2009年6月研究生英语学位考试真题及答案

2009年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案4Part BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest。

2009年考研英语真题及其答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank a nd mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart huma ns are. 1 _______ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piec e in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter th an the average fruit fly 2 _______ to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 _______ bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 _______ in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 _______ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 _______ the starting line because it d epends on learning — a gradual 7 _______ — instead of instinct. Plenty of o ther species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learn ed is when to 8 _______.Is there an adaptive value to 9 _______ intelligence? That’s the questi on behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 _______ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitl y asks what the real 11 _______ of our own intelligence might be. This is 1 2 _______ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments anim als would 13 _______ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an own er, 14 _______, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we b elieve that 15 _______ animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 ___ ____ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 _______, not m erely how much of it there is. 18 _______, they would hope to study a 19 _______ question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 _______ the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priori ty5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forwa rd6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by cho osing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit”carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creat ivity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consci ously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative track s.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedu re are worn into the hippocampus, they’re ther e to stay. Instead, the new habi ts we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can byp ass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” say s Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an e xecutive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thi nk er is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationa lly (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have s eemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and proce dure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative mo des of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — t hat anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “Th is Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that w e have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where d eveloping new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his loc al drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operat ing officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than twodozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted c hildren can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passi onate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and s ending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision be ing hawked by people claiming they a re doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Dust er, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many a ncestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited thr ough men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only fro m mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancest ors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grand parents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as th e reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some c ompanies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _ _________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor coun tries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in b oth area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual de velopment of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid eco nomic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, beca use new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to imp rove economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countriescan be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a res ult, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United Stat es. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bu bble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the globa l leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that th e U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the p roductivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discove red that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, c onsistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexi ty of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how educati on got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Onl y when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time f or other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in tu rn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probablya necessary, but not a s, ufficient, condition for the complex political syste ms required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possib le only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doe sn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantial ly improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints o n improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly t here than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poo r countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts [B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded [D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education syste m __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians [B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government [D] requires sufficient labor fo rce33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that ____ ______.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world ar e the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New Eng land. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowh ere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to inte llectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New Englan d’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an un folding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the ch urch-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examin ation of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as c arriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New Engla nd colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely unde rstood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive educa tion and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political lead ers like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crow n before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, rea ching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosph ere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a tradition al superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1 630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with si gns. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name toge ther in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first l ine he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from a mong them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the B ible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that t hey had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fi sh. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England__________ _.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay________ __.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders we re often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Q uestions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into ea ch of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspe cts of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist F ranz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evo lutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of cultur e in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of B oas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the parti cularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gif ted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45. ________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a the ory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed tha t religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in t he relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functiona lism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inve ntions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropo logy, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he call ed the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must ev entually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a peo ple’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify ch ildren’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure o f families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, fo rms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as s ocieties evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts tha t work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Pe rry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused th roughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separa tely at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmen ts into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets fr om living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not t he express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the w orth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experie nce; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associatio ns began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers a nd to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of e nslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the instituti on noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directi ve factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's wo rk is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immedi ate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contac t with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to a ccomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these co nsequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to en able them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made so me headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its dis tinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned l argely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process wh ich we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed d ispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the ad ults loyal to their group.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in som e regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009年参考答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46.可以说，要衡量任何社会制度的价值，就要看它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是其原来动机的一部分。

2009年考研英语真题原文及答案完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - a gradual 7 - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads."The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off allpossibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system - that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23." ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK's ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one's birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits " According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literarycompositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . "Our main end was to catch fish. "36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture-known as functionalism-became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of humanassociation under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points) 答案Section I Use of English1-5 BADBC 6-10 ADCBD11-15 DBCDA 16-20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25 ABCAA 26-30 ACDAB31-35 DBBAC 36-40 BBDACPart B41-45 CEABGPart C46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。

2009年考研英语真题答案完整版：1-10 BADBC BDCAB11-20 CADDA DCBBD21-25 BDAAA26-30 ACAAB31-35DBBCC36-40 DDDAC41-45 35216Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.46题有人说，测量任何学校的价值是扩大和提高经验的影响，这种影响是最初动机的一部分47题只有逐渐注意机构的副产品，并且逐渐增多，它才能初人民认为是机构产品的一个直接因素。

