00830 现代语言学 2008年01月试卷

浙江省2008年1月高等教育自学考试英语语法试题课程代码：10056I. After each sentence, four options are given. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and write the letter of your choice in the brackets.（40%）1. I saw many ___________ seated in the corner reading something.( )A. JapaneseB. JapanesesC. of JapaneseD. of Japaneses2. Father went to his doctor for ___________ about his heart trouble.( )A. an adviceB. adviceC. advicesD. the advices3. China is larger than ___________ country in Asia.( )A. anyB. any otherC. otherD. another4. —Would you like ___________ dumplings?—No, thanks.( )A. someB. anotherC. anyD. all5. The soldier died during ___________ World War I.( )A. theB. the firstC. /D. a6. There were two small rooms in the house, ___________ smaller of which served as___________ kitchen.( )A. a, theB. the, aC. the, theD. a, a7. The group is made up ___________ five students and they are studying hard to makeup___________ the lost time.( )A. of, ofB. for, forC. of, forD. for, of8. I don’t think Xiao Li is ___________ the other students ___________ mathematics.( )10056# 英语语法试题第 1 页共8 页A. after, onB. after, withC. behind, inD. behind, at9. —How did you find your visit to museum?—I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was ___________ than I expected.( )A. far more interestingB. even much interestingC. so more interestingD. a lot much interesting10. Of those fashionable coats, she chose ___________.( )A. the less expensiveB. the one most expensiveC. the most expensive of themD. the least expensive11. —Don’t you feel surprised to see Bruce at the meeting?—Yes. I really didn’t think she ___________ here. ( )A. has beenB. had beenC. would beD. would have been12. The moment I___________ her, I knew something ___________ wrong.( )A. have seen; goneB. had seen; hadC. saw; wasD. see; had gone13. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he ___________ until yesterday.( )A. will comeB. was comingC. had been comingD. come14. He ___________ Shanghai and will stay there for a year.( )A. has been toB. has come forC. has left forD. has left15. Mathematics is difficult ___________. ( )A. to learnB. for learningC. to be learnedD. of learning16. —I can’t see the blackboard very well.—Perhaps you need ___________. ( )A. to examine your eyesB. to have your eyes examinedC. to have examined your eyesD. to be examined your eyes17. The chairman told the speaker that she ___________ to speak a little louder so as to make10056# 英语语法试题第 2 页共8 页herself ___________.( )A. was expected; heardB. had expected; hearC. had hoped; hearD. had hoped; heard18. He had known the matter before you told him, so you ___________ have told it to him.( ) A. mustn’t B. can’tC. needn’tD. shouldn’t19. The girl ___________ out alone at night. ( )A. dare not goB. dare not to goC. dares not goD. does not dare go20. He went there on foot and got very tired, but he ___________ by bus. The fare was rathercheap.( )A. could have goneB. must have goneC. ought have goneD. will have gone21. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly, but everyone ___________ get out.( )A. couldB. wouldC. was able toD. had to22. The students expected there ___________ more reviewing classes before the finalexams.( )A. isB. beingC. have beenD. to be23. While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ___________ into buying something they don’treally need.( )A. persuadeB. persuadingC. being persuadedD. be persuaded24. The question ___________ now at the meeting is not the question ___________yesterday.( )A. discussed; discussedB. discussing; had discussedC. being discussed; discussedD. discussing; discussing25. ___________ maps properly, you need a special pen.( )10056# 英语语法试题第 3 页共8 页A. DrawnB. DrawingC. To drawD. Be drawing26. When ___________ why he walked in without permission, he just stared at us and saidnothing.( )A. been askedB. askedC. askingD. to be asked27. ___________ we can’t get seems better than ___________ we have.( )A. What; whatB. What; thatC. That; thatD. That; what28. The manager of the company held the view ___________ the report stated was not true.( ) A. which what B. thatC. what thatD. that what29. His ability has never been in doubt . The question is ___________ he is prepared to work hard.( )A. whetherB. ifC. thatD. where30. The school ___________ I studied ten years ago is ___________ we visited yesterday.( )A. where; thatB. that; whichC. where; the oneD. which; that31. He made another wonderful discovery, ___________ of great importance to science. ( )A. which I think isB. which I think it isC. which I think itD.I think which is32. Then the great day came ___________ he was to march past the palace in the parade.( )A. whereB. sinceC. whenD. till33. After the war, a new school building was put up ___________ there had once been a theatre.( ) A. that B. where10056# 英语语法试题第 4 页共8 页C. whichD. when34. You’d better do ___________ you are required.( )A. likeB. whichC. thatD. as35. ___________, you can’t go in without permission.( )A. No matter whoever you areB. Whomever you areC. Whoever you areD. No matter who are you36. ___________ beautiful clothing does not make a fine gentleman, so beautiful feathers do not make a fine bird.( )A. AlthoughB. Just asC. Now thatD. Because37. ___________ it ___________ for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress.( )A. Had; not beenB. Should; not beC. Did; not beD. Not; be38. Alice, together with two boys, ___________ for having broken the rule.( )A. was punishedB. punishedC. were punishedD. being punished39. It was not until she came to see us ___________ her mother was ill in bed.( )A. when we knewB. that did we knewC. that we knewD. that did we know40. ___________, I will not buy it.( )A. Much as do I like itB. As much I like itC. Much as I like itD. As I like it muchII. Each of the following sentences has four words or phrases underlined. They are marked A, B, C and D. You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that is inappropriate and write the letter of your choice in the brackets.（10%）41. She had known that Michael could not come, Doris would never have come to the party.A B C D( )10056# 英语语法试题第 5 页共8 页42. I don’t think it advisable that he will be assigned to the job since he has no experienceA B Cat all.( )D43. I’ve been sitting here for hours think about my problem.( )A B C D44. The fire began in the fifth floor of the hotel, but it soon spread to adjacent floors.A B C D( )45. It was turned out that the securities were not so valuable as people had expected.A B C D( )46. A number of visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition which they saw many newA B C Dproducts.( )47. Paul never told us why was he absent from the meeting yesterday, did he?( )A B C D48. If he would have lain quietly as instructed by the doctor, he might not have had a secondA B C Dheart attack.( )49. Despite of the pills which are available, many people still have trouble sleeping.A B C D( )50. Having attended college since four years, Nana is quite proficient at taking notes.A B C D( ) III. Complete the following sentences with the proper forms of the given verbs.（10%）51. The children were talking merrily in the classroom when the teacher ___________ (step) in.52. Great changes ___________ (take) place in China in the past few years.53. We ___________ (obtain) our university degrees by the end of the next month.10056# 英语语法试题第 6 页共8 页54. The traffic was very heavy. By the time we got to the airport, Bob’s plane ___________(arrive, already).55. It’s about time that we ___________ (have ) a rest.56. I ___________ (give) him the message as soon as I arrive home.57. We’d rather that we ___________ (go) downtown tomorrow.58. I ___________ (walk) along the street when someone called my name from behind.59. The teacher said that the Yellow River ___________ (be) the second largest river in China.60. I ___________ (finish) the novel last night, but I was just too tired.IV. Complete the following sentences by using the non finite forms of the given verbs.（10%）61. If you think you can fool me into ___________ (believe) your promises , you are wrong.62. It is a waste of time ___________ (search) for a ring in the woods.63. When I walked into the apartment, I heard my roommate ___________ (sing) in the shower.64. Mr. Buck warned his daughter ___________ (not, play) with matches.65. Her friend never imagined her ___________ (take) care of a large family after she got married.66. I saw a wallet on the road and stopped ___________ (pick) it up.67. ___________ (experience) the first failure, he seemed calm down.68. If you don’t feel like ___________ (work) in my company, why stay here?69. I went to the bank to have a check ___________ (cash).70. I don’t think it wise ___________ (encourage) young people to defy authorities.V. You are to rewrite the following sentences without changing the original meanings, using the structures suggested in the brackets and making other necessary changes. (20%)71. You must account for every penny you spent.(passive voice)72. She heard of the man referred to as a specialist from Stephen.(cleft sentence emphasizing“from Stephen”)73. On top of the hill stands an old church. (existential sentence)74. She did not come yesterday because she was unwell. (compound sentence)75. He claimed that he was an expert in such matters. (infinitive phrase)76. TV can keep us informed of what is happening throughout the world. What’s more, TV brings10056# 英语语法试题第7 页共8 页us various forms of entertainment. (not only...but also)77. Though it was light as the feather, their tent somehow remained firm. (verbless clause)78. As he had witnessed the crime, he was expected to give evidence in court.(pariciple phrase)79. Since you didn’t take my advice, you’re in a difficult situation now. (subjunctive mood)80. As she was a new hand in the work, she didn’t have enough confidence in herself.(participlephrase)VI. You are to rewrite the following sentences into complex ones containing the subordinate clauses indicated in the brackets (10%)81. The country now has over 300,000 inhabitants. Most of them live in villages.(attributive clause)82. It is true that the earth is round. This truth has been evident to every astronaut. (appositiveclause)83. There was much noise. We could hardly hear the speaker. (adverbial clause of result)84. You are coming to Hangzhou. It is the best news I have heard this long time.(subject clause)85. I will let you come with me on one condition. You must do exactly what I tell you. (adverbialclause of condition)10056# 英语语法试题第8 页共8 页。

