美国商标法-合理使用相关法条-15USC1125
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美国知识产权法制简况1. 法律体系和组织结构美国的知识产权法制主要包括专利法、商标法、版权法和商业秘密保护法。
这些法律分别由联邦政府和州政府来管理和执行。
联邦政府负责颁发专利和注册商标,版权则是由联邦政府的版权局管理。
州政府也可以制定并执行一些与知识产权相关的法律。
2. 专利法美国专利法主要通过授予专利权来保护发明的创造性和实用性。
根据美国专利法,发明者可以申请专利来保护他们的发明,专利权持有者有权阻止他人在一定时期内制造、使用、销售或引入该发明。
专利一般有效期为20年。
3. 商标法美国商标法主要通过注册商标来保护商业标识,如商标、服务标记和商品名称等。
商标注册可以为商标权持有者提供排他性使用的权利,并赋予其阻止他人非法使用或冒用商标的权力。
美国商标法也保护产生混淆的商标使用行为。
4. 版权法美国版权法主要保护创作性的作品,例如文学、音乐、戏剧、图案和电影等。
根据美国版权法,作品的创作者在作品创作完成时即拥有版权。
版权的持续时间在作者寿命加上其他期限,为作者一生加70年。
5. 商业秘密保护法美国商业秘密保护法主要保护商业信息的机密性。
商业秘密可以是任何有商业价值且未公开的信息,例如客户列表、制造过程和技术配方等。
美国商业秘密保护法要求保持商业秘密的机密性,并禁止他人通过不正当手段获取商业秘密。
,美国的知识产权法制为创新和创作提供了强有力的保护。
这些法律的执行机构会积极维护知识产权的权益,以促进创新和经济发展。
美国也是世界知识产权组织的成员国,并与其他国家保持合作,以加强知识产权保护和推动国际知识产权事务的发展。
第一章主要注册簿第一条(a) 基于使用商标申请注册:供商业上使用之商标之所有人得依本法之规定,申请将其商标注册于主要注册簿,申请注册时应依下列规定办理:(1)备齐下列文件向专利商标局提出申请:(A) 申请书:申请书应依局长规定之格式为之。
于申请书上应由申请人或申请注册之事务所之人员或公司、协会之职员确认所记载申请人之住所、国籍、申请人首次使用该商标之日期、申请人首次于商业上使用该商标之日期、指定使用该商标之商品名称、及商标于商品上之使用形式及方法等均属实,并应由申请人、事务所之人员或申请注册之公司或协会之职员声明其确信自己或所代表之事务所、公司或协会为申请注册之商标之所有人,而该商标系供商业上使用,且依其所知及所信,并无其它人或其它事务所、公司或协会有权于商业上使用相同商标或其它近似标章致使用于指定之商品时会引起混淆、误认或有欺罔购买者之虞。
但于申请同时使用时,申请人应载明其主张商标专用权之例外情形,并应于其所知之范围内,详细说明他人同时使用之情形、相关之商品、同时使用之区域之范围、各人使用商标之时期,以及申请案所请求注册之区域及商品。
(B) 商标图样。
(C) 使用商标之样张或复制品。
所需检附样张或复制品之数量依局长之要求定之。
(2) 向专利商标局缴交注册费用。
(3) 遵照局长在不与法律抵触之范围内所发布之规则、办法。
(b)基于使用商标之意图申请注册凡善意欲于商业上使用商标者,且有情况足以显示其为善意时,得依本法申请注册于主要注册簿,申请时应依下列规定办理:(1) 备齐下列文件向专利商标局提出申请:(A) 申请书:申请书应依局长规定之格式为之。
申请书上应由申请人或申请注册之事务所之人员或公司、协会之职员确认所记载申请人之住所、国籍、申请人善意于商业上使用商标之意图,申请人将善意使用商标之商品,将来使用于商品上之商标形式及方法等均属实,并应由申请人,或申请注册之事务所之人员、或公司、协会之职员声明其确信自己或所代表之事务所、公司或协会有权于商业上使用该商标,且依其所知及所信,并无其它人或其它事务所、公司或协会有权于商业上使用相同商标或其它近似之标志,致使用于指定之商品时,会引起混淆、误认或有欺瞒购买者之虞。
第一章主要注册簿第一条(a) 基于使用商标申请注册:供商业上使用之商标之所有人得依本法之规定,申请将其商标注册于主要注册簿,申请注册时应依下列规定办理:(1)备齐下列文件向专利商标局提出申请:(A) 申请书:申请书应依局长规定之格式为之。
于申请书上应由申请人或申请注册之事务所之人员或公司、协会之职员确认所记载申请人之住所、国籍、申请人首次使用该商标之日期、申请人首次于商业上使用该商标之日期、指定使用该商标之商品名称、及商标于商品上之使用形式及方法等均属实,并应由申请人、事务所之人员或申请注册之公司或协会之职员声明其确信自己或所代表之事务所、公司或协会为申请注册之商标之所有人,而该商标系供商业上使用,且依其所知及所信,并无其它人或其它事务所、公司或协会有权于商业上使用相同商标或其它近似标章致使用于指定之商品时会引起混淆、误认或有欺罔购买者之虞。
但于申请同时使用时,申请人应载明其主张商标专用权之例外情形,并应于其所知之范围内,详细说明他人同时使用之情形、相关之商品、同时使用之区域之范围、各人使用商标之时期,以及申请案所请求注册之区域及商品。
(B) 商标图样。
(C) 使用商标之样张或复制品。
所需检附样张或复制品之数量依局长之要求定之。
(2) 向专利商标局缴交注册费用。
(3) 遵照局长在不与法律抵触之范围内所发布之规则、办法。
(b)基于使用商标之意图申请注册凡善意欲于商业上使用商标者,且有情况足以显示其为善意时,得依本法申请注册于主要注册簿,申请时应依下列规定办理:(1) 备齐下列文件向专利商标局提出申请:(A) 申请书:申请书应依局长规定之格式为之。
申请书上应由申请人或申请注册之事务所之人员或公司、协会之职员确认所记载申请人之住所、国籍、申请人善意于商业上使用商标之意图,申请人将善意使用商标之商品,将来使用于商品上之商标形式及方法等均属实,并应由申请人,或申请注册之事务所之人员、或公司、协会之职员声明其确信自己或所代表之事务所、公司或协会有权于商业上使用该商标,且依其所知及所信,并无其它人或其它事务所、公司或协会有权于商业上使用相同商标或其它近似之标志,致使用于指定之商品时,会引起混淆、误认或有欺瞒购买者之虞。
合理使用(fairuse)过去主要用于著作权领域,指在特定的条件下,法律允许他人自由使用知识产权人的权利标的,而不必征得权利人的许可,也不必支付任何对价。
商标的合理使用有广义、狭义之分。
广义的商标合理使用是指未经允许,基于正当目的使用权利人的商标的合法的事实行为。
该行为不视为侵权。
而人们平常所提到的商标的合理使用主要是商业性使用,这是狭义的商标合理使用。
商标法赋予商标权人积极使用商标的权利,同时又赋予其排除他人妨害其商标权的权利,但是这种排他权利并非漫无边际的,其排除妨害的范围应该仅限于禁止他人将商品用于标识商品来源的作用上,而不能禁止其他方面的使用。
这就是对商标专用权的限制,即商标的合理使用。
商标法第九条第一款规定:“申请注册的商标,应当有显著特征,便于识别,并不得与他人在先取得的合法权利相冲突。
”该法第十一条第一款规定:“下列标志不得作为商标注册:(一)仅有本商品的通用名称、图形、型号的;(二)仅仅直接表示商品的质量、主要原料、功能、用途、重量、数量及其他特点的;(三)缺乏显著特征的。
”这里就产生了疑问,既然商标都具有显著性,怎么会与通用名称、描述性用语相重合呢?因为理论上的设计与现实的操作毕竟有差距:在现实生活中词汇资源毕竟有限,具有显著性的词汇更是稀缺,难免发生撞车现象,而且相类似的词汇更是不计其数。
由于历史原因,许多本不符合显著性要求的商标,比如“北京”饭店、“青岛”啤酒、“五粮液”酒、“两面针”牙膏等等已经注册成功;再加上商标法对驰名商标的保护扩展到相似的标识上,使商家在使用文字和图形对其商品进行描述或者说明时很容易受到掣肘,所以建立商标的合理使用制度非常有必要。
因此,新商标法实施条例第四十九条加入了这一规定。