2009考研英语答案【篇一：2009年考研英语真题及详解】p class=txt>section Ⅰ use of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a,b,c or d on answer sheet 1.(10 points)research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are _____ the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer’s piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit files who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly ______ to live shorter lives. this suggests that ____ bulbs bum longer, that there is an _____ in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it _____ out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep. bums more fuel and is slow _____ the starting line because it depends on learning – a gradual ____ - instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to _____.is there an adaptive value to ______ intelligence? that’s the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance _____ at all the species we’ve left in the dusti.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ____ of our own intelligence might be. this is ______ the mind of every animal i’ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would _____ on humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, _____ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that ____ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ______ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain, they would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really______, not merely how much of it there is. ______. they would hope to study a _____ question; are humans actually aware of the world they live in?_____ the result are inconclusive.1. [a]suppose [b]consider [c]observe [d]imagine2. [a]tended[b]feared [c]happened [d]threatened3. [a] thinner [b]stabler [c]lighter[d]dimmer4. [a]tendency [b]advantage [c]inclination[d]priority5. [a]insists on [b]sums up [c]turns out [d]puts forward6. [a]off[b]behind[c]over[d]along7. [a]incredible[b]spontaneous [c]inevitable [d]gradual8. [a]fight [b]doubt [c]stop[d]think9. [a]invisible [b]limit [c]indefinite [d]different10. [a]upward [b]forward [c]afterward [d]backward11．[a]features[b]influences[c]results[d]costs12．[a]outside[b]on[c]by[d]across13．[a]deliver[b]carry[c]perform[d]apply14．[a]by chance[b] in contrast[c]as usual[d]for instance15．[a]if[b]unless[c]as[d]lest16．[a]moderate[b]overcome[c]determine[d]reach17．[a]at[b]for[c]after[d]with18．[a]above all[b]after all[c]however[d]otherwise19．[a]fundamental[b]comprehensive[c]equivalent[d]hostile20．[a]by accident[b]in time[c]so far[d]better stillsection Ⅱ reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts, answer the questions beloweach text by choosing a,b,c or d. mark your answers onanswer sheet 1. (40 points)text1habit are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―not choice, but habit rules the ueflecting herd,‖ william wordsworth said in the 19th century.in the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.so it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.all of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says, researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges infour primary ways; analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought .―this breaks the major rule in the american belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains m.j. ryan, author of the 2006 book ―this year i will…‖ and ms. markova’s business partner. ―that’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness knowing w hat you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ this is where developing new habits comes in.21. the view of wordsworth habit is claimed by being_______.a. usualb. familiarc. mechanicald. changeable22. the researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be________.a. predictedb. regulatedc. tracedd. guided23. ―ruts‖ (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaningto__________.a. tracksb. seriesc. characteristicsd. connections24. ms, markova’s comments sugg est that the practice of standard testing _______?a. prevents new habits form being formedb. no longer emphasizes commonnessc. maintains the inherent american thinking moded. complies with the american belief system25. ryn most probably agree that_______.a. ideas are born of a relaxing mindb. innovativeness could be taughtc. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasd. curiosity activates creative mindstext 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. all he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to doug fog, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozen companies sell dna tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing. which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists- and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots. most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing, all tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare dna.but some observers are skeptical, ―there is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing.‖ says trey duster, a new york university sociologist. he notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial dna, which a passed down only from mothers, this dna can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. this means that a dna database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. in addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. in paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows ptk’s ________.[a]easy availability[b]flexibility in pricing[c]successful promotion[d]popularity with households27. ptk is used to __________.[a] locate one’s birth place[b]promote genetic research[c]identify parent-child kinship[d]choose children for adoption28. skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to________.[a]trace distant ancestors[b]rebuild reliable bloodlines[c]fully use genetic information[d]achieve the claimed accuracy29. in the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _________.[a] disorganized data collection[b]overlapping database building30. an appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _______.[a] fors and againsts of dna testing[b] dna testing and it’s pr oblems[c]dna testing outside the lab[d] lies behind dna testingtext 3the relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. we are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. the findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states. not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and japan at its pre-bubble peak. the u.s. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor u.s. economic performance. japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. yet theresearch revealed that the u.s. factories of honda nissan, and toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their japanese counter e pants a result of the training that u.s. workers received on the job.more recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-english-speaking mexican workers in houston, texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.what is the real relationship between education and economic development? we have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. after all, that’s how education got started. when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.as education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. this increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance, thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. a lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. the author holds in paragraph i that the important of education in poor countries _______.[a]is subject groundless doubts[b]has fallen victim of bias[c]is conventional downgraded[d]has been overestimated32. it is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _________.[a]challenges economists and politicians[b]takes efforts of generations[c]demands priority from the government[d]requires sufficient labor force33. a major difference between the japanese and u.s workforces is that _________.[a]the japanese workforce is better disciplined[b]the japanese workforce is more productive[c]the u.s workforce has a better education[d]the u.s workforce is more organize34. the author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _______.[a]when people had enough time[b]prior to better ways of finding food[c]when people on longer went hung[d]as a result of pressure on government35. according to the last paragraph, development of education _____________.[a]results directly from competitive environments[b]does not depend on economic performance[c]follows improved productivity[d]cannot afford political changesthe most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century new england, according to the standard history of american philosophy, nowhere else in colonial america was ―so much important attac hed to intellectual pursuits‖ according to many books and articles, new england’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding. dominant puritan tradition in american intellectual life.to take this approach to the new englanders normally mean to start with the puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. but in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original puritans as carriers of european culture adjusting to new world circumstances. the new england colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely under stood ideals of civility and virtuosity.the early settlers of massachusetts bay included men of impressive education and influence in england. besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to massachusettschurch in the decade after 1629. there were political leaders like john winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the crown before he journeyed to boston, there men wrote and published extensively, reaching both new world and old world audiences, and giving new england an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.we should not forget, however, that most new englanders were less well educated, while few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, the in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. a tailor named john dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving england that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words. ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and i will be your god and you shall be my people.‖ one wonders what dane thought of the careful sermons【篇二：2009年考研英语一真题(附答案)】txt>section iuse of english research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer?s piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2to live shorter lives. this suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - a gradual 7 - instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they?ve apparently learned is when to 8 .is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? that?s the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we?ve left in the dust i.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. this is 12the mind of every animal i?ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13on humans if they had thechance. every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. they would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is.18 , they would hope to study a 19question: are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20the results are inconclusive.1. [a] suppose [b] consider[c] observe [d] imagine2. [a] tended [b] feared [c] happened [d] threatened3. [a] thinner [b] stabler [c] lighter [d] dimmer4. [a] tendency [b] advantage [c] inclination [d] priority5. [a] insists on [b] sums up [c] turns out [d] puts forward6. [a] off[b] behind [c] over [d] along7. [a] incredible [b] spontaneous[c]inevitable [d] gradual8. [a] fight[b] doubt [c] stop [d] think9. [a] invisible [b] limited [c] indefinite[d] different10. [a] upward [b] forward [c] afterward[d] backward11. [a] features [b] influences [c] results[d] costs12. [a] outside [b] on [c] by [d] across13. [a] deliver [b] carry [c]perform [d] apply14. [a] by chance[b] in contrast [c] as usual [d] for instance15. [a] if[b] unless [c] as [d] lest16. [a] moderate [b] overcome [c] determine[d] reach17. [a] at [b] for[c] after [d] with18. [a] above all [b] after all [c] however[d] otherwise19. [a] fundamental[b] comprehensive [c] equivalent[d] hostile20. [a] by accident[b] in time[c] so far [d] better stillsection ii reading comprehensionpart atext1habits are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “not choice, but habit rules the ueflecting herd,” william wordsworth said in the 19th century. in the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. so it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synapticpaths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.but don?t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they?re there to stay. instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“the first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says dawna markova, author of “the open mind” and an executive change consultant for professional thinking partners. “but we are t aught instead to ?decide,? just as our president calls himself ?the decider.? ” she adds, however, that “todecide is to kill off all possibilities but one. a good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”all of us work through problems in ways of which we?re unaware, she says. researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “this breaks the major rule in the american belief system - that anyone can do anything,” explains m. j. ryan, author of the 2006 book “this year i will...” and ms. ma rkova?s business partner. “that?s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. knowing what you?re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” this is where developing new habits comes in.21. the view of wordsworth habit is claimed by beinga. casualb. familiarc. mechanicald. changeable.22. the researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can bea. predictedb. regulatedc. tracedd. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toa. tracksb. seriesc. characteristicsd. connections24. ms. markova?s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? a, prevents new habits form being formed b, no longer emphasizes commonnessc, maintains the inherent american thinking modeld, complies with the american belief system25. ryan most probably agree thata. ideas are born of a relaxing mindb. innovativeness could be taughtc. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasd. curiosity activates creative mindstext 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that he?s the kid?s dad. all he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to doug fog, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozen companies sell dna tests directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family?s geographic roots .most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. all tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare dna.but some observers are skeptical, “there is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says trey duster, a new york university sociologist. he notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited through men in a father?s line or mitochondrial dna, which a passed down only from mothers. this dna can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generationsback people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. databases used by some companies don?t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information fromdifferent research projects. this means that a dna database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. in addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.in paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows ptk?s ___________.[a]easy availability[b]flexibility in pricing[c] successful promotion[d] popularity with households27. ptk is used to __________.[a]locate one?s birth place[b]promote genetic research[c] identify parent-child kinship [d] choose children for adoption28. skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing failsto__________.[a]trace distant ancestors [b] rebuild reliable bloodlines[c] fully use genetic information [d] achieve the claimed accuracy29. in the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[a]disorganized data collection[b] overlapping database building30. an appropriate title for the text is most likely tobe__________.[a]fors and againsts of dna testing[b] dna testing and it?s problems[c]dna testing outside the lab[d] lies behind dna testingtext 3the relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectualdevelopment of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic developmentin poor countries is wrong. we are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. the findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and,as a result, radically higher standards of living.ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states. not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and japan at its pre-bubble peak. the u.s. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor u.s. economic performance. japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. yet the research revealed that the u.s. factories of honda nissan, and toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their japanese countere pants a result of the training that u.s. workers received on the job. more recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-english- speaking mexican workers in houston, texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the buildingindustry?s work.what is the real relationship between education and economic development? we have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don?t force it. after all, that?s how education got started. when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn?t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.as education improved, humanity?s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. this increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without politicalchanges that may be possible only with broader formal education. a lack of formal education, however, doesn?t constrain the ability of the developing world?s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn?t developing more quickly there than it is.31. the author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[a] is subject groundless doubts[b] has fallen victim of bias[c] is conventional downgraded[d] has been overestimated32. it is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[a]challenges economists and politicians[b]takes efforts of generations[c] demands priority from the government[d] requires sufficient labor force33.a major difference between the japanese and u.s workforces is that __________.[a] the japanese workforce is better disciplined[b] the japanese workforce is more productive[c]the u.s workforce has a better education[d] ]the u.s workforce is more organize34. the author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[a] when people had enough time[b] prior to better ways of finding food[c] when people on longer went hung[d] as a result of pressure on government35. according to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[a] results directly from competitive environments[b] does not depend on economic performance[c] follows improved productivity[d] cannot afford political changes【篇三：1986—2009考研英语真题及参考答案】s=txt>1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题section i: structure and vocabulary。