四川外国语学院现代汉语与语言学概论2008年考研试题第一篇：四川外国语学院现代汉语与语言学概论2008年考研试题四川外语学院2008年研究生入学考试试题现代汉语与语言学概论答题要求：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。

全卷150分，3小时完成。

语言学概论试题（75分）一、术语解释（20分）1、语法范畴2、语言融合3、洋泾浜4、社会方言5、团音二、用国际音标给下列汉字注音（10%）随风潜入夜润物细无声三、判断下列表述的正误（21分）1、一切语言都至少有由名词性词语和动词性词语构成的句子。

2、思维离不开语言，必须在语言材料的基础上进行。

3、书面语完全脱离口语是违背语言发展规律的反常现象。

4、词是语言中音义结合的最小单位。

5、音节是音位和音位组合起来构成的最小的语音结构单位。

6、屈折语比粘着语进步，粘着语比孤立语进步。

7、音高就是声音的高低，它取决于振幅。

四、论述（24分）1、词义的概括性。

2、语言发展的不平衡性。

现代汉语试题（75分）五、术语解释（20分）1、调值2、音位变体3、大篆4、语义场5、受事主语句六、用汉语拼音方案给下列汉字注音（10%）旅程精心金星影印品行亲近埋伏申明嗔怒造诣七、用层次分析法分析下列短语的层次和结构关系............第二篇：现代汉语与语言学概论 (150)语言学概论教学大纲一、课程说明《语言学概论》是“汉语言文学”专业本科的一门具有基础理论性质的必修课程。

本课程是“语言学及应用语言学”学科的概要理论。

本课程的任务：授予学生有关语言的基础理论和基础知识，为今后从事语文教学和研究工作打下理论基础。

本课程的培养目标：通过语言学理论的训练，使学生具有严密的思维能力，特别是认识新事物．新现象的能力；使学生在生活中．工作中自觉地科学地认识和使用语言；使学生能够自觉地认识和贯彻国家语言文字政策。

