上海外国语大学英语二外考研真题试题2016年

2016年上海外国语大学专业学位英语口译/笔译初试英语翻译基础（100分）12月26日14:00—17:00I. Cloze. (共15个空，一空两分，共30分)卷子上的标题是Here’s why the “American century” will survive rise of ChinaThe American century will survive the rise of ChinaJoseph Nye March 25, 2015Entropy is a greater challenge than Chinese growth, writes Joseph NyeIn 1941 Time editor Henry Luce proclaimed “the American century”. Some now see this coming to an end as 1. a result of the nation’s economic and political decline. Many point to the example of US failure to convince its allies to stay out of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Beijing’s rival to the World Bank; but this was 2.more an example of a faulty decision than evidence of decline, which raises the question of what is the natural life cycle of a nation.A century is generally the limit for a human organism but countries are social constructs. Rome did not collapse until more than three centuries after it reached its apogee of power in 117AD. After American independence in 1776 Horace Walpole, the British politician, lamented that his nation had been reduced to the level of Sardinia, just as Britain was about to enter the industrial revolution that 3. powered its second century as a global power.Any effort at assessing American power in the coming decades should 4. take into account how many earlier efforts have been wide of the mark. It is chastening to remember how wildly 5. exaggerated US estimates of Soviet power in the 1970s and of Japanese power in the 1980s were. Today some see the Chinese as 10ft tall and proclaim this “the Chinese century”.China’s size and relatively rapid economic growth will bring it closer to the US in terms of its power resources in the next few decades. But this does not necessarily mean it will surpass the US in military, economic and soft power.6. Even if China suffers no big domestic political setback, many projections are simple linear extrapolations of growth rates that are likely to slow in the future.7.Moreover, economic projections are one dimensional. They ignore US military and soft power advantages, such as the desire of students around the world to attend US universities. They also overlook China’s geopolitical 8. dis-advantages in the Asian balance of power, compared with America’s relations with Europe, Japan and India, which are likely to remain more favourable.It is not impossible that a challenger such as China, Europe, Russia, India or Brazil will surpass the US in the first half of this century but it is but not likely.On the question of absolute rather than 9. relative American decline, the US faces serious problems in areas such as debt, secondary education, income in?equality and political gridlock but these are only part of the picture. On the positive side of the ledger are favourable trends in demography, technology and energy as well as abiding factors such as geography and entrepreneurial culture.The scenarios that could 10. precipitate decline include ones in which the US overreacts to terrorist attacks by turning inwards and thus cuts itself off from the strength it obtains from openness. Alternatively it could react by overcommitting itself, and wasting blood and treasure as it did in Vietnam and Iraq.As an overall assessment, describing the 21st century as one of American decline is inaccurate and misleading. Though the US has problems it is not in absolute decline, unlike ancient Rome, and it is likely to remain more powerful than any single state in coming decades.The real problem is not that it will be overtaken by China or another contender but rather that it faces a rise in the power resources of many others—both states and non-state actors such as transnational corporations, terrorist groups and cyber criminals. And it will face an increasing number of global problems that will 11. call on our ability to organise alliances and networks.12. Contrary to the views of those who proclaim this the Chinese century, we have not entered a post-American world. But the American century of the future will not look the same as in previous decades. The US 13. share of the world economy will be smaller than it was in the middle of the past century.Furthermore, the complexity created by the rise of other countries, as well as the increased role of non-state actors, will make it harder for even America, the biggest power, to 14. wield influence and organise action. Entropy is a greater challenge than China.At the same time, even when the US had its greatest preponderance of power resources, it often failed to secure what it wanted. Those who argue that the disorder of today’s world is much worse than in the past should remember a year such as 1956,when the US was unable to prevent Soviet 15. repression of a revolt in Hungary; orthe Suez invasion by our allies Britain, France and Israel.We must not view the past through rose-tinted glasses. Now, with slightly less preponderance and a much more complex world, the American century will continue for at least a few decades, but it will look very different from when Luce first articulated it.中国崛起能终结美国世纪吗？美国哈佛大学教授约瑟夫-奈为英国《金融时报》撰稿1941年，《时代》杂志(Time)主编亨利-卢斯(Henry Luce)宣称，“美国世纪”已经来临。

2、回答问题： What aspects are ignored by many when assessing American power?
Did Britain decline after American independence in 1776?
also overlook China’s geopolitical 8.
in the Asian balance of power,
compared with America’s relations with Europe, Japan and India, which
are likely to remain more favorable.
Chinese as 10ft tall and proclaim this “the Chinese century”.
China’s size and relatively rapid economic growth will bring it closer
to the US in terms of its power resources in the next few decades. But
what is the natural life cycle of a nation.
A century is generally the limit for a human organism but countries
are social constructs. Rome did not collapse until more than three
The scenarios that could 10. decline include ones in which the

上海外国语大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试外国语言学及应用语言学专业外国语言学与应用语言学理论试题（考试时间 180分钟，满分150分，共2页）一、汉语部分，中文作答（共 105分）Ⅰ.术语解释（5×3=15）本部分为5个语言学术语，请解释其定义及含义，必要时可举例说明。

1.波形理论2.皮钦语3.语料库4.音位理论5.元语言功能Ⅱ.问答题（6×15=90）本部分为6道问答题，请就所给的问题做简短回答，有必要时请具体举例说明。

1.请简述双语现象和双语制问题，说明双语几个分类标准。

2.请说明什么是宏观语言学及其分类，必要时可以列举其代表。

3.请简要介绍英国语言学家韩礼德的语言学理论的主要内容。

4.请简要介绍转换生成语法及其在语言教学上的应用价值。

5.请简要介绍美国语言学家萨丕尔的语言学思想及其现实意义。

6.如何理解“语言是符号系统，这概括了语言本身的性质和特点”第1页共2页这句话?请举例说明。

二、英文部分，英文作答。

（15×3=45）1. What is structuralism?2. What is language planning?3. What is interlanguage?4. What is lingua franca?5. What are adjacency pairs?6. What is code-switching?7. What is linguistic determinism?8. What is diglossia?9. What is metonymy?10. What is language maintenance?11. What is hypercorrection?12. What is semantic field?13. What is displacement?14. What is elision?15. What is the “critical period”?第2页共2页。

2016年上海海事⼤学外国语学院256第⼆外语：英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】2016年上海海事⼤学外国语学院256第⼆外语：英语考研真题及详解Part ⅠVocabulary and Grammar (1×30=30%)In this section there are thirty sentences, and after each there are four choices marked A. B, C and D. Choose the one that best fits into each sentence and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. I love nothing better than the wonderful _____ of freshly baked bread.A. airB. odorC. aromaD. atmosphere【答案】C【解析】句意：我最喜欢的莫过于新鲜出炉⾯包的⾹味。

aroma指⼀种强烈的，弥漫的⾹味。

odor表⽰⽓味，是⾹或是臭须按修饰语来决定。

2. Paul Simon writes the _____ for most of his own songs.A. epicsB. poemsC. rhymesD. lyrics【答案】D【解析】句意：保罗·西蒙为⾃⼰的⼤部分歌曲作词。

lyrics歌词。

epic史诗；叙事诗。

rhyme 韵律；韵脚。

3. It’s very easy to get _____ because all the streets look the same.A. missedB. disorientatedC. directedD. targeted【答案】B【解析】句意：很容易迷失⽅向，因为所有的街道看起来都⼀样。

