高考英语_2019语法考点通关讲义:名词和冠词
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名词与冠词【考纲解读】关于名词,高考主要考查:1. 名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。
名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。
另外,高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。
这些问题主要出现在完形填空中。
2. 名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。
这些问题常出现在短文改错或语法填空中。
3. 名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象,主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。
冠词的考查几乎每年都会在新课标卷中出现,主要是在语境中考查考生对冠词的理解和运用。
考查要点主要包括:1. 考查定冠词和不定冠词的基本用法。
2. 考查定冠词和不定冠词的特殊用法,如抽象名词具体化前冠词的使用情况、比较级前冠词的使用情况。
3. 考查冠词的泛指、特指、类指和专指用法。
4. 考查零冠词的运用。
另外,还涉及很多冠词与名词的固定搭配。
【考点纵横】【考题导引】1. (2016 •全国I, 61)Che ngdu has doze ns of new milli on aires, Asia ' s biggest buildi ng,and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me, pan das are its top _____ (attract)2. (2016 •全国I, 69)The nursery team switches him every few ________ (day) with his sister.3. _______________________________________________________________________________ (2016 •全国I ,短文改错)My uncle tells methat the key to his success is honest. __________________4. __ (2016 •全国n, 42)Handle the most important tasks first so you' ll feel a real sense of_______ (achieve).5. (2016 •全国n, 46)Recent (study) show that we are far more productive at workif we take short breaks regularly.6. (2016 •全国n, 48)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while, exercis ing, or doing someth ing you enjoy.7. (2016 •全国n,短文改错)In that case, we will learn little about world. ___8. (2015 •江苏,33)—Why did n't you invite John to your birthday party?—Well, you know he's ____ wet bla nket.9. (2015 •浙江,_______________________________ 2)Ja ne's gra ndmother had wan ted to write childre n's __________________________________ book for manyyears, but one thing or ano ther always got in ___ way.10. (2015 •重庆,3)I just heard ________________________ bank where Doraworks was robbed by gunmanweari ng a mask.1. attraction [空格前有形容词和物主代词,因此要用其名词形式。
2019年高考英语语法必考考点(1):名词含解析李仕才【考点解读】研究近年来高考题我们不难看出,名词部分主要考察名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、词性转换、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。
在高考试题中,名词常结合其他项目一起考察,考察题型以短文改错、完形填空、语篇中的名词词义理解、单项选择、及写作部分等。
对名词的考察一般放在名词词义辨析(特别是同义词和近义词的辨析)、名词的习惯用法、一词多义、抽象名词具体化、词性转换、名词动用等方面。
1、对同义词、近义词的考查如:At the meeting they discussed three different _______ to the study of mathematics.A. approachesB. meansC. methodsD. ways【答案】D。
【解析】在会议上他们讨论了三种不同的学习数学的方法。
way意为“方式,方法”,可指具体的方法,也可指抽象的方法,多指一般的思想、行动、办事的方法,也可指个人特殊的方式、方法。
approach意为“接近,靠近,方式,方法”,指接近某人或某事,也可指对待或处理事情的方式或方法。
mean意为“方式,方法”,用于抽象意义,可指为达到某一目的而采用的方法、计划、政策、策略等,尤指整套方法;用于具体意义,常指为达到某一目的所使用的工具、材料、机器、用具、车船等。
method意为“方式,方法”,指具体的、系统的、有步骤的方法,强调条理性及高效率。
【点睛】面对英语学习中的大量近义词,仅凭母语我们往往无法把它们真正理解和解释清楚。
要尽可能地多翻阅英语词典,注意并比较它们的基本义,用英语的思维方式和语言来解释和理解它们。
2、对相似词的考查如:Always read the _______ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.A. explanationsB. instructionsC. descriptionsD. introductions【答案】B。
专题一名词与冠词1.规则名词的6种复数变化形式①下列以-f 结尾的名词既可以变f 为v 后再加-es ,也可以直接在f 后加-s : handkerchief →handkerchiefs /handkerchieves, scarf →scarfs/scarves ②巧记变-f 或-fe 为v +-es 的名词:[巧学助记] 为了自己(self)活命(life),小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿着刀子(knife)和一片树叶(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上,把狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)。
2.不规则名词的3种复数变化形式[名师指津]①fish表示不同种类的鱼时,其复数形式为fishes,而表示同一种鱼时,其单复数形式相同;②people指“人们”时单复数同形,指“民族”时,其复数为peoples。
3.合成名词的2种复数形式(1)若有主体名词,则把主体名词变成复数;若无主体名词,则把最后一部分变成复数。
passer-by→passers-by, sister-in-law→sisters-in-law, grown-up→grown-ups,housewife→housewives(2)“man/woman+n.”变复数时,作定语的man/woman和主体名词都要变复数:women engineers。
[命题点感悟]考什么·考多少·怎么考Ⅰ.单句语法填空①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) asa method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.解析:effects此处根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知,应用effect的复数形式。