本课程的教学方法：以讲演课为主，辅以适量的练习，以巩固学到的知识并培养分析语言现象的能力。

全国2012年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。

选择题部分注意事项：1. 答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。

2. 每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试题卷上。

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% × 10=20% )1. Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets on which there came different branches of study in different times. Of the following four branches, ______ came latest in the family of linguistics.A. phonologyB. syntaxC. pragmaticsD. phonetics2. In terms of place of articulation, the two English consonants ［f］,［v］are ______.A. palatalB. dentalC. labiodentalD. velar3. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “con ceiv able” should be regarded as a ______.A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffix4. A syntactic category can be each of the following except a ______.A. sentenceB. clauseC. morphemeD. word5. Semantically, the sentence “I regret stepping on your book” ______ the sentence “I stepped on your book.”A. presupposesB. entailsC. contradictsD. is synonymous with6. According to John Austin’s speech act theory, a(n) ______ act is the act performed by saying something.A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. All the following words except ______ are the examples which can be used to illustrate semantic narrowing.A. auntB. wifeC. houndD. fowl8. In many cultures, words relating to sex, sex organs, and natural bodily functions make up a larger part of ______ vocabulary.A. genderB. euphemismC. slangD. taboo9. It has been proposed that brain activity would follow a definite pattern. When we speak, words are drawn from ______ and sent to ______ , which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.A. Wernike’s area, Broca’s areaB. Broca’s area, Wemike’s areaC. Wemike’s area, the motor areaD. Broca’s area, the motor area10. Generally speaking, the ______ stage of first language acquisition begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiword非选择题部分注意事项:用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

2008年1月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试卷课程代码0830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the bracket.(2%×10=20%)1. The phonetic form of the prefix meaning “not” is phonetically variant; it is before a vowel or an alveolar consonant, before a labial consonant, and before a _____, for example, inoperable , indiscrete , impossible , and inconceivable . ( )A. velarB. palatalC. fricativeD. stop2. Tones are pitch variations that refer to morphologically defined segments to the extent that different _______ in a language are distinctive. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.( )A. soundsB. patternsC. pitchesD. features3. Some of the ______ rules are productive; they can be used freely to form new words.( )A. syntacticB. morphologicalC. semanticD. phonological4. VP, AP and PP share similar syntactic properties with NP in that they allow for _______ and complements in phrases. ( )A. headsB. specifiersC. lexical itemsD. obligatory words5. Bloomfield drew on _______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.( ) A. contextual B. conceptualistC. behavioristD. mentalist6. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in _______. ( )A. senseB. conceptC. sentenceD. context7. The languages of the world belong to families and bear offspring. When we examine thelanguages of the world, we perceive similarities and differences among them that provide further evidence for the “______” relatedness we know exists. ( )A. geographicalB. geneticC. typologicalD. functional8. In English, powder room is a euphemism for toilet, which itself started as a _______ for lavatory, which is now more acceptable than its replacement. ( )A. variantB. variationC. variableD. euphemism9. What can be drawn safely from the case of Genie is that _______. ( )A. it confirms the critical period hypothesisB. human’s language acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilitiesC. language can not be acquired at all after the critical periodD. the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, as a result, most linguistic skills cannot develop10. Although children are still acquiring aspects of their native language through the later years of childhood, it is normally assumed that they have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process by the age of ______.( )A. three and halfB. fourC. fiveD. sixⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word , the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. The core area of linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and s .12. Phonetics provides the means to describe the sounds, showing how they differ; phonology tells us that they function as p , acting to contrast words.13. Both i____________ morphology and derivational morphology are the two sub-branches of morphology.14. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. This sequential order of words in a sentence shows that the structure of a sentence is l_____________.15. C_________ synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they go together with. It isa matter of usage.16. According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, “I swear I have never seen the manbefore” is among the most typical examples of the r______.17. Sound a________ refers to sound change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.18. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a d___________ community, where the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German.19. The left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the r___________ side of the body.20. Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings while a__________ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%×10=20%）21.( ) People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.22.( ) In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops and the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in the same phonemic context or environment.23.( ) Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.24.( ) Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.25.( )The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.26.( ) Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and “performatives”.27.( ) Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28.( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :He don’t know nothing.He don’t like nobody.He ain’t got none.29.( ) The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30.( ) During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.IV. Dirctions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.（3%×10=30%）31. applied linguistics32. diacritics33. phrase structure rule34. predicate35. presupposition36. cognates37. creole38. Wernicke’s area39. overt thought40. instrumental motivationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41.To what extent can we say that language is culturally transmitted? Explain with examples. Does animal communication have the same feature of cultural transmission?42. According to John Austin’s new model, please illustrate the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking.。