disorientated迷失⽅向的。

上海外国语大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语二（二外）试题（考试时间180分钟，满分100分，共7页）I. Grammar and Vocabulary (30%)Directions: From the four choices given, choose ONE to complete the sentence. Section A Grammar (15%, @1%)1. Suppose you _________ on a deserted island one day, what would you do?A. are to be leftB. have been leftC. had been leftD. were to be left2. Janet will surely finish the job on time ______ s he’s left to do it in h er own way.A. in thatB. so long asC. in caseD. as far as3. I told him how to get here but perhaps I _______ him a map.A. would have givenB. must have givenC. had to giveD. ought to have given4. Neither the boys nor Rose _________ to blame.A. isB. hasC. haveD. are5. They came all the way to China for promoting friendship _______ for seeking fortune.A. other thanB. more thanC. better thanD. rather than6. It wasn’t such a good performance _______ she had promised us.A. thatB. whichC. asD. what7. ________ you have passed your test you can drive on your own.A. Now thatB. If onlyC. What ifD. Only if8. Mia’s score on the test is the highest in the class; she________ last night.A. should studyB. should have studiedC. must have studiedD. must have to study9. William is ________ hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam.A. no lessB. no moreC. not lessD. no so10. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time ______ the guards discovered what had happened.A. sinceB. untilC. beforeD. when11. It is not so much the language _______ the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand.A. butB. norC. asD. like12. _________ man can now create radioactive elements, there is nothing he can do toreduce their radioactivity.A. AsB. WhetherC. WhileD. Now that13. Metals, _______ shaped into coins, jewelry, plates, or bowls, were an importantitem of trade between East and West.A. whetherB. whichC. no matterD. however14. The parents were worried about Dorothy because no one was aware ______ shehad gone.A. where thatB. of whereC. of the place whereD. the place15. Leo was told that after he graduated he ______ by a foreign bank.A. would be employedB. would get employedC. would be employingD. would employSection B Vocabulary (15%, @1%)1. The United Kingdom _________ England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.A. makes upB. comprisesC. formsD. belongs to2. Your job is not to make decisions but to ______ the decisions we make.A. completeB. implementC. supplementD. compliment3. The Car Club couldn’t ______ t o meet the demands of all its members.A. assumeB. guaranteeC. ensureD. confirm4. He made such a ______ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him.A. genuineB. generousC. modestD. minimum5. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ______ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that6. The ______ of finding gold in California were good in the 1840s.A. proposalsB. promisesC. prospectsD. privileges7. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girls respond to ______ situations.A. sameB. alikeC. likelyD. similar8. Have you got anything to say ______ the proposal?A. on behalf ofB. in contrast toC. with regard toD. for the purpose of9. Among all the contestants, Helen ________ with her fluent speech and quick response to the questions posed to her, and had won a prolonged applause from the audience.A. stoodB. stood upC. stood outD. put up10. The two neighboring countries are building up military forces on their borders:they are _______ hostile terms.A. onB. atC. inD. over11. This bedroom looks perfect, but do you know that it has been ________ from akitchen?A. transferredB. transfusedC. transportedD. transformed12. According to the US constitution, a person must commit a/an ______ act before he may be tried for treason.A. publicB. overturnC. outrageousD. epidemic13.As he could not account _________ his actions, .people wouldn’t forgive him.A. forB. ofC. onD. into14.The situation has been improved __________, due to their efforts.A. somehowB. whatsoeverC. somewhatD. somewhere15.The doctor _______ some medicine for my stomachache, which should be takenthree times a day.A. describedB. subscribedC. inscribedD. prescribedII. Cloze Test (20%, @1%)Directions: Fill each blank in the following passage. There are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage and choose the best answer for each blank.Many changes are taking place in the way in which men and women look at their roles in society. We see these roles most dramatically in job and business situations. It is no longer ______(1) to find a male nurse or a female construction worker. Years ago, ______(2), a man who worked as a nurse would have been ______(3) down upon for doing “a ______(4) job”, and a female construction worker would have been hooted off the construction ______(5) by her male co-workers. ______(6) dramatic these changes are, they are not as ______(7) as the changes that have taken place between men’s and women’s roles in ______(8) life.The fact that so many women today have ______(9) the job market and are______(10) independent careers for themselves have ______(11) the traditional family structure in many ways. For one ______(12), household work that used to be done by women is now often ______(13) equally by men and women. Men have discovered ______(14) that they too are capable of preparing the family dinner, ______(15) than thinking that they are only capable of taking out the garbage.Perhaps the greatest change ______(16) has taken place in the family is in parent’s new ______(17) toward bringing up children. While it is true that only mothers can breastfeed their own infants, ______(18) is it written that fathers cannot bathe their own babies or change diapers. And more and more of them are doing ______(19) that. These days, being a full-time ______(20) is a job that fathers and mothers both share.1. A) abnormal B) improper C) unusual D) extraordinary2. A) furthermore B) however C) moreover D) although3. A) set B) regarded C) looked D) forced4. A) woman’s B) girl’s C) inferior D) low-paid5. A) factory B) building C) site D) ground6. A) What B) Though C) However D) Very7. A) good B) serious C) important D) deep8. A) home B) family C) city D) business9. A) found B) liked C) entered D) appreciated10. A) seeking B) building C) making D) expecting11. A) produced B) developed C) altered D) shaken12. A) point B) time C) period D) thing13. A) done B) taken C) made D) set14. A) at least B) at best C) at last D) at most15. A) better B) rather C) more D) wiser16. A) which B) that C) what D) whether17. A) attitude B) feelings C) opinions D) roles18. A) anywhere B) nowhere C) somewhere D) everywhere19. A) only B) just C) at D) for20. A) trainer B) nurse C) helper D) parentIII. Reading Comprehension (10%, @1%)Directions: In this part there are two passages. Each passage is followed by five questions. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Passage OneJogging has become the most popular individual sport in America. It has become commonplace to see people of all ages running along city streets, in parks and along special jogger's trails that have been built in some cities. Many theories even some mystical ones, have been advanced to explain the popularity of jogging. Theplain truth is that jogging is a cheap, quick, and efficient way to maintain (or achieve) physical fitness.The most useful sort of exercise is an exercise that develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems. If these systems are fit, the body is ready for almost any sport and for almost any sudden demand made by work or emergencies. One can train more specifically, as by developing strength for weight lifting or the ability to run straight ahead for short distances with great power as in football, but running trains your heart and lungs to deliver oxygen more efficiently to all parts of your body. It is worth noting that this sort of exercise is the only kind that can reduce heart disease, the number one cause of death in America. Only one sort of equipment is needed -- a good pair of shoes. Physicians advise beginning joggers not to try to run in tennis or gym shoes. Many design advances have been made in only the last several years that make an excellent running shoe indispensable if a runner wishes to develop as quickly as possible, with as little chance of injury as possible. A good running shoe will have a soft-pad for absorbing shock, as well as a slightly built-up heel and a full heel cup that will give the knee and ankle more stability. A wise investment in good shoes will prevent blisters and foot, ankle, and knee injuries and will enable the wearer to run on paved or soft surfaces.No other special equipment is needed, you can jog in any clothing you desire, even your street clothes. Many joggers wear expensive, flashy warm-up suits, but just as many wear a simple pair of gym shorts and a T-shirt. In fact, many people just jog in last year's clothes. In cold weather several layers of clothing are better than one heavy sweater or coat. If joggers are wearing several layers of clothing, they can add or subtract layers as conditions change. It takes surprisingly little time to develop the ability to run. The American Jogging Association has a twelve-week program designed to move from a fifteen-minute walk (which almost anyone can manage who is in reasonable health) to a thirty-minute run. A measure of common sense, a physical examination, and planned schedule are all it takes.1. The main purpose of this passage is to ________.A. discuss jogging as a physical fitness programB. describe the type of clothing needed for joggingC. provide scientific evidence of the benefits of joggingD. distinguish between jogging as a "commonsense" fitness program and a cult movement2. The most useful kind of exercise is an exercise that ________.A. trains the body for weight liftingB. enables a person to run straight ahead for short distances with great powerC. is both beneficial and inexpensiveD. develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems3. We can conclude from this passage that ________.A. heart disease is no longer an American problem because of joggingB. jogging can be harmful if the runner is not properly preparedC. warm-up suits are preferable to gym shorts and T-shirtD. jogging is bad for the ankles and knees4. T he author’s tone is ________.A. skepticalB. belligerentC. approvingD. purely objective5. As used in this passage, the word "mystical" means ________.A. awesomeB. horrifyingC. a spiritual disciplineD. viciousPassage TwoIf you were going to spend the rest of your life in a savage wilderness and could only take five books with you, which five would you choose? Remember, these books may be the only books that you would be able to read for the rest of your life. This was a question that faced many of the early settlers who came to live in America, for there were no books, printing presses, or universities here. All reading materials had to be imported from Europe.The early colonists had few illusions about the hardships that awaited them. Tales had reached them about the long, cruel winters, the wild animals, and the lack of companionship. Deeply religious and serious people, they prepared for the difficulties ahead through their books. Whether they were French, Spanish, or English colonists, they would have taken the bible and other books for religious instruction. Some would have brought along books of poetry. Because it was necessary to educate in the New World, all the colonists would have brought along instructional books to teach the children reading, writing, and arithmetic.If you were going to spend the rest of your life on the moon and could only take five books with you, which five would you choose? Remember, these books may be the only books that you would be able to read for the rest of your life! The one book that we might still select is the Bible, but millions of books have been published since 1620, and so our other choices would be much more difficult!6. In the first sentence of the second paragraph, “had few illusions about” may best be replaced by __________.A. “were not interested in”B. “accepted the fact about”C. “did not have any faith in”D. “showed no concern for”7. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the early colonists?A. They were not religious.B. Some of them were English.C. They knew the hardships they were going to face.D. They did not ignore the education of their children.8. What does “the New World” in the second paragraph refer to?A. A Savage WildernessB. EuropeC. AmericaD. The Moon9. According to the passage, it is much more difficult for us to choose five books nowbecause _________.A. there are now fewer books and printing pressesB. all reading materials have to be importedC. the only book we can choose is the BibleD. there are so many more books to choose from10. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Which Books Would You Choose?B. Who Were the Early Colonists?C. How Did the Early Colonists Educate Their Children?D. Do You Want to Go to the Moon?IV. Translation (20%)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.Many of the people who settled in the United States were poor. The country they came to was a wilderness. Land had to be cleared of trees in order to make farms; mines had to be developed; houses, shops, and public buildings had to be built. Everyone had to help build them. Manual labor was highly valued. Later it was the man who worked with his head to achieve success in business and industry that was looked up to. Now there is in America a curious combination of pride in having risen to a position where it is no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living and genuine delight in what one is able to accomplish with one’s own hands.Foreigners sometimes draw the conclusion that Americans are wealthier than they are because they have such things as vacation houses or beautifully landscaped gardens. Yet they do not always realize that the Americans have these things only because they have made them themselves.V. Writing (20%)Directions: Write an essay of about 200 words according to the following prompt. The statements below are for your reference. A title is needed.1. In education we are striving not to teach youth to make a living, but to make a life.----W. A. White 2. Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lightening of a fire.----W. B. Yeats。

