长难句分析
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大学英语阅读理解长难句解析
长难句在大学英语阅读理解中是一个普遍存在的现象。
在阅读理解的过程中,要理解长难句是必不可少的,因为长难句的结构往往复杂,需要仔细分析和研究。
而理解长难句也需要一些技巧和方法,以下是一些简单有效的技巧和方法:
1. 找出主干
长难句通常包含多个从句和各种修饰语,如果没有找出主干,就难以理清其结构。
所以,找出主干是理解长难句的第一步。
主干是句子中最重要的成分,也是句子的中心思想所在。
2. 利用标点符号
标点符号在长难句中起到了很重要的作用,可以帮助我们理解句子的结构。
比如,逗号可以分割句子成分,引号可以标识出语言或引用的内容。
3. 寻找关键词
长难句通常有很多修饰语和从句,这些语句中的关键词是理解句子结构的关键。
找到关键词可以帮助我们更好地理解整个句子。
4. 确定从句
长难句中常常包含从句,而从句又可以是定语从句、状语从句或者名词性从句。
确定从句是理解长难句的关键。
从句与主句的关系对于整个句子的理解至关重要。
总之,在大学英语阅读理解中,理解长难句是必不可少的。
我们需要采用一些方法和技巧,如找出主干、利用标点符号、寻找关键词和确定从句等,才能更好地理解长难句,并在阅读中获取更多的信息。
长难句解析高考英语阅读文章中往往会有一些长难句,这些长难句常常是考题所要考查的对象,也是考生理解文章的一大障碍。
针对长难句,要学会利用语法知识中的句法知识来理解,先判断句子的主干部分,而对于句子的修饰、补充成分,可以先忽略不看。
在理解了句子的主干意思后,再来理解修饰、补充成分。
同时,句子中的标点符号也是一个很重要的判断依据,要充分利用标点符合,帮助我们判断句子的主干和修饰成分。
根据长难句的结构,我们可以把长难句分为:环环相扣式、并列式、插入语式和改变语序式。
一、环环相扣式这类句子往往有多重句子修饰成分,这些修饰成分往往用非谓语动词或从句充当。
在阅读过程中,对于这类句式应当先找到句子的主干,然后再看修饰成分。
例1: A mere hundred species (物种) are the basis of our food supply,of which but twenty carry the load.Wilson suggests changing thissituation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of,which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.(2008全国卷一E篇)译文:只有约100种物种为我们提供食物基础,其中只有20种承担着供应人类食物的重担。
Wilson建议通过调查研究一万种可以被利用的物种来改变这种现状,这样做可以减少人类为了增加耕种面积而开垦动植物的自然家园的做法。
解析:第二句是一个含有多层结构的句子。
第一层结构:Wilson suggests changing ...by looking ...。
第2个which引导的非限定性定语从句是第二层结构代替changing e of。
第一部分:高中英语长难句解析在阅读中,我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。
长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。
长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。
理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型,理清句子成分,抓住句子中的关键部分。
纵观历年高考英语试题,可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。
不难理解,命题者在句子难度上大做文章,无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式,从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。
下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。
一、复合从句这些句子往往较长,一个从句套着另一个从句,环环相扣,使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。
其实,不管句子有多长有多复杂,它只由两部分构成,即主干和修饰成分。
主干是整个句子的骨架,主要指主谓宾结构(如: I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。
而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用,它既可以是单词,也可以是短语,更常见的则是从句,尤其是定语从句和状语从句。
这些从句都很常见,考生比较熟悉,但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。
这时,考生应通过仔细分析,将每个修饰成分划出来,找出句子的主干,这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
二、分隔结构为了调整语气和增加补充信息,更主要的是为了平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻,使语义严密,结构紧凑,可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来,这就是所谓的分隔结构。
考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。
此外,还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置,也可以看作是插入现象,只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整,没有新增信息。
三、成分省略在英语句子中,节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。
省略主要是为了避免重复,突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。
成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子富于变化,增强表现力。
雅思阅读之长难句分析方法和技巧
雅思阅读中的长难句分析是提高阅读理解能力的重要一环。
长难句通常包含多个从句、修饰语和短语,使得句子结构复杂且难以理解。