全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：0830Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of（）A．all consonants B．vowels onlyC．all consonants and some vowels D．all vowels and some consonants2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actuallypronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work.（）A．deletion B．assimilationC．phonetic D．sequential3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.（）A．two roots B．a root and a suffixC．a root and a free morpheme D．a prefix and a root4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English”to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.（）A．rewriting B．preposingC．postposing D．maintaining5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms?（）A．complementary B．relationalC．superordinate D．gradable6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（）A．one-place predication B．two-place predicationC．three-place predication D．no-place predication7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English,word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.（）A．SOV B．SVOC．VSO D．OSV8．Black English is a kind of _______________dialect.（）A．regional B．standardC．ethnic D．situational9．The critical period for language acquisition refers to the short period of _____________years old in one’s life, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.（）A．1-2 B．2-12C．1-12 D．13-1810．In a sense, humans can be said to be biologically programmed to acquire at least one language.What is meant by this ______________view of language acquisition is that humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.（）A．behaviorist B．nativistC．mentalist D．empiricistⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11.A scientific study of language is based on the s________________ investigation of languagedata.12.The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human linguistic communication and areof interest to linguistic studies are called the p________________ medium of language.13.phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences with infinite length, due totheir r________________ properties.14.A f_________________ clause is a clause that takes a subject and a main verb, and at the sametime stands structurally alone.15.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationshipbetween X and Y is i_________________16.In Austin’ s early speech act theory, c________________ were statements that either state ordescribe, and were thus verifiable.17.In the historical development of language, sound change is inevitable, such as sound loss,sound a________________ and sound movement.18.Slang is often perceived as a low or vulgar form of language and is deemed to be undesirable inf_________________ styles of language.19.D_________________ listening tests involve simultaneously presenting, through earphones,two different auditory signals, one to the right ear and the other to the left ear.20.At children’s language development, one-word utterances can be used to express a concept orpredication similar to a sentence in adult speech. For example, a child might use the word “dada” to mean “Dada, come here”, “more” to mean “Give me more candy”. Those utterances can also be called h_________________ sentences.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( )Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approachesare equally favored by modern linguists.22. ( )Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.23. ( )A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.24. ( )Major lexical categories are closed categories because the number of lexical items inthese categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.25. ( )The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology ofthe words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.26. ( )The significance of Grice’s Cooperative Principle lies in that it explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.27. ( )The invention of steam-powered boats gave the verb sail an opportunity to extend itsmeaning to boats without sails. This example indicates that the meaning or semantic representation of words may become broader.28. ( )An official language is in fact a national language.29. ( )Generally speaking, left-handed people have their language centers in the lefthemisphere of the brain.30. ( )A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number ofyears to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31.phonemic contrast32.free morphemes33.hierarchical structure34.co-hyponyms35.utterance meaning36.perlocutionary act37.internal borrowing38.subvocal speech39.contrastive analysis40.caretaker speechⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Discuss any FOUR of the features of human language that distinguish it from animalcommunication system.42.What is bilingualism? What is a bilingual community? What does it mean that most bilingualcommunities have one thing in common?。

