世纪大学英语读写教程第四册Vocabulary单元

21世纪大学英语读写教程4第四单元课文中英对照(总8页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--21世纪大学英语读写教程复习资料Unit41.在一项对教育方法的研究中，一位教师被告知她的新班中全是有非凡天赋的孩子。

“你应该使他们的成绩高于平均水平，”有人这样对她说，而到了期末果真如此----成绩超出了平均水平。

In a study of educational techniques, a teacher was told that her new class were all gifted children. "You should get above-average results from them," she was advised, and by the end of the term she was getting just that, better than average work.2.这件事的引人注目之处在于事实上这个班的学生并不超常。

他们只是一群水平中等，智商一般的学生。

对这位老师所说的这些孩子的潜力是假的。

The remarkable thing about it all was that in reality the class was not unusual. They were just an average group of students with IQs within the normal range. The teacher had been deceived about their potential.3.这项研究揭示了关于教学和孩子的诸多问题的诸多答案，但它留下的未予回答的问题更多。

它十分清晰表明的一点是，当孩子相信老师的期望是真诚的时候，他通常是不会辜负这种期望的。

This study uncovered many answers to many questions about teaching and children, but it left even more questions unanswered. One point it did make with unusual clarity is that achild will usually live up to a teacher's expectations when the child believes those expectations are honest.4.一个未予回答的问题是：老师以什么方式让学生们知道自己是特殊学生的，是能够取得优异成绩的呢？她没有对他们明说，但显然在她的态度中有某种东西使学生们确信他们是有非凡天赋的。

21世纪大学英语读写教程（第四册）Unit1课文原文《Who Is Great?》Michal Ryan As a young boy, Albert Einstein did so poorly in school that teachers thought he was slow. The young Napoleon Bonaparte was just one of hundreds of artillery lieutenants in the French Army. And the teenage George Washington, with little formal education, was being trained not as a soldier but as a land surveyor.Despite their unspectacular beginnings, each would go on to carve a place for himself in history. What was it that enabled them to become great? Were they born with something special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and, perhaps, an uncompromising personality?For decades, scientists have been asking such questions. And, in the past few years, they have found evidence to help explain why some people rise above, while others—similarly talented, perhaps—are left behind. Their findings could have implications for us all.Who is great? Defining who is great depends on how one measures success. But there are some criteria. "Someone who has made a lasting contribution to human civilization is great," said Dean Keith Simonton, a professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis and author of the 1994 book Greatness: Who Makes History and Why. But he added a word of caution: "Sometimes great people don't make it into the history books. A lot of women achieved great things or were influential but went unrecognized."In writing his book, Simonton combined historical knowledge about great figures with recent findings in genetics, psychiatry and the social sciences. The great figures he focused on include men and women who have won Nobel Prizes, led great nations or won wars, composed symphonies that have endured for centuries, or revolutionized science, philosophy, politics or the arts. Though he doesn't have a formula to define how or why certain people rise above (too many factors are involved), he has come up with a few common characteristics.A "never surrender" attitude. If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. "There's a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal," he explained. "But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It's a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion."He cited Winston Churchill, Britain's prime minister during World War II, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into office when his country's morale was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired the nation when he said, "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end...We shall never surrender."Can you be born great? In looking at Churchill's role in history—as well as the roles of other political and military leaders—Simonton discovered a striking pattern: "Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in time of crisis: They're used to taking charge. But middle-borns are better as peacetime leaders: They listen to different interest groups better and make the necessary compromises. Churchill, an only child, was typical. He was great in a crisis, but in peacetime he was not effective—not even popular."Timing is another factor. "If you took George Washington and put him in the 20th century he would go nowhere as a politician," Simonton declared. "He was not an effective public speaker, and he didn't like shaking hands with the public. On the other hand, I'm not sure Franklin Roosevelt would have done well in Washington's time. He wouldn't have had the radio to do his fireside chats."Can you be too smart? One surprise among Simonton's findings is that many political and military leaders have been bright but not overly so. Beyond a certain point, he explained, other factors, like the ability to communicate effectively, become more important than innate intelligence as measured by an IQ test. The most intelligent U.S. Presidents, for example—Thomas Jefferson, Woodrow Wilson and John F. Kennedy—had a hard time getting elected, Simonton said, while others with IQs closer to the average (such as Warren G. Harding) won by landslides. While political and economic factors also are involved, having a genius IQ is not necessary to be a great leader.In the sciences, those with "genius level" IQs do have a better chance at achieving recognition, added Simonton. Yet evidence also indicates that overcoming traditional ways of thinking may be just as important.He pointed to one recent study where college students were given a set of data and were asked to see if they could come up with a mathematical relation. Almost a third did. What they did not know was that they had just solved one of the most famous scientific equations in history: the Third Law of Planetary Motion, an equation that Johannes Kepler came up with in 1618.Kepler's genius, Simonton said, was not so much in solving a mathematical challenge. It was in thinking about the numbers in a unique way—applying his mathematical knowledge to his observations of planetary motion. It was his boldness that set him apart.Love your work. As a child, Einstein became fascinated with the way magnets are drawn to metal. "He couldn't stop thinking about this stuff," Simonton pointed out. "He became obsessed with problems in physics by the time he was 16, and he never stopped working on them. It's not surprising that he made major contributions by the time he was 26.""For most of us, it's not that we don't have the ability," Simonton added, "it's that we don't devote the time. You have to put in the effort and put up with all the frustrations and obstacles."Like other creative geniuses, Einstein was not motivated by a desire for fame, said Simonton. Instead, his obsession with his work was what set him apart.Where such drive comes from remains a mystery. But it is found in nearly allcreative geniuses—whether or not their genius is acknowledged by contemporaries."Emily Dickinson was not recognized for her poetry until after her death," said Simonton. "But she was not writing for fame. The same can be said of James Joyce, who didn't spend a lot of time worrying about how many people would read Finnegans Wake."Today, researchers have evidence that an intrinsic passion for one's work is a key to rising above. In a 1985 study at Brandeis University conducted by Teresa Amabile, now a professor of business administration at Harvard University, a group of professional writers—none famous—were asked to write a short poem. Each writer was then randomly placed in one of three groups: One group was asked to keep in mind the idea of writing for money; another was told to think about writing just for pleasure; and a third group was given no instruction at all.The poems then were submitted anonymously to a panel of professional writers for evaluation. The poetry written by people who thought about writing for money ranked lowest. Those who thought about writing just for pleasure did the best. "Motivation that comes from enjoying the work makes a significant difference, "Amabile said.。

