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T-第二讲-汉英差异与翻译2

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Unit 2 英汉对比和翻译 共18页

Unit 2 英汉对比和翻译 共18页

Ø 红茶
Ø Take off
3)词的搭配
Ø The new dictionary has really taken off. (popular)
Ø Take off your wet shirt
Ø The doctor took off his wounded left leg. Ø They had to take off (取消) the show because
衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸胡须。
Ø 某些以－ible 或－able结尾的形容词用作定 语时，与every，the only，或形容词最高级 连用来修饰名词时，也常放在名词后
Ø We must help them in every way possible (every possible way). 我们一定要用一切可 能的办法来帮助他们。
of poor audience.
Ø You can take only one day off.
Ø The officer leading the inquiry has been taken
Collocation (continued)
Ø看 Ø 看电视 watch TV Ø 看黑板 look at the blackboard Ø 看电影 see a film Ø 看地图 study a map Ø 看小说 read a novel Ø 看朋友 visit a friend
Ø一个当选希望极微的候选人
5)set phrases:
Ø To make a monkey of
Ø To burn the boat
Ø To fish in the air
Ø To call a spade a spade

Unit 2 英汉差异与翻译

Unit 2 英汉差异与翻译

冠词
A.
a fish a marriage a good dream Rome was not built in a day. Twins are naturally of an age. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
暗示, 暗指, 提及; 隐喻; 典故
allusion
examples
1. He was, and still is, devoted to teaching English. 2. Diamond cut diamond. 3. One boy is a boy; two boys half boy; three boys no boy. 4. The peace agreement signed at the eleventh hour.



proverb, 谚语,俗语,常言[C] "Haste makes waste" is a proverb. “欲速则不达”是一句谚语。 slang
俚语 Their conversation was full of slang. 他们的谈话充满了俚语。 行话;(盗贼等的)黑话,切口
C.

a bird’s-eye view of Xi’an St. Paul’s the barber’s a stone’s throw
D.
They fell in love at first sight. A view of Qinling Mountains can be obtained from the tower. The sight of the fly makes e

T-汉英文化对比与翻译

T-汉英文化对比与翻译






Hearing the hubbub at his gate, Feng Su hurried out to see what the messengers wanted. “Ask Mr. Zhen to come out,” they bawled. “Be quick about it.” “My name is Feng, not Zhen,” he answered with an ingratiating smile. “My son-in-law‟s name is Zhen, but he left home a year or two ago to become a priest. Is he the man you want?” “How would we know? We‟re here on the prefect‟s orders. If you‟re his father-in-law, you must come and clear this up with His Honour to save us another trip.” Giving Feng Su no chance to protest they dragged him off, while his whole household trembled, not knowing what this portended. Towards the end of the second watch he returned in the highest of spirits. Asked what had happened, he told them: “This new prefect, Jia Hua, is a native of Huzhou and an old friend of my son-in-law. When he passed our gate and saw our Jiaoxing buying thread, he supposed that Shiyin had moved his household here. He seemed very upset when I explained all that had happened. He asked after my granddaughter too and I told him she was lost on the Feast of Lanterns. „Never mind,‟ said His Honour. „I‟ll have a search made and I‟m certain we shall find her.‟ At the end of our conversation, as I was leaving, he gave me two taels of silver.” Zhen‟s wife was very moved by this. And so the night passed. （Yang）

第二讲中英差异

第二讲中英差异

从前这里有一个渔村，村里住 着十户人家，这十户人家全 靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰 苦，但很安宁。 开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的， 得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧， 拣好的买，想抽就抽。
English: tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）

As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. -- Jimmy Carter
And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.
Sales as seen 凭现样销售 Secondary data 间接材料 Third party insurance 第三方保险 Implied term 暗含条款 intellectual property 知识产权
Problem in translation： 易犯逐词翻译的毛病，找到假对应词 e.g. 简单地说、好票、 我的英语比你好 put it simply, good seats
T-square, H-shape
Mind your P’s and Q’s.
IOU
Type: English：Analytic & synthetic分析型&综合型 Chinese：Analytic & agglutinative 分析型&粘着型 Cyber-: cybernetics, cyberpunk, cyberfood, cyberschool, cyberspace, cyberworm 网络的流行和普及创造出很多网络新新词汇，如今“上网了吗” (Have you onlined)比“吃了吗”变得更时髦。 网民们(netizen) 可以在这个虚拟现实 (cyberspace) 中阅读网络杂志 (webzine)， 看网络电视 (web TV)， 给网友 (net partner) 打网络电话 (web phone)，