全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。

2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。

[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。

3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。

de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。

4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。

《现代语言学》试题2018年4月高等教育自学考试课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof theour choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for humancommunication.A. visualB. vocalC. writtenD. spoken2. The English sounds [j] and [w] areA. liquidsB. glidesC. affricativesD. nasals3. The optimum age for second languageacquisition isA. early teenageB. 7 years oldC. 6 years oldD. 20 years old4. modify the meaning and in manycases change the part of speech of the original word.A. Prefixes 13. Roots C. Suffixes D. Stems5. Neurolinguists have concluded that threeareas of the left hemisphere are vital to language, namely, Broca's area, Wernicke's area andA. neuronsB. cerebral cortexC. Exner's areaD. the angular gyrus6. A clause that takes a subject and a finiteverb, and at the same time stands alone is known as a finite clause.A. semanticallyB. structurallyC. sociolinguisticallyD. phonologically7. is a linguistic situation in whichtwo standard languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of aparticular region or a nation.A. CreoleB. VernacularC. BilingualismD. Diglossia8. The sense relation that holds between the twowords piece and peace isA. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. As an important theory in the pragmatic studyof language, speech act theory was originated with in the late 50's of the 20thcentury.A. Paul GriceB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Austin10. Ingeneral, linguistic change in the system and the vocabulary of a language is more noticeable than thatin other systems of the grammar.A. syntacticB. morphologicalC. soundD. semanticII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note thatyou are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11.According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of r about his language, which enableshim to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences.12. Englishvowels may be distinguished as front, c and back.13. B learning theory suggested that achild's verbal behavior was conditioned through association between a stimulusand the following response.14. I morphemes manifest variousgrammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree,and case.15. Thelocalization of cognitive and perceptual functions ina particular hemisphereof the brain is called I16.Syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledgeof a language speaker is known as linguisticc17. A p is a variety of language that isgenerally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium ofcommunication.18. S refers to the sameness or closesimilarity of meaning.19.According to J. Austin, a I actis the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveyingliteral meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of Old English, M Englishand Modem English.IIIDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.21. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary.22. [s] and[z] are two alveolar fricatives in English.23. Ingeneral, language learning refers to children's development of their firstlanguage.24. The wordupdate is formed by derivation.25. The caseof Genie demonstrates that the language facultyof an average human degeneratesafter the critical period.26.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.27. Of thetwo sounds/b/and/1/, children are more likely to acquire/1/first rather than/b/.28. Theconceptualist view of meaning was further strengthened by Bloomfield, who drew onbehaviorist psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic form.29.Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstractmeaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication.30. Language change is essentially a matter ofchange in the grammar.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate.31.displacement32. phoneme33.interlanguage34. root35. thecritical period hypothesis36.Universal Grammar37. slang38. hyponymy39.perlocutionary act40. semanticchangeV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41.Linguistics is generally defined as "the scientific study oflanguage". Describe briefly the process of linguistic study.42. What isthe Cooperative Principle? Please make ananalysis of what maxim is violated byB and what implicature is produced in the following conversation.A: Thespeaker is an awful bore. Don't you think?B: Thelecture hall is spacious, isn't it?(This issaid when it is known to both A and B that it is entirely possible for B tomake a comment on the speaker. )2018年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% ×10=20%)1. According to F.de Saussure, refers to theabstract linguistic system shared byall members ofa speech community.petenceB. performanceC. langueD. parole2. The Englishsound [u:] is aA. close vowelB. semi-close vowelC. semi-open vowelD. open vowel3. Which of thefollowing factors is NOT a learner factor?A.AcculturationB. PersonalityC. InteractionD. Motivation4. The words"take" and "table" are called because they can occur unattached.A. freemorphemesB. boundmorphemesC. formwordsD.inflectional morphemes5. What can bedrawn safely from the case of Genie is thatA. it confirmsthe critical period hypothesisB. human'slanguage acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilitiesC. languagecannot be acquired at all after the critical periodD. the languagefaculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, asa result,most linguistic skills cannot develop6. Constituentsthat can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belongto the sameA. syntacticcategoryB.phonological categoryC.morphological categoryD.semantic category7. Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the social significance oflanguage and language usein different speech communities.A.variationB. changeC. structureD. form8. In semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called , which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.A.predicationB. predicateC. argumentD. sense9. The notion of is essential to the pragmatic studyof language.A.utteranceB. sentenceC. contextD. speech act10. The first and most widely investigated languagefamily of the world isA. theSino-Tibetan FamilyB. theIndo-European FamilyC. theAustronesian FamilyD. theAfroasiatic FamilyII. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET ineach of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and youare not allowed to change theletter given. (1% × 10=10%)11. Cultural t means that language can be passed on from one generation to the nextthrough teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.12. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i13. Language acquisition is concerned with languaged in humans.14. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often i , not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.15. The relationship between the name and the meaning ofa word is quite .a16. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionallycalled t rules, whose operationmay change the syntactic representation of a sentence.17. A creole language is originally a p that has become established as anative language in some speech community.18. P refersto the phenomenon that the same word may have more than one meaning.19. If one contributes more information than is requiredin a conversation, he/she violates the maxim of q20. Many of the most basic terms in the English languageoriginate from O English.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so andthen give the correct version. (2%~10=20%)21. The description of a language at some point in timeis adiachronic study.22. [0] and [6] are two dental fricatives in English.23. Although there are individual differences in onsetand rate of language development, children across cultures follow the sameorder of language development.24. "Plural" is a morpheme.25. Language is the only means for thought.26. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allowgeneral principles to operate in one way or another and contribute tosignificant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.27. A regional dialect is usually spoken by a group ofpeople living in the same community.28. Contexualism is based on the presumption that one canderive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.29. The twosentences "Tom smokes." and "Tom is smoking." have the samepredication.30. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.IV. Directions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30%)31. duality32. word stress33. second language acquisition (SLA)34. stem35. cerebral plasticity36. AUX-movement37. speech community38. sense39. pragmatics40. historical linguisticsV. Directions: Answer the followingquestions. (10% × 2=20%)41. Name and describe 5 of the core branches oflinguistics.42. How are semantics and pragmatics related, and how dothey differ?2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.A. synchronicB. scientificC. specificD. diachronic2. aimsto discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these soundsare used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme3. The American SLA scholar proposed the distinction betweenacquisition and learning.A. F. de SaussureB.N. ChomskyC.S. KrashenD.B.F.Skinner4. The basic unit in the study of morphology isA. phoneB. wordC. phonemeD. morpheme5. One of major mental functions controlled bythe right hemisphere of the brain isA. temporal orderingB. holistic reasoningC. calculationD. analytic reasoning6. Traditionally the three major types ofsentences are , and sentences.A. full / partial / incompleteB. affirmative / interrogative /imperativeC. positive / negative / neutralD. simple / coordinate or compound /complex7. Insociolinguistics, the more standard variety is called the variety, which is used for more formalor serious matters, such as speeches made in government, the media, school, orchurch.A. IowB. highC. authoritativeD. official8. The sense relation that holds between the twowordsfiower and rose isA. polysemyB.homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract,and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n)is concrete,and context-dependent.A. wordB. phraseC. idiomD. utterance10. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies language change, therefore, it mainly adopts a approach.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. D features refer to the definingproperties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication.12. Englishconsonants can be classified either in terms of m of articulation or in terms of placeof articulation.13. Languageacquisition is concerned with language d in humans.14. Boundmorphemes include two types: roots and a15. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.16. Thetheory of Case Condition accounts for the fact that n phrases appear only in subject andobject positions.17. Aparticular r may be used bya particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation like doctors,teachers, and lawyers, or the same interests, such as stamp collectors,football fans.18. R means what a linguistic form refersto in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between thelinguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.19.According to John Austin, p weresentences that did not state a fact or describe a state and were notverifiable.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of O English, MiddleEnglish and Modem English.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.According to F. de Saussure, parole is concrete, while langue is abstract.22. Thereare two nasals in English: [m] [n].23. Studiesof the effect of formal instruction in general support the hypothesis that instructiondecides SLA.24. Since acompound is a word, its components cannot be written separately.25. For mostindividuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.26. Thearrangement of words in a linear sequence entails that sentences are simply linearly-structured.27. Aeuphemism is a mild, direct or less offensive word or expression substitutedwhen the speaker or writer fears more indirect wording might be harsh,unpleasantly offensive.28. When twowords are identical in spelling, they are homophones.29. If onesays what he believes to be false, he violates the maxim of quantity.30. The mostvigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is thechange in its vocabulary.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. appliedlinguistics32.International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)33. languagetransfer34.inflectional affixes35.linguistic lateralization36.branching nodes37.semantics38.illocutionary act39.historical linguistics40. linguafrancaV.Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Of thetwo media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modemlinguistics? Explain the reasons.42. What arethe major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.2019年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the fourchoices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.1. provides speakers with anopportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused byseparation in time and place.A. ArbitrarinessB. ProductivityC. DualityD. Displacement2. [ɜ:] [Ə] and [ʌ] are the vowels in English.A. frontB. semi-openC. centralD. back3. The root of the word carelessness isA. careB. carelessC. -lessD. -ness4. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics thatstudies the structure oflanguage.A. soundB. wordC. sentenceD. meaning5. The sense relation between the twowordsfiower and roseisA. antonymyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. polysymy6. The study ofhow speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication iscommonly calledA. semanticsB. syntaxC. pragmaticsD. sociolinguistics7. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies languageA. changeB. factC. grammarD. presence8. Variation in language use which is associatedwith the sex of individual speakers isA. ageB. genderC. registerD. slang9. The language center that is responsible forconverting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa is calleda(n)A. Broca's areaB. Wemicke's areaC. motor areaD. angular gyms10. Inlanguage learning, isdefined in terms of the learner's overall goal ororientation.A. motivationB. aptitudeC. acculturationD. personalityII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter ofwhich is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fillin ONE word only, and you are notallowed to change theletter given.11. Chomskydefines p as the actualrealization of the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language inlinguistic communication.12. Thearticulatory organs of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the n cavity.13.Morphemes that can not stand alone, but must be combined with other morphemesto form words are calledb morphemes.14.Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s and its predicate.15. The c view holds that there is no directlink between a linguistic form and what it refers to.16. If yousay what you believe to be false in a conversation, you violate the maxim of q17. Many of the most basic terms, such as man, eat andhouse in the English language originate from O English.18. Asociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-existin a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social functionand appropriate for certain situations, is called d19. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.20. Ingeneral, language acquisition refers tochildren's development of their f language.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T fortrue or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so and then givethe correct version.21.Phonologists are interested in how sounds are put together and used to conveymeaning in communication.22. [p] [b][m] are the only three bilabial consonants in English.23.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations.24. Move a(Alpha) means "move any word to any place."25. Referenceis the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.26. Aperlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is theact performed in saying something.27.Linguistic change occurs in all components of the grammar, including changes inthe sound, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and semantic systems.28. A creolelanguage is originally a pidgin that has become established as a nativelanguage in somespeech community.29. Cerebralcortex in the outside surface of the brain is the most important part of thebrain.30.According to Krashen, learning refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in dailycommunicative situations.IV. Direetions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.31. language32. broadtranscriptionpounding34. theX-bar theory35. synonymy36. speechact theory37.diachronic linguistics38.euphemism39. thecritical period hypothesis40.interlanguageV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41. What isthe deletion rule? Explain your answer with examples.42. What doyou think are the causes of language change? Explain your answer with examples.。

