下载文档原格式
2011年《世界银行发展报告》：冲突、安全与发展作者：丁江伟（译）来源：《决策与信息》 2012年第1期世界银行《2011年世界发展报告》编写小组丁江伟（译）前言维护集体安全一直以来都是人类的一项中心工作。
上溯到远古时代，人类安全的需求主要依赖相互团结来得以实现，这也直接促成了乡村、城市和民族国家的诞生。
到了20世纪，世界历史又经历了极具破坏力的全球性战争的洗礼，殖民主义与反殖民主义的斗争、意识形态的冲突等充斥着一个世纪的历史，人们愈加认识到，只有建立功能完善的国际体系才能有效促进全球的和平与经济的发展。
我们制定这份世界发展报告的目的就在于为各国领导人及各国的发展、安全和外交开辟新的和平路径，并最终为世界上大多数脆弱和暴力横行的地区重建和平而不懈努力。
但这一目标的实现并非易事，需要有坚定的领袖和一套行之有效的国际体系来解决21世纪出现的新危机。
一、反复循环的暴力所带来的挑战1与20世纪所不同的是，21世纪的冲突和暴力更是一种发展问题20世纪所建立起来的全球体系可能在缓和国内紧张局势以及调节某场内战上会有效。
与20世纪相比，21世纪的暴力呈现出另一种模式。
尽管在一些地区，国家间战争和一国内战仍构成威胁，但过去25年来，发生的次数已经大大减少了。
因内战而造成的伤亡人数尽管仍然不可思议的庞大，但与20世纪80年代相比，只有当时的1/4。
一方面，当今世界仍有1/4的人口，大约15亿人仍生活在充满暴力犯罪的国家和地区，但由于国家间战争爆发的次数越来越少，冲突和暴力事件升级为战争的可能性不断下降，犯罪暴力和政治暴力的发生越来越少。
当今世界，许多国家和地区都面临着反复循环的暴力、治理无方、政权不稳等问题和挑战。
首先，冲突经常呈现的形式发生了变化，即不再是单一的事件，而会演变成持续进行和不断反复的现象。
过去10年所发生内战的国家中，大约有90%的国家都已经经历了近30年的内战。
其次，冲突和暴力的形式发生了新的变化，并对国家的发展造成了威胁，像萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、南非之类的许多国家尽管之前通过政治谈判已经达成了和平协议，但如今却面临着愈演愈烈的暴力犯罪的威胁，直接制约了这些国家的经济发展和社会进步。
2011年世界各国人均国民总收入排行榜（2012-01-19 15:12:14）标签：按世界银行公布的数据，2010年的最新收入分组标准为:2011年世界各国人均国民总收入排行榜排名国家人均国民总收入（GNI）:（美元购买力平价2005固定价格）1卡塔尔107,7212列支敦士登83,7173阿拉伯联合酋长国59,9934新加坡52,5695卢森堡50,5576科威特47,9267 挪威47,5578文莱达鲁萨兰国45,7539中国香港44,80510美利坚合众国43,01711 瑞士39,92412 荷兰36,40213安道尔36,09514 瑞典35,83715奥地利35,71916加拿大35,16617 德国34,85418澳大利亚34,43119 丹麦34,34720比利时33,35721大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国33,29622 芬兰32,43823 日本32,29524 法国30,46225 冰岛29,35426爱尔兰29,32227大韩民国28,23028 巴林28,16929西班牙26,50830意大利26,48431以色列25,84932斯洛文尼亚24,91433塞浦路斯24,84134 希腊23,74735新西兰23,73736特立尼达和多巴哥23,43937沙特阿拉伯23,27438巴哈马23,02939 阿曼22,84140马耳他21,46041捷克共和国21,40542葡萄牙20,573—43斯洛伐克19,99844巴巴多斯17,96645赤道几内亚17,60846 波兰17,45147爱沙尼亚16,79948塞舌尔16,72949匈牙利16,58150立陶宛16,23451克罗地亚15,72952安提瓜和巴布达15,52153俄罗斯联邦14,56154阿根廷14,52755拉脱维亚14,29356马来西亚13,68557白俄罗斯13,43958 智利13,32959墨西哥13,24560乌拉圭13,24261黎巴嫩13,07662博茨瓦纳13,04963毛里求斯12,91864利比亚12,63765巴拿马12,33566 加蓬12,24967 土耳其12,24672哈萨克斯坦10,58592厄瓜多尔7,58993苏里南7,53894 中国7,47695 土库曼斯坦7,30696突尼斯7,28197格林纳达6,98298牙买加6,48799纳米比亚6,206100乌克兰6,175101萨尔瓦多5,925102伯利兹5,812103 古巴5,416104 约旦5,300105 不丹5,293106马尔代夫5,276107 埃及5,269108亚美尼亚5,188109斯里兰卡4,943110安哥拉4,874111格鲁吉亚4,780118 斐济4,145119玻利维亚（多民族国）4,054 120瓦努阿图3,950121萨摩亚3,931122印度尼西亚3,716123菲律宾3,478124 印度3,468—125洪都拉斯3,443126佛得角3,402129伊拉克3,177130基里巴斯3,140131 刚果3,066132摩尔多瓦共和国3,058133东帝汶3,005134乌兹别克斯坦2,967135密克罗尼西亚（联邦）2,935143 也门2,213147塔吉克斯坦1,937148 苏丹1,894149毛里塔尼亚1,859150柬埔寨1,848151圣多美和普林西比1,792152所罗门群岛1,782153塞内加尔1,708154莱索托1,664155 加纳1,584161 贝宁1,364162坦桑尼亚联合共和国1,328 163冈比亚1,282164赞比亚1,254165尼泊尔1,160166布基纳法索1,141174埃塞俄比亚971175莫桑比克898178多哥798179马拉维753180塞拉利昂737181中非共和国707182尼日尔641183厄立特里亚536184津巴布韦376185布隆迪|368186刚果民主共和国280187利比里亚。
中国人类发展指数综合分析【摘要】人类发展指数由三个指标构成：健康状况、受教育程度和生活标准。
而它是在三个指标的基础上计算出来的：健康长寿，用出生时预期寿命来衡量；教育获得，用成人识字率（2/3权重）及小学、中学、大学综合入学率（1/3权重）共同衡量；生活水平，用实际人均GDP（购买力平价美元）来衡量。
通过2011年中国统计年鉴来计算中国各省的人类发展指数，并通过这些指数分析中国各省现阶段发展状况。