考研英语二2016真题In recent years, pursuing a postgraduate degree has become increasingly popular among Chinese students. The motivation behind this trend varies from person to person. Some students choose to further their education to enhance their knowledge and skills in a particular field, while others do so to improve their career prospects. Whatever the reason may be, the decision to pursue a postgraduate degree is a significant one that requires careful consideration.One of the main reasons why students choose to pursue a postgraduate degree is to gain a deeper understanding of their chosen field. In today's fast-paced and competitive world, having specialized knowledge can give individuals a distinct advantage. By pursuing a postgraduate degree, students have the opportunity to delve deeper into their area of interest, conduct research, and gain valuable insight. This advanced knowledge can not only benefit the students academically but also in their future careers.Another motivation for pursuing a postgraduate degree is to enhance career prospects. With the job market becoming increasingly competitive, many students believe that a postgraduate degree can give them an edge when applying for jobs. Employers often value candidates who possess both practical experience and advanced knowledge in a specific field. By pursuing a postgraduate degree, students can gain specialized skills and demonstrate their commitment to their chosen profession. This can significantly increase their chances of landing their dream job or advancing in their current career.Furthermore, pursuing a postgraduate degree allows students to expand their professional network. During their studies, students have the opportunity to interact with professors, researchers, and fellow students who share similar interests. These connections can be invaluable for future collaborations, job opportunities, and professional growth. Additionally, many universities offer internships, workshops, and networking events, which can further enhance students' career prospects and help them establish relationships with industry professionals.While pursuing a postgraduate degree has its benefits, it is not without challenges. The workload can be demanding, and students are often required to balance their studies with other commitments, such as part-time jobs or family responsibilities. Additionally, the cost of tuition and living expenses can be a significant financial burden for many students. However, for those who are willing to put in the effort and make the necessary sacrifices, the rewards can be well worth it.In conclusion, pursuing a postgraduate degree has become increasingly popular among Chinese students. Whether it is to gain specialized knowledge, improve career prospects, or expand professional networks, the decision to pursue a postgraduate degree requires careful consideration. While there may be challenges along the way, the benefits can be significant and contribute to personal and professional growth.。

2016上海外国语大学英语语言文学真题先说二外德语，首先是40道选择题，个人感觉和往年真题考的点差不多，主要有常用动词的考法，介词搭配，物主代词和形容词的变格，还有两道谚语题，aller Anfang ist schwer和kein Schmerz， kein Gewinn。

第二大题是选词填空，给出10个单词，大概讲的是上班族因为市中心房价太高，选择远离市中心，每天乘不同的交通工具上班，不是很难。

阅读大意是美国的一项调查，造纸业是能量消耗最高的产业之一，两个阶段人类的耗纸量，和钢铁行业能量消耗的比较，不同国家的耗纸量，德国对纸的回收。

答案都可以在原文中找到，有些选项会变换句型。

翻译大概是人们信件过时了，电子邮件更受年轻人的欢迎，但是信件也有优点。

哪些优点记不清了，感觉挺简单的。

作文是你会选择的职业，你选择的原因，这个职业有哪些优缺点，以及你怎样解决缺点。

语法我用的是标准德语语法——精解与练习，一本书做下来，语法绝对没问题。

词汇大学德语一就足够了。

英语综合，15道选择题，有词汇，文学，语言学的题，只记得一个问题问哪个是意识流的作家，答案是弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫。

