Background of Control Theory(控制理论基础) 外文翻译
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内部控制英文文献翻译及参考文献-英语论文内部控制英文文献翻译及参考文献目录摘要 (1)1 选题背景 (2)2内部控制理论的概述 (3)2.1 内部控制的根本性质 (3)2.2内部控制的责任 (3)3 确保内部控制的充分性 (5)4 先天的内部控制 (9)5 结论 (11)Abstract (12)1 Background Topics (13)2 Internal control theory outlined (15)2.1 The Fundamental Nature Of Intaral Control (15)2.2 Responsibillty For Internal Control (15)3 Ensuring that the internal control adequacy (17)4 Inherent limitations of internal control (22)5 Conclusion (25)参考文献[1] 陈继云.COSO报告与内部控制研究[M].上海:上海会计.2002.06.[2] 陈敏圭.论改进企业报告一美国注册会计师协会财务报告特别委员会综合报告[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社.1997.[3] 楼德华,傅黎瑛.中小企业内部控制[M].上海:上海三联书店,2005.[4] 李亚.民营企业公司治理[M].北京:机械工业出版社.2006.[5] 张厚义,候光明,明立志,梁传运.中国私营企业发展报告[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社. 2005.[6] 娆贤涛,王连娟.中国家族企业现状、问题与对策[M].北京:企业管理出版社.2005.[7] Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Tready Commission(COSO)[D].Enterprise RiskManagement Framework.2003.[8] 陈冠任.中国私营企业如何做大做强做优[M].北京:北京工业大学出版社.2003.[9] 中国(海南)改革发展研究院.中小企业发展—挑战与对策[M].北京:中国经济出版社.2005.[10] 欧江波,唐碧海,邓晓蕾,江彩霞,雷宣云,张赛飞.促进我国中小企业发展政策研究[M].广州:中山大学出版.2002.[11] 李国盛.内部控制的现状、成因、对策及建议[J].北京:《四川会计》第2001第2期.[12] 徐根兴,陈勇鸣.民营企业加速发展期的运行方式[M].北京:中共中央党校出版社.2005.[13] 杨加陆,范军,方青云,袁蔚,孙慧.中小企业管理[M].上海:复旦大学出版社.2004.[14] Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance [M].The Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, Gee Co.Ltd, London..[15] 李华刚.民营企业为何难长大[M].北京:民族与建设出版社.2004.[16] 张丽.W公司内部控制评估与设计[D].《中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库》.2005年5月.[17] KPMG: Sarbanes_ Oxley section 404.management of internal control and the proposed auditing standards[S] .2002.[18] Foh,Noreen.Control Self-Assessment.A New Approach to Auditing,Ives Business Journal[J].Sep/Oct 2000.[19] 马云涛.XX民营高科技内部控制体系研究[D].[西北土业大学硕士学位论文]西安西北土业大学.2005-09.[20] 熊筱燕,罗建云,王殿龙.会计控制论[M].北京:新华出版社.2002. 1263内部控制英文文献翻译及参考文献摘要内部控制这个概念已经不是一个新概念。
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Engineering控制理论Theory of Control控制理论基础Elementary Theory of Control控制理论基础与水轮机调节Elementary Theory of Control & Water Turbine 控制系统设计Control System Design控制系统数字仿真Control System Digital Imitation口译Oral Intepretation口语实践Oral Practice快速阅读Fast Reading六朝文论Articles of Six Dynasties鲁迅研究Research on LU Xun轮机概论Introduction to Turbines伦理学Ethics论文写作Thesis Writing论文指导Thesis Supervision螺杆压缩机Spiral Lobe Compressor逻辑设计Logic Design逻辑学Logic Theory马克思主义原理Principles of Marxism马列(社会学)原著选读Selected Readings of Marx\'s & Lenin\'s Original Wor马列哲学原著选读Selected Readings of Marx\'s & Lenin\'s Original Wor马列主义原理Principles