Unit 11.I’m just coming around to have a friendly chat with you. How are youdoing2.When you’re writing a paper, you must acknowledge the sources of thestatements you have quoted to support your argument.3.As the saying goes, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Peoplewho want to make things better can do so if only they are strongly motivated.4.The expression of intense feelings in a simple and yet profound way isrecognized as a characteristic of Emily Dickinson’s poetry.5.Thomas Jefferson devoted himself completely to the drafting of TheDeclaration of Independence despite his personal sorrow and trouble.6.As the most influential US president, Franklin Roosevelt left a legacywhich still deeply affects the country today.7.Madame Curie is often cited as an example of a great scientist who wouldnever yielded to hardships in her quest for knowledge.8.As I see it, laziness is the biggest obstacle to person’s success.9.Curiosity is the best teacher. If information of no intrinsic interestis crammed into students’ heads, no effective learning can be achieved.10.What are your criteria for selecting the greatest literary works of the20th century11.It’s good to see a child develop different interests, but when anyinterest turns into an obsession it can be worrisome to parents. 12.Before they go to school, children manage to progress from newborns withonly innate abilities to children with an enormous amount of knowledge about the world they live in.13.Mother Teresa will long be remembered for her unique contributions tothe cause of caring for the sick and dying.14.Albert Einstein, Franklin Roosevelt’s contemporary, got involved inpolitics by suggesting the government develop its own nuclear weapons program.15.For the inclusion of your record in the Guinness Book of World Records,an application must be submitted to the publication headquarters in London.16.History has proved that in time of crisis a capable and charismatic 有魅力的 person must be called to leadership so as to raise the nation’s moral.1.With today’s world making fantastic progress in science and technology,any nation content to rely on past successes will soon be left behind.2.Though she was only a normal athlete in high school, in college herability allowed her to rise above the others and become a star.3.After replacing a wounded artillery general, Napoleon made history atthe young age of 24 by seizing rebellious Toulon 土伦.4.I wish I were endowed with both intelligence and good looks, but overallI think it’s more i mportant to be smart than pretty.5.I enjoy my work, but my boss bothers me so much that I’m not sure howmuch longer I’ll be able to put up with him.6.This approach is going nowhere. We had better come up with a new wayof dealing with this problem.7.As the name suggests, the book Greatness: Who Makes History and Whyfocuses on what enables some people to go down in history.8.This psychology professor’s study of great figures is reportedly tobe built on over ten years of research.9.I think your grades are low b ecause you don’t study enough. You reallyneed to put in more time studying if you expect to do well.10.Advertising is a tough business because it is very difficult to comeup with new ideas to sell the same old products.11.I think it’s the teacher’s responsibility to take charge of the class,not to always ask the students what they want to do.12.The qualities that truly set Winston Churchill apart were hisdetermination and his ability to inspire others.Unit 21.The author’s s on was studying medicine at McGill University with theintention of becoming a surgeon.2.I took her criticism as a sincere desire to see improvement in my work.3.They didn’t fight, but stood there glaring at one another.4.Don’t get sore at me because you got low marks in your exams.5.Though the poem is well-known, no one has yet been able to trace itsauthor.6.The new club strives to educate its members to render service to thecommunity.7.Mary likes to go dancing on weekends because she does not believe thatthe denial of pleasure is a virtue.8.People place stamps on letters or packages as proof that they have paidfor mailing these items.9.The mayor praised the Lei Feng Spirit that could be found everywherein the city and paid particular t ribute to youngsters who helped theelderly.10.These disks hold more than 400 times as much information as aconventional floppy disk 软磁盘.11.Though he didn’t have much to give, he was generous with his money.12.F ather’s Day is a day on which the people of many countries expresstheir gratitude and appreciation for their fathers by giving them giftsor greeting cards.13.She slammed on the brakes and the car came to a sudden stop.14.You might be more successful in your job if you would take the troubleto make yourself more agreeable to your colleagues 同事 as well as youremployer.1.The only thing on sale that attracted me was a little French clock.caught/took my fancy2.It was John’s mistake to sign the agreement without reading itcarefully.a mistakeon John’s part3.We fail to appreciate sufficiently all sorts of things that are suppliedto us easily by nature.takefor granted4.If a criminal fears that he’s going to get caught, he will hesitatebefore he robs or steals.think twice5.She had put aside money for a long time for this holiday and she meantto enjoy every minute of it.saved up6.We have to take into account the data mentioned in the annual report.referred to7.It is unpleasant to hear Tom talk too proudly of his abilities andachievements. boast about8.After her husband died at the age of 35, Mary made great efforts to ensureher five children’s education.took pains with9.For better health you must avoid eating too much.refrain from10.Mr. Eden is one of the most prominent scientists in the country and toa certain extent a media star.something of11.If you help a neglected child, he may not actually show you gratitude,but chances are that you will get thanks by some means or other.in one way or another12.She got a little bored with his habit of never allowing her to finisha sentence. fed upUnit 31.Generally speaking, tactics covers what you need to do at the momentwhile strategy provides the broad guidelines that determine the overalldirection.2.My family’s health and security are of the utmost importance to me.3.If one of those stays支柱gives way, the entire structure may collapse.4.Unlike a tightrope, a slack will sway up and down or from side to side.5.The president wanted to see him on a matter of great significance.6.Two foreign tourists died ad two soldiers were badly hurt yesterday whena coach and an Army truck collided almost head-on along a straightstretch of road.7.We tried all sorts of solutions to that problem, and they all came toa dead end.8.The blow on his head erased the details of the accident from his memory.9.We usually judge others within the framework of our own experience.10.By the time the lifeboat arrived, the ship was almost vertical in thewater. The wounded soldier is sitting in the vertical position, uprightin bed.11.The music ceased suddenly when she turned off the radio.12.By pointing out just one flaw, she destroyed his entire argument.13.The music implies suddenly when she turned off the radio.14.He affirmed his plan to make payments on time.1. We got lost and finally were two hours late. wound up being2. The schoolboy tried to drive the cow into the stable by tugging 拉 itstail, but failed.pulling on3. The roots of plants absorb water and make their food out of it. take in4. By constantly looking up at the clock he is really saying that he wantsus to leave. in effect5. Although the glow of the sunset was the most intense colure in the scene,the darkening blue of the rest of the sky began increasingly prevail.take over6. After graduation, John changed his job frequently but he eventuallytaught English in a local middle school.ended up teachingUnit 41.Even though animals within a breed may look similar to us humans, theyprobably look unique to each other.2.Students have different individual abilities and potentials, andtherefore should be taught accordingly.3.Many Americans would deny the existence of a single American culturepartly because there is such racial diversity in the county.4.Preadolescent 青春前期的 groups are homogeneous; that is, members areusually of the same sex and come from the same neighborhood.5.The travel agency will make every arrangement for your trip and theexpenses, all inclusive are estimated at $300.6.All developed nations maintain a variety of social welfare programs tohelp unemployed or underemployed people to function more fully insociety.7.Lying is defined as deceiving someone about certain matters or facts.8.The irritation my boss showed was simply due to my failure to make afavorable comment on his management.9.The variables that educational psychologists have found to be importantin classroom teaching include the time teachers allocate to instruction,the amount of content they cover, the percent of time that students are engaged in learning, and so on.10.The Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud,used his psychotherapy to uncover painful and forgotten memories in his patients.11.An instance of irony is the suggestion, put forward with apparentseriousness by the English satirist Jonathan Swift in his A Modest Proposal 一个温和的建议, that the poor people of Ireland should rid themselves of poverty by selling their children to the rich to eat.12.Human learning and memory have been studied mostly with verbal materialssuch as word lists and stories or with tasks requiring motor skills such as learning to type or to play an instrument.13.Babies will readily learn to walk on their own when they are offereda reward.14.When depressed, these patients experience painful sadness, negativethinking, and indifference to things that used to bring them happiness.15.The probability of an outcome is represented by a number between 0 and1, with probability 0 indicating certainty that an event will not occur and probability 1 indicating certainty that it will occur.16.IQ scores may vary according to testing conditions, and thus it isadvisable to understand results of the tests as falling within a certain range, such as average or superior.1.The major method of instruction for schools of the United States andmany other countries stresses the educational development of the child in terms of individual needs and interests.2.The explosion in use and popularity of the Internet in the 1990s is mostlikely due to the World Wide Web.3.A quality control inspector is responsible for making sure that everyproduct measures/lives up to the specified standard before it goes into circulation.4.If you do what you are really interested in and try hard, you'll find,as often as not that you are living with contentment.5.The Greek philosopher Socrates was also a great teacher, whose methodconsisted of asking questions that forced his students to think deeply about the meaning of life, truth, and justice.6.His plan is an ambitious one, and I doubt whether he will really gothrough with it.7.The secretary general, like the rest of the UN staff, is supposed tobe independent, but in reality, he must rely on member countries, especially the five permanent Security Council members, to get anything done.8.It’s been argued that the problems with teaching have been brought aboutin part by inadequate facilities.Unit 51.The first artificial intelligence 人工智能 conference in 1956 inspiredresearchers to undertake projects that emulated human behavior in areas of reasoning, language comprehension, and communications.2.In 1979 the . Supreme Court ruled that states may require the consent同意,许可 of one parent of a minor 未成年者requesting an abortion.3.By 1951 industrial production had exceeded prewar peaks; it continuedto rise in the succeeding years.4.That park contains miniature reproductions of such famous sights inChina as the Great Wall and the Summer Palace.5.According to our professor, unemployment is an inevitable consequenceof free market economics.6.There are nearly 2,900 radio stations associated with ABC, as well asa sizable publishing group.7.Don’t worry. The danger from these snakes is practically nothing.8.A crowd of people gathered, outraged by the way the police officers werehitting the two men.9.Psychological drug dependency is characterized by a craving for the drugand belief that one cannot function without taking it.10.The bomb was designed to cause the maximum amount of harm to the maximumnumber of people.11.Although breast cancer primarily afflicts females, about 1,400 malebreast cancers were also reported in the United States in 1997.12.Some people’s attitudes towards foreigners are based on sheerignorance and prejudice.13.When he stood up from his seat, he suddenly felt an intense pain in thelower part of his back.14.We see each other at regular intervals — usually once a week.15.I read a very interesting biography of Marx’s last week, which is basedon his correspondence with Engels over 40 years.1.Tom’s boss asked him to take control of the office for a couple of weekswhile she was away.take charge of2.As he fell down from the cliff 悬崖 the mountaineer was lucky enoughto grab a branch with his left hand.get hold of3.Such projects as road or dam building, mining, or large-scale farmingcan cause great hardships to people whose lives depend on the land.who live off on4.The government began to support small businesses when it realized thatthey were the key to economic growth.smile upon5.Adrenaline肾上腺素 helps the body to get used to sudden stress byincreasing heart rate and raising blood pressure.adjust to6. A central purpose of drama has always been to provide a means for asociety to think carefully about itself and its beliefs.reflect upon7.I had seen the singer before on TV, but she looked very different whenI met her personally.i n person8.Chicago’s O’Hare Airport was closed as a result of the snowstorm.due to9.Cindy, Linda, and Niaomi went to the benefit fashion show, as did Claudiaand Christy, all known as the “supermodels” of the 1990’s.along with10.The rocket roared into space, increasing its speed to 38,000 mph shortlyafter. picking up11.I’m sorry, but someone else has borrowed the book you want.checked out12.On seeing General Powell, the soldier threw out his chest and saluted.stuck outUnit 61.Official . statistics on employment and unemployment are derived froma monthly sample survey of households.2.For a solid or liquid fuel to ignite, some of the fuel must first beheated to the temperature at which it turns to gas.3.He keeps his savings under his pillow because he distrusts banks.4.The writer’s thesis is that all human problems can be solved by logic.5.Since the early 1900’s, pronunciation in the United States has becomesmore standardized because people throughout the country have become more and more exposed to each other’s speech patterns.6.I am not jealous of her good fortune, but I do feel she should shareit with others.7.Zoologists observe the ways animals interact with one another and theirenvironment.8.People spend a lot of their Hard-earned money on holidays and of coursethey want to get good professional service.9.She felt frustrated when she didn’t get a promotion after all theseyears of hard work.10.She grabbed for her gun when she heard the shots down the street.11.I suggest that you keep the flashlight handy in case the fuse 保险丝blows again.12.The secretaries’ report provided the leaders with the necessarynumerical information.13.Mary and her brothers were all very happy because their father approvedtheir plans for the summer.14.The issue of the death penalty is highly controversial in some westerncountries.15.He has abstract ideas about what to do, but no specific plans orproposals.1.There are many heroines who make headlines for showing courage whenconfronted with some public emergency.in the face of2.For those who are disabled when they are born or during childhood,special education is necessary.from birth3.Their request for better working conditions was equal to a criticismof the management.am ounted to4.There are still difficulties before us, but we will overcome themindividually in order.one by one5.He didn’t sell his house right away; he waited to get the best offer.held out for6.In the face of enemy attacks, the president said that his countrymenwould never yield to threats.give in to7.A good visual artist 视觉艺术家 has to be a drawer first. Ramsay learntat an early time the crucial importance of drawing as the basis for hisart. early on8.How can you ever achieve any success if you are afraid of everythingthat is unpleasant or difficult.shy away from9.Tom took the place of George just after half-time when it appeared thatthe injury to George’s knee was affecting his performance.substituted for10.He’s disorganized, he’s inefficient, he’s never there when you wanthim –in a word, the man’s hop eless.in short11.The detective put a chemical on the paper, and the fingerprints appeared.showed up12.Emily’s life resulted in tragedy after her husband was captured duringthe Civil War. ended inUnit 71.Johnny is only 15 but actually he has outgrown his mother by five inches.2.Cockroaches 蟑螂 have earned a bad reputation because they feed ongarbage.3.Arab Americans have tended to identify more strongly with their Muslimheritage.4.I have moments of despair, but fundamentally I am an optimist.5.She hesitated for a fraction of a second before accepting his challengeto a game of tennis.6.Thanks to the Internet, data can now be transferred easily from onecomputer to another.7.Drums can be used to convey messages over distances beyond the humanvoice’s reach.8.Technological advances are the chief agents of change.9.In 1894 bottling machines were installed in a Mississippi factory andthe first bottled Coke was produced.10.There are laws to specify 指定 the persons who will obtain a deadperson’s estate if no will exists.ura filed a lawsuit against her company for ignoring her for promotionbecause she was pregnant.passing her over2.The President ought to seize the opportunity to stop quarrelling withthe political parties and negotiate a speedy return to democracy.make his peace with3.The Clayton Antitrust Act 克莱顿反托拉斯法declared illegal suchpractices as price-cutting to drive competitors out of business.freeze competitors out of business4.He was very intelligent, but he failed to meet the requirements for amanager. fell short of5.The earliest European description of the American continent appearedin published form in 1505.in print6.Children from age 6 to age 14 in Germany attend full-time school withoutpayment. for free7.Workers are tearing open roads to lay new cables.put in8.The Foreign Ministry holds weekly press conferences to let reportersknow the latest developments in diplomacy.fill reporters in on9.First offenders of traffic regulations are sometimes let go without anypunishment. let off10.Mother was startled at the news and broke several plates.taken aback by11.Having broken with his girlfriend and standing alone in the street withhis suitcase, George did not know where to go or what to do.was at a loss12.It rook me nearly a month to get free of my cough.get rid of。