完形填空我觉得最耗时间也最难，30题15分，我直接放弃了。

阅读八篇，有长有短，有些题目的答案原文是没有的，比如问这两个人出自哪本书，所以一些常识和文学知识还是要积累的。

第一篇考亚里士多德逻辑，很短的文章，有一个题问苏格拉底，柏拉图和亚里士多德之间的师生关系，考的是常识，原文没答案。

接下来五篇就考文学，有英国文学，美国文学和文学批评，题型主要考词的转换，句子的转换，文章结构关系，作者的态度。

第七篇也很短，考建筑的承力，原文直接有答案。

第八篇是一篇长文，讲的是1820年到1900年之间美国经济的迅速发展带来的影响，难度大约为英语六级。

阅读40题占40分，我觉得不应该耗费太多时间，决不能超过一个小时，我用了50分钟。

最后是作文，小作文“The World Awaits me”，叙述文，250词。

2016年考研英语二真题[正文]In recent years, there has been a growing trend of more and more students choosing to take the postgraduate entrance examination in China, commonly known as the "考研" (kǎoyán). This exam is widely believed to be one of the most challenging and competitive tests in the country. In 2016, the English exam for the second session presented students with a range of thought-provoking questions and challenging tasks.The reading comprehension section of the exam required students to read a series of passages and answer questions based on the content. One of the passages focused on the issue of online security, highlighting the importance of protecting personal information from hackers and cyber criminals. This passage aimed to raise awareness among the test takers about the potential risks of internet usage and the need to take precautions to safeguard themselves.Another section of the exam was dedicated to vocabulary. Students were given a list of words and were asked to choose the correct synonyms or antonyms for each word. This section not only tested the students' knowledge of English vocabulary but also their ability to apply that knowledge in a practical context.The writing section of the exam required students to write a short essay on a given topic. The topic provided was "The Impact of Social Media on Society." This topic allowed students to express their opinions and thoughts on the influence of social media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, andInstagram, on individuals and society as a whole. Students were asked to provide examples and arguments to support their viewpoints.The listening comprehension section of the exam consisted of audio clips, in which students had to listen to conversations or lectures and answer questions based on the information they heard. This section tested the students' listening skills and their ability to comprehend spoken English in different contexts.Overall, the 2016 English exam for the second session of the postgraduate entrance examination challenged students' language skills and critical thinking abilities. It aimed to assess their proficiency in English and their ability to understand and analyze complex texts and information.Taking the postgraduate entrance examination is a significant milestone for many Chinese students as it opens up opportunities for further studies and academic pursuits. Despite the challenges and intense competition, the exam serves as a platform for students to showcase their abilities and potential. It motivates students to strive for higher academic achievements and encourages them to pursue their passions and dreams.In conclusion, the 2016 English exam for the second session of the postgraduate entrance examination tested students' language skills, critical thinking abilities, and their knowledge of various social and cultural issues. It presented thought-provoking questions and challenging tasks, ensuring that only the most qualified candidates can succeed. As more and more students choose to take the "考研," it becomes increasingly important for them to prepare thoroughly and effectively in order to achieve their desired goals.。

可编辑修改精选全文完整版外国语学院二外德语历年考研真题及详解(总5页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可--全国名校外国语学院二外德语历年考研真题及详解（第3版）益星学习网可免费下载题库目录第1章全国名校外语学院二外德语考研真题分析二外德语考研真题分析重点院校二外德语考研真题比较第2章全国名校外语学院二外德语考研真题详解1．北京外国语大学二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2012～2014）2．中国人民大学二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2007）3．对外经济贸易大学二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2013～2014）4．北京第二外国语学院二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2012～2013）5．北京航空航天大学二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2012～2014）6．上海外国语大学二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2006）7．浙江大学二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2008-2009）8．武汉大学二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2008-2011）9．南京大学二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2008-2009）10．中山大学二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2012～2014）11．厦门大学二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2011～2013）12．四川外语学院二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2008-2009）13．南开大学二外德语考研真题及参考答案（2011～2012）第1章全国名校外语学院二外德语考研真题分析“二外德语”是全国各院校英语、日语、法语、俄语等外国语专业研究生入学考试科目，考生第二外语为德语。

一般来说，“二外德语”总分为100分，考试时间为3小时。

二外德语考研真题分析“二外德语”为全国各大院校自主命题，而非全国统考，没有统一的考试大纲，考生在备考“二外德语”时往往目标不明确，定位不准确，所以对各大院校的二外德语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。

分析各大院校的二外德语试题能够为考生准确定位自己的德语水平提供很好的参照，也使考生对“二外德语”考试有一个全面的了解，更加清晰的了解出题者的思路，从而正确地制定出复习方法和学习步骤，使复习具有针对性，使复习的效果更上一层楼。

2016上海外国语大学英语翻硕-百科单选样题及参考答案单项选择（50分）01.相传首创八卦的是：____。

A.伏羲B.周文王C.女娲D.周公旦02.战国时期，七雄争霸，它们是：____。

A.吴、越、秦、晋、齐、楚、燕B.齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏、秦C.齐、楚、吴、韩、秦、赵、魏D.齐、楚、越、魏、韩、赵、秦03.老子，姓李名聃，____人，是我国春秋时期伟大的哲学家。

A.鲁国B.楚国C.齐国D.晋国04.我国古代的四大发明是：____。

A.指南针、地动仪、造纸术和火药B.指南针、造纸术、印刷术和火药C.指南针、造纸术、青铜器和青花瓷D.指南针、木牛流马、印刷术和唐三彩05.《文心雕龙》的作者是：____。

A.司马光B.刘勰C.吕不韦D.司马相如06.我国古代四大文学名著指的是：____。

A.《水浒传》、《三国志》、《聊斋志异》和《金瓶梅》B.《楚辞》、《左传》、《三国演义》和《西游记》C.《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》和《红楼梦》D.《西行漫记》、《三国演义》、《西厢记》和《红楼梦》07.十字军东征（The Crusades）是在1096年到1291年发生的____次宗教性军事行动的总称，是由西欧基督教（天主教）国家对地中海东岸的国家发动的战争。

A.3B.4C.6D.908.“不和的金苹果（the Apple of Discord）”来自____里的一个故事。

A.《圣经》B.《伊索寓言》C.《伊利亚特》D.《神曲》09.《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）的作者是：____。

A.狄更斯B.小仲马C.托尔斯泰D.莎士比亚10.河姆渡考古发掘表明，水稻种植在我国至少已有____千年的历史。

A.6B.5C.8D.711.四大文明古国创造的科学技术成就，在人类文明发展史上做出了重大的贡献。

它们是：____。

A.印度、中国、巴比伦和埃及B.希腊，罗马，印度和埃及C.中国、埃塞俄比亚、雅典和埃及D.巴比伦、印度、雅典和埃及12.____是欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的发源地。