of Marxism & Leninism马氏规划Martensitic Planning毛泽东思想哲学研究Research on Mao Zedong\'s Thinking Philosophy煤粉燃烧技术及测量技术Coal Power Combustion & Technology and Measurement 美国文学作品选读Selected Readings of American Literature美术粉彩Art Powder Paint美术室外建筑写生Outdoors Architectural Sketch美术素描Art Sketch美学概论Introduction to Aesthetics秘书学Secretary Science密封技术Sealing Technology免疫学Immunity敏感元件及材料Sensors & Materials明清小说研究Research on NOVELS OF mING & Qing Dynasties名篇赏析Appreciation of Master Pieces模糊数学Fuzzy Mathematics模具计算机辅助设计Computer Aided Design of Models模拟电子技术Analog Electronics Technique模拟电子技术基础Basic Analog Electronics模拟电子线路Analog Electrical Circuitry模拟集成电路Analog Integrated Circuitry模式识别Matrix Recognition模型辨识Model Distinguish磨削原理Principle of Grinding and Cutting评报Commentary Report评论写作Commentary Writing普通化学General Chemistry普通生物学General Biology普通物理General Physics普通物理实验Lab of General Physics企业供销管理Management of Enterprise Supply & Sales企业管理Enterprise Management企业管理与技术经济Enterprise Management & Technological Economy企业经营经济学Enterprise Management Economics企业社会学Enterprise Sociology企业生产物流Productive Physical Distribution of Enterprise企业物流Physical Distribution of Enterprise青年伦理学Ethics for Youth青年社会学Sociology for Youth情报检索Information Searches全过程设计Whole Process Design人工智能Artificial Intelligence人和自然Man & Nature人口经济方法Economical Method for Population人体生理Human Physiology日本物流Material Flow of Japan日语阅读Japanese Reading软件工程Software Engineering软件技术基础Basis of Software Technique软件开发工具与环境Tools & Environment for Software Developing弱信号检测Testing of Feeble Signals色彩Color色谱Color Spectrum摄影技巧Techniques for Photography涉外企业管理Enterprise Administration Concerning Foreign Natio社会调查的理论与方法Theories & Methods for Social Investigation社会调查方法Methods for Social Investigation社会工作Social Work社会统计分析与SYSTAT应用Social Statistics Analysis & SYSTAT Application社会统计学Social Statistics社会问题研究Research on Social Problems社会心理学Social Psychology社会学概论Introduction to Sociololgy社会学简论Brief Introduction to Sociology社会学理论专题Current Issues in Theories of Socilolgy社会学问题研究Research on Problems of Sociology社会学研究方法Research Methods of Sociology社会主义财政学Finance of Socialism社会主义各国政,经体制讨论Discussion on Political & Economic Systems in Socialism审计学Science of Auditing生产管理Administration of Manufacturing生产过程计算机控制Computer Control in Manufacturing Process生产过程自动化Water-Turbine Engine生理学Physiology诗歌美学Aesthetics of Poetry时间序列Time Sequence实变函数Functions of Real Variable实验分析Experimental Analysis实验力学Experimental Mechanics实验力学基础Basis of Experimental Mechanics实验流体Experimental Flowing Object实验应力分析Analysis of Experimental Stress世界近现代经济史Modern History of