceptive“骗人的”；C 项homogeneous“同性质的，同类的”；D项unanimous“全体一致的，无异议的”。

所以C项符合题意。

2．It happened in a flash, although______everything seemed to occur in slow motion, as though I were watching from another planet.A．in returnB．in practiceC．in realityD．in retrospect正确答案：D解析：句子的大意为：当时事情很快发生了，不过现在回想起来一切好像发生得都很慢，如同我是在外星看一样。

A项in return“作为回报，作为报答”；B 项in practice“实际上，在实践中”；C项in reality“实际上，事实上”；D项in retrospect“回顾，一想起”。

所以D项符合题意。

2014年3月中科院考博英语真题-词汇专项训练（一）根据国内大多数院校博士生入学英语考试词汇统计，中科院考博英语博士生考前应该掌握8000—10000的词汇。

中科院考博英语词汇题测试的目的是考查考生掌握及使用英语词汇及短语的能力。

词汇题的考察形式主要分为单项选择和近义词替换。

词汇题的测试内容主要是词义、搭配和语法。

词义测试可分为词义辨析和词形辨析。

主要包括：词形相近但词义不同的词，词义相近但词形不同的词，词义相近但有褒贬义之分的词，词义相近但有词义轻重之分的词及词义相近但有主客体之分的词。

搭配测试主要包括动宾搭配，形容词与名词的搭配，主谓搭配，及词组和固定搭配等。

语法测试主要包括非谓语动词，三大类从句的关系词，虚拟语气及其特殊形式，倒装和强调等。

2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题词汇专项训练1. The old bridge is not strong enough to allow the______ of heavyvehicles.A. passageB. routeC. tunnelD. pressure2. The widowed old woman was so lonely that she would talk______ to the strangers in the supermarkets about her pets.A. at bestB. at lengthC. in bulkD. in effect3. Citizens of developed and developing nations alike face dangers from ______medicines; they pose a terrible hazard to public health.A. distinctiveB. proliferatingC. fraudulentD. ineffective4. It must be much tougher than I realized,______ on just 10,000 Yuan ayear.A. getting byB. getting awayC. getting aroundD. getting along5. When the relationship of parents and children is at this low______, mutual love and respect need careful maintenance and rebuilding.A. rateB. rankC. scaleD. ebb6. To have a knowledge-based economy and a scientifically______population, developing countries must invest in fundamental science andblue skies research.A. moderateB. ObsoleteC. literateD. desperate7. New Zealanders colloquially refer to themselves as "Kiwis,"______ thecountry's native bird.A. forB. byC. withD. after8. These are students who, at some stage of their undergraduate careersleave class, either ______or because they are asked to do so.A. voluntarily 'B. selectivelyC. compulsorilyD. necessarily9. The sanctions are designed to force Libya to______ the two Lockerbiesuspects and to co-operate in the investigation in a similar case.A. hand inB. hand outC. hand downD. hand over10. I could then realize that he was a fever specialist of world______.A. renownB. domainC. prominenceD. authority2014年3月份中科院考博英语词汇专项训练参考答案1.A2. B3.C4.A5.D6.C7.D8.A9.D 10.A【详细解析】请查看《华慧考博英语一本通》考博复习资料书。

2007年国家司法考试试卷三（合同法部分）一、单项选择题，每题所给的选项中只有一个正确答案。

本部分1－50题，每题1分，共50分。

1．某酒店客房内备有零食、酒水供房客选用，价格明显高于市场同类商品。

房客关某缺乏住店经验，又未留意标价单，误认为系酒店免费提供而饮用了一瓶洋酒。

结帐时酒店欲按标价收费，关某拒付。

下列哪一选项是正确的？A．关某应按标价付款 B．关某应按市价付款C．关某不应付款 D．关某应按标价的一半付款3．甲公司业务经理乙长期在丙餐厅签单招待客户，餐费由公司按月结清。

后乙因故辞职，月底餐厅前去结帐时，甲公司认为，乙当月的几次用餐都是招待私人朋友，因而拒付乙所签单的餐费。

下列哪一选项是正确的？A．甲公司应当付款 B．甲公司应当付款，乙承担连带责任C．甲公司有权拒绝付款 D．甲公司应当承担补充责任4．甲公司在与乙公司协商购买某种零件时提出，由于该零件的工艺要求高，只有乙公司先行制造出符合要求的样品后，才能考虑批量购买。

乙公司完成样品后，甲公司因经营战略发生重大调整，遂通知乙公司：本公司已不需此种零件，终止谈判。

下列哪一选项是正确的？A．甲公司构成违约，应当赔偿乙公司的损失B．甲公司的行为构成缔约过失，应当赔偿乙公司的损失C．甲公司的行为构成侵权行为，应当赔偿乙公司的损失D．甲公司不应赔偿乙公司的任何损失5．王某因多年未育前往某医院就医，经医院介绍A和B两种人工辅助生育技术后，王某选定了A技术并交纳了相应的费用，但医院实际按照B技术进行治疗。

后治疗失败，王某要求医院返还全部医疗费用。

下列哪一选项是正确的？A．医院应当返还所收取的全部医疗费B．医院应当返还所收取的医疗费，但可以扣除B技术的收费额C．王某无权请求医院返还医疗费或赔偿损失D．王某无权请求医院返还医疗费，但是有权请求医院赔偿损失6．乙买甲一套房屋，已经支付1/3价款，双方约定余款待过户手续办理完毕后付清。

后甲反悔，要求解除合同，乙不同意，起诉要求甲继续履行合同，转移房屋所有权。