【关键词】人类发展指数预期寿命指数教育指数GDP指数HDI指数【abstract 】the human development index by three indicators: health, education level and by living standards. And it is in the three indexes based on the calculated: longevity and health, with birth life expectancy to measure; Education obtain, with adult literacy rate (two-thirds weight) and elementary school, high school, college enrollment rate (1/3 weight) comprehensive common measure; Living standards, with real per capita GDP (purchasing power parity dollars) to measure. Through the 2011 China statistical yearbook to calculate China in all the provinces of the human development index, and through the analysis of the current development index Chinese province situation.【key words 】the human development index life expectancy index education index GDP index HDI index 一、人类发展指数简介人类发展指数包含预期寿命教育生活水平，是衡量经济和幸福中间指标，它能更好反映发展现状和趋势。
联合国“人类发展指数”排名挪威世界第一中国跳前7名二零零九年十月六日晚上六时一分（联合国6日综合电）联合国开发计划署周一公布象征国民生活幸福感及最适合居住国家的“人类发展指数（HDI）”排名，北欧的挪威居世界第一，亚洲唯一进入前10名的是日本（第10名）；中国大陆跃升7名，排行第92，是最突飞猛进的国家。
HDI指数是该署发布的“2009年人类开发报告”中，就182国在2007年国民年平均所得、平均寿命及人民获得教育资源（如文盲与非文盲比例，几岁入学）等数据进行的调查。
全球经济大萧条前所做调查调查主笔人克鲁格曼女士说，与国际相关的最新数据只到2007，因此她强调：“这份是去年爆发经济衰退冲击全球前所做的调查。
”排名前10名国家依序为挪威、澳洲、冰岛、加拿大、爱尔兰、荷兰、瑞典、法国、瑞士及日本；排名倒数前3名为非洲的尼日共和国、亚洲的阿富汗及非洲的狮子山共和国。
开发计划署以简单数字让民众了解，生活在已开发国家与未开发国家之间的差距有多大。
举例而言：一个出生在尼日的小孩只能活到50岁多一点，但若生在挪威，能多活30年；尼日人每赚1美元（约3令吉46仙）时，挪威人可赚85美元（约294令吉）。
简单数字说明各国生活差距调查也发现，日本人平均寿命最长，达82.7岁；但战事频仍的阿富汗人平均寿命仅43.6岁。
全球国民年平均所得最高的国家是只有3万5000人口的欧洲小侯国列支敦斯登，每人每年可赚8万5000多美元（约29万3973令吉）。
中国、委内瑞拉、秘鲁、哥伦比亚及法国是这次调查中，因年均收入及平均寿命增加而排名较前一年进步3名以上的国家；另外，中国、委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚也在人民取得教育资源上有所进步。
亚洲仅日列前10 大马排名第66亚洲国家的排名，除第10名的日本外，新加坡23名、香港24名、韩国26名、汶莱30名、马来西亚66名、泰国87名、中国92名、菲律宾105名、印尼111名、越南116名、印度134名、柬埔寨137名。
人类发展报告人类发展报告是联合国开发计划署（UNDP）发布的一项重要年度报告，它通过综合评估人类社会在经济、社会和环境方面的进展，为决策者提供有关人类发展的准确信息和政策建议。
人类发展报告以其深度和广度，在国际社会中享有较高的声誉，对全球发展议程的制定和实施具有重要影响。
一、人类发展的维度人类发展报告以人的价值为核心，通过融入经济、社会和环境等多个维度来评估和衡量人类发展的状况和趋势。
在经济维度中，报告关注国民经济总量增长、收入不平等、贫困和就业等问题。
在社会维度中，报告重点关注教育、健康、性别平等、社会保障和广泛参与等方面。
在环境维度中，报告关注气候变化、自然资源利用和污染防治等问题。
通过综合评估这些维度，人类发展报告能够比较准确地反映出人类社会的整体进展和发展差距。
二、全球人类发展趋势根据近年的人类发展报告，全球人类发展呈现出一些明显的趋势。
首先，全球贫困状况有所改善。
随着国际社会对贫困问题的高度重视和精准扶贫政策的推行，全球贫困人口比例大幅下降。
但不平等问题依然存在，收入分配不均、贫富差距扩大仍然是全球社会面临的重大挑战。
其次，教育和健康水平不断提高。
国际社会对教育的投入不断增加，全球文盲率逐渐下降，教育普及率逐步提高。
此外，医疗技术的进步和公共卫生政策的改善，全球人均预期寿命也在不断增加。
然而，教育和健康资源的不平衡分布仍然是制约人类发展的重要问题。
第三，环境问题日益突出。
全球气候变化、生态破坏和资源耗竭威胁着人类的可持续发展。
人类发展报告提出了环境可持续发展的理念和路径，强调了全球环境治理的重要性和紧迫性。
三、人类发展报告的影响人类发展报告的信息和政策建议被广泛应用于国际社会的决策制定和发展实践中。
它为各国政府制定发展战略和政策提供了重要参考，有助于提升政策的科学性和有效性。
此外，人类发展报告也为非政府组织、学界和公众提供了全球发展问题的综合分析和理解。
对于发展中国家来说，人类发展报告更是提供了宝贵的经验借鉴。
2014年世界各国人均国民总收入排行榜按世界银行公布的数据，2014年的最新收入分组标准为：2014-03-01 12:05:51| 分类：默认分类 |字号订阅时间：2014-03-01 13:26:11 来源：2011年人类发展报告作者：联合国开发计划署关键词：2011年，世界各国，人均国民总收入，排行榜联合国开发计划署公布了2011年人类发展报告及人类发展指数排名。
根据与2013年购买力评价的计算，列前三位的国家分别是卡塔尔、列支敦士登和阿联酋。
排名国家人均国民总收入(GNI)：(美元购买力平价2013固定价格)1 卡塔尔107,7212 列支敦士登83,7173 阿拉伯联合酋长国59,9934 新加坡52,5695 卢森堡50,5576 科威特47,9267 挪威47,5578 文莱达鲁萨兰国45,7539 中国香港44,80510 美利坚合众国43,01711 瑞士39,92412 荷兰36,40213 安道尔36,09514 瑞典35,83715 奥地利35,71916 加拿大35,16617 德国34,85418 澳大利亚34,43119 丹麦34,34720 比利时33,35721 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国33,29622 芬兰32,43823 日本32,29525 冰岛29,35426 爱尔兰29,32227 大韩民国28,23028 巴林28,16929 西班牙26,50830 意大利26,48431 以色列25,84932 斯洛文尼亚24,91433 塞浦路斯24,84134 希腊23,74735 新西兰23,73736 特立尼达和多巴哥23,43937 沙特阿拉伯23,27438 巴哈马23,02939 阿曼22,84140 马耳他21,46041 捷克共和国21,40542 葡萄牙20,57343 斯洛伐克19,99844 巴巴多斯17,96645 赤道几内亚17,60847 爱沙尼亚16,79948 塞舌尔16,72949 匈牙利16,58150 立陶宛16,23451 克罗地亚15,72952 安提瓜和巴布达15,52153 俄罗斯联邦14,56154 阿根廷14,52755 拉脱维亚14,29356 马来西亚13,68557 白俄罗斯13,43958 智利13,32959 墨西哥13,24560 乌拉圭13,24261 黎巴嫩13,07662 博茨瓦纳13,04963 