World Economy世界近现代史Modern History of the World世界文化史History of World Culture世界政治经济与国际关系World Politic Ecomony &International Relationship 适应控制系统Adaption Control System市场学Science of Market市场研究Research on Market市场预测Market Predicting输入输出设计原理Principle of Input and Output Designing书法Handwriting数据结构Data Structure数据库概论Introduction to Database数据库基础Basis of Database数据库技术Technique of Database数据库设计与分析Design & Analysis of Database数据库系统原理Principles of Database System数据库应用Application of Database数据库原理及应用Principle & Application of Database数控机床Digit Control Machine Tool数控技术Digit Control Technique数理方程Mathematical Equations数理方程积分变换Integral Transmission of Mathematical Equation数理方程与特殊函数Equations of Mathmatical Physics & Special Functions 数理逻辑Mathematical Logic数理统计Mathematical statistics数量经济Quantity Economics数学分析Mathematical Analysis数学规划Mathematical Planning数学模型Mathematical Modening数学物理方法Method of Mathematical Physics数值电路Digital Circuit数值分析Numerical Analysis数值计算Digital Computation数字测量技术Digital Measuring Technique数字测量实验技术Experimental Technique of Digital Measuring数字测试实验技术Experimental Technique of Digital Testing数字电路Digital Circuit数字电路及微机原理Digital Circuit & Computer Principles数字电视Digital Television数字电子基础Fundamental Digital Electionics数字电子技术Digital Electronic Technique数字电子技术基础Fundamental Digital Electronic Technique数字电子技术设计与实验Experiment & Design of Digital Electron Technique 数字电子线路Digital Electrical Circuitry数字电子与微机原理Digital Electronics & Principle of Microcomputer数字仿真Digital Simulation数字化测量技术Digital Measuring Technique数字控制及微机控制技术Digital Control & Microcomputer Control Technique 数字逻辑Digital Logic数字图象处理Digital Image Processing数字系统逻辑设计Logical Design of Digital System数字系统设计Design of Digital System数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing双曲线方程Hyperbolic Equation思想教育Virtue Education素描Pencil Sketch速冻技术Technique of Speed 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Equipment外部设备维修Repairment of Peripheral Equipment外国古代建筑史History of Western Ancient Architecture外国文献阅读Readings of Foreign Literature外国文学史History of Foreign Literature外国文学作品选译Selected Translations of Foreign Literary Works外国物流Foreign Material Flow外国物资管理Overseas Material Management外国新闻事业史History of Overseas Journalism外贸会计Foreign Business Accountancy外贸英语Foreign Business English外设概论Introduction to Peripheral Equipment外设实验Experiment on Peripheral Equipment微分方程Differential Equation微分方程数值解Numerical solution of partial defferential equatio微分几何Defferential Geometry微观分析Micro-Analysis微观经济学Micro-Economics微机管理系统概论Introduction to Microcomputer Administration Systo微机和程序逻辑Microcomputer &Program