如前所述,仅仅使用本商品的通用名称、图形、型号的或者仅仅直接表示商品的质量、主要原料、功能用途、重量、数量及其他特点的,由于缺乏显著性,容易导致消费者混淆,一般不予注册。
但倘该名词、图形等经过使用而逐渐具备了新的意义,足以标示商品的来源,而消费者也广泛承认其是某商品的特定标志时,那么就因为第二含义(secondarymeaning)而获得了显著性,当然应该受到商标法的保护,准予注册,上文提到的“北京”饭店、“青岛”啤酒、“五粮液”酒、“两面针”牙膏等皆为适例。
一、商标在先使用权的法条1、在他人注册商标的申请日之前,就已经有使用的事实这是对使用人的使用时间的要求,如果不具备这一条件,就没有“在先使用”,也无法产生在先使用权,并以此作为侵害商标权的抗辩事由。
需要注意的是,使用不仅限于现有使用人的使用,如果曾经发生过业务承继关系的,现有使用人作为承继人的使用当然可以作为本条件中的使用。
被承继人先前的使用应当视为现有使用人的使用。
换言之,在先使用商标的使用时间以该商标首次商业使用的时间为准。
2、在先使用的商标与注册商标相同或者近似,且使用商品或服务相同或者类似在通常情形下,如果在先使用的商标与注册商标在商标图样上不构成相同或者近似,或者使用商品不属于相同或者类似商品,则使用人当然有权继续使用甚至申请注册该商标。
如果在先使用的商标与注册商标构成使用在相同或类似商品上的近似商标,依照我国《商标法》有关申请在先和注册原则的一般规定,则未注册商标不得继续使用,否则会构成对注册商标权的侵害。
但法律应当维护诚信,而不应当禁止或者制裁正当使用行为,因此有必要在上述原则下创设例外之规定即商标在先使用权。
3、在先使用人必须在其商品上连续使用该商标所谓连续使用,就是指在先使用人在其商品上连续不中断地使用该商标。
如果在先使用人在他人注册商标的申请日之前曾有使用事实,但无正当理由而中断使用的,不得继续使用该商标。
理由在于:第一,商标在先使用权作为注册原则的例外,是为了保护在先使用人的利益,如果在先使用人的使用已经中断,其就该商标不再享有任何利益,自无保护的必要。
第二,如果只是曾有使用事实,在先使用人在他人商标注册后仍可以重新使用,将会从根本上动摇商标注册制度,不利于保护商标注册人的利益。
第三,在使用中断后允许重新使用,不利于维护正常的公平竞争关系和维护消费者的利益。
所谓正当理由,是指非因使用人主观上的原因中断使用。
若有正当理由中断使用的,不视为缺乏连续使用这一条件。
如在先使用商标所使用的商品为季节性造成商标中止使用。
美国商标的使用证据要求、审查趋势、潜在风险及应对策略作者:薛友飞来源:《中国知识产权》2018年第09期根据国际知名知识产权数据提供商科睿唯安发布的最新研究报告《中国品牌走向世界》,自2014年以来,美国已成为中国品牌的主要市场,中国大陆主体在美国提交的商标申请量从2014年的6200余件到2017年的超过5万件,整体成指数增长。
2017年,中国国内申请人在美国的申请量占美国全年申请量约11%。
但是,在这样高速增长的申请量背后却隐藏着潜在的风险。
美国商标法律制度与中国商标法律制度存在较大差异,特别是美国商标权的取得是以商标使用为前提条件,因此,准确理解美国商标法对商标使用的要求对国内申请人来说就非常重要。
本文将通过对现阶段美国专利商标局对商标使用证据的要求及审查趋势进行分析,指出企业在美国注册使用商标过程中的潜在风险,并提出相应的规避建议,希望对国内企业有所帮助。
美国商标法非常注重商标的实际使用,采用“使用在先”原则来确定商标权的归属。
虽然美国也设置了商标注册制度,但是商标权本身仍然来源于商标的实际使用,注册仅是通过行政途径对业已形成的商标权办理法定的确权手续。
美国商标法对商标的使用不仅体现在商标的申请注册阶段,同时也体现在商标注册后的持续维护阶段。
(一)申请注册阶段美国商标注册申请方式主要包含单国注册和马德里商标国际注册。
单国注册是指申请人直接向美国专利商标局(USPTO)提交注册申请。
此外,美国也是《商标国际注册马德里协定有关议定书》的缔约方,申请人还可以通过提交马德里商标国际注册申请领土延伸至美国。
美国单国商标注册的方式相对比较复杂,可以基于多种基础提交,各种基础对商标的使用要求也有差异:1.基于实际使用提交申请(1A):实际使用是指申请人在提交美国商标注册申请时已经在美国将商标投入使用,需要在提交商标注册申请的同时一并提交使用证据。
2.基于意向使用提交申请(1B):意向使用是指申请人在提交美国商标注册申请时还尚未在美国将商标投入使用,但是申请人有将商标投入使用的真诚意图。
美国商标侵权标准一、在美国,判断商标侵权的最基本的标准一个商标的拥有权,是由商标的注册时间先后决定的。
也就是说,谁先使用一个商标,谁就拥有该商标。
因此,判断一个商标是否侵犯另一个商标的权利,就看谁先使用这个商标。
但是,并不是任何两个相同的商标都不允许同时存在。
这时,判断商标是否侵权的另一个标准是,新商标的出现是否会让第一个商标的客户错误地把第二个相同的商标当成第一个商标。
如果两个商标是在完全不同的行业或不同的地区,有着不同的顾客群,并且有着不同的销售渠道,那两个相同的商标是可以同时存在的。
但是,这一判断标准对哪些著名的商标并不适用。
比如说,如果您使用麦当劳的商标甚至是相似的图案去卖汽车,这看起来似乎与麦当劳卖的快餐风马牛毫不相干,法庭仍然会判您侵权。
事实上,即使是法庭最终的判决对您有利,您也很难有精力和财力与一家大公司在法庭上周旋,等到法官判决的那一天。
所以说,在选择美国商标时的一个重要原则,就是要避免与任何著名的商标相似。
否则的话,会给您带来无穷的麻烦。
美国是世界上较早制定商标法的国家,美国较早的商标保护是由法院根据普通法对未注册的商标保护进行判决。
1837年,马萨诸塞州法院开始受理有关商标的诉讼案件。
联邦法院从1844年开始受理英国制造商控告一美国公民侵害其商标的诉讼案件。
在侵权诉讼当中,合理的法律依据是判断被告方的商标是否侵犯了原告方的商标权首先要考虑的问题。
对此,美国的联邦商标法——《兰哈姆法》绐出了清楚的界定。
美国国会在制定《兰哈姆法》时明确指出防止消费者混淆是其主要的立法目的。
在这种立法思想的指导下,《兰哈姆法》第2条、第32条和第43条将导致消费者混淆、误认或欺骗,作为驳回商标注册申请或构成商标侵权的事由。
美国《兰哈姆法》第2条规定:凡可用以识别申请人物品与他人物品的商标都不应因其性质拒绝按主要注册簿予以注册,但有下列情形之一者除外:......(四)包含有与他人已在专利与商标局注册的某一标志十分相似的标志,或者是他人在美国已经在先使用并且尚未放弃的某一标志或商号,而一旦在申请人的物品上使用有可能引起混淆、误解或欺骗。
15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) Civil action(1) Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact, which--(A) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to theaffiliation, connection, or association of such person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercialactivities by another person, or(B) in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature,characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person'sgoods, services, or commercial activities,shall be liable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act.