高三英语语法知识:名词、代词和冠词【本讲主要内容】英语语法知识:名词、代词和冠词【知识总结归纳】1. 名词:表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。
名词在句子中可以作主语,宾语,表语,宾语补足语,定语,名数词连用可以做状语。
在使用名词时,要注意区分可数名词和不可数名词,以便于正确使用表示不确定数量的定语。
如:a lot of / plenty of / some 可以修饰可数名词和不可数名词。
而:many, a few, few several, scores of, large quantities of, dozens of, a couple of 等只能用在可数名词之前,much, a great deal of, a little, little, a great amount of 等只能用在不可数名词之前。
2. 冠词:冠词是一种虚词,放在名词前面,帮助说明名词的意义。
冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种。
a (an)是不定冠词,an用在元音发音开始的词语前。
如:an hour, an English book。
the 是定冠词。
1〕不定冠词:不定冠词a (an)只能用在单数可数名词前。
关于它的用法,用四个字概括,“每、一、类、某〞。
①表示“每日〞、“每周〞……Please take this medicine three times a day.②表示某一种人或物中的一个。
All of us know that he is a teacher, not a student.③表示某一类人或物。
It is an easy task for an elephant.④表示“某一个〞,但仍译为“一个〞、“有个〞。
One day, a Frenchman went to Berlin on business.2〕定冠词的用法:①特指某人或某物,指说话人与听话人都知道的人或物。
Look at the picture. Is there a man in the picture?②复指前面已提到的人或物。
近几年高考单项填空中单独考查名词的题目相对较少,多与冠词一起进行考查,但完形填空中对名词的考查一直是重点,且考查范围较广。
其命题趋势仍将是:在不同语言环境中去识别词义,进行词义辨析,是高考考查的重点。
因此,考生不仅要弄清词义,而且也要把握好语言环境,在单项填空、完形填空中这类试题会继续出现。
建议考生在复习中注意名词的词义辨析。
冠词是历年高考英语试题中的常考点。
主要考查在理解冠词基本含义的基础上,在具体语境下的冠词的运用,主要包括定冠词和不定冠词的用法区别,名词前不用冠词的情况,特指与泛指以及习语中的冠词用法。
热点题型一考查名词的数例1、Games, often seen as________activity for children, are still important in________development of teenagers.A. the; theB. an; theC. an; 不填D. the; 不填【答案】B【提分秘籍】名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。
1.可数名词的复数(1)可数名词变复数一般都是直接加-s;词尾若是s,x,ch,sh,在词尾加-esdesk→desks;dish→dishes stomach的复数形式是stomachs(2)以”辅音字母+y”结尾的词,要变y为i再加-esstudy→studies(3)以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为-vesleaf→leaves(4)以字母o结尾的名词,多数加-spiano→pianos(5)单、复数同形sheep;deer(6)单、复数都要加s的名词works(工厂);means(方法)有一些例外情况:(1)巧记以o结尾加-es的名词:黑人英雄吃西红柿和马铃薯。
(即Negro,hero,tomato和potato 四个词)(2)巧记以f或fe结尾的名词在变复数时直接加-s:海湾(gulf)里的首领(chief)只相信(belief)放在屋顶(roof)保险箱(safe)里的证据(proof)。
2019届高考英语冠词、名词和主谓一致冠词、名词和主谓一致【考点分析】冠词 1.不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法; 定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法; 2.考查冠词在固定搭配中的用法,包括零冠词(即不用冠词)表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法 ; 3.考查不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法 ; 4.考查冠词在比较级前的用法 ;5.考查冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法 ;6.考查用不用冠词意义大不相同的短语。
名词和主谓一致 1.对名词的可数与不可数性的考查:①最常见的形式是主谓一致的考查;分数和百分数作主语、数量词作主语仍将是考查重点(as well as; together with; along with; not only…but also…; rather than; neither…nor…; either…or…; the number of与a number of等要特别关注); ②有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义; ③有些名词通常用作不可数名词; ④有些名词用作不可数名词时,表示抽象概念,与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表示个体事物; ⑤有些名词,既可以作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意思不一样; ⑥某些集体名词,如果把它们所表示的人或事物当作整体来看待,谓语动词用单数形式;如果把它们表示的人或事物当作若干个体来看,谓语动词用复数形式。
2.对名词词义及词义辨析的考查; 3.对名词与介词固定搭配的考查; 4.对名词句法功能的考查:重在考查名词作定语的用法。
【知识点归纳】(一)冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
i.不定冠词的用法 1.指一类人或事,相当于a kind of a plane is a machine that can fly. 2.第一次提及某人某物,非特指 a boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。
3.表示“每一”相当于every,one we study eight hours a day.4.表示“相同”相当于the same we are nearly of an age.5.用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事—hello, could i speak to mr. smith? —sorry, wrong number. there isn't______ mr. smith here. a. 不填 b. ac. thed. one that boy is rather a lei feng.(活雷锋)6.用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7.用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后this room is rather a big one.8.用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后she is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.9.用于抽象名词具体化的名词前success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化)成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的东西a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识10.与序数词连用,表示“又一,再一”。