Logic微机化设计Microcomputerization Design微机化仪器Microcomputerized Instrument微机化仪器仪表Microcomputerized Instrument & Meter微机汇编语言程序设计Microcomputer Programming in Assembly Languages 微机技术课程设计Course Exercise in Microcomputer Technology微机继电保护基础Basic Computer Relay Protection微机控制技术Control Technique of 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Anthropology文书学Secretarial Science文献检索Document Indexing文选与习作Selected Readings & Composition文学概论Introduction to Literature文学选读Selected Readings of Literature文字音韵学Phonology文定性理论Theory of Stability物流管理学Material flow Management物流系统工程Material Flow System Engineering物资管理学Material Administration物资会计Accountancy of Materials物资会计与财务分析Accountancy of Materials & Financial Analysis物资进出口管理Material Import and Export Administration物资进出口贸易Material Import and Export Trade物资经济学Economics for Materials物资经营管理Materials Management Administration物资经营学Materials Management物资企业管理学Enterprise Management for Materials物资企业经营学Enterprise Management for Materials误差理论Theory of Error西方近现代建筑史History of Western Contemporary Architecture西方科学与哲学评价Comment of Western Science & Philosophy西方美术史History of Western Art西方文化讲座Lecture of Western Culture西方文学理论Theories of Western Literature吸收式及蒸喷式制冷机Absorption & Evaporation Refrigerator吸收式制冷机Absorption Refrigerator系统辨识System Discrimination系统程序设计基础Basic of System Program Design系统动力学System Dynamics系统工程System Engineering系统工程及经济分析概论Introduction to System Engineering & Economic Analysis 系统建模与响应System Modeling & Response系统结构System Structure系统与泵站System & Pump Station细胞生物学Cell Biology细杆式制冷压缩机Thin Pole Compressor纤维光学Fibre Optics显示技术Display Technique显示技术及装置Display Technique & Equipment显示仪表Displaying Meter现代汉语Modern Chinese现代控制论Comtemporary Control Theory现代生物概率Probability of Modern Biology现代文学Modern Literature现代文学作品选读Selected Readings of Contemporary Literature现代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy现代西方哲学评价Comments on Contemporary Western Philosophy现代语言学Modern Linguistics现代作品选讲Lectures on Selected Contemporary Writings线性代数Linear Algebra线性规划Linear Programming线性系统与分析Linear System & Analysis相似理论在热工中应用Application of Similarity Theory in Heat Engineering 项目可行性研究与评诂Research & Evaluation of Project Fearibility小区规划设计Small Zone Planning小型客积式压缩机Small-Volumed Compressor小型制冷装置Small Refrigerating Equipment写作Writing写作基础Basis for Writing新时期小说专题Current Issues on Contemporary Novels新闻采访学News Gathering新闻概论Introduction to Journalism新闻管理专题Current Issues on Journalism Administration新闻学理论Theories of Journalism Science新闻评论学News Commentary新闻摄影News Photography新闻史History of Journalism新闻世界史World History of News新闻事业管理Journakism