毛里求斯12,91864 利比亚12,63765 巴拿马12,33566 加蓬12,24967 土耳其12,24668 圣基茨和尼维斯11,89769 保加利亚11,41270 罗马尼亚11,04671 委内瑞拉（玻利瓦尔共和国）10,65672 哈萨克斯坦10,58573 哥斯达黎加10,49774 黑山10,36175 塞尔维亚10,23676 伊朗伊斯兰共和国10,16477 巴西10,16278 帕劳9,74479 南非9,46980 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国8,80481 阿塞拜疆8,66682 秘鲁8,38983 哥伦比亚8,31584 圣卢西亚8,27385 多米尼加8,08786 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯8,01387 多米尼克7,88988 阿尔巴尼亚7,80389 泰国7,69490 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那7,66491 阿尔及利亚7,65892 厄瓜多尔7,58993 苏里南7,53894 中国7,47695 土库曼斯坦7,30696 突尼斯7,28197 格林纳达6,98298 牙买加6,48799 纳米比亚6,206100 乌克兰6,175101 萨尔瓦多5,925102 伯利兹5,812103 古巴5,416104 约旦5,300105 不丹5,293106 马尔代夫5,276107 埃及5,269108 亚美尼亚5,188109 斯里兰卡4,943110 安哥拉4,874111 格鲁吉亚4,780112 巴拉圭4,727113 斯威士兰4,484114 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国4,243 115 摩洛哥4,196116 汤加4,186117 危地马拉4,167118 斐济4,145119 玻利维亚（多民族国）4,054 120 瓦努阿图3,950121 萨摩亚3,931122 印度尼西亚3,716123 菲律宾3,478124 印度3,468125 洪都拉斯3,443126 佛得角3,402127 蒙古3,391128 圭亚那3,192129 伊拉克3,177130 基里巴斯3,140131 刚果3,066132 摩尔多瓦共和国3,058133 东帝汶3,005134 乌兹别克斯坦2,967135 密克罗尼西亚（联邦）2,935 136 越南2,805137 巴勒斯坦被占领土2,656 138 巴基斯坦2,550139 尼加拉瓜2,430140 吉布提2,335141 巴布亚新几内亚2,271142 老挝人民民主共和国2,242 143 也门2,213144 尼日利亚2,069145 吉尔吉斯斯坦2,036146 喀麦隆2,031147 塔吉克斯坦1,937148 苏丹1,894149 毛里塔尼亚1,859150 柬埔寨1,848151 圣多美和普林西比1,792 152 所罗门群岛1,782153 塞内加尔1,708154 莱索托1,664155 加纳1,584156 缅甸1,535157 孟加拉国1,529158 肯尼亚1,492159 阿富汗1,416160 科特迪瓦1,387161 贝宁1,364162 坦桑尼亚联合共和国1,328 163 冈比亚1,282164 赞比亚1,254165 尼泊尔1,160166 布基纳法索1,141167 卢旺达1,133168 乌干达1,124169 马里1,123170 海地1,123171 乍得1,105172 科摩罗1,079173 几内亚比绍994174 埃塞俄比亚971175 莫桑比克898176 几内亚863177 马达加斯加824178 多哥798179 马拉维753180 塞拉利昂737181 中非共和国707 182 尼日尔641183 厄立特里亚536 184 津巴布韦376185 布隆迪368186 刚果民主共和国280 187 利比里亚。
2015年11月全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语三级《笔译实务》试卷Section1:English-Chinese Translation(50points)Translate the following passage into Chinese.The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Western Europe,occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland.The capital and largest city is Dublin,whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country’s 4.6million inhabitants.The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland.It is a unitary,parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state.The head of government is nominated by the lower house of parliament.Following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty,Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in1922.Initially a dominion,Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of1931.A new constitution was adopted in1937,by which the name of the state became“Ireland.”In1949,Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland act 1948.Ireland ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita.In1973,Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth,coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality.The country achieved considerable prosperity from1995to2007.This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in2008,in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.In2011and2013Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index.It also performs well in several metrics of national performance,including