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第一单元元件与定律A．课文译文电阻器、电容器和电感器在电子电路中，电阻器、电容器和电感器是非常重要的元件。
电阻器和电阻电阻器是二端口元件。
电阻是阻止电流流动，更确切地说，是阻止电荷流动的能力。
在国际单位制中，电阻用欧姆来度量。
希腊字母Ω是欧姆的标准符号。
较大的电阻一般用千欧和兆欧来表示。
模拟这种特性常用的电路元件是电阻器。
图1.1表示电阻器的电路符号，R表示电阻器的电阻值。
图1.1 电阻器的电路符号为了进行电路分析，我们必须在电阻器中指明电流和电压的参考方向。
如果我们选择关联参考方向，那么电压和电流之间的关系是：v=iR(1.1) 这里v是电压，其单位是伏特，i是电流，其单位是安培，R是电阻，其单位是欧姆。
如果选择非关联参考方向，我们必须写成：v=－iR(1.2) 用在公式（1.1）和（1.2）中的代数式就是著名的欧姆定律。
欧姆定律表示了电压作为电流的函数。
然而，要表示电流是电压的函数也是非常方便的。
欧姆定律是电阻两端的电压和电流间的代数关系。
电容器和电容电能可以存储在电场中，存储电能的装置叫电容器。
电容器存储电能的能力叫做电容。
图1.2表示电容器的电路符号。
电容的电路参数用字母C表示，用法拉来度量。
因为法拉是相当大的电容量，实际上电容值通常位于皮法和微法之间。
图1.2 电容器的电路符号当电压随时间变化时，电荷的位移也随时间变化，引起了众所周知的位移电流。
在终端，位移电流和传导电流没有区别。
当电流参考方向和电压参考方向是关联参考方向时，电流正比于电容两端电压随时间的变化率的数学表达式为：dt dvC i = (1.3)这里 i 的单位是安培，C 的单位是法拉，v 的单位是伏特， t 的单位是秒。
电感器和电感众所周知，电感是电子电路中的模块之一。
所有的线圈都有电感。
电感是抵抗流过线圈电流的任何变化的性质。
电感用字母L 表示，其单位是亨利。
图1.3表示一个电感器。
图1.3 电感器的电路符号当电流和电压的参考方向关联时，有dt diL v = (1.4)这里v 的单位是伏特，L 的单位是亨利，i 的单位是安培，t 的单位是秒。
第二章
电阻的测量
欧姆表测量电阻，并为你提供了在欧姆表测量欧姆、千欧、兆欧的电阻值。
许多欧姆表就像下图。
（图1-2）
这里有一个内部能源，提供了一个电压。
该能源可以是一个电池或是小功率电源。
电源驱动电压分压给两个串联电阻。
其中的一个电阻器是内部的仪表，另一个是被测量的电阻。
内部表测量电阻两端的电压，并将其转换成一个电阻读数。
被测量的电阻连接到欧姆表的端子上，端子通常涂有黑色和红色。
用欧姆表测量电阻。
所有你需要做的就是将你的电阻连接到欧姆表，如下图所示，并肯定的是欧姆表设置在欧姆档上。
不要紧张那个引脚连接到那个端子，它是没有关系的。
（电阻是一个“双边”元素，两边是一样的）
这就是将欧姆表连接到电阻上的方法。
这里，我们使用相同的电阻正如上面使用。
这里只是的欧姆表包含了上面显示的所有电路包括电源或电池和内阻。
此外。
在串联或并联的电路中电阻也可被计算。
如果电路包含串联电阻，总电阻可以被计算，就是将所有单个电阻加起来，R1到Rn是单个电阻。
作为一个例子，假设两个6欧姆扬声器和一个4欧姆扬声器，串联在一起。
总欧姆是：6+6+4=16欧姆
电路中包含并联电阻则较为难以计算最终阻值。
该公式涉及到倒数。
说清楚，当个电阻的倒数之和等于总电阻的倒数。
该公式显示如下：
1/R=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3…..+1/Rn
如果正好有两个电阻串联，有一个更容易使用的公式：（见书）。
1 The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.晶体管开启了现代电脑工业的革命2 The storage cell only requires one capacitor and one transistor, whereas a flip-flop connected in an array requires 6 transistors.存储单元仅需要一个电容和晶体管，并而不像触发器整列那样需要6个晶体管3 There has been a never ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability has improved to the point where present day op amps can be used for analog applications by anybody.从此以后每年都有新系列的运放发布，他们的性能和可靠性得到了提升，如今任何人都能用运放来设计模拟电路。
4 This is capable of very high speed conversion and thus can accommodate high sampling rates, but in its basic form is very power hungry.它具有高速转换能力，从而能适应高速采样速率，但它的基本形式非常耗电。
5 During the “on” period , energy is being stored within the core material of the inductor in the form of flux.在”on”阶段，能量以涌浪形式存储在电感的核芯材料里面6 The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.频率合成器的设计目标是取代系统中多个振荡器，从而减小板卡面积和成本。
电子信息工程专业英语教程第三版译者：唐亦林p32In 1945 H. W. Bode presented a system for analyzing the stability of feedback systems by using graphical methods. Until this time, feedback analysis was done by multiplication and division, so calculation of transfer functions was a time consuming and laborious task. Remember, engineers did not have calculators or computers until the '70s. Bode presented a log technique that transformed the intensely mathematical process of calculating a feedback system's stability into graphical analysis that was simple and perceptive. Feedback system design was still complicated, but it no longer was an art dominated by a few electrical engineers kept in a small dark room. Any electrical engineer could use Bode's methods find the stability of a feedback circuit, so the application of feedback to machines began to grow. There really wasn't much call for electronic feedback design until computers and transducers become of age.1945年HW伯德提出了一套系统方法，用图形化方法来分析反馈系统的稳定性。
电子信息工程专业英语课文翻译Unit11译文第一篇：电子信息工程专业英语课文翻译 Unit 11 译文Unit 11 数字图像处理Unit 11-1 第一部分：二维数字图像图像是表示一些物理参数空间分布的二维信号，典型的物理参数是光强，而更普通的是能量的任一种形式。