1.确定句子主干
首先找到句子的主谓宾结构,即主语、谓语和宾语。
这有助于理解句子的主要内容和意图。
2.识别从句
长难句中通常包含多个从句,如名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。
识别从句并理解其作用有助于理解整个句子的意思。
3.理解修饰语
长难句中经常使用定语、状语、同位语等修饰语来扩展句子或解释主语、谓语或宾语。
理解这些修饰语的意思和作用有助于更好地理解句子。
4.注意标点符号
标点符号在长难句中具有重要作用。
逗号、分号和冒号等标点符号可以分隔句子成分,使句子更易于理解。
5.翻译句子
尝试将句子翻译成中文,以便更好地理解其意思。
翻译可以帮助你理解句子中的词汇、短语和从句的逻辑关系。
6.练习分析
通过大量的练习和分析,逐渐提高对长难句的理解能力。
可以多读一些英文文章,尤其是新闻、学术论文等不同类型的文本,以接触不同类型的长难句。
7.寻求帮助
如果你在分析长难句时遇到困难,可以向老师、同学或使用在线资源寻求帮助。
他们可以提供解释、翻译或指出错误,帮助你更好地理解句子。
总之,雅思阅读长难句分析需要练习和耐心。
通过掌握方法和技巧,逐渐提高对长难句的理解能力,从而在雅思阅读考试中取得更好的成绩。
初三英语阅读理解长难句的分析与翻译技巧对于初三的学生来说,英语阅读理解中的长难句常常是令人头疼的难题。
这些长难句结构复杂、词汇丰富,理解和翻译起来颇具挑战性。
但只要掌握了正确的方法和技巧,就能够轻松应对,提高阅读理解的能力和得分。
一、长难句的特点初三英语阅读理解中的长难句通常具有以下几个特点:1、句子结构复杂包含多种从句,如定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句等,或者使用了复杂的短语结构,如分词短语、不定式短语等。
例如:“The book that I bought yesterday, which is very interesting, has been recommended by many of my friends” 这个句子中既有定语从句“that I bought yesterday”,又有非限制性定语从句“which is very interesting”,句子结构较为复杂。
2、词汇量大且生僻长难句中往往会出现一些高级词汇、学术词汇或专业术语,增加了理解的难度。
比如:“The phenomenon of climate change has raised wides pread concerns among scientists and policymakers” 其中“phenomenon”(现象)和“policymaker”(政策制定者)可能对学生来说不是常见词汇。
3、逻辑关系隐晦长难句中的逻辑关系可能不那么直接和明显,需要仔细分析才能理清。
例如:“Although he worked hard, he failed the exam because he didn't pay attention to the details” 这个句子中包含了转折和因果两种逻辑关系。
二、长难句分析技巧1、找出句子的主干句子的主干是指主语、谓语和宾语等主要成分。
先找到主干,可以帮助我们快速把握句子的基本意思。
语言中的长难句解析语言是人类交流的重要工具,其中长难句作为语法的一部分,常常给人造成困扰。
本文旨在解析语言中常见的长难句结构,为读者提供理解的窍门和应对策略。
通过对长难句的分析和解读,我们可以更好地理解语言的表达方式,并提升我们自己的写作和阅读能力。
一、长难句的定义和特点长难句,顾名思义,就是句子结构复杂、句子长度较长的句子。
它通常由多个从句或短语构成,包含大量的修饰成分和连接词。
长难句的使用可以使句子表达更加细致和复杂,但也给读者造成理解上的困扰。
长难句的特点主要体现在以下几个方面:1. 句子的词数较多,常常超过20个单词。
2. 句子结构复杂,包含多个并列或从属关系的从句。
3. 句子中存在大量的修饰成分,如定语从句和状语从句。
4. 句子中使用了大量的连接词和连接词组,如连词、关联词等。
二、常见的长难句结构及解析1. 定语从句定语从句是修饰名词或代词的从句,常常用于限定或具体描述名词的作用。
定语从句一般由关系代词(如who, which, that等)引导。
例句:I have a friend who lives in New York.这个句子中的定语从句"who lives in New York"修饰了friend,用来具体描述这个朋友及其居住地。
2. 状语从句状语从句是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的从句,用来表达时间、原因、条件、目的、方式等。
例句:Although it was raining heavily, we still went for a walk.这个句子中的状语从句"Although it was raining heavily"表示时间条件,用来解释为什么我们仍然决定去散步。
3. 并列句并列句是由连词(如and, but, or等)连接的两个或多个句子,用来表达并列关系或对比关系。
例句:She is funny, but she is also very serious.这个句子中的并列句"but she is also very serious"表示对比关系,用来形容她既幽默又认真的两个方面。
英语长难句分析长句25个1. Although he was tired and hungry, John continued to work late into the night.分析:主句为John continued to work late into the night,although引导让步状语从句,he was tired and hungry为从句主语,tired和hungry为从句谓语补足语。
3. She couldn't find her keys, which she had left on the kitchen counter.分析:主句为She couldn't find her keys,which引导非限制性定语从句,she had left on the kitchen counter为从句谓语。
4. It was not until the storm had passed that the rescue team could begin their work.分析:主句为the rescue team could begin their work,it为形式主语,not until引导倒装的时间状语从句,the storm had passed为从句主语。