全国2005年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element ‘-es’indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’past tense, and ‘-ing’progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure浙00830# 现代语言学试题第1 页共4 页8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’( ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the processof adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。

浙江省2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ( ).A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ).A. phoneticsB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue4. “Sweets”and “candy”are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ).A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. antonymy6. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?”( ) “He ran the red light”.A. entailsB. contradictsC. presupposesD. includes7. The word “lab”is formed through ( ).A. back formationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production.A. Angular gyrusB. Broca’s areaC. The right hemisphereD. Wernicke’s area9. When a child uses “mummy”to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy”means ( ).A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。

全国2018年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.( 2% ×10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at theend of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______. ( )A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )1A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. （）A. right B. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formalinstruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.( ) A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed ofdiscrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the softpalate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.214. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop”meaning a certain sound and “pop”meaning popular are inrelationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort tostudy meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English haslost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brainis called l .20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second languageacquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% ×10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans communicateand interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of "habituallyused symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied tothe sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, we3do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when wordsare borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Titlealone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, betweenfriends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are ableto transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interference4V. Directions: Answer the following questions.( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language withexamples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order tounderstand the relationship between language and thought.5。

2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.A. synchronicB. scientificC. specificD. diachronic2. aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme3. The American SLA scholar proposed the distinction between acquisition and learning.A. F. de SaussureB.N. ChomskyC. S. KrashenD.B.F. Skinner4. The basic unit in the study of morphology isA. phoneB. wordC. phonemeD. morpheme5. One of major mental functions controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain isA. temporal orderingB. holistic reasoningC. calculationD. analytic reasoning6. Traditionally the three major types of sentences are , and sentences.A. full / partial / incompleteB. affirmative / interrogative / imperativeC. positive / negative / neutralD. simple / coordinate or compound / complex7. In sociolinguistics, the more standard variety is called the variety, which is used for more formal or serious matters, such as speeches made in government, the media, school, or church.A. IowB. highC. authoritativeD. official8. The sense relation that holds between the two wordsfiower and rose isA. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n)is concrete, and context-dependent.A. wordB. phraseC. idiomD. utterance10. Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change, therefore, it mainly adopts a approach.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveII. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. D features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.12. English consonants can be classified either in terms of m of articulation or in terms of place of articulation.13. Language acquisition is concerned with language d in humans.14. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and a15. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on the left.16. The theory of Case Condition accounts for the fact that n phrases appear only in subject and object positions.17. A particular r may be used by a particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation like doctors, teachers, and lawyers, or the same interests, such as stamp collectors, football fans.18. R means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.19. According to John Austin, p were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state and were not verifiable.20. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of O English, Middle English and Modem English.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. According to F. de Saussure, parole is concrete, while langue is abstract.22. There are two nasals in English: [m] [n].23. Studies of the effect of formal instruction in general support the hypothesis that instruction decides SLA.24. Since a compound is a word, its components cannot be written separately.25. For most individuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.26. The arrangement of words in a linear sequence entails that sentences are simply linearly -structured.27. A euphemism is a mild, direct or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more indirect wording might be harsh, unpleasantly offensive.28. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homophones.29. If one says what he believes to be false, he violates the maxim of quantity.30. The most vigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its vocabulary.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. applied linguistics32. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)33. language transfer34. inflectional affixes35. linguistic lateralization36. branching nodes37. semantics38. illocutionary act39. historical linguistics40. lingua francaV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Of the two media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modem linguistics? Explain the reasons.42. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.。