考点 1 冠词冠词是历年高考的必考点,对于冠词的考查主要集中在冠词的基本用法和习惯用法,高考中常见的考点如下:①冠词的泛指、特指②在形容词和副词比较等级前的用法③固定搭配④ a 和an的区别(2017新增)预计2019年的高考仍然会以考查冠词在具体语境中的正确使用为主,以语篇型语法填空和短文改错的形式出现,它可能把冠词的各种用法结合名词一起进行考查。
考向1 不定冠词1. 与可数名词单数连用, 表示类别,泛指一类人或事物。
☞—I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over the keyboard.—You shouldn’t put drinks near a computer.2. 用来表示不确定的某一个, 相当于 a certain。
☞—Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?—Sorry, wrong number. There isn’t a Mr. Smith here.3.用于数量、时间等名词前, 表示"每一(单位)的……"。
☞I earn 10 dollars an hour as a supermarket cashier on Saturdays.4. 在抽象名词、物质名词前(特别是这两种名词有定语修饰时)用不定冠词,使之意义具体化,表示"一种"、"一件"、"一份"等。
☞It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.我被邀请参加聚会是一种荣誉。
(honour是抽象名词,anhonour指一件荣誉的事)5. 不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示"再一,又一"。
☞She didn’t like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.她不喜欢这两个包的颜色,又要了一个。
1. (2018·新课标II卷·短文改错)As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matterhow many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not to let me.【答案】the改为a【解析】考查冠词。
第1讲名词和冠词(一) 名词[析考点·规律探密]真题体验透视命题规律课提示:对应学生用书第8页语法填空题对名词的考查主要包括名词的单复数和所有格,以及给出动词、形容词等提示词要求写出适当的名词形式。
短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转换等。
解答有关名词的题目时,一定要注意名词前的修饰成分,如数词、量词、常修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的词或短语等,判断其是需要可数名词单数形式、复数形式还是不可数名词。
【考点练悟】(单句语法填空)1.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm a scientist(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.2.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.3.(2016·四川卷)Any smell might attract natural enemies_ (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.4.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other is with mum—she never suspects.5.(2018·桂林市联考)To them,life is a _competition (compete)—they have to do better than their peers to be happy.6.(2018·济南期末检测)Julie is one of the women(woman) who always keep up with the latest fashions.7.(2018·漳州市八校联考) Chances (chance) are that you will receive three different answers.8.(2018·昆明第一中学适应性训练)Engelbart, the inventor of the computer mouse, developed the mouse in the 1960s as a useful tool to assist the computer, obtaining a patent for it long before the mouse's(mouse) widespread use.[规律总结]1.提示词为名词时,分析句子成分后若发现词性不需要改变,则一般考查所给名词的复数形式;如果作定语表示“……的”,则一般考查名词的所有格。
2.当确定所填词是可数名词时,需要考虑其单复数问题。
除了根据上下文语境之外,还可以通过以下信息判断:(1)名词前不定冠词a/an后用名词单数形式。
(2)有these, those, several, many, all, both 等词修饰时名词用复数形式。
(3)名词前有one of时用名词复数形式。
(4)如果空格处作主语,且谓语动词是单数形式,则空格处应填名词单数形式;若谓语动词是复数形式,则空格处应填名词复数形式。
【考点练悟】(单句改错请按照高考要求直接在原句上修改)1.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)When I was little,Friday's night was our family game night.答案:When I was little,Friday'snight was our family game night.Friday2.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.答案:The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and as well.mistakemistakes3.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They have also bought some gardening tools. Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.答案:They have also bought some gardening tools. Besides, they often get some useful from the Internet.informationsinformation4.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.答案:The teenage yearfrom 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.years5.(2016·四川卷)Mom has a full-time job, but she has to do most of the houseworks.答案:Mom has a full-time job, but she has to do most of the houseworks.housework6.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest..答案:My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honesthonesty[规律总结][刷题组·题型突破]即时演练巩固复习成果授课提示:对应学生用书第9页Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2018·合肥一中期末)When Sammy looked up, the train was just a couple of feet (foot) away.2.