6. Having studied for many hours, he felt prepared for the exam.分析:主句为he felt prepared for the exam,having studiedfor many hours为现在分词短语作原因状语。
7. In order to succeed, you must work hard and never give up.分析:主句为you must work hard and never give up,in order to引导目的状语从句。
高考英语阅读长难句分析方法与实例一、长句难句是如何产生的1、分支多,短语多英语句子主干是构成五种基本句型的基础:这五种结构之所以为基本结构,因为这五种结构是构成英语语句子的主干,英语长句都是通过这五种基本结构演变而来的,掌握句子五种基本结构是分析和理解英语句子的基础。
英语句子的特点是除了词可以做句子成分外,短语和句子都可以做句子成分。
就算是一个单句,如果都是以短语为句子成分,再加上句子如果分支较多的话,也可以构成比较复杂的句子。
2、分句多,从句多英语复合句可分为并列复合句与从属复合句。
并列复合句是在结构和意思上都可以相互独立的两个或多个单句构成的复合句;从属复合句是一个句子做另外一个句子的句子成分,两个句子不可以相互独立成为句子,如果两个句子拆分会导致句子意思不完整,或句子成分残缺。
在英语复合句中特别是从属复合句,从句中还可以有从句或其它并列句,有些复合既有并列句,又有从属句。
复合句也是构成英语长句难句的重要原因。
二、长句难句的分析方法长句难句的分析方法可以概括为:先主句再从句,先主干再分支。
先主句再从句就是对有从句的长句难句,先不看从句,先找出句子的主句并分析主句的句子主干,再分析从句;先主干再分枝就是先分析主句与从句的句子主干,再分析句子的分枝,句子的分支主要是指定语和状语。
三、长句难句分析实例实例1:Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.本句是含有定语从句的复合句,根据先主句再从句的分析方法,我们先去掉从句(who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908),把句子简化为:Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.再根据先主干再分支,把句子分支(主语同位语a onetime British merchant-navy officer,时间状语before his 1914 voyage,目的状语to make money from movie and still photography)都去掉,进一步简化为:Shackleton started a business.那么这个句子的几层意思就很明确了①Shackleton何许人,a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908②做了什么事,Shackleton started a business③什么时间做的,其目的为何 before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography实例2:These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.本句也是含有定语从句的复合句,根据先主句再从句的分析方法,先去掉从句(which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.),再根据先主干再分支,把句子分支(offered by the modern French Republic过去分短语做定语)去掉简化为:These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle.那么这个句子表达了两层意思:①当地市民得在传统自给自足的狩猎生活与现在生活方式之间找平衡。
18个实例让你学会分析长难句,高中英语阅读理解满分必备!阅读是英语考试的重中之重,对英语阅读中的长难句理解是攻克阅读的有效方法。
本文将着重讲解高考英语阅读真题中的长难句,希望提高大家阅读能力。
长难句解题思路1. 首先寻找连词:连词包含并列连词,从属连词和关系词,并且依据连词将长句划分成短句;2. 依据五大句型基本结构,判断短句的句子成分。
注意区分谓语动词和非谓语动词(现在分词,动名词,过去分词,不定式),明确句子的谓语动词,剥离定语,状语,从而确定句子的基本结构。
第1句:时间状语从句,定语从句When he returned, the boy was able to describe everything he had seen to the old man.长句分析:(1) when 引导的是时间状语从句;(2) he had seen: 是一个定语从句,修饰先行词everything. 由于定语从句缺少宾语,因此省略了关系代词that。
注意:先行词为不定代词everything时,关系代词不可使用Which;(3) to the old man: 是做动词describe的宾语补足语;(4) describe: 描述. Describe something to somebody : 向某人描述某物;长句翻译:当他回来时,这个男孩能向老人描述他所看到的一切。
第2句:目的状语从句,宾语从句The robot will have to have a certain way to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do.长句分析:(1) so that : 引导了一个目的状语从句,so 前面的句子是主句,that 后面的句子是目的状语从句;(2) what 引导的是it knows的宾语从句,充当knows的宾语,it 是指示代词,指代的是robot. What在宾语从句中充当do的宾语;(3) have to : 不得不;劝告或建议时用;表示一定真实或肯定发生;(4) have a way to do something : 拥有做某事的方法;长句翻译:机器人必须有一个特定的方式来接收程序,这样它才能知道它要做什么。