Unit 1artillery n. 火炮；大炮；炮兵（部队）heavy guns, often mounted on wheels, used in fighting on land,branch of an army that uses these teenage a.十几岁的（指13—19岁的）；青少年的aged between 13 and 19surveyor n.（土地）测量员；勘测员 a person whose job is to examine and record the area andfeatures of a piece of land by measuring and calculating unspectacular a. 不引人注意的；不惊人的ordinary; not exciting or specialspectacular a. 引人注目的；出色的；与众不同的(attracting attention because) impressive orextraordinary carve vt. 1. 雕刻；雕刻成form (sth.) by cutting away material from wood or stone2. 靠勤奋创（业），靠勤奋树（名声）build (one's career, reputation, etc.)by hard work enable vt. 使能够…；使（某事）有可能（发生）make (sb.) able to do (sth.),or make (sth.) possible timing n. 1.时间的选择；时机的掌握the choosing of exactly the right moment to do sth. so as to get the best effect 2.（事情发生的）时间；时机the time when sth. happens uncompromising a. 不妥协的，坚定的；不让步的not ready to make any compromise; firm orunyielding. finding n. [常用复数]正式调查（或研究）结果dean n. （大学的）教务长；学院院长；系主任caution n. 1. 提醒；告诫advice or a warning 2. 谨慎；小心great care and attention influential a. 有影响的；有权势的having a lot of influence on sb./sth.genetics n. 遗传学the scientific study of the ways in which different characteristics are passedfrom each generation of living things to the next psychiatry n. 精神病学；精神病治疗the study and treatment of mental illnesscompose vt. 创作（音乐、歌剧、诗等）write (music, opera, poetry, etc.)symphony n. 交响乐a long complex musical composition for a large orchestra, usu. in three orfour parts characteristic n. 特点a typical feature or qualityunrelenting a. 不松懈的，不放慢的；持续的not becoming less strong or severe; continuous endow vt. 给予，赋予provide (sb./sth.) with a good quality, ability, feature, etc.super-normal a. 超出一般的；超常的；非凡的tremendous a. 巨大的；极大的very great in amount or levelcite vt. 引用，引证；举出mention (sb./sth.) as an example or to support an argument; refer toprime a. 首要的；主要的main or most importantprime minister首相，总理the leader of the government in some countriesrisk-taker n. 敢于冒险的人a person who dares to take risksthrust vt.（用力）推；强使push (sth./sb./oneself) suddenly or violentlymorale n. 士气，精神状态state of confidence, enthusiasm, determination, etc. that a person orgroup has at a particular time brilliantly ad. 杰出地；才华横溢地in an outstanding mannerAllied a. （第一次世界大战时期）协约国的；（第二次世界大战时期）同盟国的of the Allies(a group of countries fighting on the same side in a war, esp. those which fought with Britain inWorld Wars I and II)ally n. 同盟者；同盟国person, country, etc. joined with another in order to give help and supportevacuation n. 撤离；撤退leaving a place of danger for a safer placeevacuate v. 1. 撤退，撤出remove (sb.) from a place of danger to a safer place2. 撤离（某处）leave or withdraw from (a place)flag vi. 疲乏；变弱；（热情、精力等）衰退，低落become tired or weak; begin to lose enthusiasmor energy striking a. 引人注目的；显著的，突出的attracting attention; unusual or interesting enough to benoticed firstborn n. 长子（或长女）a child born before other childrenpeacetime n. 和平时期a period when a country is not at warnowhere ad. 无处；任何地方都不in, at or to no place; not anywherefireside n. 壁炉旁part of a room beside the fireplace, esp. considered as a warm comfortable placechat n. 闲谈，聊天a friendly informal conversationfireside chat 炉边亲切闲谈；（政治领袖在无线电或电视广播中）不拘形式的讲话overly ad. 太，极为too; veryinnate a. 天生的(of a quality, feeling, etc.) in one's nature; possessed from birthlandslide n.（竞选中）压倒多数的选票；一面倒的胜利data n. 数据；资料information, especially facts or numbers--equation n. 等式；方程（式）boldness n. 勇敢，无畏the state or quality of being confident and bravebold a. 勇敢的，无畏的；敢作敢为的confident and brave; daringmagnet n. 磁铁a piece of iron or other material that can attract iron, either naturally or because of anelectric current passed through it obsession n. 着迷the state of being obsessedfrustration n. 1. 灰心；丧气 2. 挫折；受挫contemporary n. 同代人；（几乎）同年龄的人a person who lives or lived at the same timeas another, usu. being roughly the same agea. 属于同一时代的；当代的；现代的belong to the same time; of the present time; modern poetry n. [总称]诗poems collectively or in generalintrinsic a. 固有的；本质的；内在的(of a value or quality) belonging naturally to sb./sth.; existingwithin sb./sth., rather than coming from outside randomly ad. 任意地，胡乱地without method or conscious choicesubmit vt. 提交，呈递give (sth.) to sb./sth. so that it may be formally considered or so that a decisionabout it may be made anonymously ad. 用匿名的方式without revealing one's namepanel n. （由专家组成的）专门小组evaluation n. 评价，评估the act of assessing or forming an idea of the amount, quality or value ofsb./sth. have (sth., nothing, a lot, etc.) to do with sb./sth.与某人/某事有（一些、毫无、很大）关系be connected or concerned with sb./sth. to the extent specified make history be or do sth. so important or unusual that it will be recorded in history创造历史，影响历史的进程；做出值得纪念（或载入史册的）事情rise above 取得成功；出类拔萃become successful or outstandingleave behind 把…丢在后面；超过cause to lag behind; surpassfocus on 集中于；着重于concentrate onbe endowed with 天生具有naturally have a good quality, ability, feature, etc.come out of 从…中获得；从…中发展而来originate in or develop frombuild...upon 把…建立在…上base ... on; use (sth.) as a foundation for further progresstake charge 掌管；负责take control (of sth.); be responsible (for sth.)go / get nowhere 不能成功；无进展achieve no success or make no progressset ... apart 使显得突出，使显得与众不同make (sb./sth.) different from or superior to others put up with 忍受，容忍tolerate or bear (sb./sth.)--。