2009年6⽉研究⽣英语学位考试真题及答案2009年6⽉研究⽣学位英语考试真题及答案A卷Part I Listening Comprehension (25 MINUTES, 20 POINTS)Section A (1 point each)Direction: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation。

question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. Visit her parents.B. Go to the dentist.C. Meet her professor.D. Have a job interview.2. A. Bob is majoring in history.B. Bob is a little boring.C. He likes Bob very much.D. They should invite Bob to the party.3. A. The flight was delayed.B. She didn't like the movies.C. She had seen both movies before.D. No movies were shown on her flight.4. A. It’s drier.B. It’s wetter.C. It’s abnormal.D. It’s an average year.5. A. Western.B. Horror.C. Science fiction.D. Action.6. A. Wait for MikeB. Ask Mike to come.C. Pick Mike up in the morning．D. Stop working for the day.7. A. She doesn’t like playing tennis．B. She was thinking the same as the man.C. She had something else in mind.D. She had suggested the same thing earlier.8. A. Matt wants to be cheered up.B. Matt has lost himself.C. Matt worries little about the game.D. Martha feels a little depressed.9. A. The man is a coward.B. The man is too careful.C. Martha likes chicken very much.D. Martha is not the right person for him.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the balks and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause.. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given .by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Mini-talk One10. A. Mr. Lee always wastes time in class．B. Mr. Lee likes talking about history.C. Mr. Lee always feels bored in class．D. Mr. Lee is a little funny.11. A. Boring.B. Satisfactory.C. Inconsistent.D. Inspiring.12. A. Jim has taken a low end job.B. Jim has got a well-paid job.C. Jim is not hopeless in finding a job．D. Jim is desperate in finding a job.Mini-talk Two13. A. The control of drug trafficking in the United States．B. The anti-drug war about the border between Mexico and U.S．C. The investigation of the death of a retired U.S．general.D. The fight of corruption inside Mexican police.14. A. The criminal groups are growing very rapidly.B. The criminal groups can get more profits now.C. Mexican government has not been serious about the drug trade.D. Mexican government is effective in fighting the drug trade.15. A. 6,000B. 10,000C. 45,000D. 54,000Section C（1 point each)Directions; In this section, you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording, you are asked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.请在录⾳结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上）16. For best results with the least risk, tomatoes should be planted when _________.17. Some larger tomatoes may need at least a meter and a half __________．18. The average air temperature should be about _________Celsius．19. There was a time when people thought tomatoes _________，which is not true.20. Some fruits may be called “vegetables” because they are used in delicious foods instead of__________.Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets onyour ,machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21．People who work overtime at any job are more likely to sustain a work-related injury than those who work their regular hours.A. maintainB. endureC. supportD. suffer22. These instruments are so powerful as to enable them to ascertain many facts of the deepest interest.A. put outB. find outC. wear outD. turn out23. Kunz looked set to become a star in his field, but he gave it all up after these failures.A. fixedB. stereotypedC. determinedD. built24. In the disciplines underlying our high-tech economy, America is steadily losing its global edge.A. borderC. appealD. territory25. The Chinese economy is less affected, so there is no reason to take a dim view of economic growth.A. pessimisticB. blackC. vagueD. positive26．The spacecraft touched down on schedule and the astronauts were helped out of it.A. launched B．operated C. landed D. crashed27. In the tropic rainforest there is a wide range of species peculiar to this area.A. specificB. oddC. distinctD. familiar28. The officer distributed among the youngster all the blankets and provisions, withholding himself only a canteen.A. keeping offB. keeping backC. keeping atD. keeping up29．These graduates are more than obliged to the college for the happy four years of college life.A. obligatoryB. reluctantC. indifferentD. grateful30. Regular exercise can keep you energetic and contribute to a productive life in the long run.A. athleticallyB. successivelyC. ultimatelyD. persistentlySection B (0.5 point each)Directions：There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.31. Observers commented that loss of independence was too high a(n) _________ to pay for peace.A. costC. expenditureD. price32. The journalist who had set out to obtain these important facts__________a long time to send them.A. spentB. tookC. passedD. consumed33．Telling your doctor about all the medicines you take may help avoid serious drug_________．A. interactionsB. interruptionsC. interventionsD. institutions34. Two dozen New Yorkers stood on the platform at the subway station, __________briefcases and newspapers·A. clippingB. clutchingC. clashingD. clarifying35．Each __________ effort a baby makes at speech is a sign of intellectual development.A. cordialB. compactC. clumsyD. chronic36. Iran has expanded its uranium enrichment activities__________ UN demands to scrap its nuclear-related programs·A, in defiance of B. in line with C. in return for D. in relation to37．China moved to ________ its grain production when its grain output had kept declining for five consecutive years．A. turn upB. take upC. step upD. make up38．The most interesting thing ________ Americans is that they are brought up to believe they are the best at evervthing.A. withB. inC. fromD. about39. The dean asked the secretary if there were enough people _________to hold a faculty meeting.A. on purposeB. on endC. on handD. on average40. Visitors to this war museum are ___________ to see photos of mass massacre by Japanese soldiers．