freedom of the press,economic freedom and civil liberties.It pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment.The population of Ireland stood at4,588,252in2011,an increase of8.2percent since2006.As of2011, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union(16births per1,000of population).In2012,35.1percent of births were to unmarried women.Annual population growth rates exceeded2percent during the2002-2006 period,which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration.This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent2006-2011period,with an average growth rate of1.6percent.Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality.In2011,Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe,and second most charitable in the world.Contraception was controlled in Ireland until1979, however,the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularized society.In1983, the Eighth Amendment recognized“the right to life of the unborn”,subject to qualifications concerning the“equal right to life”of the mother.The passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantees the right to have an abortion performed abroad,and the right to learn about“services”that are illegal in Ireland,but legal abroad.The prohibition on divorce in the1937Constitution was repealed in1995under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average.Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland,while discrimination based on age,gender,sexual orientation,marital or familial status,religion and race is illegal.Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in2002and a public smoking ban in2004.Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union.Section2:Chinese-English Translation(50points)Translate the following passage into English.冲突对抗，是构建中美新型大国关系的必要前提。
龙源期刊网
联合国报告：2012中国人类发展指数列101位
作者：
来源：《上海企业》2013年第04期
近日，联合国刚刚发布的2013年人类发展报告显示，在体现综合发展程度的人类发展指数上，中国位于101位，与去年持平。
这一名次比中国的人均国民收入排名低11位次。
排名位列前十位的国家分别是挪威、澳大利亚、美国、荷兰、德国、新西兰、爱尔兰、瑞典、瑞士、日本。
这些国家的HDI排名均比其人均国民收入排名要高。
列末后的则是尼日
尔、刚果民主共和国、莫桑比克等国家，它们的HDI排名一般低于其人均国民收入排名。
其
他三个金砖国家俄罗斯、巴西、印度排名分别为55位、85位和136位。
报告显示，2012年中国HDI为0.699，比2011年提升了0.004，在1980年的0.407的基础上取得了显著进步，年平均增长率为1.7%。
持续高于东亚和太平洋地区国家平均值0.683以及金砖四国平均值0.655。
1HDI rankHumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)ValueLife expectancyat birth(years)Mean years ofschooling(years)Expected yearsof schooling(years)Gross nationalincome (GNI)per capita(constant 2005PPP $)GNI per capita rankminus HDI rankNonincomeHDIValue 201120112011a2011a201120112011VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1Norway0.94381.112.617.347,55760.975 2Australia0.92981.912.018.034,431160.979 3Netherlands0.91080.711.6 b16.836,40290.944 4United States0.91078.512.416.043,01760.931 5New Zealand0.90880.712.518.023,737300.978 6Canada0.90881.012.1 b16.035,166100.944 7Ireland0.90880.611.618.029,322190.959 8Liechtenstein0.90579.610.3 c14.783,717 d–60.877 9Germany0.90580.412.2 b15.934,85480.940 10Sweden0.90481.411.7 b15.735,83740.936 11Switzerland0.90382.311.0 b15.639,92400.926 12Japan0.90183.411.6 b15.132,295110.940 13Hong Kong, China (SAR)0.89882.810.015.744,805–40.910 14Iceland0.89881.810.418.029,354110.943 15Korea, Republic of0.89780.611.6 b16.928,230120.945 16Denmark0.89578.811.4 