例如，运动图像以及多光谱的遥感图像是三维或者是更高维的信号。
现代数字技术使得处理多维信号成为可能，所使用的系统可从简单的数字电路到先进的并行计算机。
这种处理的目的可以分为3类：-图像处理：输入图像 输出图像用相机拍摄和冲洗照片-大自然的例子：水面上景色的反射，水雾中景色的失真，等等。
高级图像处理的应用例子包括：-司法科学：视频监控摄像机图像的增强，图像中的脸，指纹，DNA码等的自动识别和分类。
可视化。
例如：在我们制作一个三维物体的三维可视化之前，我们首先需要从二维图像中提取物体的信息。
图像增强，例如，减少噪声或图像锐化。
-模式识别，例如，图像中某种形状或纹理的自动检测。
-将数据量减少为更容易处置或解释的信息，例如将图像减小为一幅较简单的图像、一组对象或特征、或者一组测量结果。
-图像合成，如由二维照片重建三维场景。
-图像拼接。
当从同一个场景获取两种不同形态（类型）的图像时，将它们拼接起来涉及配准，其后是数据减少和图像合成。
-数据压缩。
为了缩小包含图像的计算机文件的大小，以及加快网络中图像传输的速度，数据压缩常常是必需的。
我们关心的只是数字图像处理，而不是模拟处理，理由是，模拟处理需要专用的硬件，这使得建立一个特殊的图像处理应用成为一项艰巨的任务。
此外，在许多图像处理领域中模拟硬件的使用正在迅速地成为过去，因为它常常能被更具灵活性的数字硬件（计算机）所取代。
但究竟什么是数字图像呢？数字图像获取与处理的示意图如图11.2所示。
顶部有某个成像设备，如摄像机，医疗扫描仪，或其它任何可将物理现实的量度转换为电信号的设备。
成像设备产生一个连续的电信号。
第一单元 元件与定律A ．课文译文电阻器、电容器和电感器在电子电路中，电阻器、电容器和电感器是非常重要的元件。
电阻器和电阻电阻器是二端口元件。
电阻是阻止电流流动，更确切地说，是阻止电荷流动的能力。
在国际单位制中，电阻用欧姆来度量。
希腊字母Ω是欧姆的标准符号。
较大的电阻一般用千欧和兆欧来表示。
模拟这种特性常用的电路元件是电阻器。
图1.1表示电阻器的电路符号，R 表示电阻器的电阻值。
图1.1 电阻器的电路符号为了进行电路分析，我们必须在电阻器中指明电流和电压的参考方向。
如果我们选择关联参考方向，那么电压和电流之间的关系是：v =iR (1.1)这里 v 是电压，其单位是伏特， i 是电流，其单位是安培， R 是电阻，其单位是欧姆。
如果选择非关联参考方向，我们必须写成：v =－iR (1.2)用在公式（1.1）和（1.2）中的代数式就是著名的欧姆定律。
欧姆定律表示了电压作为电流的函数。
然而，要表示电流是电压的函数也是非常方便的。
欧姆定律是电阻两端的电压和电流间的代数关系。
电容器和电容电能可以存储在电场中，存储电能的装置叫电容器。
电容器存储电能的能力叫做电容。
图1.2表示电容器的电路符号。
电容的电路参数用字母C 表示，用法拉来度量。
因为法拉是相当大的电容量，实际上电容值通常位于皮法和微法之间。
图1.2 电容器的电路符号当电压随时间变化时，电荷的位移也随时间变化，引起了众所周知的位移电流。
在终端，位移电流和传导电流没有区别。
当电流参考方向和电压参考方向是关联参考方向时，电流正比于电容两端电压随时间的变化率的数学表达式为：dtdv C i = (1.3) 这里 i 的单位是安培，C 的单位是法拉，v 的单位是伏特， t 的单位是秒。
电感器和电感众所周知，电感是电子电路中的模块之一。
所有的线圈都有电感。
电感是抵抗流过线圈电流的任何变化的性质。
电感用字母L 表示，其单位是亨利。
图1.3表示一个电感器。
图1.3 电感器的电路符号当电流和电压的参考方向关联时，有dt diL v = (1.4)这里v 的单位是伏特，L 的单位是亨利，i 的单位是安培，t 的单位是秒。
Electronic power steering systemWhat it is?Electrically powered steering uses an electric motor to drive either the power steering hydraulic pump or the steering linkage directly. The power steering function is therefore independent of engine speed, resulting in significant energy savings.How it works?Conventional power steering systems use an engine accessory belt to drive the pump, providing pressurized fluid that operates a piston in the power steering gear or actuator to assist the driver.In electro-hydraulic steering, one electrically powered steering concept uses a high efficiency pump driven by an electric motor. Pump speed is regulated by an electric controller to vary pump pressure and flow, providing steering efforts tailored for different driving situations. The pump can be run at low speed or shut off to provide energy savings during straight ahead driving (which is most of the time in most world markets).Direct electric steering uses an electric motor attached to the steering rack via a gear mechanism (no pump or fluid). A variety of motor types and gear drives is possible. A microprocessor controls steering dynamics and driver effort. Inputs include vehicle speed and steering, wheel torque, angular position and turning rate.Working In Detail:A "steering sensor" is located on the input shaft where it enters the gearbox housing. The steering sensor is actually two sensors in one: a "torque sensor" that converts steering torque input and its direction into voltage signals, and a "rotation sensor" that converts the rotation speed and direction into voltage signals. An "interface" circuit that shares the same housing converts the signals from the torque sensor and rotation sensor into signals the control electronics can process. Inputs from the steering sensor are digested by a microprocessor control unit that alsomonitors input from the vehicle's speed sensor. The sensor inputs are then compared to determine