Administration新闻文化学News Culturology新闻写作News Writing新闻心理学News Psychology新闻总编赏析Appreciation & Analysis of General Editing心理学Psychology信号变换与处理Signal Conversion & Processing信号分析Signal Analysis信号交换处理Signal Exchange Processing信号与线性系统Signal & Linear System信息传输基础Information Transmission System信息光学Information Optics信息论Informatics信息论与编码Informatics & Coding信息系统设计Information System Design信息系统设计与分析Analysis of Information System & Designing形式逻辑Formal Logics形势与教育Situation & Education形势与政策Situation & Policy行政法Administrative Law行政管理学Administration Science修辞讲座Lectures on Rhetorics学科专研究Subject Research循环分析Analysis of Cycling循环力学Cycling Mechanics训估学Phonology音乐欣赏Music Appreciation银行信贷Bank Credits印刷输出设备设计原理Principle of Printing Out/Put Equipment Designing 英国文学史History of British Literature英美文学作品选读Selected Readings of British & American Literature英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation英美报刊选读Selected British & American Newspaper Readings英美概况British & American Culture and Society英美外台选听Selected Listenings of British & American Broadcast英美文学史History of British & American Literature英文打字Typing in English英语English英语词汇学English Lexicology英语泛读Extensive Reading英语精读Intensive Reading英语口语Oral English Practice英语视听English Videos英语听力English Listening Comprehension英语写作English Writing英语语法English Grammar英语语法流派Schools of English Grammar英语语言学导论Introdnction to General Lingnistics英语语言专题讲座Current Issues in Language Research and Education 英语语音English Phonetics英语阅读English Reading英语阅读与技巧English Reading & Skills影视课Movies & TV Series优化技术基础Basis of Optimal Technique优化设计Optimal Design有机化学Organic Chemistry有机化学实验Organic Chemistry Experiment有色金属Colored & Fine Metal Alloy有限单元法Finite Element有限元法及应用Finite Element & its Application有限元及其在内燃机中应用Application of Finite Element IC Engine语言学概论Introduction to 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《控制理论基础》课程简介06191310控制理论基础 3Fundamentals of control theory 3-0预修课程:微积分,线性代数,常微分方程,大学物理面向对象:三、四年级本科生内容简介:控制科学是由数学、工程学和计算机科学交叉发展形成的一门学科。
本课程介绍控制系统的描述、分析、设计和综合的数学基础理论,内容包括:系统的输入-输出描述、状态变量描述、频率描述及其相互关系;控制系统分析、能控性和能观性、稳定性;极点配置、观测器和调节器设计等。
选用教材或参考书:教材:《控制理论基础》,李训经等著,高等教育出版社,2002参考书:1、《工程控制论》,钱学森著,科学出版社,19582、《线性系统理论与设计》,陈启宗著,科学出版社,1988《控制理论基础》教学大纲06191310控制理论基础 3Fundamentals of control theory 3-0预修课程:微积分,线性代数,常微分方程,大学物理面向对象:三、四年级本科生一、教学目的和基本要求:通过本课程的学习使学生获得以下知识和能力:1. 理解“控制理论”是工程控制过程的数学理论这一学科特点,理解控制的数学模型和概念的工程控制背景,理解“数学控制原理”的“工程控制意义”;2. 了解控制系统的基本组成及其功能,掌握对控制系统建立数学模型的方法和步骤;3.掌握线性控制系统的各种描述方法及其相互关系;3. 掌握线性定常系统的基本分析、设计和综合方法。
二、主要内容及学时分配:第一章控制论概貌(3学时)第二章线性系统模型(13学时)输入-输出描述、状态变量描述、频域描述以及相互关系和转换方法,几种典型环节,离散时间系统,等价动态方程。