b16.934,34730.926 17Israel0.88881.611.915.525,849140.939 18Belgium0.88680.010.9 b16.133,35720.914 19Austria0.88580.910.8 b15.335,719–40.908 20France0.88481.510.6 b16.130,46240.919 21Slovenia0.88479.311.6 b16.924,914110.935 22Finland0.88280.010.316.832,43800.911 23Spain0.87881.410.4 b16.626,50860.920 24Italy0.87481.910.1 b16.326,48460.914 25Luxembourg0.86780.010.113.350,557–200.854 26Singapore0.86681.18.8 b14.4 e52,569–220.851 27Czech Republic0.86577.712.315.621,405140.917 28United Kingdom0.86380.29.316.133,296–70.879 29Greece0.86179.910.1 b16.523,74750.902 30United Arab Emirates0.84676.59.313.359,993–270.813 31Cyprus0.84079.69.814.724,84120.866 32Andorra0.83880.910.4 f11.536,095 g–190.836 33Brunei Darussalam0.83878.08.614.145,753–250.819 34Estonia0.83574.812.015.716,799130.890 35Slovakia0.83475.411.614.919,99880.875 36Malta0.83279.69.914.421,46040.866 37Qatar0.83178.47.312.0107,721–360.757 38Hungary0.81674.411.1 b15.316,581110.862 39Poland0.81376.110.0 b15.317,45170.853 40Lithuania0.81072.210.916.116,234100.853 41Portugal0.80979.57.715.920,57310.833 42Bahrain0.80675.19.413.428,169–140.806 43Latvia0.80573.311.5 b15.014,293120.857 44Chile0.80579.19.714.713,329140.862 45Argentina0.79775.99.315.814,52790.843 46Croatia0.79676.69.8 b13.915,72950.834 47Barbados0.79376.89.313.4 h17,966–30.818 HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT48Uruguay0.78377.08.5 b15.513,242120.828 49Palau0.78271.812.1 i14.79,744 j,k290.853 50Romania0.78174.010.414.911,046200.841 51Cuba0.77679.19.917.55,416 l520.904 52Seychelles0.77373.69.4 m13.316,729–40.794 53Bahamas0.77175.68.5 m12.023,029 n–150.768 54Montenegro0.77174.610.613.7 h10,361 o200.831 55Bulgaria0.77173.410.6 b13.711,412140.822 56Saudi Arabia0.77073.97.813.723,274–190.765 57Mexico0.77077.08.513.913,24520.808 Human Development Index and its components1human development Index and its componentsHDI rankHumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)ValueLife expectancyat birth(years)Mean years ofschooling(years)Expected yearsof schooling(years)Gross nationalincome (GNI)per capita(constant 2005PPP $)GNI per capita rankminus HDI rankNonincomeHDIValue201120112011a2011a201120112011 58Panama0.76876.19.413.212,33570.811 59Serbia0.76674.510.2 b13.710,236160.824 60Antigua and Barbuda0.76472.68.9 h14.015,521–80.786 61Malaysia0.76174.29.512.613,685–50.790 62Trinidad and Tobago0.76070.19.212.323,439 p–260.750 63Kuwait0.76074.6 6.112.347,926–570.705 64Libya0.76074.87.316.612,637 q00.795 65Belarus0.75670.39.3 r14.613,439–80.785 66Russian Federation0.75568.89.814.114,561–130.777 67Grenada0.74876.08.616.06,982300.829 68Kazakhstan0.74567.010.415.110,58540.786 69Costa Rica0.74479.38.311.710,49740.785 70Albania0.73976.910.411.37,803180.804 71Lebanon0.73972.67.9 m13.813,076–100.760 72Saint Kitts and Nevis0.73573.18.412.911,897–40.762 73Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of0.73574.47.6 b14.210,656–20.771 74Bosnia and Herzegovina0.73375.78.7 r13.67,664160.797 75Georgia0.73373.712.1 r13.14,780360.843 76Ukraine0.72968.511.314.76,175240.810 77Mauritius0.72873.47.213.612,918–140.745 78Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia0.72874.88.2 r13.38,80420.776 79Jamaica0.72773.19.613.86,487190.802 80Peru0.72574.08.712.98,38920.775 81Dominica0.72477.57.7 