长难句分析长难句分析“两步法”[Step1:预处理]①找出谓语动词并用下划线标注;谓语动词即所有的非谓语动词,包括主句的谓语和从句的谓语②给“三长”加括号,“三长”包括从句,介词短语,非谓语动词;三大从句:名词性从句:、、、形容词性从句:副词性从句:注意:一旦出现下一修饰成分,就把上一修饰成分结束掉,不管上一修饰成分是否以及结束③给“并列词”加方框,给“并列项”加三角;并列词:and、or、but、as well as并列项:A和B例如:A...and B...注意:因为修饰成分往往出现在被修饰成分的后面,找并列项时先找B后找A,B往往是并列词的右边最近的单词;再通过B去寻找A,因为A和B往往满足“结构相似、含义相近”,通俗来讲就是A和B往往很像[Step2:做直译]对每个括号进行翻译注意:每个括号里的第一个单词都像是一个“挂钩”,可以利用每个挂钩提问和回答问题,将一个个括号连接起来[Step3:调语序]如果没有英翻汉的题型可以不去做这一步长难句分析练习1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century,the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds,including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem,and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique(巴黎综合理工学院).成分简析:2.It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use Internet-connected computers,although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced,the printers start working overtime.That is,the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.成分简析:3.Perhaps the best sign of how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself,which sees printing as one of its most promising new market.成分简析:4.The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.成分简析:5.Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese,these terms(术语)are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers.成分简析:6.Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the programme and anyone who has a lively interest in their pet,whether it be a cat,dog or snake!成分简析:7.Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began.成分简析:8.But for all the texts that are written,stored and sent electronically,a lot of them are still ending up on paper.成分简析:9.With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence,according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA)(盆地治疗动物组织)in Salt Lake City.成分简析:10.Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in1506,and settled in1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.成分简析:11.They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years,giving them plenty of time to build more than1000huge stone figures,called moat,for which the island is most famous.成分简析:12.Whereas(鉴于)a women’s closet female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.成分简析:13.We even have different word for some foods,meat in particular,depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming.while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating.成分简析:14.When Americans visit Europe for the first time,they usually find Germany more “Foreign”than France because the German they see on signs and ads seems much more different from English than French does.成分简析:15.The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees,who can afford the new service,in other words,Shanghai’s car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of white-collar employees.成分简析:16.The hot sun had caused the dough to double size and the fermenting yeast(发酵型酵母)made the surface shake and sigh as though it were breathing and it looked like some unknown being from outer space.成分简析:17.After all,what lively children wouldn’t settle for spending only half the day doing ordinary school work,and acting,singing or dancing their way through the other half of the day?