21世纪大学英语读写教程（第四册）课后习题参考答案21世纪大学英语读写教程（第四册）课后习题参考答案UNIT1TEXT AII1.He defines greatness as the lasting contribution whicha person makes or has made to human civilization.2.The example of Churchill shows the importance of persistence and dedication in achieving greatness.3.Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in times of crisis, but middle- born children are better peacetime leaders.4.A 20th century politician should be an effective public speaker and a social person.5.Intelligence seems to be less important than other factors, such as the ability to communicate effectively.6.The ability to overcome traditional ways of thinking is also crucial.7.They simply don’t devote the amount of time required.8.The study showed that enjoying one’s work is the bestform of motivation.IV1.chat2.acknowledge3.motivated4.charcteristic5.despite6.influential7.cited8.obstacle9.intrinsic 10.criteria 11.obsession 12.innate13.contribution(s) 14.contemporary 15.submitted 16.moraleV1.left behind2.rise3.made history4.were endowed with5.put up with6.going nowhere7.ifocuses on8.be built on9.put in e up with 11.take charge 12.set...apartVIefficiency emergency fluency frequencyproficiency tendency urgency sufficiency1.fluency2.proficiency3.emergency4.Efficiency5.tendency6.frequencyVII1.For some students, it's not that they don't put in enough time — it's that they don't have good study habits.2.Children perform differently at school. It's not that they have different IQs — it's that they are brought up in different environments.3.The company is not very productive. It's not that its staff aren't talented — it's that their energy hasn't been channeled effectively.4.I'm really sorry. It's not that I don't want to go to the cinema with you— it's that I have to finish my paper tonight.5.You have a stomachache. It's not that the food was bad — it's probably that you have too much stress from your work.VIII1.President Wilson didn't try to bring the US back to economic and political isolation. Instead, he believed in international cooperation through an association of nations.puters don't teach students in groups. Instead, they can help them learn effectively according to their different needs.3.We shouldn't focus on minor points. Instead, we should try to solve the problem of the greatest urgency at present.4.He dosen't get anybody else to help him. Instead, he likes to attend to everything himself.5.Teaching success shouldn't be measured by the scores the students receive on tests. Instead, it should be measured by whether the students have internalized the ability and desire to learn.IXBCBAD DCABA DABCAX西蒙顿说，如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话，那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。