(2) As used in this subsection, the term “any person” includes any State, instrumentality of a State or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in his or her official capacity. Any State, and any such instrumentality, officer, or employee, shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter in the same manner and to the same extent as any nongovernmental entity.(3) In a civil action for trade dress infringement under this chapter for trade dress not registered on the principal register, the person who asserts trade dress protection has the burden of proving that the matter sought to be protected is not functional.(b) ImportationAny goods marked or labeled in contravention of the provisions of this section shall not be imported into the United States or admitted to entry at any customhouse of the United States. The owner, importer, or consignee of goods refused entry at any customhouse under this section may have any recourse by protest or appeal that is given under the customs revenue laws or may have the remedy given by this chapter in cases involving goods refused entry or seized.(c) Dilution by blurring; dilution by tarnishment(1) Injunctive reliefSubject to the principles of equity, the owner of a famous mark that is distinctive, inherently or through acquired distinctiveness, shall be entitled to an injunctionagainst another person who, at any time after the owner's mark has becomefamous, commences use of a mark or trade name in commerce that is likely to cause dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment of the famous mark, regardless of the presence or absence of actual or likely confusion, of competition, or of actual economic injury.(2) Definitions(A) For purposes of paragraph (1), a mark is famous if it is widely recognized by the general consuming public of the United States as a designation of source of the goods or services of the mark's owner. In determining whether a mark possesses the requisite degree of recognition, the court may consider all relevant factors, including the following:(i) The duration, extent, and geographic reach of advertising and publicityof the mark, whether advertised or publicized by the owner or thirdparties.(ii) The amount, volume, and geographic extent of sales of goods orservices offered under the mark.(iii) The extent of actual recognition of the mark.(iv) Whether the mark was registered under the Act of March 3, 1881, orthe Act of February 20, 1905, or on the principal register.(B) For purposes of paragraph (1), “dilution by blurring” is association arising from the similarity between a mark or trade name and a famous mark that impairs the distinctiveness of the famous mark. In determining whether a mark or trade name is likely to cause dilution by blurring, the court may consider all relevant factors, including the following:(i) The degree of similarity between the mark or trade name and thefamous mark.(ii) The degree of inherent or acquired distinctiveness of the famous mark.(iii) The extent to which the owner of the famous mark is engaging insubstantially exclusive use of the mark.(iv) The degree of recognition of the famous mark.(v) Whether the user of the mark or trade name intended to create anassociation with the famous mark.