成分简析:18.So when Ed arrived for our game not only with the bottom of his shirt gathered inside his trousers but also with a stomach you could hardly notice,I was so surprised that I was speechless,my cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape.成分简析:19.Thirty years after being introduced to McCauley’s words,they still seem to me the best yardstick(准绳),because they give us a way to measure ourselves rather than others.成分简析:20.But when John and his fellow soldier came in sight some of the people watching couldn’t help laughing at the one who couldn’t keep pace with the others as they march along.成分简析:长难句分析答案First(put forward)(by the French mathematician Pierre de Format)(in the seventeenth century),the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds,(including a French woman scientist)(who made a major advance)(in working out the problem),and (who had to dress)(like a man)(in order)(to be able)(to study)(at the Ecole Polytechnique).It is difficult(to measure the quantity)(of paper)(used)(as a result)(of use Internet-connected computers),although just about anyone(who works)(in an office)can tell you(that)(when e-mail is introduced),the printers start working overtime.That is,the growing demand(for paper)(in recent years)is largely due(to the increased use)(of the Internet).Perhaps the best sign(of)(how computer and Internet use pushes up demand)(for paper) comes(from the high-tech industry itself),(which sees printing)(as one)(of its most promising new market).The action group has also found acceptable paper(made)(from materials other)(than wood),such(as agricultural waste).Mostly(borrowed)(from English and Chinese),these terms are often changed(into forms) no longer(understood)(by native speakers).Tales(from Animal Hospital)will delight all fans(of the programme)and anyone(who has a lively interest)(in their pet),(whether it be a cat,dog or snake)!Newton is shown(as a gifted scientist)(with very human weaknesses)(who stood)(at the point)(in history)(where magic ended and science began).But(for all the texts)(that are written,stored and sent electronically),a lot of them are still ending up(on paper).(With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love),dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners(needed)(for a beginning reader)(to gain confidence),(according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA))(in Salt Lake City).(Discovered)(by the Portuguese admiral)(of the same name)(in1506),and(settled in 1810),the island belongs(to Great Britain)and has a population(of a few hundred).They had no connection with the outside world(for more)(than a thousand years),(giving them plenty)(of time)(to build more)(than1000huge stone figures),(called moat,)(for which the island is most famous).Whereas(鉴于)a women’s closet female friend might be the first(to tell her)(to leave a failing marriage),it wasn’t unusual(to hear)(a man say)(he didn’t know)(his friend’s marriage was)(in serious trouble)until he appeared one night(asking)(if he could sleep) (on the sofa).We even have different word(for some foods,meat)(in particular),(depending)(on) (whether it is still out)(in the fields)or(at home)ready(to be cooked),(which shows the fact)(that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming).while the upper-class Normans were doing most(of the eating).