A. amazedB. startledC. wonderedD. startedPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.It's a new world, and we barely seem to have noticed. Places we ____41_____ with inexpensive low-end manufacturing are going high-tech in a big ____42_____. The spotlight is mainly in China and India, for good_____43______. The Chinese economy is surging, ___44___ by increasingly sophisticated engineering, with products____45____ from automobiles to semiconductors. India has nearly as _____46_____ an economy, powered by a cheap English-speaking labor force who ____47____ in software and services.Along with these ____48_____ giants，countries like Japan, South Korea and Singapore are also challenging America’s _____49_____ . If present trends continue, 90% of all the world’s scientists and engineers will be living in Asia_____50_____ 2010, according to Nobel Prize winner Richard E. Smalley, professor of chemistry and physics at Rice University:41. A. deal B. associate C. communicate D. concern42. A. scale . B. route C. Way D. dimension43. A. reason B. purpose C. effect D. health44. A. checked B. burned C. fueled D. extinguished45. A. varying B. differing C. changing D. ranging46. A. tragic B. drastic C. dynamic D. static47. A. surpass B. excel C. overtake D. bypass48. A. emerging B. diverging C. submerging D. merging49. A. manipulation B. presidency C. constitution D.dominance50. A. until B. in C. by D. beforePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneHeadphones used with MP3 digital -music players like the iPod may interfere with heart pacemakers（起搏器）and implantable defibrillators（除颤器），U.S．researchers said. The MP3 players themselves posed no threat to pacemakersand defibrillators, used to normalize heart rhythm. But strong little magnets inside the headphones can foul即the devices if placed within 1.2 inches of them, the researchers told an American Heart Association meeting in New Orleans．Dr. William Maisel of the Medical Device Safety Institute in Boston led a team that tested eight models of MP3 player headphones，including clip-on and ear-plug types, in 60 defibrillator and pacemaker patients．They placed the headphones on the patients' chests，directly over the devices．The headphones interfered with the heart devices in about a quarter of the patients⼀14 of the 60⼀and interference was twice as likely in those with a defibrillator than with a pacemaker. Another study presented at the meeting showed that cellular phones equipped with wireless technology known as Bluetooth are unlikely to interfere with pacemakers.A pacemaker sends electrical impulses to the heart to speed up or slow heart rhythm. The magnet, however, couldmake it deliver a signal no matter what the heart rate is, the researchers said.An implantable defibrillator signals the heart to normalize its rhythm if it gets too fast or slow. A magnet couldde-activate it, making it ignore an abnormal heart rhythm instead of delivering an electrical shock to normalize it.The devices usually go back to working the right way after the headphones are removed, the researchers said."The main message here is: it's fine for patients to use their headphones normally, meaning the⼣can listen to music and keep the headphones in their ears．But what they should not do is put the headphones near their device,，，Maisel said in a telephone interview.So that means people with pacemakers or defibrillators should not place the headphones in a shirt pocket or coat pocket near the chest when they are not being used, and should not place them over their chest or have others who are wearing headphones rest their head on the patient's chest, Maisel said.51. How can MP3 digital music players hinder pacemakers and defibrillators?A. P3 players can interfere with heart pacemakers and defibrillators．B. The magnets inside the headphones can interfere with pacemakers and defibrillators．C. The loud music beats pose a threat to pacemakers and defibrillators．D. MP3 players are placed too close to pacemakers and defibrillators．52. Dr. William Maisel’s tests showed that ___________.A. headphones had interference with the heart devices in every patientB. half of the models of MP3 player headphones had interference with heart devicesC. headphones had much stronger interference with a defibrillator than with a pacemakerD. headphones had much stronger interference with a pacemaker than with a defibrillator53．Bluetooth is mentioned as an example of cell phones that _____________.A. have little interference with the heart devicesB. are used in the tests in Dr. William Maisel’s studyC. are equipped with wireless technologyD. will replace the MP3 player headphones54. The magnets inside the headphones can cause problems by _________.A. sending out electrical shock to damage heartsB. sending out signals to make hearts beat too slowC. seeding out signals to make hearts beat too fastD. making the heart devices malfunction55. People with pacemakers or defibrillators should __________.A. never use MP3 digital music playersB. not use MP3 headphonesC. not use the headphones near their heartsD. put the headphones in a pocket when they are not being used56. The writer’s purpose in writing this article is to ___________.A. report the effects of cell phones on heartsB. warn people not to use modern gadgetsC. compare different headphone productsD. inform people of the safe use of MP3 playersPassage TwoCyber crime is likely to bring about as much destruction as the credit crisis in the coming years if international regulation is not improved, some of the world’s top crime experts said Damage caused by cyber crime is estimated at $100 billion annually, said Kilian Strauss, of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)．"These criminals outsmart us ten, or a hundred to one,，，Strauss told Reuters, adding more Internet experts were needed to investigate and tackle cyber crime.Criminal organizations are exploiting a regulatory vacuum to commit Internet crimes such as computer spying, money-laundering and theft of personal information, and the scope for damage is vast, experts told a European Economic Crime conference in Frankfurt. "We need multilateral understanding, account and oversight to avoid, in the years to come, a cyber crisis equivalent to the current financial crisis,”Antonio Maria Costa, Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, said.Internet crime is also a threat to national security, they said. Several countries, including the United States, have voiced concern over some hackers’ abilities to electronically spy on them’and disrupt computer networks．