一∙The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process, and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.∙Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparsons where releant.∙The first diagram indicates the stages and equipment in the process of making cement, and the second one illustrates how cement and other materials are mixed to produce concrete for building purposes.∙Cement production involves the following steps. The first step is to put limestone and clay on two different conveyors. Then, these two types of materials are pressed into the crusher which breaks them into powder. After that, the powder is poured into a mixer, and then mixtures are transmitted into a rotating heater which works with heat. The following step is that a band carrier leads the heated powder to a grinder where the cement comes out. Finally, cement is packed into bags,and the process is finished.∙Concrete production is much more simple. Four different kinds of materials are needed in different proportion. Gravel accounts for the largest part, at 50%, followed by sand, which is 25%. Cement and water contributes 15% and 10% respectively. The four materials are then mixed and poured intoa concrete mixer and after a period of whirling, concrete is produced.∙In conclusion, making cement has more complex process than making concrete though concrete needs more materials than cement.二∙The diagrams below show the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the production of silk cloth.∙Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.∙The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again.∙The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth.Once selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.∙Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.三∙The flow chart below shows how chewing gum is made.∙Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the mainfeatures and make comparisons where relevant.∙The diagram shows how chewing gum is produced. Firstly the ingredients of gum are put into a container and was heated until they form a single mass. This is then strained until all of the liquid has been eliminated.Next, the gum is passed into another container/place and the desired flavorings, sweeteners and softeners are added This mixture is blended until all of the ingredients are mixed together. The gum then travels/passes to a different machine which uses rollers to flatten out the gum. Finally the thin sheets of gum are cut into rectangular shapes and broken into separate pieces then the gum passes / travels along a conveyor belt where it is enclosed in packaging ready for distribution.四∙The diagram below shows how fruit is canned.∙Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.∙The diagram shows the process of canning fresh fruit. First the fruit is picked from trees by hand. It is then transported to the cannery by large trucks. At the cannery the fruit is washed and quality checked, and any poor quality fruit is rejected. The good quality fruit is put into cold storage. When it is ready for canning the fruit is weighed and graded.The grading ensures that fruit of a similar size is kept together. After this the fruit is peeled and the cores are removed. It is then sliced into the required sizes and put into cans. Juice or syrup is also added to the cans. Once the cans have been filled, they are sealed and cooked over heat to ensure that the cans are sterilized. When the cans are cool, labels are attached and they are placed into storages. The canned fruit is now ready to be despatched to supermarkets and sold.五∙The diagram below shows the process of making chocolate.∙Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.∙Chocolate's varied flavours, colours, shapes and textures result from different recipe traditions. Which have evolved in different parts of the world. The essential ingredient in all chocolate is cocoa, which is made from the cream-coloured beans that grow in pods on the cacao tree. The cacao tree, which grows in equatorial regions such as South America, Africa and Indonesia produces a fruit about the size of a small pineapple, Inside which are the tree's seeds.∙After harvesting, the cocoa beans arc removed from the pods and piled in heaps that are left for several days to dry. The dried beans are then transported to factories where they are sorted and roasted. The shells are then removed and the beans are ground into chocolate liquor - a thick brown liquid which forms a solid at about room temperature. This liquor contains a high percentage of fat (cocoa butter), which is removed by using presses. The solid block of cocoa that remains is then made into a powder which can be used to make a hot chocolate drink, or is mixed back with some of the cocoa butter, sugar and other flavour such as vanilla to make the different kinds of chocolate.六∙The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry.∙Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant.∙∙The process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry can be outlined in seven consecutive steps.∙First the raw material, clay, which lies just below the surface of soil in certain clay-rich areas has to be dug up by a digger.∙Then the lumps of clay are placed on a metal grid, in order to break up the big chunks of clay into much smaller ones, which fall through the metal grid onto a roller, whose motion further segregates the bits of clay. Sand and water are added to make a homogenous mixture, which is then either formed in moulds or cut into brick-shaped pieces by means of a wire cutter.∙These fresh bricks are then kept in a drying oven for at least 24 and a maximum of 48 hours, several dozens if not hundreds of bricks at a time.The dried bricks are then transferred to a also-called kiln, another type of high temperature of 200℃- 980℃, then at a high temperature of 870℃- 1300℃. This process is followed by cooling down the finished bricks for 48 to 72 hours in a cooling chamber.∙Once the bricks have been cooled down and have become hard, they get packaged and delivered to their final destination, be it a building site or storage.