There are many paths to greatness. Some people go down in history for their 1)_ influential _political leadership. Other are remembered for spectacular scientific 2)__ breakthroughs _ for composing great symphonies, or writing 3)__ brilliant __ poetry. But whatever path they take, great people seem to 4)__ share __ a few common characteristics. They are relentlessly 5)__ optimistic __ and persistent; they have both intellectual skills and the ability to work well with other people; and they love their work. In fact, 6)_ for _ these people, work is more like an obsession than a job. Of course, many of the questions about greatness 7)__ remain __ , unanswered. What roles so genetics and environment 8)__ play __ in the question ? How can we know who among our 9)contemporaries will be remembered as great and which people, though famous today, will be 10)__ forgotten __ in the future? It’s also possible that our 11)_view _ of who is great is not always fair or accurate. For example, the of 12)_ achievement__women are not recognized as often as they should be.Finally, we can’t even be 13)__ sure__ if it is really good to be great. Maybe the happiest people are the normal ones. Normal people aren’t endowed 14)_ with _ what it takes to be great, bu t they also don’t have to worry 15)_ about _ the burdens of history.Unit 2Gratitude is defined as the art of showing 1)__ appreciation __ for every kindness, great and small. Usually, 2)__expressing _gratitude costs very little, but its rewards can be great. When gratitude is owed but not given, however, as when we 3)_ fail _ to recognize a ge nerous act on someone else’s 4)_ part _, this denial can lead to sore feelings, and even resentment. Sometimes, truly deep gratitude calls for personal sacrifice. One 5) _ example __ is a mother of world war II soldier who traveled from her home 6)_ through __ the U. S. to visit the French family who had 7)___ sheltered ___ her son from Nazis. She was driven to 8)__ do this unselfish generosity which this family had shown her son. But gratitude can 9)_ also _ be shown by very simple acts. We can start 10)__ by __ making sure that, in one way or another, we thank the family members and 11)_ coworkers__ who help us every day. In sum, the 12)_ key _ to gratitude is thoughtfulness, or 13)_ taking __ pains to consider the feeling of others as well as out own. Being generous and 14)_ unselfish _ with our affection and sentiments is one thing we all can do to make the world a more pleasant place. For all of these 15)_ reasons _ gratitude is something of which none of us can give too much..Unit 3Traditional western ways of thinking can often lead to an 1)_impasse _ when we are confronting a truly difficult problem. This happened to Dr. Edward Jenner when he was trying to 2)_ come _ up with a vaccine for the deadly disease known as smallpox. Jenner was 3)_ able _to solve the problem he faced by changing the 4)_ framework within which he looked at it. Rather than focusing on people who had smallpox, he 5) looked carefully at those who seemed never to get the disease. This change in 6)_ tactics _ is an example of what is known as “lateral thinking.” The term means choosing not to approach a problem head-on, but instead looking at it 7)__ sideways _. In lateral thinking, being able to take in and 8)_ consider _ all kinds of ideas, no matter how unlikely they might seem, is of the 9)_ utmost _ significance. Lateral thinking can help all kinds of people, from smokers who want to give 10)__ up _ their habit, to archers who need to relax in order to perform 11)_ at _ their best. This idea does not 12)_ imply that solutions which come from vertical thinking are always deeply 13) flawed _ . The truth is that different ways of thinking have different 14)_ advantages when you get stuck struggling with a problem head-on, thinking laterally can help you to shift your point of view and perhaps see a 15)_ solution you wouldn’t other wise notice.A recent educational experiment s howed that the difference between “gifted” children and regular ones may have as much as to do with 1)__expectations__ as with intelligence. An elementary school teacher was 2)_deceived__ into thinking that her students were above average in intelligence. She then 3)__managed__ to get them to do outstanding work, even though their true IQs were well within the normal range. It seems that her belief in her students’ intelligence was enough to turn them 4)_into_ better learners.It’s difficult to 5)__pinpoint __exactly how such beliefs are expressed. It 6)__may __have to do with how a teacher talks to the class: many positive, supportive expressions and few expressions of impatience, annoyance, or 7)__irritation__.Non-verbal communication, including 8)_facial __expressions, probably plays a role too. But one thing is clear: labels and expectations 9)__strongly _ influence results. Outside of the classroom, labeling can, as 10) often__ as not, have a negative effect. The labels we put on different social groups are usually not 11)__inclusive__. In fact, they are often sexist or racist. Of 12)__course__ , there is good and bad in all kinds of people. But we 13)__tend__to accept some ideas about certain groups more readily than about others. The school experiment shows that such labels have a 14)__great__ deal of power. But when labels are unfair and negative they can be very 15)__damaging__.Unit 5When I came to prison, my reading skills were 1)__ terrible __ and my penmanship was worse. But because I wanted to 2)__emulate__ some of the more well-read inmates, I decided to do something about it, I began by copying 3)__over _ the dictionary. You know the dictionary had all kinds of information. It’s someth ing like an encyclopedia in 4)_ miniature _. But the most important result 5)_ of _ studying dictionary was that it gave me the word 6)_ base __ I needed to read 7)_ effectively __. Soon, I could pick up8)_ almost _ any book and read it. I checked 9)_ out _ all kinds of books from the prison library, both non-fiction and literature. I love to read so much that I could I always find myself 10)_ engrossed _in something when “lights out” came. I was so 11)__ hungry __ for knowledge that I would then lie on the floor and read by the faint 12)_ glow _ of the hallway light until I heard the guard coming back down along the corridor. Many people say that no true 13)__ rehabilitation _ is possible in prison. But I felt that I learned more there than I could have in any college, even if no degree was 14)__ conferred __ on me. After all, where else could I have 15)_ combated _ my own ignorance more effectively than in a place where I could be left alone and allowed to read for up to 15 hours per day?Unit 6what does a young child’s abilit y not to eat a marshmallow 1) _ have _ to do with success in life? Quite a lot, as it turns out. The 4-year-old who is able to 2)__ hold out __ in order to receive a second treat is 3)_ demonstrating _ more self-control than will serve him or her well as an adult. This ability to c ontrol one’s 4)__ impulses __ is just one part of what is called Emotional Intelligence. The children who demonstrate it will grow up to be better adjusted and 5)_ more _successful. Those kids who don’t have it are less likely to succeed when it come s to meeting challenges and 6)_dealing _ with life’s frustration.In the past, our concept of intelligence was mainly limited 7)__to _ the kinds of skills that 8)_ enabl__ one to do well in school. But Emotional Intelligence 9)_ redefines _ what it means to be smart by focusing on how the mind 10)_ processes _ feelings rather than ideas. There are many ways in which an understanding of Emotional Intelligence can be every 11)_ handy _. It can help parents 12)_ raise _ their children, help corporations manage employees, and help solve many social problems. These ideas are not very controversial, but some other13) _ aspects _ of Emotional Intelligence are. For example, some scholars are offended at the idea that such a 14)__ complex _ and abstract idea would be reduced to a simple numerical measure in the 15)_ form _ of an “EQ”.。