Calls for greater regulation of the Internet come at a time of regulatory renaissance, with policymakers looking to support the powers of financial sector watchdogs in the wake of the global financial crisis．"Because of the transnational nature of identity-related crime, and especially of cyber-crime, if we do not tackle the crime everywhere we will not solve it anywhere,” Costa said. The President of Interpol, Khoo Boon Hui, said increasingly highly technological gangs from Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa ～coming up with ever～sophisticated ways of swindling money from vulnerable people. He also said there was a trend of company bosses being bribed by fraudsters claiming to have guilty evidence about their firms.Strauss, who works as Senior Program Officer at the Office of the Coordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental activities, said Internet crime watchdogs could learn a lot from criminals willing to switch sides．57. The main idea of the passage is that _________.A. cyber crime is as destructive as the credit crisis in the coming yearsB. damage caused by cyber crime is very serious and will get worseC. to fight cyber crime requires enhanced international regulationD. international organizations should be established to crush cyber crime58. According to Kilian Strauss, _____________.A. cyber criminals are 10 or 100 times smarter than Internet expertsB. Internet exerts are 10 or 100 times smarter than cyber criminalsC. as cyber criminals are very smart, more experts are needed to light against themD. the investigation of the cyber crime takes time and money59. Criminal organizations can commit internet crimes because _________.A. there is no effective regulationB. they can exploit the present regulationsC. no country has paid enough attention to themD．the current financial crisis has put the authorities at a loss60. To win the war against cyber crime; __________.A. policymakers should support their governments financiallyB. each country should solve its own problems effectivelyC. United States should play a very important roleD, international cooperation is crucial61. The underlined word swindling (in the 5th paragraph) is closest in meaning to “_______”.A. bribingB. cheatingC. corruptingD. robbing62. Straus believes that ___________.A. Internet security experts can learn a lot from cyber criminalsB. if cyber criminals will cooperate with the police, they can be helpfulC. Internet crime watchdogs will make cyber criminals shift groundsD. international」organizations can solve the problems of cyber crimePassage ThreeIt's hard to know who to trust these days．When we see people staging protests we think, Wow！These folks are passionate about their cause⼀otherwise, why would they stand in the rain for hours？But sometimes it's a show: You and even your Congressman may have been raised to power by manipulative marketers who pay serious money to hire protesters.It's a mean trick. Let's say you want to stage a political rally, but you just can't find enough people for a good turnout. What you need are folks with lots of time on their hands, who can be persuaded to make a fuss over almost anything. Solution: Head down to a homeless shelter and take out cash.No joke⼀hiring the homeless is catching on. Last October, a Georgia activist pushing a state law to crack down on illegal immigrants paid 14 homeless men ＄10 each to hold signs and march around. It worked. People thought the rally was genuine⼀a local radio station even broadcast it live. But listeners had no idea this was just a crowd for hire.Pay for rage works⼀the homeless get a little income and the lobbying group gets a crowd. The only losers are citizens and. the media, who think the whole show is legitimate. After 'a Phoenix TV station recently noticed rallies featuring the homeless, they asked some of the protesters, who were holding signs about a local labor dispute, what they were upset about. Many had no idea. "All we do is stand out here and hold the signs，，’said one.Some bold organizers have been known to "borrow'’ people's names. In one case a few years ago, members of Congress were swamped with telegrams about a telecom bill. But some constituents were confused when they got phone calls from their concerned Congressmen⼀because they'd never written in to begin with. It turned out that thousands of the telegrams were faked by a telecom-industry PR firm. And guess what? No aspect of this campaign appears to have violated Postal Service regulations．That means your name could be used next in support of a corporate cause you've never heard of. All of this amounts to a corruption of our democratic system: You can't trust someone who's calling you about a political issue, and if you write to your Congressman, he might not trust that you haven't been manipulated.Maybe the solution starts with unmasking all those protest rallies that are just outrage-for-hire purchased down at the local shelter.63. From the first paragraph it can be learned that _________.A. those protesting in the cold rain are respectableB. most Congressmen were elected by fake votesC. in come cases protesters are hiredD. people staging protests are passionate64. Which of the following statements is true？A. The homeless tend to organize protests and rallies．B. Political rallies are sometimes manipulated by power and money.C. The homeless are to blame for deceiving the public and media.D. Political rallies attended by the homeless are on the decline.65．The passage implies that sometimes _________.A. people were deceived into believing that this was a real and legal rallyB. the hired protesters. knew clearly what they were pushing forC. such protests have never attracted any attentionD. organizers paid generously for these protesters66. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 "pay for rage works" means that _________.A. organizers of such rallies have to pay the participantsB. expressing anger can lead to good solutionsC. the homeless have to be paid moreD. hiring people to show your outrage is effective67. To shape the Congressmen's opinion, a telecom-industry PR firm ___________.A. asked the constituents to send telegrams to the CongressmenB. wrote to local residents for supportC. tried to violate Postal Service regulationsD. sent telegrams to the Congressmen in the names of local constituents68. Protest rallies of this kind might result in ___________.A. business deceptionsB. disappearance of political trustC. the increase of the homelessD. the collapse of a political partyPassage FourIt had been a long, brutal day on the sales floor for young Brent. He'd had his share of "ups"-what retail salespeople say when it's their turn with the next customer-and more than his share of downs．