how much power assist is required according to a preprogrammed "force map" in the control unit's memory. The control unit then sends out the appropriate command to the "power unit" which then supplies the electric motor with current. The motor pushes the rack to the right or left depending on which way the voltage flows (reversing the current reverses the direction the motor spins). Increasing the current to the motor increases the amount of power assist.The system has three operating modes: a "normal" control mode in which left or right power assist is provided in response to input from the steering torque and rotation sensor's inputs; a "return" control mode which is used to assist steering return after completing a turn; and a "damper" control mode that changes with vehicle speed to improve road feel and dampen kickback.If the steering wheel is turned and held in the full-lock position and steering assist reaches a maximum, the control unit reduces current to the electric motor to prevent an overload situation that might damage the motor. The control unit is also designed to protect the motor against voltage surges from a faulty alternator or charging problem.The electronic steering control unit is capable of self-diagnosing faults by monitoring the system's inputs and outputs, and the driving current of the electric motor. If a problem occurs, the control unit turns the system off by actuating a fail-safe relay in the power unit. This eliminates all power assist, causing the system to revert back to manual steering. A dash EPS warning light is also illuminated to alert the driver. To diagnose the problem, a technician jumps the terminals on the service check connector and reads out the trouble codes.Electric power steering systems promise weight reduction, fuel savings and package flexibility, at no cost penalty.Europe's high fuel prices and smaller vehicles make a fertile testbed for electric steering, a technology that promises automakers weight savings and fuel economy gains. And in a short time, electric steering will make it to the U.S., too. "It's just just a matter of time," says Aly Badawy, director of research and development for Delphi Saginaw SteeringSystems in Saginaw, Mich. "The issue was cost and that's behind us now. By 2002 here in the U.S. the cost of electric power steering will absolutely be a wash over hydraulic."Today, electric and hybrid-powered vehicles (EV), including Toyota's Prius and GM's EV-1, are the perfect domain for electric steering. But by 2010, a TRW Inc. internal study estimates that one out of every three cars produced in the world will be equipped with some form of electrically-assisted steering. The Cleveland-based supplier claims its new steering systems could improve fuel economy by up to 2 mpg, while enhancing handling. There are true bottom-line benefits as well for automakers by reducing overall costs and decreasing assembly time, since there's no need for pumps, hoses and fluids.Another claimed advantage is shortened development time. For instance, a Delphi group developed E-TUNE, a ride-and-handling software package that can be run off a laptop computer. "They can take that computer and plug it in, attach it to the controller and change all the handling parameters -- effort level, returnability, damping -- on the fly," Badawy says. "It used to take months." Delphi has one OEM customer that should start low-volume production in '99.Electric steering units are normally placed in one of three positions: column-drive, pinion-drive and rack-drive. Which system will become