vocabulary1.After Henry lost his job,he couldn’t even afford the necessities of life.2.Our current economic circumstances preclude any nonessential purchases.3. The article puts a lot of emphasis on the value of failure as a learning experience.4. Success that comes too easily makes people more prone to failure when real challenges arise.5. Scientific discoveries would make greater contributions to society if all of them were properly applied to industrial production.6.nancy distingguished heself as an ice-skater at a very early age,winning three national competions befor she was fifteen.7.She was so obsessed with ice-skating that she never had time for normal childhood activities and experiences.8.Failure is painful for adults and children alike,but it can also be a good teacher.9.Sam called the interviewer to enquire about why his application had been turned down.10.My first impulse was to tell him he was a fool,but I controlled myself.11.Years of living overseas had made her practically a foreigner in her own country.12.The lecturer’s remarks prompted a storm of excited questions from the audience1.There are plenty of companies that are eager to sponsor young athletes if they show enough promise.2.To succeed in life it is not sufficient only to have talent,capacity and training,one must also have determination or a strong will.3.I don’t claim to be an expert on modern art,but I do know this painting is ugly!4.When his prospective employers learned that he had had a drinking problem,they decided against hiring him.5.The position requires a master’s degree and a minimum of two years’work experience.6.David struggled for years to make it as an actor,but ultimately gave up an went back to his musical career.7.Overseas students are eligible to enroll in all the regular courses,provided they have the necessary qualifications.8.A Korean company is planning to open a factory here,which will provide employment for about 2,000 people.9.I’d always worked in an academic setting,so my new position as an office manager was a big change for me.10.It’s much easier for big businesses to get bank loans than it is for small companies.11.There’s a new exhibit of classical artwork at the museum do you want to go?12.The city government’s first priority is to build a new airport this year.1.Stephen Hawking soon proved himself to be a scientist of great insight and creativity.2. Fear of making mistakes is one of the main obstacles to mastering spoken English.3.The disease affected his muscles and nervous system and gradually paralysed him.4.Cloning, a technological breakthrough,poses some serious ethical伦理的problems.5.This book has been proclaimed a modern masterpiece.6.The storms are predicted to reach the North of the country tomorrow morning.7.Initially, his theories created a lot of controversy in scientific circles,but now they’re widely accepted.8.The old man lives alone and is rarely visited by his neighbors,who consider him eccentric.9.The government must take some measures to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.10.Although he knew he would inherit a great fortune from his father,Richard was determined to earn his own living.1.Part of a psychiatrist’s work is to provide counseling to help students with personal problems.2.When I’m very angry,I find it best toisolate myself from other people for a little while.3.It’s very sad that many AIDS victims find themselves shunned by friends and neighbors who can’t overcome their fears and prejudices.4.The government official commented on the present economic situation withmoderate satisfaction,saying that it is showing sings for the better.5.Mary sneaked off to Paris last weekend all by herself without telling anyone.She said she just suddenly felt like going away for a few days,and went.6.Many educators feel our schools do too little to promote creativity and critical thinking.7.If our institutions do not have good administration, money will be lost and nothing achieved.8. On her way to the airport, it flashed into Mary’s mind that she’d forgotten h er passport.9. A genius is someone who knows how to formulate ideas in words and communicate them to others.10. .Mr. Smith kept himself indoors for a whole week without even opening his windows, so his suspicious neighbors reported this to the police.1. We’re enjoying our holiday so much that we’ve decided to extend it for three more weeks.2. No,i don’t want a flag next to a construction site.It’s precisely because of all the noise at my old flat that I’m looking for a new one.3. A woman who witness the accident said that both cars were going at high speed when they crashed.4. It’s certain to end it in war if either side violates the treaty again.5. Mrs.Williams screamed with terror when she saw that the man had a gun.6. The financial situation might get better,but it doesn’t look very hopeful right now.7. we have absolute confidence in our newly elected leaders.8. For the security of the passengers,all hand baggage is carefully checked.9. Tom was arrested last night for driving under the influence of alcohol.10. The spectators cheered wildly when the team scored a goal in the final seconds of the match.11. When visiting a foreign country,we must respect that country’s customs.12. People did not see the bomb dropping but they could hear the explosion several miles away.。