And now he was in danger of being shut out for the day.He hadn't been shut out in a long rime. Even in his early days with the company, he could always sell something to someone. He was a natural. But not on this day. This，of course, exposed him to some good-natured ridicule from his associates，who took not-so-secret delight in seeing the sales genius get his stroke of misfortune.Brent had more at stake here than just professional pride and reputation, however. Brent was a new father: He and his wife,Kay, had decided that she would be a full-time mom, which meant he would financially support the family. When he did well on the sales floor, finances weren't a problem. But when he struggled to make sales，the whole family struggled.Toward the end of the day, a man came in to buy a suit. This was potentially a good sale, the kind that can turn a bad day into a good one-just like that. Brent worked hard to make the sale. But the man hesitated. Brent knew all too well the look he saw in his eyes-the look of a customer about to walk out the door empty-handed. When it became clear that the man was going to leave to do a little comparison shopping, Brent handed him his business card and invited him to return after he'd had a chance to look around.The man looked at Brent's card, then took a long look at Brent."So you're Brent's boy," the man said, referring to the card that identified him as Brent Jr."Do you know my dad?" Brent asked.“Sure do," the man said. T hey chatted for a moment, establishing the link between father and son. Then the man said, "Your dad's a good man. If you're anything like him…well, tell me again about that suit."Brent called his father that night, but not to recount the story. "I just wanted to thank you," he said, "for giving me a name I can be proud of."69. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that as a salesman Brent was ___________.A. creativeB. hard-workingC. experiencedD. warm-hearted70. Th e underlined words “stroke of misfortune" in Paragraph 3 are closest in meaning to ________.A. change of fateB. bad luckC. a rare opportunityD. an unexpected reward71. It is known from the passage that ____________.A. Brent's family had to struggle to make ends meetB. Brent's family had to experience a temporary hard timeC. the family's future depended on Brent and his wife keeping their jobsD：the family's well-being was closely related to Brent's sales performance72. As soon as the man entered the store to buy a suit,＿·A. Brent felt that his chance finally cameB ．Brent decided to chat with him for a whileC. Brent gave him his greeting and business cardDent was sure that he couldn'‘make the sale73．Brent made a call to his father because heA. had had a good day on the sales floorB ．had met an old friend of his father’s earlier in the day·'E}-s proud of his～’s achievementD. was grateful for having a respectable name74. We can learn from the story that＿．A. we should cherish what we havekey to success is to never give即C. it is important to have a good reputationD. our family is the most valuable treasurePassage FiveIf the universality of immersion-style language programs, emergency test prep classes, tired college kids is any indication, cramming（临时抱佛脚）is a wildly popular study strategy. Professors frown upon it yet conspire by squeezing vast topics like "Evolution" or "World history 1914 to present" into the last week of a course. So is cramming effective or not? A new study by UC-San Diego psychologists confirms what you may suspect deep down: The answer is no. Hurried memorization is a ．hopeless approach for retaining information. But it's not all bad news. The team offers a precise formula for better study habits, arid it doesn't necessarily need dogged discipline and routine.To arrive at their prescription, the scientists tested the "spacing effect" on long-term memory. In other words，they wanted to know how the time gap between study sessions influences the ability to remember material on test day. They asked 1,354 volunteers to memorize 32 trivial facts, such as "Who invented snow golf?" (Rudyard Kipling) and "What European nation consumes the most spicy Mexican food?" (Norway)．Participants reviewed the answers anywhere from several minutes to several months after first learning them, and then～tested up to a year later.The findings？Students perform better when they space their study sessions rather than when they try to cram everything into th eir heads during one sitting.’ But for those who must cram, timing is everything. According to the researchers, if you have only one date on which to study, choose a day that's closer to when you first learned the material than when you take the test-but not too close. For instance, if you have a French lesson on Monday and a quiz the following· Monday, you should study on Wednesday for maximum retention. Tuesday is too early and Sunday is too late. If you want to remember something for a year, wait about a month to review what you learned.Hal Pashler, one of the lead authors, suspects that most crammers don't realize the error of their ways．"Even in the scientific community, cram type summer courses on new research methods are extremely popular," he told me in ⼏an email.‘`And I have never heard people who take these courses even notice the fact that they are a perfect prescription for rapid forgetting．”75．Which of the following can best describe professors，attitude towardcramming？A. Rationally rejecting．13}.,Xeasonably ignoring.C ．Readily accepting. D．Reluctantly helping.76．The new study on cramming＿·AV&kes us confused about how to understand“B ．proves the correctness of the general understandingC，points out the problems with what's popularly knownD ．raises questions as to what should be avoided77．Paragraph 2 mainly describes＿．A. the necessity of the testB. the procedure of the testC. the selection of the test subiectsVIC content of the test questions78．According to the passage,. the most important cramming strategy is。