(vi) Any actual association between the mark or trade name and thefamous mark.(C) For purposes of paragraph (1), “dilution by tarnishment” is association arisingfrom the similarity between a mark or trade name and a famous mark that harmsthe reputation of the famous mark.(3) ExclusionsThe following shall not be actionable as dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment under this subsection:(A) Any fair use, including a nominative or descriptive fair use, or facilitation ofsuch fair use, of a famous mark by another person other than as a designation ofsource for the person's own goods or services, including use in connection with--(i) advertising or promotion that permits consumers to compare goods orservices; or(ii) identifying and parodying, criticizing, or commenting upon the famousmark owner or the goods or services of the famous mark owner.(B) All forms of news reporting and news commentary.(C) Any noncommercial use of a mark.(4) Burden of proofIn a civil action for trade dress dilution under this chapter for trade dress not registered on the principal register, the person who asserts trade dress protection has the burden of proving that--(A) the claimed trade dress, taken as a whole, is not functional and is famous; and(B) if the claimed trade dress includes any mark or marks registered on theprincipal register, the unregistered matter, taken as a whole, is famous separateand apart from any fame of such registered marks.(5) Additional remediesIn an action brought under this subsection, the owner of the famous mark shall be entitled to injunctive relief as set forth in section 1116 of this title. The owner of the famous mark shall also be entitled to the remedies set forth in sections 1117(a) and 1118 of this title, subject to the discretion of the court and the principles of equity if--(A) the mark or trade name that is likely to cause dilution by blurring or dilutionby tarnishment was first used in commerce by the person against whom theinjunction is sought after October 6, 2006; and(B) in a claim arising under this subsection--(i) by reason of dilution by blurring, the person against whom theinjunction is sought willfully intended to trade on the recognition of thefamous mark; or(ii) by reason of dilution by tarnishment, the person against whom theinjunction is sought willfully intended to harm the reputation of thefamous mark.(6) Ownership of valid registration a complete bar to actionThe ownership by a person of a valid registration under the Act of March 3, 1881, or the Act of February 20, 1905, or on the principal register under this chapter shall be a complete bar to an action against that person, with respect to that mark, that--(A)(i) is brought by another person under the common law or a statute of a State;and(ii) seeks to prevent dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment; or(B) asserts any claim of actual or likely damage or harm to the distinctiveness orreputation of a mark, label, or form of advertisement.(7) Savings clauseNothing in this subsection shall be construed to impair, modify, or supersede the applicability of the patent laws of the United States.