the norm is still unclear. Short term, OEMs will choose the steering system that is easiest to integrate into an existing platform. Obviously,greater potential comes from designing the system into an all-new platform. "We have all three designs under consideration," says Dr. Herman Strecker, group vice president of steering systems division at ZF in Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany. "It's up to the market and OEMs which version finally will be used and manufactured." "The large manufacturers have all grabbed hold of what they consider a core technology," explains James Handy sides, TRW vice president, electrically assisted steering in Sterling Heights, Mich. His company offers a portfolio of electric steering systems (hybrid electric, rack-, pinion-, and column-drive). TRW originally concentrated on what it still believes is the purest engineering solution for electric steering--the rack-drive system. The system is sometimes refer to as direct drive orball/nut drive. Still, this winter TRW hedged its bet, forming a joint venture with LucasV arity. The British supplier received $50 million in exchange for its electric column-drive steering technology and as sets. Initial production of the column and pinion drive electric steering systems is expected to begin in Birmingham, England, in 2000.In 1995, according to Delphi, traditional hydraulic power steering systems were on 7596 of all vehicles sold globally. That 37-million vehicle pool consumes about 10 million gallons in hydraulic fluid that could be superfluous, if electric steering really takes off.The present invention relates to an electrically powered drive mechamsm for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrically powered driven mechanism for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism having a manually rotatable member for operating the steering mechanism, the drive mechanism including a torque sensor operable to sense torque being manually applied to the rotatable member, an electrically powered drive motor drivingly connected to the rotatable member and a controller which is arranged to control the speed and direction of rotation of the drive motor in response to signals received from the torque sensor, the torque sensor including a sensor shaft adapted for connection to the rotatable member to form an extension thereof so that torque is transmitted through said sensor shaft when the rotatable member is manually rotated and a strain gauge mounted on the sensor shaft for producing a signal indicative of the amount of torque being transmitted through said shaft. Preferably the sensor shaft is non-rotatably mounted at one axial end in a first coupling member and is non-rotatably mounted at its opposite axial end in a second coupling member, the first and second coupling members being inter-engaged to permit limited rotation there between so that torque under a predetermined limit is transmitted by the sensor shaft only and so that torque above said predetermined limit is transmitted through the first and second coupling members.Now, power steering systems of some cars have become the standard-setting, the whole world about half of the cars used to powersteering. With the development of automotive electronics technology, some cars have been using electric power steering gear, the car of the economy, power and mobility has improved. Electric power steering device on the car is a new power steering system device, developed rapidly in recent years both at home and abroad, because of its use of programmable electronic