世纪大学英语读写教程第四册V o c a b u l a r y~单元Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】Unit 11.I’m just coming around to have a friendly chat with you. How areyou doing2.When you’re writing a paper, you must acknowledge the sources ofthe statements you have quoted to support your argument.3.As the saying goes, “Where there is a will, there is a way.”People who want to make things better can do so if only they are strongly motivated.4.The expression of intense feelings in a simple and yet profound wayis recognized as a characteristic of Emily Dickinson’s poetry.5.Thomas Jefferson devoted himself completely to the drafting of TheDeclaration of Independence despite his personal sorrow and trouble.6.As the most influential US president, Franklin Roosevelt left alegacy which still deeply affects the country today.7.Madame Curie is often cited as an example of a great scientist whowould never yielded to hardships in her quest for knowledge.8.As I see it, laziness is the biggest obstacle to person’s success.9.Curiosity is the best teacher. If information of no intrinsicinterest is crammed into students’ heads, no effective learning can be achieved.10.What are your criteria for selecting the greatest literary works ofthe 20th century11.It’s good to see a child develop different interests, but when anyinterest turns into an obsession it can be worrisome to parents. 12.Before they go to school, children manage to progress from newbornswith only innate abilities to children with an enormous amount of knowledge about the world they live in.13.Mother Teresa will long be remembered for her unique contribution(s)to the cause of caring for the sick and dying.14.Albert Einstein, Franklin Roosevelt’s contemporary, got involvedin politics by suggesting the government develop its own nuclear weapons program.15.For the inclusion of your record in the Guinness Book of WorldRecords, an application must be submitted to the publication headquarters in London.16.History has proved that in time of crisis a capable and charismatic(有魅力的) person must be called to leadership so as to raise the nation’s moral.1.With today’s world making fantastic progress in science andtechnology, any nation content to rely on past successes will soon be left behind.2.Though she was only a normal athlete in high school, in college herability allowed her to rise above the others and become a star.3.After replacing a wounded artillery general, Napoleon made historyat the young age of 24 by seizing rebellious Toulon (土伦).4.I wish I were endowed with both intelligence and good looks, butoverall I think it’s more important to be smart than pretty.5.I enjoy my work, but m y boss bothers me so much that I’m not surehow much longer I’ll be able to put up with him.6.This approach is going nowhere. We had better come up with a newway of dealing with this problem.7.As the name suggests, the book Greatness: Who Makes History and Whyfocuses on what enables some people to go down in history.8.This psychology professor’s study of great figures is reportedlyto be built on over ten years of research.9.I think your grades are low because you don’t study enough. Youreally need to put in more time studying if you expect to do well.10.Advertising is a tough business because it is very difficult tocome up with new ideas to sell the same old products.11.I think it’s the teacher’s responsibility to take charge of theclass, not to always ask the students what they want to do.12.The qualities that truly set Winston Churchill apart were hisdetermination and his ability to inspire others.Unit 21.The author’s son was studying medicine at McGill University withthe intention of becoming a surgeon.2.I took her criticism as a sincere desire to see improvement in mywork.3.They didn’t fight, but stood there glaring at one another.4.Don’t get sore at me because you got low marks in your exams.5.Though the poem is well-known, no one has yet been able to traceits author.6.The new club strives to educate its members to render service tothe community.7.Mary likes to go dancing on weekends because she does not believethat the denial of pleasure is a virtue.8.People place stamps on letters or packages as proof that they havepaid for mailing these items.9.The mayor praised the Lei Feng Spirit that could be foundeverywhere in the city and paid particular t ribute to youngsters who helped the elderly.10.These disks hold more than 400 times as much information as aconventional floppy disk (软磁盘).11.Though he didn’t have much to give, he was generous with hismoney.12.Father’s Day is a day on which the people of many countriesexpress their gratitude and appreciation for their fathers by giving them gifts or greeting cards.13.She slammed on the brakes and the car came to a sudden stop.14.You might be more successful in your job if you would take thetrouble to make yourself more agreeable to your colleagues (同事)as well as your employer.1.The only thing on sale that attracted me was a little French clock.caught/took my fancy2.It was John’s mistake to sign the agreement without reading itcarefully.a mistake on John’spart3.We fail to appreciate sufficiently all sorts of things that aresupplied to us easily by nature.take forgranted4.If a criminal fears that he’s going to get caught, he willhesitate before he robs or steals.thinktwice5.She had put aside money for a long time for this holiday and shemeant to enjoy every minute of it.saved up6.We have to take into account the data mentioned in the annualreport. referred to7.It is unpleasant to hear Tom talk too proudly of his abilities andachievements. boast about8.After her husband died at the age of 35, Mary made great efforts toensure her five children’s education.took pains with9.For better health you must avoid eating too much.refrain from10.Mr. Eden is one of the most prominent scientists in the countryand to a certain extent a media star.something of11.If you help a neglected child, he may not actually show yougratitude, but chances are that you will get thanks by some meansor other. in one way or another12.She got a little bored with his habit of never allowing her tofinish a sentence. fed upUnit 31.Generally speaking, tactics covers what you need to do at themoment while strategy provides the broad guidelines that determinethe overall direction.2.My family’s health and security are of the utmost importance to me.3.If one of those stays（支柱）gives way, the entire structure maycollapse.4.Unlike a tightrope, a slack will sway up and down or from side toside.5.The president wanted to see him on a matter of great significance.6.Two foreign tourists died ad two soldiers were badly hurt yesterdaywhen a coach and an Army truck collided almost head-on along a straight stretch of road.7.We tried all sorts of solutions to that problem, and they all cameto a dead end.8.The blow on his head erased the details of the accident from hismemory.9.We usually judge others within the framework of our own experience.10.By the time the lifeboat arrived, the ship was almost vertical inthe water. The wounded soldier is sitting in the vertical position, upright in bed.11.The music ceased suddenly when she turned off the radio.12.By pointing out just one flaw, she destroyed his entire argument.13.The music implies suddenly when she turned off the radio.14.He affirmed his plan to make payments on time.1. We got lost and finally were two hours late. wound up being2. The schoolboy tried to drive the cow into the stable by tugging (拉) its tail, but failed.pulling on3. The roots of plants absorb water and make their food out of it. take in4. By constantly looking up at the clock he is really saying that he wants us to leave. in effect5. Although the glow of the sunset was the most intense colure in the scene, the darkening blueof the rest of the sky began increasingly prevail. take over6. After graduation, John changed his job frequently but he eventually taught English in a localmiddle school. ended up teachingUnit 41.Even though animals within a breed may look similar to us humans,they probably look unique to each other.2.Students have different individual abilities and potentials, andtherefore should be taught accordingly.3.Many Americans would deny the existence of a single Americanculture partly because there is such racial diversity in the county.4.Preadolescent (青春前期的) groups are homogeneous; that is, membersare usually of the same sex and come from the same neighborhood.5.The travel agency will make every arrangement for your trip and theexpenses, all inclusive are estimated at $300.6.All developed nations maintain a variety of social welfare programsto help unemployed or underemployed people to function more fully in society.7.Lying is defined as deceiving someone about certain matters orfacts.8.The irritation my boss showed was simply due to my failure to makea favorable comment on his management.9.The variables that educational psychologists have found to beimportant in classroom teaching include the time teachers allocate to instruction, the amount of content they cover, the percent of time that students are engaged in learning, and so on.10.The Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis, SigmundFreud, used his psychotherapy to uncover painful and forgotten memories in his patients.11.An instance of irony is the suggestion, put forward with apparentseriousness by the English satirist Jonathan Swift in his A Modest Proposal (《一个温和的建议》), that the poor people of Ireland should rid themselves of poverty by selling their children to the rich to eat.12.Human learning and memory have been studied mostly with verbalmaterials (such as word lists and stories) or with tasks requiring motor skills (such as learning to type or to play an instrument). 