汉英比较与翻译Chapter-2PPT课件

汉英比较与翻译Chapter-2PPT课件

.
2
思维方式
▪ 在观察某些事物现象时，不同民族、不同 地域的人们所取的角度及思维的方向有时 是完全不同的。表现在语言上，对同一事 物、行为或现象，东西方可能采用不同甚 至相反的语言表达形式，因而影响到语言 的基本结构、用词选句。中国人习惯说“6 岁以前”；英语则表示为under six。
.
3
▪ 又如在时间的先后概念上，英语中用back 指过去的时间，而用forward指称未来的时 间，而中国人的思维方式与此相反，用 “前”指过去的时间，用“后”指称未来 的时间。也就是说中国人是面向着过去来 区分时间先后的，而英美人是面向着未来 区分时间先后的。类似的例子还有很多。
高山、草原等区域的人，思维方式也有不同，如
居住大陆从事农业的人：缺乏与其他文明的交流与竞争，眼界狭窄
▪ 思维内向、保守、迟缓；安土重迁，乡土观念强
▪ 群体主义观念强， 执着民族意识
▪ 内省自求，重人际和谐，竞争意识淡薄
▪ 重农轻工商，重义轻利，重实用技术轻科学理论
居住沿海从事工商航海业的人：经常与外界交流与竞争，眼界开阔
▪ 思维外向、开放、敏捷；以四海为家，常流动奔波，乡土观念弱
▪ 个体主义观念强，热爱自由民主
▪ 向外进取，重竞争、扩张
▪ 重工商、航海，重功利，重科学. 技术理论
11
3. 思维方式的社会特征
性别、年龄、职业、教育程度不同，思维方式也不同，如：
男性：偏于抽象思维，有较强的逻辑分析能力
▪ 善于运用概念、判断、推理认识事物，重理性
篇章、语用 → 跨语言、跨文化、跨学科
▪ 微观 → 宏观，微观 + 宏观
▪ 文化：物质文化、行为文化、制度文化、观念文化
.

汉英语言差异与汉英翻译

汉英语言差异与汉英翻译

汉英语言差异与汉英翻译摘要:翻译的本质是不同思维形式的转换，思维的方式决定着语言的表达形式;东西方不同的思维方式必然影响英汉语不同的表达方式，因此，在翻译过程中，必须按照译入语民族思维方式的特点，调整语句结构，以符合译入语的表达习惯，本文试图从英汉两种语言的不同的句式结构和语言表达形式为出发点，探讨英汉翻译的一些规律和技巧。

关键词:思维;语言形式;句子结构;翻译翻译是文化交际的桥梁。

不同的国家、民族之间不同文化的交流和渗透，都离不开翻译活动。

翻译活动不仅是一种语言活动，更是一种思维活动。

不同民族由于历史、生态、宗教、民情、习俗的不同。

对于同一思维对象或内容的思维角度就不尽一致，从而在语言上采用不同的表达形式。

因此不同民族在语言表达上存在着明显的差异。

英汉句子结构的差异和表达习惯的不同反映了东西方两个民族思维方式和文化心理结构的不同。

因此，在翻译过程中，必须按照译入语民族思维方式的特点，调整语句结构，以符合译入语的表达习惯来表达。

一、调整句子结构东西方民族各有各的思维形式，西方民族的思维形式是重在分析，这种思维形式使西方人惯于“由一列多”的思维，句子结构以主语和谓语为核心，统摄各种短语和从句，由主列次、递相迭加、结构复杂，但形散而意合，形成了“树杈形”的句式结构，而东方民族思维形式是重在综合，这种思维形式使中国人注重整体和和谐，强调“从多而一”的思维形式，句子结构以动词为中心，以时间顺序为语序链，形成“流水型”的句式结构。

我国学者吕叔湘先生曾对汉语句子结构作过分析，他指出:“汉语里持多流水句，一个子句接一个子句，很多地方可断可连，汉语的这种流水句式，用节节短句逐点交待，把问题层层展开，这使得在表达相同内容上，汉语句子在数量上往往多于英汉句子，因此翻译时，汉语的几个短句往往可以译成一个由英语关联词及各种短语联接在一起的一个英语长句。