上海外国语大学考研2016年语言学概论真题回忆版一、名词解释（20*2’）1、语言符号的线条性2、聚合关系3、语法意义4、语言类型分类5、文字类型分类6、语义7、结构语言学8、转换生成语法9、语流音变10、义素分析法11、语体12、异根13、派生词14、直接成分分析法15、语言和言语16、语义场17、历史比较法18、音位19、熟语20、语言的规范化二、多项选择（10*2’）1.汉语一个音节可以有个音素。

a.1b.2c.3d.4e.52.就语言的共同来源而言,__同属一个语族。

a.汉语和日语b.法语和意大利语c.西班牙语和希腊语d.英语和德语3.属于言语修养的标准。

a.逻辑性b.含蓄性c.健康性d.浅显性4.Books和Rooms；write和right涉及到下列拼写法原则。

a.语音原则b.形态音位原则c.历史传统原则d.辨义原则5.历史比较语言学的代表人物是。

a.葆朴b拉斯克c哈利迪d沃斯托克夫6.汉语体范畴包括。

a.进行体b.完成体c.短暂体d.未然体7.下列语言属于分析语的是。

a汉语b意大利语c英语d法语8.下列属于符号的是。

a信号灯b旗语c上课铃d盲文9.科技术语的特点是。

a单义性b描述性c体系性d理据性10.下列语言有声调的有。

a古梵语b景颇语c泰语d韩语三、填空(20分)1.思维规律是全人类的，而语言规律具有特点。

2.仿词的涌现，是规律起作用的结果。

试举一例。

3.是语言分化的主要原因。

4.汉语语音体系中和是音节的必要组成成分。

5.根据语言功能特征的分类，普通话属于标准语，解放前上海使用的洋泾浜语是。

6.符号学术语semantics、pragmatics、syntactic分别相当于语言学中的__、__、__。

其中,__专门研究语言单位同交际主体之间的关系。

7.我国第一部语义词典是；杨雄的《方言》提出了的概念；是中国古代第一部系统分析字形和考证字源的字书。

8.stood中的“t”是发生了音变。

英语语言文学英汉互译英译汉选自伊莎多拉•邓肯的自传 My LifeISADORA DUNCAN’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY: CHAPTER ONEThe character of a child is already plain, even in its mother’s womb. Before I was born my mother was in great agony of spirit and in a tragic situation. She could take no food except iced oysters and iced champagne. If people ask me when I began to dance I reply, “In my mother’s womb, probably as a result of the oysters and champagne—the food of Aphrodite.”My mother was going through such a tragic experience at this time that she often said, “This child that will be born will surely not be normal,” and she expected a monster. And in fact from the moment I was born it seemed that I began to agitate my arms and legs in such a fury that my mother cried, “You see I was quite right, the child is a maniac!” But later on, placed in a baby jumper in the center of the table I was the amusement of the entire family and friends, dancing to any music that was played. My first memory is of a fire. I remember being thrown into the arms of a policeman from an upper window. I must have been about two or three years old, but I distinctly remember the comforting feeling, among all the excitement—the screams and the flames—of the security of the policeman and my little arms round his neck. He must have been an Irishman. I hear my mother cry in frenzy, “My boys, my boys,” and see her held back by the crowd from entering the building in which she imagined my two brothers had been left. Afterwards I remember finding the two boys sitting on the floor of a bar-room, putting on their shoes and stockings, and then the inside of a carriage, and then sitting on a counter drinking hot chocolate.I was born by the sea, and I have noticed that all the great events of my life have taken place by the sea. My first idea of movement, of the dance, certainly came from the rhythm of the waves. I was born under the star of Aphrodite, Aphrodite who was also born on the sea, and when her star is in the ascendant, events are always propitious to me. At these epochs life flows lightly and I am able to create. I have also noticed that the disappearance of this star is usually followed by disaster for me. The science of astrology has not perhaps the importance to-day that it had in the time of the ancient Egyptians or of the Chaldeans, but it is certain that our psychic life is under the influence of the planets, and if parents understood this they would study the stars in the creation of more beautiful children.I believe, too, that it must make a great difference to a child’s life whether it is born by the sea or in the mountains. The sea has always drawn me to it, whereas in the mountains I have a vague feeling of discomfort and a desire to fly. They always give me an impression of being a prisoner to the earth. Looking up at their tops, I do not feel the admiration of the general tourist, but only a desire to leap over them and escape. My life and my art were born of the sea.I have to be thankful that when we were young my mother was poor. She could notafford servants or governesses for her children, and it is to this fact that I owe the spontaneous life which I had the opportunity to express as a child and never lost. My mother was a musician and taught music for a living and as she gave her lessons at the houses of her pupils she was away from home all day and for many hours in the evening. When I could escape from the prison of school, I was free. I could wander alone by the sea and follow my own fantasies. How I pity the children I see constantly attended by nurses and governesses, constantly protected and taken care of and smartly dressed. What chance of life have they? My mother was too busy to think of any dangers which might befall her children, and therefore my two brothers and Iwere free to follow our own vagabond impulses, which sometimes led us into adventures which, had our mother known of them, would have driven her wild with anxiety. Fortunately she was blissfully unconscious. I say fortunately for me, for it is certainly to this wild untrammeled life of my childhood that I owe the inspiration ofthe dance I created, which was but the expression of freedom. I was never subjectedto the continual “don’ts” which it seems to me make children’s lives a misery.汉译英：林语堂的《秋天的况味》秋天的黄昏，一人独坐在沙发上抽烟，看烟头白灰之下露出红光，微微透露出暖气，心头的情绪便跟着那蓝烟缭绕而上，一样的轻松，一样的自由。

上海外国语大学考研语言与社会文化综合真题2016上海外国语大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试语言战略与语言政策学专业语言与社会文化综合试题（考试时间180分钟，满分150分，共11页）一、请用中文完成这部分试题（105分）1.“文字就是语言，语言就是文字”这句话对吗？请简述你的理由。

（20分）2.人们对语言的理解有很多种，请阅读下面的这些定义，然后归纳出人们的语言观可以分成哪几大类，请给每一种类型做一两句话的总结，说明你分类的依据是什么。

最后，请你谈谈自己赞同哪一种语言观，并举例说明为什么。

（45分）[1]列宁：“语言是最重要的人类交际工具。

”[2]张世禄：“语言是用声音来表达思想的。

语言有两方面，思想是它的内容，声音是它的外形；人类所以需要语言，因为有了思想，不能不把它表达出来。

这是根据人类的表现性的。

”[3]吕叔湘：“语言是什么?就是我们嘴里说的话……说话的效用受两种限制，空间和时间。

这两种限制都可以拿文字来突破……”[4]王力：“什么是语言?语言是表达思想或情感的工具。

……人类最普通的语言是用口说的，可以称为口语，也就是狭义的语言。

口语虽然便利，但是不能传远或传久，于是开化的或半开化的民族又创造文字来代替口语。

文字也是语言的一种，可称为书写的语言，或文语。

”[5]倪海曙：“我们平常口头上所说的语言或言语，都是口头上流思想，达到相互了解。

”[7]高名凯、石安石：“从语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统……这个系统中的每个成分即每个语言成分都是由声音和意义两个方面构成的。

”“就语言的基本职能来说，语言首先是交际工具……而且是思维工具。

”[8]赵元任：“语言是人跟人互通信息，用发音器官发出来的、成系统的行为方式。

”[9]北京大学《语言学纲要》教材：“语言是人类最重要的交际工具。

……语言是思维工具，也是认识成果的贮存所。

”[10]王希杰：“语言是一种社会现象……语言区别于其他社会现象的专门的特点是：（1）它是作为人们交际的工具、作为人们交流思想的工具来为社会服务的；（2）它是作为人们的思维工具来为社会服务的。