m13.27,88960.779 82Saint Lucia0.72374.68.313.18,27320.773 83Ecuador0.72075.67.614.07,58990.776 84Brazil0.71873.57.213.810,162–70.748 85Saint Vincent and the Grenadines0.71772.38.613.28,01310.766 86Armenia0.71674.210.812.05,188220.806 87Colombia0.71073.77.313.68,315–40.752 88Iran, Islamic Republic of0.70773.07.312.710,164–120.731 89Oman0.70573.0 5.5 m11.822,841–500.671 90Tonga0.70472.310.3 b13.74,186260.808 91Azerbaijan0.70070.78.6 m11.88,666–100.733 92Turkey0.69974.0 6.511.812,246–250.704 93Belize0.69976.18.0 b12.45,81290.766 94Tunisia0.69874.5 6.514.57,28120.745 MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT95Jordan0.69873.48.613.15,30090.773 96Algeria0.69873.17.013.67,658–50.739 97Sri Lanka0.69174.98.212.74,943120.768 98Dominican Republic0.68973.47.2 b11.98,087–130.720 99Samoa0.68872.410.3 m12.33,931 s220.788 100Fiji0.68869.210.7 b13.04,145180.781 101China0.68773.57.511.67,476–70.725 102Turkmenistan0.68665.09.9 i12.5 h7,306–70.724 103Thailand0.68274.1 6.612.37,694–140.714 104Suriname0.68070.67.2 r12.67,538–110.712 105El Salvador0.67472.27.512.15,925–40.724 106Gabon0.67462.77.513.112,249–400.667 107Paraguay0.66572.57.712.14,72750.729 108Bolivia, Plurinational State of0.66366.69.213.74,054110.742 109Maldives0.66176.8 5.8 b12.45,276–30.714 110Mongolia0.65368.58.314.13,391170.743 111Moldova, Republic of0.64969.39.711.93,058210.746 112Philippines0.64468.78.9 b11.93,478110.725 113Egypt0.64473.2 6.411.05,269–60.686 114Occupied Palestinian Territory0.64172.88.0 m12.72,656 k,t230.750 115Uzbekistan0.64168.310.0 r11.42,967190.736 116Micronesia, Federated States of0.63669.08.8 i12.1 u2,935 v190.729 117Guyana0.63369.98.011.93,192110.715 118Botswana0.63353.28.912.213,049–560.602table1human development Index and its componentsHDI rankHuman Development Index (HDI)ValueLife expectancyat birth (years)Mean years of schooling (years)Expected years of schooling (years)Gross national income (GNI) per capita (constant 2005PPP $)GNI per capita rank minus HDI rankNonincomeHDI Value 201120112011a2011a201120112011119Syrian Arab Republic 0.63275.9 5.7 b11.34,243–50.686120Namibia 0.62562.57.411.66,206–210.643121Honduras 0.62573.1 6.511.43,44340.694122Kiribati 0.62468.17.812.13,14080.701123South Africa 0.61952.88.5 b 13.19,469–440.604124Indonesia 0.61769.4 5.813.23,716–20.674125Vanuatu 0.61771.0 6.710.43,950–50.668126Kyrgyzstan 0.61567.79.312.52,036190.734127Tajikistan 0.60767.59.811.41,937200.726128Viet Nam 0.59375.2 5.510.42,80580.662129Nicaragua 0.58974.0 5.810.82,430100.669130Morocco 0.58272.2 4.410.34,196–150.606131Guatemala 0.57471.2 4.110.64,167–140.595132Iraq0.57369.0 5.69.83,177–30.616133Cape Verde 0.56874.2 3.5 i 11.63,402–70.603134India 0.54765.4 4.410.33,468–100.568135Ghana0.54164.27.110.51,584200.633136Equatorial Guinea 0.53751.1 5.4 r 7.717,608–910.458137Congo0.53357.4 5.910.53,066–60.555138Lao People’s Democratic Republic 0.52467.5 4.69.22,24240.569139Cambodia 0.52363.1 5.89.81,848110.584140Swaziland 0.52248.77.110.64,484–270.512141Bhutan 0.52267.2 2.3 r 11.05,293–360.500LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 142Solomon Islands 0.51067.9 4.5 i 9.11,782100.567143Kenya0.50957.17.011.01,492150.584144São Tomé and Príncipe 0.50964.7 4.2 i 10.81,79270.564145Pakistan 0.50465.4 4.9 6.92,550–70.526146Bangladesh 