(When Americans visit Europe)(for the first time),they usually find Germany more “Foreign”(than France)(because the German)(they see)(on signs and ads)seems much more different(from English)(than French does).The major market force rests(in the growing population)(of white-collar employees),(who can afford the new service),in other words,Shanghai’s car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due(to the increasing number)(of white-collar employees).The hot sun had caused the dough(to double size)and the fermenting yeast made the surface(shake)and(sigh)(as though it were breathing and it looked like some unknown being)(from outer space).After all,what lively children wouldn’t settle(for)(spending only half the day)(doing ordinary school work),and(acting,singing or dancing)their way(through the other half) (of the day)?So(when Ed arrived)(for our game)not only(with the bottom)(of his shirt)(gatheredinside his trousers)but also(with a stomach)(you could hardly notice),I was so surprised (that I was speechless),(my cousin must have made an effort)(to get himself)(into shape).Thirty years(after)(being introduced)(to McCauley’s words),they still seem(to me)the best yardstick,(because they give us a way)(to measure ourselves)rather(than others).But(when John and his fellow soldier came)(in sight)some of the people(watching) couldn’t help(laughing)(at the one)(who couldn’t keep pace)(with the others)(as they march along).。
英语长难句解析一、定语从句【难句】1. Even China’s population will be declining by the early 2030s, according to the UN, which projects that by 2050 populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries. (The Economist Jun.5, 2006)【结构分析】本句结构清晰,是一个复合句。
主句为Even China’s population will be declining by the early 2030s, according to the UN,其后的定语从句which projects that by 2050 populations will be lower than they are today in 50 countries修饰先行词UN,关系代词在从句中作主语,注意这里project作动词用,译为“指出”,且从句里使用了比较级。
【参考译文】联合国有关报告指出,即便是中国,到2030年初期人口也将开始递减。
这份报告同时还指出,到2050年,将有50个国家的人口低于今天的水平。
【难句】2. That is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games, which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals. (The Economist Jun.18, 2006)【结构分析】本句的主句That is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games是主系表结构,其中表语由how引导的名词性从句充当,定语从句which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals修饰先行词video games,关系代词which指代先行词video games在从句中作主语,这里使用了被动语态be accused of,在翻译时我们译成主动。
1. Treatments for jellyfish stings and snakebites have also been developed and in the last five years there have been only three deaths from jellyfish stings and about the same number from snakebites.【句式翻译】治疗水母刺伤和毒蛇咬伤方法也已经研制成功,在过去的五年里只有三人死于水母刺伤,这与被蛇咬伤致死的人数大体相同。