2009 年全国硕士‎研究生入学‎统一考试英‎语（二）试题答案与‎解析Secti‎o n I Use of Engli‎s h一、文章题材结‎构分析本文是一篇‎说明文，摘自2008 年 6 月26 日The New Y ork Times‎。

文章主要介‎绍了世界石‎油价格的变‎化的原因以及给世界‎带来的改变‎。

第一段主要‎介绍了近年‎来石油价格‎的上涨以及‎其背后的原‎因。

第二、三段主要介‎绍了石油价格的改变‎对国家相互‎之间的关系‎带来的影响‎。

第四、五段分别具‎体的介绍了‎世界石油价‎格的变化给‎德国与美国‎来带的影响。

二、试题分析1.【答案】C【解析】本题主要考‎查词义辨析‎和熟词生义‎，A项come，B 项gone，D 项arriv‎e d 都表示“到，到达”的含义。

C项cross‎意为“穿过”，这里是引申‎含义“突破”。

这句话指“价格已经突‎破100 美元每桶”，与上文的“16 美元一桶”做比较。

2.【答案】D【解析】本题考查动‎词与介词词‎组的搭配。

解题重点在‎于空后面的‎一个介词词‎组from …to…表示一个范‎围。

A项cover‎e d意为“覆盖”一般指地理‎范围；B项disco‎v ered‎发现；C 项arran‎g ed 安排；C 项D 项的动词都‎与介词词组搭配不合‎理。

D 项range‎d意为涉及的‎“范围延伸”。

与后面的from…to…搭配合理。

本句句意是‎：价格上涨的‎原因涉及从……到……，固定搭配range‎from A to B。

因此，选项 D 正确。

3.【答案】D【解析】本题的解答‎要根据上下‎文来推理，四个选项中‎A项inten‎si ty 强度；B 项infin‎i ty；无穷大；C 项insec‎u rity‎不安全；D 项insta‎bilit‎y不安定，不稳定性。

后面说到了‎“伊拉克与尼‎日利亚的三‎角洲地区”，我们知道这‎两个地区的局势长期‎不稳定。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and oneof the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter[D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination[D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable[D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite[D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward[D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results[D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform[D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual[D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as[D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D]reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D]with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However[D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent[D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far[D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth saidin the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchershave discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (orcollaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing n ew habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testingA, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today aman can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doingance stry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inh erited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on dat a collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people throughthem to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The . workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor . economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the . factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pantsa result of the training that . workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development We have to suspect that continuingeconomic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal educat ion, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important ofeducation in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor forcemajor difference between the Japanese and workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the workforce has a better education[D] ]the workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like JohnWinthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folkalong the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century NewEngland___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. .American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boasdeveloped a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. .Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. .Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme inEuropean, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the It may be said that the measure of theworth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief businesswith them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Sectio n Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7— instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to8.Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence? That's the question behind this new research.I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11of our own intelligence might be. This is12the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 1, not merely how much of it there is. 1819question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive[C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads."The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being ________.A. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be ________A. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23. "ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to ________A. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ________?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's ___________.[A] easy availability[B] flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A] locate one's birth place[B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A] trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A] disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building[C] excessive sample comparison[D] lack of patent evaluation30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C] DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution haveconsistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts -- a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A] challenges economists and politicians[B] takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C] the U.S workforce has a better education[D] the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits " According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read themagical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . "Our main end was to catch fish. "36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single originand passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled inlinguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of thefittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, suchas initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage,categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep asociety functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested,on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. "White pollution "is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to give your opinions briefly andmake two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析本文是一个有关动物智力话题的文章。

2009年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题答案1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”，suppose 表示“假设”，observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”，Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。

2. A.本题考查动词短语，happen to(碰巧)，fear to(唯恐…)，be threatened to被恐吓…。

tend to do表示“有…倾向，往往…”，代入文中表示比较聪明的果蝇往往寿命较短。

3. D.本题考查形容词，lighter更轻的，thinner更瘦的，stabler更稳定的，dimmer 比较暗淡的，本句是前一句推出的结论，即由“果蝇越聪明寿命越短”推出“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”。

4. B.本题考查名词。

由前半句“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”推出“这是不特别亮的灯泡的一个优点”。

tendency倾向，advantage优势，inclination倾向，priority优先权。

5. C.本题考查动词短语，turns out证明是，insist on坚持，sum up总结，put forward 提出。

6. A.本题考查介词，off表示离开。

代入文中表示离开起点时。

7. D.incredible难以置信的，spontaneous自发的，inevitable不可避免的，gradual 渐进的。

学习是一个渐进的过程，所以选gradual.8. C.本文的主旨是智力需要昂贵的代价。

大量的物种会学习，但它们首先学会的是知道什么时候停止学习，与上文的例子灯泡呼应。

四个选项中，fight表示斗争，doubt表示怀疑，stop表示停止，think表示思考，正确答案为C9. B.本题考查形容词，修饰intelligence。

invisible看不见的，indefinite不确定的，这两个选项意思不符合，排除。