如:(1) 近读华君武一幅题为“谨防”的漫画，画面上两个人骑着装满良心的三轮车，车上插着“收购良心”、“方式价格面议”的广告牌。

第二讲：汉译英的特点与翻译


他妻子拿着一个盘子走过去，他连一句话也没跟她 说。 He said no word to his wife as she passed with a plate.
看到这惨状，大家立即陷入了恐慌。 译文1. On seeing this miserable scene, people got panic-stricken very soon. 译文2. At the sight of this miserable scene, people was seized with panic/overwhelmed by panic/great terror, or people were thrown in panic. 译文3. The sight of this miserable scene threw people in panic.
6-5 Passable translation with some inaccuracies The translation adequately reflects most of the original passage with occasional errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is, for the most part, readable. 4-3 Inadequate translation with frequent inaccuracies half, with frequent errors; in some parts, unreadable 2-1 Poor translation less than half Almost all sentences contain errors of… For the most part, unreadable

语义翻译.ppt2


语义翻译
Develop 1.While people in other countries in the world were trying to catch wild animals and birds and were still collecting seeds and nuts, farmers in China were developing the science of agriculture. 当世界上其他国家还在捕猎飞禽走兽、采集种子坚果的 时候，中国的农民就已经在从事农 从事农业科技研究了。 从事农 2,His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after take-off. 他的飞机在起飞后只飞行了七英里就发生 发生了机械故障。 发生 3, inspired by these ideas, in 1752, Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. 由于受到这些思想的激发，富兰克林于1752年发明了 发明了很 发明了 实用的避雷针。 4, A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations. 一个假设是由科学家经过大量观察而得出的 得出的具体结论。 得出的
第二讲：英汉语言的对比与翻译
Sino- Tibetan Family(汉) Indo-European Family（英） 相同： 一词多义， 模糊语义现象，构词（合 成 与词缀， 句子成分）等； 不同： 文字，语音，词汇，构词，句法等
汉英文字（script）对比 书面语言（system of writing） 古汉字是表意文字（ideagraphic script） 表 意倾向的音节文字（ideographic-oriented syllabic script） 字（character）；词 （word）；偏旁（radical） 汉字种造词法：象形字（pictograph）；指事字 （indicative character）；会意（associative character）；形声字（morpheme-phonetic character） 英语是拼音文字（alphabetic script）

英汉互译第二讲


2.2 中英思维方式对比
2.2.1中国人注重伦理(ethics);英美人注重认 知(cognition)
“以儒家为代表的先哲对世界的认识主要不是出于对自然 奥秘的好奇，而是出于对现实政治和伦理道德的关注”。 儒家思想“关心的是人道，而非天道，是人生之理，而非 自然之性”。 而海洋性地理环境中发展起来的英美文化促使英美人对天 文地理的浓厚兴趣，使他们形成了探求自然的奥秘，向自 然索取的认知传统。
依据不同的标准，文化分类也林林总总。 从地域分，有本土文化和外来文化、城市文化和农村文化、东方文化和 西方文化、大陆汉文化和港澳台汉文化等； 从时间分，由原始文化、奴隶制文化、封建文化、资本化、道教文化、基督教文化、伊斯兰教文化等； 从生产方式分，有游牧文化、农业文化、工业文化、信息文化等； 从生产工具分，有旧石器文化、新石器文化、青铜文化； 从人类把握世界的方式分，有科学文化和人文文化； 从性质分，有世界文化、民族文化、精英文化、通俗文化等； 从结构层次分，有物质文化、制度文化、精神文化等。
二、习俗的差异 汉英习俗的差异是多方面的。如对狗的态度：狗在汉语文 化中是一种卑微的动物，与狗相关得表达一般含有贬义， 如“走狗、狗腿子、狗东西、癞皮狗、狗急跳墙、狗仗人势、 狗眼看人低、狼心狗肺”等。 英语文化中人们则欣赏狗的勇敢和忠诚， 如“a lucky dog(幸运儿)”、“Love me, love my dog(爱屋及 乌)”、“Every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意日)”等。 又如颜色方面，中国人喜爱红色，认为它代表热情、喜悦 和兴旺。传统中国婚礼上新娘子总是红色的奇葩，以示吉利； 新房也必由大红“喜”字 但英美文化中红色常与暴力、流血和战争有关。 因而为避免读者误解，著名翻译家David Hawkes不但把 《红楼梦》翻译成“The story of the stone”，还将全书的 “红”字都译为“green”。同样的差异还体现在白色、绿色 等颜色上。

第2章 英汉对比与翻译

selecting clothes, we avoid establishing a pattern of life.
原译：通过改变每天的食品和随意挑选衣服，我 们避免了形成一个固定的生活模式。
改译：欲避免一成不变的生活模式，可改变每天 的饮食，随意选择不同的服装。
例14 原句：已经拟定了一份新的课程纲要。 译文：A new syllabus has been drawn up.

