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英汉翻译要点归纳一、翻译步骤1.断句：在标点符号、连词、关系词、介词、不定式符号to、分词处断句，找出句子主干On the whole, /（标点符号处）such a conclusion can be drawn /with（介词处） a certain degree of confidence, /but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude /towards the test /as the others /with whom（关系词处） he is being compared, /and（连词处） only if he was not punished/ by lack of relevant information/ which they possessed.2.翻译：根据断句断开翻译并适当调整语序*语序问题：①中文为主语+废话+主要内容英文为主语+主要内容+废话or废话（多为状语）+主语+主要内容中国作为一个发展中的大国高度重视中美两国之间的友谊。
As a major developing country,（状语先译） China attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S（废话后译）.②总分关系：中文先分后总，英文先总后分③事实与评论：中文先事实后评论，英文先评论后事实我们要努力学习英语，这是很重要的。
It is very important（先评论） for us to make efforts to study English.●比较级属于评论性词，最后译3.重读：看是否符合中文习惯二、两个规律1.谓语动词过渡：只译主要动词（强势动词，有感情色彩），不译次要动词（弱势动词，无感情色彩）I give you my support.我支持你（give弱势动词，不用翻译）2.抽象名词译法：【抽象名词：the+n.+of结构中名次通常为抽象名词，且常以“-tion,-sion,-ment,-ing”形式出现】译法：A.有动词词根：译为动词The suggestion of mine is that 我建议……B.无动词词根：进行增词the spirit of our nation我们民族所具有的精神C.AB互换（“偏正互换”译法）在英译汉中偏正→正偏treasury of silt宝贵的泥沙 European’s today当今的欧洲人三、中英文两个差异1.长短差异：中文善用短句，用标点隔开；英文善用长句，不用标点→在进行英译汉时要进行断句翻译2.动静差异：中文是动态性语言，善用动词副词，善用强势动词；英文是静态性语言，善用名词，善用弱势动词→在汉译英中常把ad.转化为v.，把v.转化为n.在经济上，我们要加快（副词）建立（动词）社会主义市场经济体制。
英汉笔译翻译知识点总结一、翻译基本原则1.忠实原文：译员要尽量准确而精确地传达原文的信息，忠实于原文作者的意图和表达方式；2.流畅通顺：译文的语言应该通顺自然,符合英语或汉语的语法规则和语言习惯；3.意译和直译：在保证忠实原文的基础上，根据两种语言的语言特点和表达习惯进行适当的意译，尤其是对于一些文化、习俗和历史上的隐喻或难以直译的内容；4.语言风格：要根据原文的语言风格和语体特征来选择相应的汉语或英语表达方式,确保译文贴近原文的语言特点；5.语言规范：在翻译过程中要注意遵守语言规范,不使用或尽量避免使用一些不规范或过时的词语和表达方式。
6.专业术语：对于某些特定行业或领域的专业术语,译员需要具备相应领域的专业知识和翻译经验,确保专业术语的准确使用。
二、语言对等1.词义对应：在翻译过程中,需要根据上下文和语境来选择合适的词语或短语,确保译文能够准确传达原文的意思,同时考虑到词语在语言文化中的习惯用法,避免歧义或误解；2.句式结构：要注意保持译文的语法结构和句式特点,尽量做到与原文相对应,并保持句子的逻辑关系和信息传递的连贯性；3.逻辑衔接：译文在表达所传达的信息时,要考虑到原文的表述方式和逻辑关系,保持原文的表达方式,确保译文的逻辑衔接和信息传达的清晰度。
三、文化因素1.习俗和习惯：在翻译过程中要考虑到不同文化背景下的习俗和习惯,尤其是涉及到生活方式、风俗习惯或宗教信仰等方面的内容,需要进行适当的意译或文化调整；2.历史背景：有些原文中的词语或表达方式可能涉及到特定的历史事件或文化背景,译员需要了解相关的历史知识和文化背景,确保译文的准确性和可理解性；3.惯用语和成语：在翻译过程中要注意汉语和英语的惯用语和成语的差异,避免直译误解,尽量使用相近义的惯用语和成语,确保译文的自然流畅。
四、修辞手法1.隐喻和比喻：在翻译中,对于原文中的隐喻和比喻,译员需要根据上下文和语境进行合适的意译,确保译文能够传达原文作者的表达意图和情感色彩；2.排比和对仗：在翻译文学作品时,需要注意原文中的排比和对仗等修辞手法,选择相应的汉语或英语表达方式,保持原文的格调和艺术效果；3.修辞疑问：译员需要充分理解原文的修辞手法和表达方式,并在译文中保留相应的修辞特色,确保译文的艺术性和表现力。
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第一单元翻译概论1翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言.Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means “not to alter the original words and sentences”, strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”.例如：paper tiger—纸老虎Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech.例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译（Domestication ）归化的例子：as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪5 傅雷：1951年在《高老头 重译本序》中提出“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。
第三章名词的抽象和具体译法第一节名词的抽象译法(p68)粗枝大叶to be crude and careless (with big branches and large leaves)海阔天空to talk with random( with a vast sea and boundless sky)灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious (with red lights and green wine)纸醉金迷of life of luxury and dissipation (with drunken paper and bewitched gold)单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth (with a solitary spear and a single horse)赤胆忠心ardent loyalty (with red gut and heart)无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness (to get into every hole)扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated (to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath)开门见山to come straight to the point (to open the door and see the mountain)大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale (to make a great array of flags and drums)风雨飘摇(of a situation) being unstable (the wind and rain are rocking)二．翻译下列句子（1）这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？That’s a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in? （2）别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. （3）这消息让我出了一身冷汗。
第一单元翻译概论1翻译就是承受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言.Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means “not to alter the original words and sentences”, strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”.例如：paper tiger—纸老虎Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech. 例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译（Domestication ）归化的例子：as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪5傅雷：1951年在《高老头•重译本序》中提出“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。