七∙The diagrams below show the process of how uranium is used in the production of nuclear power.∙Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.∙This diagram describes how uranium is mined, processed, used and then discarded.∙Uranium is found under the ground and so it must be mined. Once the mined uranium has been extracted, it is taken to a processing centre. Here the uranium is converted into a form that can be used as a fuel in a nuclear power station. To do this, the uranium is changed into a gas and enriched before it is reformed as U-235 fuel pellets.∙The fuel pellets are then used in nuclear power stations to provide up to 7 billion kilowatts of electricity from just one station. After the fuel has been used for about four years it is removed from the power station and stored. Some of the used fuel can be re-processed and re-used in a power station to produce more electricity.∙Finally, old stored fuel that cannot be re-processed is put into stainless steel containers and then buried deep in the ground.八∙The illustrations below show how chocolate is produced.∙Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features.∙The diagram shows the stages in the process of making chocolate.∙Chocolate comes from the cacao tree, which is grown in parts of South America, Africa and Indonesia. The tree produces large red pods which contain white cocoa beans. Firstly, when the pods are ripe, they are harvested. The beans are removed and they are fermented for several days in large wooden boxes. During the fermenting process, the beans turn brown.∙Next, the brown beans are spread in the sun to dry. They are then put in large sacks and transported by train or lorry. After this, the beans are taken to a chocolate factory where they are roasted in an oven at temperatures of between 250 and 350 degree Celsius.∙After being roasted, the beans are crushed and the outer shell is removed.Finally, the inner part of the bean is pressed and liquid chocolate is produced.九∙The diagram below shows how banana chips are made.∙Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.∙The flowchart shows how banana chips are made. First, the bananas are peeled by a special machine and then they are rinsed in water. Next the clean bananas are put into a chipping machine where they are sliced into thin chips. After this they are distributed. Once they are dry, the banana chips are soaked in hot oil in large deep fat fryers. The cooked banana chips are fried from the fryers using a special sieve which allows all of the oil to drain off. The banana chips are left (then) to cool. When they have reached the right temperature, spices are added for extra taste.Finally the banana chips are packaged ready to be removed around the world and was sold.十∙Using the information in the diagram, write a description of how a refrigerator works. You may use your own knowledge and experience in addition to the diagram.∙The diagram shows in four stages how a refrigerator works.∙According to the diagram, in the first stage, high-pressure liquid flows in the capillary tube. Food within the refrigerator sends out vapor. In this stage, the high-pressure liquid is heated by the vapor to warm low-pressure gas. Next, the warm low-pressure gas flows ahead, arriving at the compressor. At this stage, it is compressed to hot high-pressure gas. Stage three of the process is when the hot high-pressure gas passes the condenser, where it is cooled to high-pressure liquid. Where is the heat then? It is transferred to atmosphere. Finally, the cool high-pressure liquid continues to flow forward and enters into the capillary tube. At this point, it is heated by the vapor from food within the refrigerator again and a new cycle begins.∙Thus, the process diagram illustrates the principle of the refrigerator.十一∙As a class assignment you have been asked to write a description of how this plastic is produced and then broken down.∙Using the information in the diagram, write a description of the cycle.∙You may use your own knowledge and experience in addition to the diagram.∙The diagram shows in four stages how plastic is produced and then broken down.∙According to the diagram, in the first stage, are harvested and taken toa factory. Next, in the factory, glucose is extracted from cereal crops.Stage three of the process is when the glucose then passes into a bacterial fermentation chamber, where the process of fermentation produces a type of plastic called PHB polymer. This can be used to make plastic bottles to hold shampoos and detergents. When these plastic bottles are thrown away，they may be disposed in three ways. First, they may be recycled.Another way is that they may also be filled in land. In this way, the oxidation products from the landfill sites are released slowly into the atmosphere. Other discarded bottles are burnt or biodegraded and send out carbon dioxide into atmosphere. Finally, cereal crops require carbon dioxide in order to grow, and these crops are used in the manufacture of the new plastic.∙Thus, the process diagram illustrates the cycle of the plastic.十二∙The diagram below shows how The Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up-to-the- minute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts.∙Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.∙The diagram shows in four stages how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology gets its weather information in order to make weather forecasts.∙According to the diagram, in the first stage there is the “incoming information”. Raw data is collected from outer space, on land, or at sea, using satellite, radar, and drifting buoy respectively. Next, this datais analyzed and forecasted by experts. At this stage experts study satel-lite photos, radar screens, and synoptic charts to determine weather conditions. Stage three of the process is when the information is prepared for broadcast. This is done through computer which sends all necessary data to the fourth stage. At this point the weather data is broadcasted to the general public via TV, radio and telephone (recorded announcement).Thus, the process diagram illustrates how weather data is collected, studied, prepared, and finally broadcast.。