上海外国语大学 2016 年硕士研究生入学考试英语二外（自命题）试题（考试时间 180 分钟，满分 100 分，共 11 页）I. Grammar and Vocabulary (30%)Directions: From the four choices given, choose ONE to complete the sentence.Section A: Grammar (15%, @1%)1.In an hour, we can travel to places __________ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.A. whereB. whenC. whichD. what2.________ men have learned much from the behavior of animals isbarely new.A That B. Those C. What D. Whether3. It is reported that a series of meetings _____ held about the best way to market the new product.A. wasB. wereC. hasD. have4. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he himself.A. injuredB. had injuredC. would injureD. injure5. ________ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now.A. Had it not beenB. It were notC. Weren’t itD. Had not it been6. Anyone, once ____ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.A. to be testedB. being testedC. testedD. to test7. Hearing his words, I couldn’t decide _________ or remain.A. whether to go abroadB. if I go abroadC. if to go abroadD. to go abroad8. ----To build a factory is beneficial to the locals, but on the other hand, it will be not environmentally friendly.---- That’s_____ environmental protection organizations disagree.A. whatB. whereC. howD. which第1页共11页9. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used late for his lecture.A. to have studentsB. for students' beingC. for students to beD. to students' being10. I can’t meet you on Sunday. I’ll be ________ occupied.A. alsoB. justC. neverthelessD. otherwise11. They have eaten all the oranges on the table and ____ was left for me.A. noneB. nothingC. no oneD. not anything12. —May I go and play with Dick this afternoon，Mum?—No，you can’t go out________your work is being done.A. beforeB. untilC. asD. the moment13. Let’s not wait any longer, he might not ________ at all.A. turn overB. turn upC. used toD. turn down14. The car _______ halfway for no reason.A. broke offB. broke downC. broke upD. broke out15. Even as a girl, _____ to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teachers.A. performing by Melissa wereB.it was known that Melissa’s performances wereC.knowing that Melissa’s performances wereD.Melissa knew that performing wasSection B Vocabulary (15%, @1%)1. The ________ majority of citizens tend to believe that the death penalty will help decrease the crime rate.A. overflowingB. overwhelmingC. prevalentD. premium2.The two most important ________ in making a cake are flour and sugar.A. elementsB. componentsC. ingredientsD. constituents3. Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from one generation to another.A. translationB. transitionC. transmissionD. transaction4. No one knew that the apparently ________ businessman was really a criminal.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectfulD. realistic5. If nothing is done to protect the environment, millions of spiders that are alive today will have become ________.A. deterioratedB. degeneratedC. suppressedD. extinct第2页共11页6.In his last years, Henry suffered from a disease that slowly ________ him of much of his sight.A. relievedB. jeopardizedC. deprivedD. eliminated7. Because of the ________ of its ideas, the book was in wide circulation both at home and abroad.A. originalityB. subjectivityC. generalityD. ambiguity8.My sister is quite ________ and plans to get an M. A. degree within one year.A.aggressiveB. enthusiasticC. considerateD. ambitious9.The manager tried to wave aside these issues as ________ details that would be settled later.A. versatileB. trivialC. preliminaryD. alternate10. With its own parliament and currency and a common ________ for peace, the European Union declared itself—in 11 official languages—openfor business.A. inspirationB. assimilationC. intuitionD. aspiration11. As one of the youngest professors in the university, Miss King is certainly on the ________ of a brilliant career.A. thresholdB. edgeC. porchD. course12. Mainstream pro-market economists all agree that competition is an________ spur to efficiency and innovation.A. extravagantB. exquisiteC. intermittentD. indispensable13. In the late 19th century, Jules Verne, the master of science fiction,foresaw many of the technological wonders that are ________ today.A. transientB. commonplaceC. implicitD. elementary14. The advance of globalization is challenging some of our most ________ values and ideas, including our idea of what constitutes “home”.A. enrichedB. enlightenedC. cherishedD. chartered15. Researchers have discovered that ________ with animals in an active way may lower a person’s blood pressure.A. interactingB. integratingC. migratingD. mergingII. Cloze Test (15%, @1%)Directions: Fill in each blank of the following passage with an appropriate word.Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 1 to how they can best 2 such changes. Growing bodies need第3页共11页movement and exercise, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 3 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of newintellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 4 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 5 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 6to plan activities inwhich thereare more winners thanlosers, 7 ,publishing newsletters with many student written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of smallclubs can provide 8 opportunities for leadership,aswell as forpracticein successful 9 dynamics. Making friends is extremelyimportant to teenagers, and many shy students need the 10 of somekind of organization with a s upportive adult 11 visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have short attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 12 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the otherparticipants 13. This does not mean thatadults must acceptirresponsibility. 14 , they can help students acquire a senseofcommitment by planning for roles that are within their 15 and their attention spans and by shavings clearly stated rules.1. A. thought B. idea C. opinion D. advice2. A. strengthen B. accommodate C. stimulate D. enhance3. A. If B. Although C. Whereas D. Because4. A. assistance B. guidance C. confidence D. tolerance5. A. claimed B. admired C. ignored D. surpassed6. A. improper B. risky C. fair D. wise7.A. in effect B. as a result C. for example D. in a sense8.A. durable B. excessive C. surplus D. multiple9. A. group B. individual C. personnel D. corporation10. A. consent B. insurance C. admission D. security11. A. particularly B. barely C. definitely D. rarely12. A. if only B. now that C. so that D. even if13. A. off B. down C. out D. alone14. A. On the contrary B. On the averageC. On the wholeD. On the other hand15. A. capabilities B. responsibilities C. proficiency D. efficiencyIII. Reading Comprehension (30%, @1.5%)Directions: Read the following passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Passage 1In the early days of nuclear power, the United States made money on it. But today opponents have so complicated its development that no nuclear plants have been ordered or built here in 12 years.The greatest fear of nuclear power opponents has always been a reactor "meltdown". Today, the chances of a meltdown that would threaten U. S. public health are very little. But to even further reduce the possibility, engineers are testing new reactors that rely not on human judgment to shut them down but on the laws of nature. Now General Electric is already building two advanced reactors in Japan. But don't expect them even on U. S. shores unless things change in Washington.The procedure for licensing nuclear power plants is a bad dream. Any time during, or even after, construction,an objection by any group or individual can bring everything to a halt while the matter is investigated or taken to court. Meanwhile, the builder must add nice-but-not-necessary improvements, some of which force him to knock down walls and start over. In every case when a plant has been opposed, the Nuclear Regulation Commission has ultimately granted a license to construct or operate. But the victory often costs so much that the utility ends up abandoning the plant anyway.A case in point is the Shoreham plant on New York's Long Island. Shoreham was a virtual twin to the Millstone plant in Connecticut, both ordered in the mid-60's. Millstone, completed for $ 101 million, has been generating electricity for two decades. Shoreham, however, was singled out by antinuclear activists who, by sending in endless protests, drove the cost over $ 5 billion and delayed its use for many years.Shoreham finally won its operation license. But the plant has never produced a watt power. Governor Mario Cuomo, an opponent of a Shoreham start up, used his power to force New York's public-utilities commission to accept the following settlement: the power company could pass the cost of Shoreham along to its consumers only if it agreed not to operate the plant. Today, a perfectly good facility, capable of servicing hundreds of thousands第5页共11页of homes, sits rusting.1.The author's attitude toward the development of nuclear power is______.A. negativeB.neutralC. positiveD.questioning2.What has made the procedure for licensing nuclear power plants a bad dream?A.The inefficiency of the Nuclear Regulation Commission.B.The enormous cost of construction and operation.C.The length of time it takes to make investigations.D.The objection of the opponents of nuclear power.3.