第三章能控性和能观性(10学时)概念,能控性子空间,秩条件,频域条件,能控(能观)规范分解,最小实现。
第四章稳定性分析(8学时)输入-输出稳定性,Routh-Hurwitz判局,线性动态方程的稳定性,Lyapunov定理,第五章状态反馈与观测器设计(8学时)状态反馈及其不变量,极点配置定理,能稳性,能检测性与观测器设计第六章最优调节器设计(6学时)反馈镇定,控制参数选择,LQR问题,代数Riccati方程,跟踪问题。
控制理论各历史阶段发展的特点经典控制理论在20世纪30到40年代,奈奎斯特、伯德、维纳等人的著作为自动控制理论的初步形成奠定了基础;二次大战以后,又经过众多学者的努力,在总结了以往的实践和关于反馈理论、频率响应理论并加以发展的基...经典控制理论(20世纪40-50年代)在20世纪30到40年代,奈奎斯特、伯德、维纳等人的著作为自动控制理论的初步形成奠定了基础;二次大战以后,又经过众多学者的努力,在总结了以往的实践和关于反馈理论、频率响应理论并加以发展的基础上,形成了较为完整的自动控制系统设计的频率法理论。
1948年又提出了根轨迹法。
至此,自动控制理论发展的第一阶段基本完成。
这种建立在频率法和根轨迹法基础上的理论,通常被称为经典控制理论。
经典控制理论以拉氏变换为数学工具,以单输入-单输出的线性定常系统为主要的研究对象。
将描述系统的微分方程或差分方程变换到复数域中,得到系统的传递函数,并以此作为基础在频率域中对系统进行分析和设计,确定控制器的结构和参数。
通常是采用反馈控制,构成所谓闭环控制系统。
经典控制理论具有明显的局限性,突出的是难以有效地应用于时变系统、多变量系统,也难以揭示系统更为深刻的特性。
当把这种理论推广到更为复杂的系统时,经典控制理论就显得无能为力了,这是因为它的以下几个特点所决定。
1.经典控制理论只限于研究线性定常系统,即使对最简单的非线性系统也是无法处理的;出描述方式,这就从本质上忽略了系统结构的内在特性,也不能处理输入和输出皆大于1的系统。
实际上,大多数工程对象都是多输入-多输出系统,尽管人们做了很多尝试,但是,用经典控制理论设计这类系统都没有得到满意的结果;2.经典控制理论采用试探法设计系统。
即根据经验选用合适的、简单的、工程上易于实现的控制器,然后对系统进行分析,直至找到满意的结果为止。
虽然这种设计方法具有实用等很多优点,但是,在推理上却是不能令人满意的,效果也不是最佳的,人们自然提出这样一个问题,即对一个特定的应用课题,能否找到最佳的设计。
控制理论发展简史控制理论经过数十年世界范围的发展,研究成果十分丰富,其中一些研究经过不断发展完善已经成为成熟的独立学科,还有一些研究经过一段时间的繁荣昌盛,大大促进了控制理论的发展,完成了其历史使命,现在看起来,其本身的理论及应用价值却是有限的。
当前,控制理论已渗透到几乎所有工程技术领域,新的问题、专题及学科分支大量涌现,五彩缤纷,但也使人有迎接不暇,无所适从之感。
当前,高新技术的发展提出了形形色色的新问题,难度大,亟待解决。
面对这些新问题,现有的控制理论常常显得无能为力,使得一些问题甚至等不到理论上的准备及指点,已在实际中用各种技术手段着手加以解决了。
控制理论发展的历史可追溯到十八世纪中叶英国的第一次技术革命。
1765年,瓦特(Jams Wate,1736~1819)发明了蒸汽机,进而应用离心式飞锤调速器原理控制蒸汽机,标志着人类以蒸汽机为动力的机械化时代的开始。
后来,工程界用自动控制理论讨论调速系统的稳定性问题。
1868年发表的"关于调节器"一文中指出,控制系统的品质可用微分方程来描述,系统的稳定性可用特征方程根的位置和形式来研究。
1872年劳斯(E.J.Routh,1831~1907)和1890年赫尔维茨(Hurwitz)先后找到了系统稳定性的代数判据,即系统特征方程根具有负实部的充分必要条件。
1892年俄国学者李亚普诺夫(1857~1918)发表了"论运动稳定性的一般问题"的博士论文,提出了用适当的能量函数–李亚普诺夫函数的正定性及其倒数的负定性来鉴别系统的稳定性准则,从而总结和发展了系统的经典时域分析法。
随着通讯及信息处理技术的迅速发展,电气工程师们发展了以实验为基础的频率响应分析法,1932年美国贝尔实验室工程师奈奎斯特发表了反馈放大器稳定性的著名论文,给出了系统稳定性的奈奎斯特判据。
后来,苏联学者米哈依洛夫又把奈奎斯特判据推广到条件稳定和开环不稳定系统的一般情况。
光 电 学 院测控技术与仪器专业培养方案指导性说明书一、培养目标适应社会主义现代化建设需要,德智体美等全面发展,基础扎实、理工结合、素质全面、工程实践能力和创造力强的研究发展型人才。
能够在测控技术与仪器相关领域的高新技术产业部门、科研部门、高等院校从事光电检测、光电仪器设计与研制、自动控制与系统、光电技术与实验、光电信息处理及计算机应用等领域的科学研究、教学、技术开发、生产制造和管理等工作。
二、主干学科和主要课程(群)主干学科:测控技术与仪器主要课程(群):理论物理基础,半导体物理;应用光学,物理光学,物理光学与信息光学实验,光电技术与实验;电路分析基础,模拟/数字电子技术基础,信号与系统,数字信号处理;计算机语言与程序设计,计算机原理与接口技术;激光技术与应用,精密机械设计基础,光学系统设计,光电成像原理与技术,光学测量与光学工艺,光电仪器原理与设计,光电测控系统专项实验。
专业特色课程:光电仪器原理与设计, 精密机械设计基础,光电成像原理与技术,光学系统设计,光学测量与光学工艺,光电测控系统专项实验。
三、业务范围及专业特色业务范围:本专业以近代物理学、光学和光电测控理论为基础,将现代光学、光电测控技术与电子学、计算机技术相结合,实现对信息的获取、检测、控制、传输、处理、存储和显示等。
在精密机械设计,光学系统设计,光电成像原理与技术,光学测量与光学工艺,光电仪器原理与设计等诸多方面进行研究、设计、制作和检测工作。
专业特色:培养从事光电仪器测量与控制领域内的研究、光电仪器与系统的设计制造、科技开发、应用技术研究、运行管理、计算机及网络技术应用等方面的能够适应现代信息社会高新技术的高等研究发展型人才。