2004年下半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试卷（课程代码0830）第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into se veral kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Norman French8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Werniker’sB. visualC. motorD. Broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social第二部分非选择题（共80分）Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d .12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s wo rld that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.。

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全国2008年1月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：00541一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.把词分为基本语汇和一般语汇所依据的是（）A.音节的长短B.语素的数量C.字的多少D.词的地位2.机器翻译可以分为四个层级，其中最高的一级是（）A.语境平面的翻译B.语义平面的翻译C.句法平面的翻译D.单词平面的翻译3.掌管人语言活动的部位是（）A.小脑B.大脑左半球C.大脑右半球D.大脑皮质4.舌尖前送气清塞音是（）A.[d‘]B.[t‘]C.[ts‘]D.[k‘]5.汉语北京话中，有的人把“一般儿大”(同样大)说成“一边儿大”，这种现象在语音学上叫（）A.同化B.异化C.弱化D.增音6.在“名”与“实”的关系上，我国哲学家荀子认为“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜”。

这种观点属于（）A.名由人定论B.实由名定论C.名实相应论D.名不副实论7.“一板一眼”、“马后炮”、“泼冷水”、“老油条”都属于（）A.简缩词语B.成语C.谚语D.惯用语8.在语音和意义上跟文字所代表的语言单位都没有联系的字符是（）A.音符B.意符C.记号D.字母9.某一言语社团同时使用两种或两种以上的语言，这种现象叫（）A.语言接触B.语言迁移C.语言混同D.社会双语10.声音的高低决定于（）A.频率的大小B.说话的速度C.声音持续的时间D.振幅的大小11.中国人看见红色往往会觉得喜庆，这种心理活动属于（）A.直观思维B.逻辑思维C.发散思维D.表象思维12.语音中元音都是（）A.乐音B.噪音C.乐音和噪音的混合体D.纯音13.一般认为人大脑语言功能的临界期最迟是（）A.2至3岁B.6至8岁C.9至10岁D.12至13岁14.语言间亲属关系按由亲到疏顺序的排列是（）A.语系、语支、语族、语群B.语支、语族、语系、语群C.语群、语支、语族、语系D.语群、语族、语支、语系15.说英语的儿童能够说出“he play book”，说明他正处于获得语言的（）A.综合句阶段B.简单句阶段C.复杂句阶段D.成人句阶段16.脑桥的主要功能是（）A.连接大脑左右两半球B.负责内脏功能C.控制人体运动的平衡D.负责掌管记忆功能17.最小的有意义的能独立使用的语言单位是（）A.义素B.语素C.词D.音素18.文字起源于（）A.结绳B.图画C.结珠D.穿贝19.儿童最早的语义能力产生于（）A.非自控阶段B.单词阶段C.双词阶段D.咿呀学语阶段20.外语学习中，学习者往往会建立一种不同于母语也不同于外语而只属于个人的语言系统，这就是（）A.交叉语B.辅助语C.混合语D.中介语二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分) 在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element ‘-es’indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’past tense, and ‘-ing’progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another1bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’( ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in theprocess of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is calleda ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。

浙江省2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)1.______ is NOT a design feature of human language. ( )A. Cultural transmissionB. DisplacementC. Duality of structureD. Prescriptivism2. Vibration of the vocal cords results in ______. ( )A. aspirationB.nasalityC. obstructionD. voicing3. The word “simplifications”has ______ morphemes in it. ( )A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 54. “We vowed to fight on until all our demands were met”is a sentence. ( )A. coordinateB. complexC. compoundD.simple5. The relationship between “fruit”and “apple”is ______. ( )A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy6. “Interviewer”and “interviewee”are a pair of ______ opposites. ( )A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. relational7. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation. ( )A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner8. The regular consonant changes found among cognates in the Germanic languages were known as ______Law. ( )A. Bopp'sB. Grimm'sC. Jones'D. Rask's9. When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes . ( )A. creole... pidginB. pidgin... creoleC. regional dialect...lingua francaD. lingua franca...regional dialect10. A child who knows the general plural form may apply the rule to irregular nouns and produce “foots”. This is called ______. ( )A. assimilationB. transferC. overgeneralizationD. underextension二、填空题(在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。