our new home, wearing red baseball caps and

toothy smiles.
译文： 在我最喜欢的那张照片里，我们站在新

居的台阶上，头戴红色棒球帽，一个个

露齿而笑。
例13 原句：By changing daily food and randomly
7. 英语句子的谓语只能由动词担任；而汉语中谓语 可由所有的语言单位来承担。
由于汉语担任谓语的成分复杂，所以在汉译英时往往要重 新确定主语，必须将句子重心局限于谓语动词上，把看似 不能担任句子谓语的句子成分转化为英语的动词谓语。
例12 原文：In my favorite photo we are on the step of
wings.
译文：从某种程度上说，飞机的速度与机身和机翼的形

状有关。
Conclusion: 1. 英语重形态，汉语轻形态
英语词汇（主要是实词）有词形变化，而汉语词 汇一般来说并无词形变化。
如英语名词有人称、数、格的变化；动词有人称、 时态、情态、语气和非谓语动词变化；形容词和 副词有级的变化；代词则有人称和格的变化；许 多实词还可通过词缀引起词义和词性的变化等等。
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第二讲
汉英语言差异与翻译

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于 独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才 也，最见于处世判事之际。() 读书为学的用途是娱乐、装饰和增长才识。在娱乐上学问 底主要的用途是幽居养静；在装饰上学问底用处是辞令； 在长才上学问底用处是对于事物的判断和处理。

My life has been lived in the healthy area between too little and too much. I’ve never experienced financial or emotional insecurity, but everything I have, I’ve attained by my own work, not through indulgence, inheritance or privilege. 我一生都处于优越的境地，既不太穷又不太富，从未经历 过经济或情感危机，不过我拥有的一切，都是自我奋斗得 来，而不是受人溺爱、继承遗产或享受特权所致。 我一生都过得不错，不曾有过穷困潦倒，也不曾富得冒油， 无论经济上还是感情上都未遭受过危机，不过我拥有的一 切，都是自我奋斗得来，而不是受人溺爱、继承遗产或享 受特权所致。



求知可以作为消遣，可以作为装饰，也可以增长才干。当 你孤独寂寞时，阅读可以消遣。当你高谈阔论时，知识可 供装饰。当你处世行事时，正确运用知识意味着力量。
I
think what he's done is to accept his own limitations. They were distressful memories to her. Distance from the event should make the memories less painful. Remembering this disaster at a distance, I now feel sure that it was not her fault. Social distance can be difficult to overcome. He studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer. He was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. His ability finally made a name for him. Paula didn't need any lessons when it comes to office politics.
Paula
didn't need any lessons when it comes to office politics. 说到办公室里明争暗斗那一套，波拉可算是无师 自通。
汉英语言差异

动词vs名词 短句vs长句 意合vs形合 主题vs主语



Profanity was tacitly given up. 亵渎神灵的粗话全都心照不宣地不用了。

1.
2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts. As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. Tact must be used in requesting permission; and unless it is given willingly and cordially, the patrol shall not be landed. My life has been lived in the healthy area between too little and too much. I’ve never experienced financial or emotional insecurity, but everything I have, I’ve attained by my own work, not through indulgence, inheritance or privilege.

Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。

They
have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. 但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得 好。
Distance
from the event should make the memories less painful. 时过境迁自会减少往事回忆的痛苦。
Remembering
this disaster at a distance, I now feel sure that it was not her fault. 现在再回头想想那场灾祸，我确信那不是她的过 错。

He felt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。
I
think what he's done is to accept his own limitations. 我想他所做的，无非是承认自己能力有限罢 了。 我觉得他这样做不过是承认自己能力有限罢 了。
They
were distressful memories to her. 这些都是勾起她痛苦回忆的往事。Biblioteka EXERCISES
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Indeed, this nation’s best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it is good, it can not last too long; if bad, you can not get rid of it too early. I asked that notice should immediately be given that I would broadcast at 9 o’clock that night. (Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of U.S.S.R, Winston S. Churchill) One of the great charms of Lawrence as a companion was that he could never be bored and so could never be boring. （On D. H. Lawrence, Aldous Huxley） You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.
He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts. 他同邦迪谈了一会儿，他提出的问题反映出他相当怀疑。 ……，提了些问题，看得出他相当怀疑。

As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮 助。 他初来乍到，希望你给他些必要的帮助。
Social
distance can be difficult to overcome. 社会等级差异有时很难消除。
He
studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer. He was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. His ability finally made a name for him. 他利用业余时间研究法律，后来当了律师。他擅 长演说，深谙政治哲学。他的才能最终让他成了 名。
Tact