0.50068.9 4.88.11,529110.566147Timor-Leste 0.49562.5 2.8 i 11.23,005–140.499148Angola 0.48651.1 4.4 r 9.14,874–380.455149Myanmar 0.48365.2 4.09.21,53570.536150Cameroon 0.48251.6 5.910.32,031–40.509151Madagascar0.48066.7 5.2 i 10.7824260.605152Tanzania, United Republic of 0.46658.2 5.19.11,328100.523153Papua New Guinea 0.46662.8 4.3 5.82,271–120.475154Yemen 0.46265.5 2.58.62,213–110.471155Senegal 0.45959.3 4.57.51,708–20.488156Nigeria 0.45951.9 5.0 r 8.92,069–120.471157Nepal 0.45868.8 3.28.81,16080.524158Haiti0.45462.1 4.97.6 u 1,123120.520159Mauritania 0.45358.6 3.78.11,859–100.472160Lesotho 0.45048.2 5.9 b 9.91,664–60.475161Uganda 0.44654.1 4.710.81,12470.506162Togo 0.43557.1 5.39.6798160.526163Comoros 0.43361.1 2.8 i 10.71,07990.488164Zambia 0.43049.0 6.57.91,25400.469165Djibouti 0.43057.9 3.8 r 5.12,335–250.420166Rwanda 0.42955.4 3.311.11,13310.477167Benin 0.42756.1 3.39.21,364–60.456168Gambia 0.42058.5 2.89.01,282–50.450169Sudan0.40861.5 3.1 4.41,894–210.402170Côte d'Ivoire 0.40055.4 3.3 6.31,387 p –100.412171Malawi 0.40054.2 4.28.975380.470172Afghanistan 0.39848.7 3.39.11,416–130.407173Zimbabwe 0.37651.47.29.9376 n 110.529174Ethiopia 0.36359.3 1.5 i 8.597100.383175Mali0.35951.4 2.0 b 8.31,123–60.366176Guinea-Bissau 0.35348.1 2.3 r 9.1994–30.366177Eritrea 0.34961.6 3.4 4.853660.421178Guinea0.34454.1 1.6 w 8.6863–20.364179Central African Republic0.34348.43.56.670720.3791human development Index and its componentsHDI rankHumanDevelopmentIndex (HDI)ValueLife expectancyat birth(years)Mean years ofschooling(years)Expected yearsof schooling(years)Gross nationalincome (GNI)per capita(constant 2005PPP $)GNI per capita rankminus HDI rankNonincomeHDIValue201120112011a2011a201120112011180Sierra Leone0.33647.8 2.97.273700.365181Burkina Faso0.33155.4 1.3 r 6.31,141–150.323182Liberia0.32956.8 3.911.026550.504183Chad0.32849.6 1.5 i7.21,105–120.320184Mozambique0.32250.2 1.29.2898–90.325185Burundi0.31650.4 2.710.536800.412186Niger0.29554.7 1.4 4.9641–40.311187Congo, Democratic Republic of the0.28648.4 3.58.2280–10.399 OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIESKorea, Democratic People’s Rep. of..68.8..........Marshall Islands..72.09.8 i10.8....0.752 Monaco..82.2..17.5......Nauru..79.9..9.3......San Marino..81.8..........Somalia..51.2.. 2.4......Tuvalu..67.2..10.8...... Human Development Index groupsVery high human development0.88980.011.315.933,352—0.918 High human development0.74173.18.513.611,579—0.769 Medium human development0.63069.7 6.311.25,276—0.658 Low human development0.45658.7 4.28.31,585—0.478 RegionsArab States0.64170.5 5.910.28,554—0.643 East Asia and the Pacific0.67172.47.211.76,466—0.709 Europe and Central Asia0.75171.39.713.412,004—0.785 Latin America and the Caribbean0.73174.47.813.610,119—0.767 South Asia0.54865.9 4.69.83,435—0.569 Sub-Saharan Africa0.46354.4 4.59.21,966—0.467 Least developed countries0.43959.1 3.78.31,327—0.467 Small island developing states0.64069.67.310.85,200—0.675 World0.68269.87.411.310,082—0.683 NOTESa. Data refer to 2011 or the most recent year available.b. Updated by HDRO based on UNESCO (2011) data.c. Assumes the same adult mean years of schooling as Switzerland before the most recent update.d. Estimated using the purchasing power parity (PPP) and projected growth