英汉翻译第1-2总结第一章翻译概论1.The definition of translationTranslation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.2.Scope of translationOral interpretation(解释翻译说明) 口译Abridged(删节缩短减少)translation 选译3.翻译的条件（1）掌握必要的翻译理论和技巧（2）加强英汉两种语言的修养、拓宽知识面（3）“译”精于勤（4）三要①正确理解原文词义②要掌握与两种语言相关的文化背景知识③要弄清原文结构（5）三不要①不要逐字死译I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to （被说服）marry.②不要使译文逻辑连贯失调③不要炫耀文笔4.背景知识与翻译（1）历史背景“If that picture is genuine, I’m a Dutchman（荷兰人）!”如果那幅画是真的，我就不是人。
（英国和荷兰的战争）（2）地理环境drink like a fish, as close as an oyster（牡蛎耗）守口如瓶（3）宗教信仰①John can be relied on. He eats no fish.约翰为人可靠，他很忠诚。
②Speak of angels, and you will hear their wings; talk of the devil, and he’s sure to appear.说曹操，曹操到。
第一单元翻译概论1翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言.Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means “not to alter the original words and sentences”, strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”.例如：paper tiger—纸老虎Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech.例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译（Domestication ）归化的例子：as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪5 傅雷：1951年在《高老头 重译本序》中提出“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。
”6. 钱钟书：1964年在《林纾的翻译》一文中提到“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入与“化境”。
7 But I hated Sakamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestors.但是我恨坂田，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。
8 Don’t cross the b ridge till you get to it.不必担心太早。
（不必自寻烦恼）9 Do you see any green in my eyes你以为我是好欺骗的吗？10 Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。
第二单元英汉对比1汉语和英语的对比研究，始于100年多前《马氏文通》，这是我国第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。
2中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”、“万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。
3因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。
正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。
法治的不管主语用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说话人的意思，就算了。
”4正因为汉语缺乏主语，语言学家从语言类型学的角度出发，认为汉语是主题显着(topic-prominent)的语言。
5 A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。
有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。
would not believe what he said.他的话，我可不信。
did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。
8 I know Mr. Wang.王先生我认识。
9. He is the best singer.唱歌，他是最棒的。
11. Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
12. Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell.打死我也不说。
13. Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
14. If winter comes, can spring be far behind冬天来了，春天还会远吗？15. We will not attack unless we are attacked.人不犯我，我不犯人。
16. As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.（由于）天气很好，我们决定去爬山。
17. My sister was expecting me, so I had to go now.我妹妹在等我，我得走了。
18. A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。
19 We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin.我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。
20西文句中名物字,多随举随释,如中文之旁支,后乃遥接前文,足意成句。
”(严复)英语句子“多随举随释”，枝杈蔓生,呈树状结构,分叉处有介词,关系代词连接。
而汉语按时间顺序或逻辑顺序逐层展开,节节延伸,犹如竹子。
21 The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungray because he had had no food for two days.男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。
22.The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elepants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented.月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也不能看到它们。
23. Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.1826年杰斐逊逝世。
按他生前遗愿，在他墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚州信教自由法令的作者，弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓。
24 由此可见，英语是“静态”的语言，而汉语则是“动态”的语言。
“英语的静态修辞实质是名词优势和介词优势，而介词优势又是名词优势的必然结果。
因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结。
” 因此，在英译汉时常常要变“静”为“动”，摆脱名词化的框架和大量介词的干扰，突出原文的动态色彩。
25. Admittance Free 免票入场26. Out of Bounds 游客止步27. No Admittance Except on Business 闲人免进28. Danger of Death – High Voltage! 高压（电），生命危险！29. Party officials worked long hour on meagre food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。
30 What film will be on this evening 今晚放映什么影片？31. He walked around the house with a gun. 他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。
32 A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it.研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。
33. The very first sight of her made him fall in love with her. 他对她一见钟情。
34中国传统哲学以人为本，追求人与自然的和谐，把天、地、人视为一个统一体，即“天人合一”。
《易经》提出了有机整体的图式，把自然现象和人事凶吉都纳入阴阳两极所组成的六十四卦系统之中，为中国传统思维奠定了基础。
35 I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man.我读过你的文章，但没料想你会这样年轻。
36 A seaman knows that the sea is all-powerful and can, under certain circumstances, destroy man and the product of his brain and hand, the ship.水手们都知道，大海的威力是势不可挡的；在某些情况下，它能把人及人所制造的船只统统摧毁掉。