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that______.A.there are not enough safety measures in the U. S. for running new nuclear power plantsB.it is not technical difficulties that prevent the building of nuclear power plants in the U.S.C.there are already more nuclear power plants than necessary in the U. S.D.the American government will not allow Japanese nuclear reactors to be installed in the U. S.ernor Mario Cuomo's chief intention in proposing the settlement was to_______.A. stop the Shoreham plant from going into operationB. urge the power company to further increase its power supplyC.permit the Shoreham plant to operate under certain conditions D.help the power company to solve its financial problems5.The phrase "single out" is closest in meaning to_______.A. delayB. end upC. completeD. separatePassage 2Two hours from the tall buildings of Manhattan and Philadelphia live some of the world’s largest black bears. They are in northern Pennsylvania’s Pocono Mountains, a home they share with an abundance of other wildlife.The streams, lakes, meadows, mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. Open spaces are threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats are endangered by highway construction. To protect the Poconos natural beauty from irresponsible development, the Nature第6页共11页Conservancy named the area one of America’s “Last Great Places”.Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvania, the conservancy’s bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth with environmental protection. By forging partnerships with people like Francis Altemose, the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14,000 acres of environmentally important land in the area.Altemose’s family has farme d in the Pocono area for generations. Two years ago Francis worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program. As a result, his family’s land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson.Cook attributes the Conservancy’s success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a commitment to working with local residents “The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecti ng with the local community,” Cook said. “The people who live there respect the land. They value quiet forests, clear streams and abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservation effort.For more information on how you can help the Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and the world’s other “Last Great Places,” please call1-888-564 6864 or visit us on the World Wide Web at .6.The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of America’s “Last Great Places” is to ________.A. gain support from the local communityB.protect it from irresponsible development C.make it a better home for black bearsD. provide financial security for future generations7.We learn from the passage that ________.A.the population in the Pocono area is growingB.wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidlyC.the security of the Pocono residents is being threatenedD.farmlands in the Pocono area are shrinking fast8. What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook?A.The setting up of an environmental protection websiteB.Support from organizations like The Nature ConservancyC.Cooperation with the local residents and business leadersD.Inclusion of farmlands in the region’s protection program第7 页共11 页9.What does Bud Cook mean by “having a local presence” (Line 1, Para. 5)?A. Financial contributions from local business leadersB.Consideration of the interests of the local residentsC. The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the areaD. The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area10.The passage most probably is ________.A.an official documentB.a news storyC.an advertisementD. a research reportPassage 3Once it was possible to define male and female roles easily by the division of labor. Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families, while women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children. These roles were firmly fixed for most people, and there was not much opportunity for women to exchange their roles. But by the middle of this century, men’s and women’s roles were becoming less firmly fixed.In the 1950s, economic and social success was the goal of the typical American. But in the 1960s a new force developed called the counterculture. The people involved in this movement did not value the middle-class American goals. The counterculture presented men and women with new role choices. Taking more interest in childcare, men began to share child-raising tasks with their wives. In fact, some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and childcare responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes. In addition, many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier. Some young men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam.In terms of numbers, the counterculture was not a very large group of people. But its influence spread to many parts of American society. Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns. Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on “overtime” work so that they could spend more leisure time with their families. Some doctors, lawyers, and teachers turned away from high paying situations to practice their professions in poorer neighborhoods.In the 1970s, the feminist movement, or women’s liberation, produced第8页共11页additional economic and social changes. Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force in greater numbers. Most of them still took traditional women’s jobs as public school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. But some women began to enter traditionally male occupations: police work, banking, dentistry, and construction work. Women were asking for equal work, and equal opportunities for promotion.Today the experts generally agree that important changes are taking place in the roles of men and women. Naturally, there are difficulties in adjusting to these transformations.11.Which of the following best express the main idea of Paragraph 1?A. Women usually worked outside the home for wages.B. Men and women’s roles were easily exchanged in the past.C.Men’s roles at home were more firmly fixed than women’s.D. Men and women’s roles were usually quite separated in the past.12.Which sentence best expresses the main idea of Paragraph 2?A. The first sentence.B. The second and the third sentences.C. The fourth sentence.D. The last sentence.13. In the passage the author proposes that the counterculture___.A. destroyed the United States.B. transformed some American values.C.was not important in the United States.D.brought people more leisure time with their families.14. It could be inferred from the passage that___.A.men and women will never share the same goals.B.some men will be willing to exchange their traditional male roles.C.most men will be happy to share some of the household responsibilities with their wives.D.more American households are headed by women than ever before.15. The best title for the passage may be ___.A.Results of Feminist Movements.B.New influence in American Life.C.Counterculture and Its consequence.D.Traditional Division of Male and Female Roles.Passage 4What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology, chemistry, geology, engineering, medicine or any other science? We all know that science plays第9页共11页an important role in the societies in which we live. Many people believe, however, that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. The first of these is the application of the machines, products and systems of applied knowledge that scientists and technologists develop. Through technology, science improves the structure of society and helps man to gain increasing control over his environment.The second aspect is the application by all members of society of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity - he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation, and his curiosity makes him look for underlying relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected. Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing conditions and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves.He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective and applies logical thought to the observations he makes. He utilizes the facts he observes to the fullest extent. For example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum.He is skeptical - he does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available - and therefore rejects authority as the sole basis for truth. Scientists always check statements and make experiments carefully and objectively to verify them.Furthermore, he is not only critical of the work of others, but also of his own, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb objective investigation.Lastly, he is highly imaginative since he often has to look for relationships in data which are not only complex but also frequently incomplete. Furthermore, he needs imagination if he wants to make hypotheses of how processes work and how events take place.These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks and acts.16. Many people believe that science helps society to progress throughA. applied knowledge.B. more than one aspect.C. technology only.D. the use of machines.17.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about curiosity?第10 页共11 页A.It gives the scientist confidence and pleasure in work.B.It gives rise to interest in problems that are unexplained.C.It leads to efforts to investigate potential connections.D.It encourages the scientist to look for new ways of acting. 18.According to the passage, a successful scientist would notA.easily believe in unchecked statements.B.easily criticize others' research work.C.always use his imagination in work.D.always use evidence from observation. 19.What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Application of technology.B. Progress in modem society.C.Scientists' ways of thinking and acting.D.How to become a successful scientist.20. What is the author's attitude towards the topic?A. Critical.B. Objective.C. Biased.D. Unclear.IV. Writing (25%):Please write an essay of no less than 150 words on the title of “My View on Independence and Self-reliance”. The following statements are for your reference.1.God helps those who help themselves.2.Everyman is the architect of his own fortune.You are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, language and organization.第11页共11页。