rate of Switzerland.e. Calculated by the Singapore Ministry of Education.f. Assumes the same adult mean years of schooling as Spain before the most recent update.g. Estimated using the PPP and projected growth rate of Spain.h. Based on cross-country regression.i. Based on data on years of schooling of adults from household surveys from World Bank (2010).j. Based on UNESCAP (2011) and UNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.k. Based on unpublished estimates from the World Bank.l. PPP estimate based on cross-country regression; projected growth rate based on ECLAC (2011) andUNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.m. Based on UNESCO (2011) estimates of education attainment distribution.n. Based on PPP data from IMF (2011).o. Based on EBRD (2011) and UNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.p. Based on World Bank (2011b).q. Based on OECD and others (2011) and UNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.r. Based on data from UNICEF (2000–2010).s. Based on ADB (2011) projected growth rate.t. Based on UNESCWA (2011) and UNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.u. Refers to primary and secondary education only. United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization Institute for Statistics estimate.v. Based on ADB (2011) and UNDESA (2011) projected growth rates.w. Based on data from ICF Macro (2011).DEFINITIONSHuman Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basicdimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living.See Technical note 1 for details on how the HDI is calculated.Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns ofage-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant’s life.Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older,converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level.Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age canexpect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child’s life.Gross national income (GNI) per capita: Aggregate income of an economy generated by its productionand its ownership of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the use of factors of productionowned by the rest of the world, converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity (PPP)rates, divided by midyear population.GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank: Difference in rankings by GNI per capita and by the HDI. A negativevalue means that the country is better ranked by GNI than by the HDI.Nonincome HDI: Value of the HDI computed from the life expectancy and education indicators only.MAIN DATA SOURCESColumn 1: HDRO calculations based on data from UNDESA (2011), Barro and Lee (2010b), UNESCOInstitute for Statistics (2011), World Bank (2011a), UNSD (2011) and IMF (2011).Column 2: UNDESA (2011).Column 3: HDRO updates of Barro and Lee (2010b) estimates based on UNESCO Institute for Statisticsdata on education attainment (2011) and Barro and Lee (2010a) methodology.Column 4: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2011).Column 5: HDRO calculations based on data from World Bank (2011a), IMF (2011) and UNSD (2011).Column 6: Calculated based on data in columns 1 and 5.Column 7: Calculated based on data in columns 2, 3 and 4.。