【句式分析】本句是由并列连词and连接的复合句,第一个分句运用了现在完成时的被动语态。
【词语点拨】develop v.开发,发展,研制(新产品)Over the last few years tourism here has developed considerably.在过去几年里,这里的旅游业获得了相当大的发展。
The two companies have teamed up to develop a new racing car.那两个公司已合作研制新型赛车。
【语法点拨】现在完成时的被动语态的结构就是现在完成时态和被动语态的结构的叠合,即:has/have been done,表示“过去发生的动作对现在有影响或持续到现在,并且主语与谓语动词之间为被动关系”。
常用的时间状语:for或since引导的时间状语及before, until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment, in the last few years等。
如:The office looks nice. It has just been cleaned.办公室看起来很干净。
它刚被打扫过。
The machine has been repaired for two hours.这台机器已修了两小时了。
英语六级经典长难句分析(15句)1. This is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would survive if they had to start from the beginning and learn about the world wholly by trial and error, for there are the have possible decisions which would prove fatal. (1992. 阅读. 6. Text 2)【译文】这是个困难而又糟糕的事,因为如果动物出生后不得不从头学习生存本领,并且仅仅依靠尝试错误体验世界,那么只有极少数动物能够存活,因为它们做出的决定有可能是致命的。
【析句】复合句。
主句由and连接两个并列句子组成,This is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would survive, and前的句子是简单句,and后的句子后又跟有if引导的条件状语从句和for引导的原因状语从句for there are decisions, decisions又有which引导的定语从句修饰。
2. Vigorous criticism is constructive in science more than in some other areas of human endeavor because in it there are adequate standards of validity which can be agreed upon by competent scientists the world over.(1992. 阅读. 6. Text 3)【译文】激烈的批评在科学界比在其他人类智慧领域更能起到建设性的作用,这是因为在科学世界里有足够多的有效标准,这些标准被全世界的优秀科学家们共同认可。
长难句分析专题(一)---句子主干成分(2010-04-29 10:37:49)转载▼分类:考研英语很久了,总想为同学们写点什么,但是由于忙碌,或者是行为上的懒惰,一拖再拖,现在无论上考研还是六级课,总有种深深的感触,那就是很多的同学基础太差或比较差,以至于强化班老师讲什么,都无法很好的接受。
今天下定决心,无论多忙,都要坚持把长难句分析的东西,一层层的给同学们作为专题,用心的一个字一个字的写下来。
真心希望能帮助到大家。
其实无论是哪类英语考试,同学们寻求的总是做阅读的方法是什么?翻译的方法是什么?写作的模板是什么?听力的方法是什么?太重视方法了,而忽视了英语的根本,那就是单词和语法。
单词还好,就是背,不管方法是什么,我们总知道把它记下就好了。
语法呢?这样说吧,你阅读时可能每个单词都认识,但是却不知道这句话什么意思。
作文也是,不会语法,作文就根本无法来写。
今天这个专题只讲述句子主干成分。
同学们知道,句子的主干就分为主谓宾表;看下面几句话:1 A boy comes ; (主谓)2 he is attractive; (主谓表)3 I like him; (主谓宾)4 I will give him all my love; (主谓双宾)5 he can make me happy (主谓宾宾补)这五个句子就是英语的基本句型,也就是说,不管多难多长的句子,其句子都一定是五种中的一种。
要不就是错误的。
中国人是不讲究什么主谓宾的,比如说,小时候妈妈总是让我喂猪,每次妈妈总是问:猪,你喂了吗?或者:猪,喂了吗?你;或者:喂了吗?猪,你?疯了,一个句子能说成无数种表达,但是英语只有一种表达方式,那就是:你喂猪了吗?一)知道了句子的这几个结构,同学们想知道的是主谓表和主谓宾的区别?(4、5中可以不掌握的,考试用的很少)1.主谓宾的谓语是实意动词(包括及物不及物动词)2.主谓表的谓语是系动词(包括be动词;感官动词;表变化的单词eg become;表保持的单词eg keep;)也就是说区别的关键就是看是谓语是实意动词还是系动词。
二)词性中国人也曾经讲究过词性,但是实际使用中没有太大意义。
eg我很美;我爱美;我动作很美;虽然是一个美,但是写成英语,一个beautiful是解决不了这三个美的。
因为英语及其重视词性。
同学们下面想知道哪些词能做主,谓,宾,表。
1. 谓语1)谁能做谓语?同学们一般的回答是动词。
说动词是对的,但是并不具体,因为不是所有的动词都做谓语的。
比如说:he must go out; 谓语是谁?不是must,是go;那哪些动词作谓语呢?实意动词和系动词;那看下面的句子i be a beauty;be 是谓语吗?不是,因为它没有时态,应该写成am 才是对的,也就是要写成be的一般现在时am;总结:什么是谓语:有时态的系动词或实意动词就是谓语。
(有句子就需要有时态,所以如果同学们不知道具体时态的,去google上搜一下,一定要弄明白各种时态的构成)2)谓语能不能少?显然不能,因为无论是哪种句子,都需要谓语;那如果一句话没有谓语怎么办?比如:我很美;显然里面是没有动词的。
翻译的时候不能写i very pretty;,一定要写i am very pretty;也就是说没有动词一定要加be动词作为谓语。
再比如,我一定要超过你。
不能译为i must beyond you;因为没有动词就不是句子,那就只能在must后加上be了,这就对了、3)谓语能不能多?也就是一句话能不能有两个以上的动词作谓语?不能。