control devices, the flexibility in the same time there are also potential safety problems. In the analysis This unique product on the basis of the author of the characteristics of electronic control devices, security clearance just that the factors that deal with security measures, and discussed a number of concerns the safety of specific issues. The results show that : Existing standards can not meet the electric power steering device security needs and made the electric power steering device safety evaluation of the idea. Research work on the electric power steering device development and evaluation of reference value.电子动力转向系统电子动力转向系统是什么?电子动力转向系统是通过一个电动机来驱动动力方向盘液压泵或直接驱动转向联动装置。
Unit 2 集成电路Unit 2-1第一部分：集成电路数字逻辑和电子电路由称为晶体管的电子开关得到它们的（各种）功能。
粗略地说，晶体管好似一种电子控制阀，由此加在阀一端的能量可以使能量在另外两个连接端之间流动。
通过多个晶体管的组合就可以构成数字逻辑模块，如与门和触发电路等。
而晶体管是由半导体构成的。
查阅大学化学书中的元素周期表，你会查到半导体是介于金属与非金属之间的一类元素。
它们之所以被叫做半导体是由于它们表现出来的性质类似于金属和非金属。
可使半导体像金属那样导电，或者像非金属那样绝缘。
通过半导体和少量其它元素的混合可以精确地控制这些不同的电特性，这种混合技术称之为“半导体掺杂”。
半导体通过掺杂可以包含更多的电子（N型）或更少的电子（P型）。
常用的半导体是硅和锗，N型硅半导体掺入磷元素，而P型硅半导体掺入硼元素。
不同掺杂的半导体层形成的三明治状夹层结构可以构成一个晶体管，最常见的两类晶体管是双极型晶体管（BJT）和场效应晶体管（FET），图2.1给出了它们的图示。
图中给出了这些晶体管的硅结构，以及它们用于电路图中的符号。
BJT是NPN晶体管，因为由N—P—N掺杂硅三层构成。
当小电流注入基极时，可使较大的电流从集电极流向发射极。
图示的FET是N沟道的场效应型晶体管，它由两块被P型基底分离的N型组成。
将电压加在绝缘的栅极上时，可使电流由漏极流向源极。
它被叫做N沟道是因为栅极电压诱导基底上的N通道，使电流能在两个N区域之间流动。
图2.1所示的另一个基本的半导体结构是二极管，由N型和P型硅连接而成的结组成。
二极管的作用就像一个单向阀门，由于电流只能从P流向N。
可以构建一些特殊二极管，在加电压时可以发光，这些器件非常合适地被叫做发光二极管或LED。
这种小灯泡数以百万计地被制造出来，有各种各样的应用，从电话机到交通灯。
半导体材料上制作晶体管或二极管所形成的小芯片用塑料封装以防损伤和被外界污染。
在这封装里一些短线连接半导体夹层和从封装内伸出的插脚以便与（使用该晶体管的）电路其余部分连接。
电子信息工程专业英语课后答案电子信息工程专业英语-教师用书Part 1第一课关于电子技术一、课文习题参考答案Ⅰ. （1） alternating current circuits （2） semiconductor diodes（3） passive component（4） the combinatory logic electric circuit（5） rectification（6） Laplace transform（7） inductor（8） Fourier series and Fourier transformⅡ.（1）控制理论（2）场效应管三极管（3）布尔代数（4）稳压（5）相关性和功率谱密度（6）滤波器类型（7）模/数转换器（8）时序逻辑电路的分析与综合Ⅲ.(1)Electronics is a part of the larger field of electricity. The basic principles of electricity are also common to electronics. Modern advances in the field of computer, control system, communications have a close relationship with electronics. The field of electronics includes the electron tube, transistor, integrated circuit and so on.(2) Direct current circuits & Alternating current circuits,Analog electronics,Digital electronics,signal and systems,Circuit theory and design, Control theory, Microcontrollersystems,Computer programming for engineering applications.(3) This curriculum mainly introduces the characteristics of semiconductor devices in linear application scope.The content involved in semiconductor diodes (PN junction diodes, special purpose diodes), transistors (field effects and bipolar transistors), signal amplifiers, practical amplifiers, biasing circuits, operationalamplifiers circuit and other circuits (rectification, regulation and DC power supplies).(4) This partial studies take the basicelectric circuit theory and the operational amplifier knowledge as the foundation. The main study goal is to enhance understanding of the electric circuit theory. Its main content includes the elementary theory in circuit theory (network functions, characteristic frequencies), types offilter (lowpass,bandpass), review of operational amplifiers (design of first and second order using operational amplifiers, cascade design), filter characteristics(Butterworth, Chebyshev, frequency transformations in design, sensitivity design of passive LC ladder filters and a brief introduction to switched capacitor filters).(5) Perfect.二、参考译文电子学的发展电子学是电学的一部分。