2016考研英语二真题及详细解析Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.__7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.”The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.__17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often18. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out1. [标准答案] [C]how[考点分析] 连词辨析[选项分析] 根据语境，“新发现表明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。

上海外国语大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试英语（自命题）试题（考试时间180分钟，满分100分，共9页）I.vocabulary and structure(30%)Dircetions:form the four choices given,choose ONE to complete the sentence.Section A:structure(15%,@1%)1.The anthor thanked all those who have helped to make this a better book than it______A.should beB.would have beenC.would beD.would otherwise have been2.He is_____than a busineddman.A.much a scholarB.a scholarC.more a scholarD.as a scholar3.She is one of those women who I am sure,always do____best both in their family and in their profession.A.herB.theirC.one’sD.the4._____the poem is to understad,the professor successfully made it understood by the students.A.As difficultB.Difficult asC.Though difficultD.Difficult5.I____live in Shanghai than in a remote village.A.would ratherB.preferC.like toD.had better6.The manager often has his staff____in the office after work.A.stayingB.to stayC.to be stayingD.stay7.I am now a freshman in university.By the year2015,I____for about two years.A.will workB.will be workingC.will have been workingD.have worked8.”I saw Mary in the library yesterday.”“You____her,she is still in her hometown and hasn’t been back to school yet.”A.can’t have toB.mustn’t have beenC.can’t seeD.mustn’t see9.The student listened carefully_____he might find out where the teacher put emphasis on.A.for fear thatB.in order thatC.in case thatD.provided that10.The photos taken by a digital camera are_____than those taken by a conventional camera.A.much clearerB.more clearerC.much more clearerD.much clear11.____we went swimming.A.Being a hot dayB.The day being outC.It was a hot dayD.To be a hot day12.If he dares not to fight against the cnemy,he is_____.A.not enough of a manB.not enough as a manC.not enough of manD.not a man enough13.TOEFL is a test for students____native langnage is not English.A.whoB.theirC.whichD.whose14.We saw a new film at the cinema._____we had supper at a restaurant.A.then whichB.after whichC.after thatD.in which15.The doctor sent hin to bed,saying he was much______.A.very illB.illC.too illD.ill enoughSection B.Vocabulary(15%,@1%)1.The travelers sought shelter_____the rain and happened to find a roadside inn.A.fromB.byC.forD.with2.The old patient can’t hope to____her cold in a few days.A.get awayB.get offC.get outD.get over3.After much negotiation we have____the tenns of the contract.A.agreedB.agreed onC.agreed toD.agreed with4.The actors have to_____before they appear in front of the strong lights on television.A.make upB.cover upC.paint upD.do up5.In most of the universities_____are required to take more courses than postgraduates.A.pupilsB.undergraduatesC.juniorsD.seniors6.The servant hit the vase with his cibow and it_____to the floor.A.smashedB.brokeC.konckedD.crashed7.My parents____me to come back home for the Christmas break or they would miss me very much.A.convincedB.suggestedC.advisedD.insisted8.The receptionist at the hotel told me that all rooms had been____.A.arrangedB.filled inedD.reserved9.It is_____knowledge in the class that William is the best student in every subject.monB.ordinaryC.normalual10.He spoke clearly and____and we could understand every world he said.A.distinctivelyB.disringuishableC.distinguishedD.distinctly11.Freshmen often find it difficult to____thenselves to new environment.A.adopt Badapt C.fit D.suit12.The manager never take previous working experience into____when he fixes the staff’s saiary.A.accountB.mindC.thoughtD.thinking13.The audience burst into____when the lecturer quoted a humorous story.ughughtersughingughter14.Having failed in the exam,the boy went home in____spirits.A.coldB.lowC.deepD.empty15.Mrs.Henry is so____about her dress that her husband often gets impatient.A.specialB.peculiarC.particularD.especialⅡCloze(20%,@1%)Directions;For each blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Read the passage and choose the best answer for each blank.Passage oneWhen I was about twelve.I suddenly developed a great passion__1__writeing poetty.I gave up all other hobbies,such as__2__stamps,and spent all my__3__time readying poetry and writing it. This habit of writing poetry on every possible__4__soon got me into trouble at school.If a lesson did not interest me,I would take out my notebook and atarted writeing poems in class.Of course I did this very__5__,but it was not long before I got caught.One day while I was busy writing a poem during a geography lesson I looked up to find the teacher standing beside me,fuming with anger because I was convinced that I had writen a good poem,so that evening I wrote it out again from memory.Not long after,I read about a poetry contest and I decided to send in my poem. Weeks later,ong after I had given up hope,I get a letter informing me I had won fiest__8__. Everyone at school was very impressed except the geography teacher,who__9__me more carefullythan ever.He was quite__10__that I was not going to write poetry in his lesson.1.A.for B.in C.on D.at2.A.arranging B.collecting C.gathering D.keeping3.A.additional B.extra C.other D.spare4.A.chance B.moment C.occasion D.time5.A.anxiously B.attentively C.eautiously D.silently6.A.calling B.devoting C.attracting D.paying7.A.warning B.notice C.word D.look8.A.position B.prize C.reward D.victory9.A.guarded B.inspected C.observed D.watched10.A.determined B.annoyed C.fixed D.assuredPassage twoTo others and themselves the Brithish have a requtation__11__being conservatiove-out in the__12__political sense,but in the sense of adherence to accepted ideas and unwilligness to question__13__.The reputation comes partly from their history.For900years they have suffered __14__invasion nor revolution nor disastrous defear in war.Their monarchy__15__without serious question.Under its nominal leadership the political arrangements have been__16__ stable that,except for the two interruptions in the seventeenth century,they have been adapted throughout the centuries to__17__chanding needs without violent changes.Britain,in1978,was __18__in managing without a written constitution;some fragmentary definitions of1688still survived.There had been bitter quarrels,social and economic as well as political,but the quarrels had been settled,usually__19__compromise.The__20__continuity had not been broken.11.A.of B.for C.in D.to12.A.limited B.restrieted C.narrow D.broad13.A.it B.them C.him D.her14.A.neither B.eirther C.nor D.both15.A.lives B.survives sts D.stands16.A.as B.very C.too D.so17.A.take B.make C.dentand D.meet18.A.unique B.only C.one D.single19.A.for B.as C.with D.by20.A.under B.lying C.underlying D.undergoingⅢ.Reading comprehension(30%,@2%)Directiong:In this part there are three passages.Each passages is followed by five questions.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Paaage oneThe econimic conditions that necessitate the construction of very high buildings on narrow lots first emerged as a decisive factor in New Yock City.Intensive land use,with the resulting speculative traffic in real estate was itself a consequence of more powerful and pervasive forces. Industrial expansion was the primary factory and in the period following the American Civil Was much of that expansion continned to be concentrated in New England and the Middle Atlantic atates.Financial institutions had long been located mainly in Boston,but the center was rapidly shifting to New York around the time of the War.A new pattern of close interdependence among industries demanded centralization of business administration.The leadership of New York Cityas an occan port,along with its proximity to major attract.once established.has never wanted even today.It is a primary administrative and banking center.The financial resouneces for the high bulidingd were there,the advelopment of safe elevator transportation and the organisztion of construction facilities soon made them a reality.1.Which of the following would be title for the passage?A.New Patterns of Transportation in the Middle Atlantic States.B.Buying Real Estate for Speculation in New English。

上海外国语大学2001年攻读硕士学位研究生考试英语语言文学专业翻译试卷（三小时完成）1．Translate the following into English(50%)（注意“.”是代表“顿号”）（1）中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。

中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。

（2）一八四零年以后，封建的中国逐渐变成半殖民地.半封建的国家。

中国人民为国家独立.民族解放和民族自由进行了前扑后继的英勇奋斗。

（3）二十世纪，中国发生了翻天覆地的伟大历史变革。

（4）一九一一年孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命，废除了封建帝制，创立了中华民国。

但是，中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的历史任务还没有完成。

（5）一九四九年，以毛泽东主席为领袖的中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在经历了长期的艰难曲折的武装斗争和其他形式的斗争以后，终于推倒了帝国主义.封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治，取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利，建立了中华人民共和国。

从此，中国人民掌握了国家的权利，成为国家的主人。

（6）中华人民共和国成立以后，我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。

生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成，人剥削人的制度已经消失，社会主义制度已经确立。

工人阶级领导的.以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政，实质上即无产阶级专政，得到巩固和发展。

中国人民和中国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义.霸权主义的侵略.破坏和武装挑衅，维护了国家的独立和安全，增强了国防。

经济建设取得了重大的成就，独立的.比较完善的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成，农业生产显著提高。

教育.科学.文化等事业有了很大的发展，社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成就。

广大人民的生活有了较大的改善。

（7）中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，都是中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义.毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。

今后国家的根本任务是集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设。