全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题之南宫帮珍创作课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin and endthe words church and judge arevoiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds producedin speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guardagainst o in that different words may requiredifferent affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingyare different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversationali .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then ruleeoccurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium oftrade, or through other extended but limited contact,between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptualfunctions in a particular hemisphere of the brain iscalled 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers tochildren’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for trueor F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as,out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming.But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study ofmeaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes abranch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones,linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24．( )In addition to sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25． ( )The word“flower”and “flour”, which are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.27．( )The meaning representation of words may change, becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo, “I’m too fond.”She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28．( ) In sociolinguistics, speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29． ( )Generally speaking, the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30% )32.voicing34.finite clauseponential analysis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考谜底全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntacticrules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed tochange the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespearewould be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung togetherin any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, enda word, and follow each other, in other words, thereare s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studiesof m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from thatof Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”).So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community asits native tongue and is learned by children as theirfirst language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, theobstruction created by the speech organs istotal or complete, with the obstructionaudibly released and the air passing outagain, such as English stops [p] and [t] inpit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of airis blocked through the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaningof a compound is always perceived from themeanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer tohighly abstract properties of grammar whichare applied to language in general and whichgenerate phrases and at the same timerestrain the power of Move a, while“parameters”allow general principles tooperate in certain restricted ways, accordingto which particular grammars of naturallanguages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations betweensentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Yis true, X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification ofperlocutionary acts, speech acts fall intofive general categories, which arerepresentatives, directives, commissives,expressives and decalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, theword ask is pronounced [æks], but the wordasking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It isinteresting that in Old English the verb askwas aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. Thismeans that a historical metathesis ruleswitched these two consonants, producing askin most dialects of English. Metathesis isthe phonological process that reorderssegments, often by transposing two adjoiningsound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard andnonstandard. Nonstandard varieties areregarded as substandard languages. Onlystandard varieties are regarded as the onlycorrect, logical and pure, and are effectivein expressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that thereare striking similarities in the ways inwhich different L2 learners acquire a newlanguage.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocationalsynonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考谜底全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented throughPhrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form isdefined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction onsecond language acquisition suggest thatformal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language whichmeans language iscomposed of discrete units at twolevels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful. 12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue isbrought into contact withthe soft palate, or velum,e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit thatusually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and“pop”meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is oftenconsidered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology haveoccurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns. 18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety anda high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptualfunctions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at agiven stage of second language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.（2% × 10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "theinstitution whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means ofhabitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept the viewof language as a set of "habitually usedsymbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern oftones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, when pitch,stress and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems,during the process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usually donot change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels ofstructure, D-structure and S-structure, we donot mean that the syntactic representationsof these two levels must be different. Sincesyntactic movement occurs to all sentences,so the representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between whathe called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms ofnouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakersstarted saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. Thisanalogical change does not occur when wordsare borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are FirstName (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith),Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title +Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone (e.g.,Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside ofmarked settings, between friends, neighboursand colleagues, first names are alwayspreferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, peoplesuffering damage to the left hemisphere areable to transfer their language centers to theright hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively littledisruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35.missives37. sound assimilation38.idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic featuresof compounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop andblend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity. ( )A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ( )A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ( )A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ( )A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ( )A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., OldEnglish noun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ( )A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ( )A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.( )A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______stage, they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ( )A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show variousgrammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to bethe basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in thatit explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from acomparison of its daughterlanguages is called the comparative method.18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors socialattitude, emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical periodhypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreignlanguage, the learner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. If you think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. ( ) The arbitrary nature of language is absolute,i.e., there are no words in world languages thatmaintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. ( ) Certain strings of phonemes are permissibleand others are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. ( ) The different stresses used in a compound donot usually affect the meaning of thecompound.24. ( ) The recursive properties of phrase structurerules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If Xentails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do notstate a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.27. ( ) Another kind of change that can be thoughtof as “economy of memory” results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example,children and adults are presently saying Idreamed last night(instead of dreamt).This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetrybetween male and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most partis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or bycompounding.29. ( ) Research findings have shown that languageprocessing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. ( ) The grammatical errors that occur in secondlanguage acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33.sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37.stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40.Broca’s areaⅤ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” ispronounced [æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal”for “animal”. Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best。

现代语言学（课程代码：00830）Chapter1:Introduction1.Define the following terms:1).Linguistics:It is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2).General linguistics（普通语言学）:The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics.3).Applied linguistics（应用语言学）:In a narrow sense,applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning,especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.In a broad sense,it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.4).Synchronic study（共时性研究）:The study of a language at some point in time.e.g.A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare's time is a synchronic study.5).Diachronic study（历时性研究）:The study of a language as it changes through time.A diachronic study of language is a historical study,which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.e.g.a study of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeare's time is a diachronic study. 6).Language competence（语言能力）:The ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.A transformational-generative grammar（转化生成语法）is a model of language competence.7).Language performance（语言行为）:performance is the actual realization of the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication. 8).Langue（语言）:Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community;Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow;Langue is relatively stable,it does not change frequently.9).Parole（言语）:Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use;parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules;parole varies from person to person,and from situation to situation.10).Language（语言）:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.11).Arbitrariness（任意性）:It is one of the design features of language.It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.12).Productivity（多产性）:Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.13).Duality（二元性）:Language is a system,which consists of two sets of structure,or two levels,one of sounds at the lower or basic level,and the other of meanings at the higher level.14).Displacement（移位性）:language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present,real or imagined matters in the past,present,or future,or in far-away places.In other words,language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.15).Cultural transmission（文化传递性）:While we are born with the ability to acquire language,the details of any language are not genetically transmitted,but instead have to be taught and learned.16).Design features（普遍特征）:It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication2.Explain the following definition of linguistics:Linguistics is the scientific study of language.Linguistics investigates not any particular language,but languages in general. Linguistic study is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of authentic(可靠的，真实的)language data.No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things:observing the way language is actually used,formulating some hypotheses,and testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity.3.What are the branches of linguistics?What does each of them study?(语言学的主要分支是什么。