一句话只能有一个动词作谓语,其他不做谓语的动词要变成不是动词;比如看下面的句子love you is my fault; i come buy water; that cry boy is my little brother; he said sth smile;以上四个句子中都有两个动词,既然只能有一个动词作谓语,所以love, buy, cry 和smile 都要变成不是动词的;那如何把动词变成不是东西呢?那就是分词(现在分词和过去分词)和不定式(to do)什么时候变成现在分词?当动作表示主动时或动作进行;什么时候变成过去分词?当动作表示被动时或动作完成什么时候变成不定式?当动作表示目的或动作尚未发生时;这就很简单了,所以以上不做谓语的动词就变成了:to love/loving; to buy; crying; smiling总结:这就是世界上为什么会有分词和不定式了。
就是因为动词只能做谓语,谓语只能是动词,所以我们需要把不做谓语的动词变成不是动词。
那分词和不定式能做什么成分呢?想一下----除了不能做谓语,什么成分都能做。
2 主语1)谁能做主语首先分词和不定式可以(上面已经讲过)还有名词,代词eg he/a dog loves me;由于从句比较复杂,这章内容不涉及从句,下面会一一讲解从句;2) 不能无主Eg应该采取措施保护运动员。
(×)Shouldn’t shun responsibilities.时间地点不作主这下雪了。
(x)这个问题政府已经重视。
(×)This issue the government has attached much importance to.3)无主解决没有主语在译成英语时要加上主语。
1)被动比如必须指出英语很重要English must be pointed out to be important.2)It比如这里很冷。
It is cold here.3)There be比如有很多人认为婚姻是爱情的坟墓。
There are many people who believe marriage is the end of love.4)One/we比如应当保护环境、We should protect the environment.3 宾语首先分词和不定式可以(上面已经讲过)还有名词和代词egi love you/my boyfriend;可以看出做宾语和主语的成分是完全一样的。
4 表语首先还是分词和不定式eg success is to get/getting what you want;还有名词,代词egi am a teacher/me除此之外,还有形容词和介词短语egi am beautifuli am in the office总结:能做主语的词性都能做宾语,能做宾语的都能做表语,但是能做表语的成分有形容词和介词短语只能做表语,不能做宾语。
讲完第一讲,同学们认为分析长难句,先找什么?一定不是主语,因为能做主语的成分很多,并且有时很长,那找什么?那个有时态的动词,谓语;明白了这点,第一讲我们就成功了。
破解考研长难句(2009-10-28 11:50:17)转载▼标签:杂谈分类:考研英语无论是什么种类的英语考试,让同学们头痛的事有两个,一个是单词不认识,另一个就是单词都认识,但句子却看不懂。
相信只要这两个问题解决了,那所有的英语考试的难度就降低了一大半。
首先就考研的阅读理解来看,我做过很多调查,同学们存在的问题不是找不到题目答案的定位点,而是能找到答案所在的句子,句子的单词也认识,但是这句话却怎么也读不懂,导致费了很大的劲,最终还是功亏一篑,失败在最后一步。
其次,长难句分析在翻译中的作用就更毋庸置疑了。
考研翻译评分标准就是分段给分,微观扣分。
也就是说考生在做考研翻译之前就要做一个句子切分的工作,拆分的依据就是长难句分析的依据。
最后,考研作文和长难句也是息息相关的,如果你能准确把握长难句难的原因,那作文何愁写不来长句子呢?基于此,笔者一直在思考用什么更直白的语言来让学生更快准地把握、分析长难句呢?一、为什么英语会存在长难句?这时同学们会去思考,汉语为什么不存在这种读起来就想让人自杀的句子?这要从英语的基本句型开始。
1. 名词惹的祸有名词就会存在修饰成分。
名词后可能是of 短语、介词短语、形容词短语、分词、不定式或者从句,不管其后是哪种成分,一般情况下,名词后面有一堆东西,这一堆东西一定是修饰或解释这个名词的。
我们最常用的句型就是主谓宾结构。
比如说I love you. 这句话每个人都能读懂,巨简单无比,但是在考研英语中这种句子如果能存在,就说明出题人今年一定是更年期了。
首先,英语中只要存在名词,就会存在修饰名词或解释名词的东西。
所以,I 后面可能跟有这些成分.比如liuxiaoyan,这个东西也是名词,名词后面还可能有修饰或限定成分,比如who comes from chongqing university. 这个句子中最后一个成分还是名词,又可能存在着修饰限定成分,于是又可能来对chongqing university 做解释,which is the most important universities in china; 这时同学们已经可以自己推出来了,china后面还可能有修饰限定成分。
同样的道理,you 后面也可以跟修饰限定成分。
这样,一个所谓的长难句就诞生了。
I, liuxiaoyan, who comes from chongqing university, which is the most important universitiesin china, who is my motherland, love you ,who can make everybody stop to look at you in the street in which there are so many people who …;在这个句子当中,你还能找出I love you 吗?所以有了名词的存在就有了这么复杂的限定成分。
2. 动词惹的祸说到动词,首先要明白动词能做什么成份?动词只能做谓语,谓语只能是动词,并且一个句子中谓语不能多,只能有一个,所以我们需要把不做谓语的动词变成不是动词,如何把一个动词变成不是动词呢?三种变法:A、变成to do(不定式);B、变成v-ing(现在分词);C、变成done(过去分词)。
比如说“他来看我”,不能翻译成“he comes see me”;因为这个句子中只有comes 是谓语,所以see,变成了to see,这就是动词不定式了。
再如这句话,beat you is my fault. 显然is 是句子的谓语,所以beat 这个动词就不能作为动词出现了,要把它变成beating或者是to beat。
也就是说,由于以上原因,英语中就存在了分词或动词不定式了。
也就是说分词和不定式可以做英语句子的任何成分,除了不能作谓语。
这也就是英语长难句存在的依据之二。
3. 逗号惹的祸这就要从标点来说起了.在汉语中,逗号完全可以连接两个并列完整的句子。