(d) Cyberpiracy prevention(1)(A) A person shall be liable in a civil action by the owner of a mark, including a personal name which is protected as a mark under this section, if, without regard to the goods or services of the parties, that person(i) has a bad faith intent to profit from that mark, including a personal name whichis protected as a mark under this section; and(ii) registers, traffics in, or uses a domain name that--(I) in the case of a mark that is distinctive at the time of registration of thedomain name, is identical or confusingly similar to that mark;(II) in the case of a famous mark that is famous at the time of registrationof the domain name, is identical or confusingly similar to or dilutive ofthat mark; or(III) is a trademark, word, or name protected by reason of section 706 ofTitle 18 or section 220506 of Title 36.(B)(i) In determining whether a person has a bad faith intent described under subparagraph (a), a court may consider factors such as, but not limited to(I) the trademark or other intellectual property rights of the person, if any, in thedomain name;(II) the extent to which the domain name consists of the legal name of the person or a name that is otherwise commonly used to identify that person;(III) the person's prior use, if any, of the domain name in connection with thebona fide offering of any goods or services;(IV) the person's bona fide noncommercial or fair use of the mark in a siteaccessible under the domain name;(V) the person's intent to divert consumers from the mark owner's online location to a site accessible under the domain name that could harm the goodwillrepresented by the mark, either for commercial gain or with the intent to tarnish or disparage the mark, by creating a likelihood of confusion as to the source,sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of the site;(VI) the person's offer to transfer, sell, or otherwise assign the domain name to the mark owner or any third party for financial gain without having used, or havingan intent to use, the domain name in the bona fide offering of any goods orservices, or the person's prior conduct indicating a pattern of such conduct;(VII) the person's provision of material and misleading false contact informationwhen applying for the registration of the domain name, the person's intentionalfailure to maintain accurate contact information, or the person's prior conductindicating a pattern of such conduct;(VIII) the person's registration or acquisition of multiple domain names which the person knows are identical or confusingly similar to marks of others that aredistinctive at the time of registration of such domain names, or dilutive of famous marks of others that are famous at the time of registration of such domain names, without regard to the goods or services of the parties; and(IX) the extent to which the mark incorporated in the person's domain nameregistration is or is not distinctive and famous within the meaning of subsection(c) of this section.(ii) Bad faith intent described under subparagraph (A) shall not be found in any case in which the court determines that the person believed and had reasonable grounds to believe that the use of the domain name was a fair use or otherwise lawful.(C) In any civil action involving the registration, trafficking, or use of a domain name under this paragraph, a court may order the forfeiture or cancellation of the domain name or the transfer of the domain name to the owner of the mark.