13.Babies will readily learn to walk on their own when they areoffered a reward.14.When depressed, these patients experience painful sadness,negative thinking, and indifference to things that used to bring them happiness.15.The probability of an outcome is represented by a number between0 and 1, with probability 0 indicating certainty that an event willnot occur and probability 1 indicating certainty that it will occur.16.IQ scores may vary according to testing conditions, and thus itis advisable to understand results of the tests as falling within a certain range, such as average or superior.1.The major method of instruction for schools of the United Statesand many other countries stresses the educational development of the child in terms of individual needs and interests.2.The explosion in use and popularity of the Internet in the 1990s ismost likely due to the World Wide Web.3.A quality control inspector is responsible for making sure thatevery product measures/lives up to the specified standard before it goes into circulation.4.If you do what you are really interested in and try hard, you'llfind, as often as not that you are living with contentment.5.The Greek philosopher Socrates was also a great teacher, whosemethod consisted of asking questions that forced his students to think deeply about the meaning of life, truth, and justice.6.His plan is an ambitious one, and I doubt whether he will really gothrough with it.7.The secretary general, like the rest of the UN staff, is supposedto be independent, but in reality, he must rely on member countries, especially the five permanent Security Council members, to get anything done.8.It’s been argued that the problems with teaching have bee n broughtabout in part by inadequate facilities.Unit 51.The first artificial intelligence (人工智能) conference in 1956inspired researchers to undertake projects that emulated human behavior in areas of reasoning, language comprehension, and communications.2.In 1979 the . Supreme Court ruled that states may require theconsent（同意，许可）of one parent of a minor (未成年者) requesting an abortion.3.By 1951 industrial production had exceeded prewar peaks; itcontinued to rise in the succeeding years.4.That park contains miniature reproductions of such famous sights inChina as the Great Wall and the Summer Palace.5.According to our professor, unemployment is an inevitableconsequence of free market economics.6.There are nearly 2,900 radio stations associated with ABC, as wellas a sizable publishing group.7.Don’t worry. The danger from these snakes is practically nothing.8.A crowd of people gathered, outraged by the way the police officerswere hitting the two men.9.Psychological drug dependency is characterized by a craving for thedrug and belief that one cannot function without taking it.10.The bomb was designed to cause the maximum amount of harm to themaximum number of people.11.Although breast cancer primarily afflicts females, about 1,400male breast cancers were also reported in the United States in 1997.12.Some people’s attitudes towards foreigners are based on sheerignorance and prejudice.13.When he stood up from his seat, he suddenly felt an intense painin the lower part of his back.14.We see each other at regular intervals — usually once a week.15.I read a very interesting biography of Marx’s last week, whichis based on his correspondence with Engels over 40 years.1.Tom’s boss asked him to take control of the office for a couple ofweeks while she was away.take charge of2.As he fell down from the cliff (悬崖) the mountaineer was luckyenough to grab a branch with his left hand.get hold of3.Such projects as road or dam building, mining, or large-scalefarming can cause great hardships to people whose lives depend onthe land. who live off on4.The government began to support small businesses when it realizedthat they were the key to economic growth.smile (up)on5.Adrenaline(肾上腺素) helps the body to get used to sudden stress byincreasing heart rate and raising blood pressure.adjust to6. A central purpose of drama has always been to provide a means for asociety to think carefully about itself and its beliefs.reflect upon7.I had seen the singer before on TV, but she looked very differentwhen I met her personally.i n person8.Chicago’s O’Hare Airport was closed as a result of the snowstorm.due to9.Cindy, Linda, and Niaomi went to the benefit fashion show, as didClaudia and Christy, all known as the “supermodels” of the1990’s. along with10.The rocket roared into space, increasing its speed to 38,000 mphshortly after. picking up11.I’m sorry, but someone else has borrowed the book you want.checked out12.On seeing General Powell, the soldier threw out his chest andsaluted. stuck outUnit 61.Official . statistics on employment and unemployment are derivedfrom a monthly sample survey of households.2.For a solid or liquid fuel to ignite, some of the fuel must firstbe heated to the temperature at which it turns to gas.3.He keeps his savings under his pillow because he distrusts banks.4.The writer’s thesis is that all human problems can be solved bylogic.5.Since the early 1900’s, pronunciation in the United States hasbecomes more standardized because people throughout the country have become more and more exposed to each other’s speech patterns.6.I am not jealous of her good fortune, but I do feel she shouldshare it with others.7.Zoologists observe the ways animals interact with one another andtheir environment.8.People spend a lot of their Hard-earned money on holidays and ofcourse they want to get good professional service.9.She felt frustrated when she d idn’t get a promotion after allthese years of hard work.10.She grabbed for her gun when she heard the shots down the street.11.I suggest that you keep the flashlight handy in case the fuse (保险丝) blows again.12.The secretaries’ report provided the leaders with t he necessarynumerical information.13.Mary and her brothers were all very happy because their fatherapproved their plans for the summer.14.The issue of the death penalty is highly controversial in somewestern countries.15.He has abstract ideas about what to do, but no specific plans orproposals.1.There are many heroines who make headlines for showing courage whenconfronted with some public emergency.in the face of2.For those who are disabled when they are born or during childhood,special education is necessary.from birth3.Their request for better working conditions was equal to acriticism of the management.am ounted to4.There are still difficulties before us, but we will overcome themindividually in order.one byone5.He didn’t sell his house right away; he waited to get the bestoffer. held out for6.In the face of enemy attacks, the president said that hiscountrymen would never yield to threats.give in to7.A good visual artist (视觉艺术家) has to be a drawer first. Ramsaylearnt at an early time the crucial importance of drawing as thebasis for his art. early on8.How can you ever achieve any success if you are afraid ofeverything that is unpleasant or difficult.shy away from9.Tom took the place of George just after half-time when it appearedthat the injury to George’s knee was affecting his performance.substituted for10.He’s disorganized, he’s inefficient, he’s never there when youwant him –in a word, the man’s hopeless.in short11.The detective put a chemical on the paper, and the fingerprintsappeared. showed up12.Emily’s life resulted in tragedy after her husband was capturedduring the Civil War. ended inUnit 71.Johnny is only 15 but actually he has outgrown his mother by fiveinches.2.Cockroaches (蟑螂) have earned a bad reputation because they feedon garbage.3.Arab Americans have tended to identify more strongly with theirMuslim heritage.4.I have moments of despair, but fundamentally I am an optimist.5.She hesitated for a fraction of a second before accepting hischallenge to a game of tennis.6.Thanks to the Internet, data can now be transferred easily from onecomputer to another.7.Drums can be used to convey messages over distances beyond thehuman voice’s reach.8.Technological advances are the chief agents of change.9.In 1894 bottling machines were installed in a Mississippi factoryand the first bottled Coke was produced.10.There are laws to specify (指定) the person(s) who will obtain adead person’s estate if no will exists.ura filed a lawsuit against her company for ignoring her forpromotion because she was pregnant.passing (her) over2.The President ought to seize the opportunity to stop quarrellingwith the political parties and negotiate a speedy return todemocracy. make his peace with3.The Clayton Antitrust Act (克莱顿反托拉斯法) declared illegal suchpractices as price-cutting to drive competitors out of business.freeze competitors out of business4.He was very intelligent, but he failed to meet the requirements fora manager. fell short of5.The earliest European description of the American continentappeared in published form in 1505.in print6.Children from age 6 to age 14 in Germany attend full-time schoolwithout payment. for free7.Workers are tearing open roads to lay new cables.put in8.The Foreign Ministry holds weekly press conferences to letreporters know the latest developments in diplomacy.fill reporters in on9.First offenders of traffic regulations are sometimes let go withoutany punishment. let off10.Mother was startled at the news and broke several plates.taken aback by11.Having broken with his girlfriend and standing alone in thestreet with his suitcase, George did not know where to go or whatto do. was at a loss12.It rook me nearly a month to get free of my cough.get rid of。