(2018·银川一中模拟)Every country shares things in common: we value family, cherish health, and celebrate large festivals (festival).3.(2018·广东揭阳市第二次模拟)There is a growing tendency (tend) for people to work at home instead of in offices.4.To talk before the whole class, he was terribly shy. However, he had no other choice/choices_(choose),though.5.(2018·新疆一检)It will certainly be of great help to Tom, if there is a good environment, enough books and equipment (equip), as well as instruction from his teachers and friends.6.(2018·陕西师大附中模拟)People living in different countries have made different kinds of words (word).7.(2018·山东青岛一中模拟) They were the kind that I did not have in my collection (collect) so I placed them carefully in my bag.8.He was unconfident of himself, for he thought of himself as a failure_(fail) and unworthy of success.9.They are always gathering in their winter food in the middle of summer and they are making preparations (prepare) for the long cold winter.10.Yesterday the firemen (fireman) examined the ground but were not able to find any clues to the cause of the fire.Ⅱ.单句改错(请按照高考要求直接在原句上修改)1.(2018·陕西师大附中模拟)It's one of the most beautiful view that I've ever seen in China.答案:It's one of the most beautiful viewviewsthat I've ever seen in China.2.(2018·广州模拟)My son thinks that life is like a battlefield and we have to lose many time to win the final victory.答案:My son thinks that life is like a battlefield and we have to lose many timetimesto win the final victory.3.Police said the man was danger to the public.答案:Police said the man was ∧a 或dangerdangerousto the public.4.My favorite sport is badminton, which brings me much happy.答案:My favorite sport is badminton,which brings me much happy.happiness 5.I think you can make it if you can follow the advices below.below.答案:I think you can make it if you can follow the advicesadvice6.I always have enough food to eat, a big room to live in, and beautiful cloth to wear.to wear.答案:I always have enough food to eat, a big room to live in,and beautiful clothclothes 7.We need to take action to develop a sound system that advocates good behavior and keep all necessary requirements in minds.答案:We need to take action to develop a sound system that advocates good behavior and.keep all necessary requirements in mindsmind8.Billy and I are good friends. I have some pictures of Billy's. Look at this one. How sweet he is smiling!. Look at this one. How 答案:Billy and I are good friends.I have some pictures of Billy'sBillysweet he is smiling!Ⅲ.语法填空Homecoming is the tradition of welcoming back former students and celebrating a school's 1.__________ (exist) in the United States. People, towns, high schools, and colleges come together, usually in late September or early October, to welcome back alumni (校友) and former residents. It 2.____________ (build) around a central event, such as a banquet and, most often, a game of football, or, 3.____________ occasion, basketball, ice hockey or soccer. When celebrated by schools, the activities vary widely. However, they usually consist of a football game, activities for students and alumni, a parade 4.____________ (feature) the school's marching band and sports teams, and the coronation (加冕) of 5.____________ (it) Homecoming Queen, or Homecoming King. A dance commonly follows the game or the day after the game.6.____________ (attach) to a football game, Homecoming traditionally occurs on the team's return from the longest road trip of the season. The game,7.____________ it is football or another sport, will typically include the home team playing a8.____________ (considerable) weaker opponent. The game is supposed to be9.____________ easy win and thus weaker schools will sometimes play 10.____________ (low) division schools.[语篇解读]本文为说明文,主要介绍了有关美国返校节的内容。