(D) A person shall be liable for using a domain name under subparagraph (A) only if that person is the domain name registrant or that registrant's authorized licensee.(E) As used in this paragraph, the term “traffics in” refers to transactions that include, but are not limited to, sales, purchases, loans, pledges, licenses, exchanges of currency, and any other transfer for consideration or receipt in exchange for consideration.(2)(A) The owner of a mark may file an in rem civil action against a domain name in the judicial district in which the domain name registrar, domain name registry, or other domain name authority that registered or assigned the domain name is located if(i) the domain name violates any right of the owner of a mark registered in thePatent and Trademark Office, or protected under subsection (a) or (c) of thissection; and(ii) the court finds that the owner--(I) is not able to obtain in personam jurisdiction over a person who wouldhave been a defendant in a civil action under paragraph (1); or(II) through due diligence was not able to find a person who would havebeen a defendant in a civil action under paragraph (1) by--(aa) sending a notice of the alleged violation and intent to proceedunder this paragraph to the registrant of the domain name at thepostal and e-mail address provided by the registrant to theregistrar; and(bb) publishing notice of the action as the court may directpromptly after filing the action.(B) The actions under subparagraph (A)(ii) shall constitute service of process.(C) In an in rem action under this paragraph, a domain name shall be deemed to have its situs in the judicial district in which(i) the domain name registrar, registry, or other domain name authority thatregistered or assigned the domain name is located; or(ii) documents sufficient to establish control and authority regarding thedisposition of the registration and use of the domain name are deposited with the court.(D)(i) The remedies in an in rem action under this paragraph shall be limited to a court order for the forfeiture or cancellation of the domain name or the transfer of the domain name to the owner of the mark. upon receipt of written notification of a filed, stamped copy of a complaint filed by the owner of a mark in a United States district court underthis paragraph, the domain name registrar, domain name registry, or other domain name authority shall(I) expeditiously deposit with the court documents sufficient to establish thecourt's control and authority regarding the disposition of the registration and useof the domain name to the court; and(II) not transfer, suspend, or otherwise modify the domain name during thependency of the action, except upon order of the court.(ii) The domain name registrar or registry or other domain name authority shall not be liable for injunctive or monetary relief under this paragraph except in the case of bad faith or reckless disregard, which includes a willful failure to comply with any such court order.(3) The civil action established under paragraph (1) and the in rem action established under paragraph (2), and any remedy available under either such action, shall be in addition to any other civil action or remedy otherwise applicable.(4) The in rem jurisdiction established under paragraph (2) shall be in addition to any other jurisdiction that otherwise exists, whether in rem or in personam.。