本专业培养的基本原则是:重素质、厚基础、宽口径、理工结合。
在课程设置上,强调坚实而宽厚的数学、物理基础和光学、电子、机械、计算机的技术基础,特别是培养测控技术与仪器领域分析问题与解决问题的思想方法与能力;突出学生实验技能、工程技术和创新精神的训练。
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现代控制理论介绍绪论经典控制理论是基于输入输出之间的关系,主要形式是传递函数,当用微分方程描述系统时,一般都是线性的,并且在构造合理的输入输出关系时要受到某些条件的约束。
另一方面,现代控制理论是基于微分方程自身的直接应用,尽管经典控制理论技术强大并且相对来说比较简单,但随着设备和控制系统越来越复杂,经典控制理论存在的局限性和不足的问题越来越多—现代控制理论由此产生。
刺激现代控制理论发展的一些因素:1.处理实际系统模型成了一种必要性。
2.强调最优控制和最优系统设计之间的转换。
3.在数字计算机技术中持续发展。
4.以往方法存在的缺点。
5.承认其他学术领域被普遍运用的方法的适用性。
从易于处理的简单近似模型到实际模型的转换存在两方面问题。
[1] 第一,模型中包含大量变量。
第二,实际的模型可能含非线性和时变参数。
之前忽视了系统的这些方面,如包含通过环境反馈产生的相互作用。
随着一个先进的充满技术性的社会的到来,追求更高目标成为一种趋势,这也意味着要处理装有大量复合元件的复杂系统。
更精确更高效的要求使得控制系统原来所强调的性能指标发生了变化。
就超调、调节时间、带宽等来说,经典性能指标在许多情况下已经被最小能源、最小成本以及最小运行时间之类的最优指标所取代。
这些最优指标使其不可避免的要处理非线性系统,最优控制理论要求采用非线性时变控制原理,即便系统是线性时不变系统。
计算机技术的不断进步已经对控制领域产生了深远的影响。
数字计算机快速处理能力以及巨大的存储能力使得用复杂的高阶微分方程处理实际问题成为可能。
经典控制理论主要依靠图解法,因为有时图解法是处理某些问题的唯一方法。
现在每个控制系统设计者都可以设计出用于系统分析和设计的功能强大的计算机软件。
尽管计算机可以用来实现传统的逆变换转换模式,但是它更多的时候是用来直接处理(或者计算)微分方程中的大量数字。
随着超大规模集成电路的发展,微处理器的价格,尺寸以及可靠性已经使得它在许多控制系统中应用广泛。
经典控制理论简介自动控制理论中建立在频率响应法和根轨迹法基础上的一个分支经典控制理论的研究对象是单输入单输出的自动控制系统,特别是线性定常系统经典控制理论的特点是以输入输出特性(主要是传递函数)为系统数学模型,采用频率响应法和根轨迹法这些图解分析方法,分析系统性能和设计控制装置经典控制理论的数学基础是拉普拉斯变换,占主导地位的分析和综合方法是频率域方法经典控制理论主要研究系统运动的稳定性时间域和频率域中系统的运动特性(见过渡过程频率响应)控制系统的设计原理和校正方法(见控制系统校正方法)经典控制理论包括线性控制理论采样控制理论非线性控制理论(见非线性系统理论)三个部分早期,这种控制理论常被称为自动调节原理,随着以状态空间法为基础和以最优控制理论为特征的现代控制理论的形成(在1960年前后),开始广为使用现在的名称控制理论的形成远比控制技术的应用为晚古代,罗马人家里的水管系统中就已经应用按反馈原理构成的简单水位控制装置中国北宋元初年(1086~1089)也已有了反馈调节装置水运仪象台但是直到1787年瓦特离心式调速器在蒸汽机转速控制上得到普遍应用,才开始出现研究控制理论的需要1868年,英国科学家J.C.麦克斯韦首先解释了瓦特速度控制系统中出现的不稳定现象,指出振荡现象的出现同由系统导出的一个代数方程根的分布形态有密切的关系,开辟了用数学方法研究控制系统中运动现象的途径英国数学家E.J.劳思和德国数学家A.胡尔维茨推进了麦克斯韦的工作,分别在1875年和1895年独立地建立了直接根据代数方程的系数判别系统稳定性的准则(见代数稳定判据)1932年,美国物理学家H.奈奎斯特运用复变函数理论的方法建立了根据频率响应判断反馈系统稳定性的准则(见奈奎斯特稳定判据)这种方法比当时流行的基于微分方程的分析方法有更大的实用性,也更便于设计反馈控制系统奈奎斯特的工作奠定了频率响应法的基础随后,H.W.波德和N.B.尼科尔斯等在30年代末和40年代进一步将频率响应法加以发展,使之更为成熟,经典控制理论遂开始形成1948年,美国科学家W.R.埃文斯提出了名为根轨迹的分析方法,用于研究系统参数(如增益)对反馈控制系统的稳定性和运动特性的影响,并于1950年进一步应用于反馈控制系统的设计,构成了经典控制理论的另一核心方法根轨迹法40年代末和50年代初,频率响应法和根轨迹法被推广用于研究采样控制系统和简单的非线性控制系统,标志着经典控制理论已经成熟经典控制理论在理论上和应用上所获得的广泛成就,促使人们试图把这些原理推广到像生物控制机理神经系统经济及社会过程等非常复杂的系统,其中美国数学家N.维纳在1948年出版的控制论最为重要和影响最大经典控制理论在解决比较简单的控制系统的分析和设计问题方面是很有效的,至今仍不失其实用价值存在的局限性主要表现在只适用于单变量系统,且仅限于研究定常系统。
Background of Control TheorySystem and Control TheoryAccording to the Encyclopedia Americana,a system is "an aggregation ox assemblage of things so combined by nature or man as to form an integral and complex whale". Mathematical systems theory is the study,of the interruptions and behavior of such an assemblage of "things'* when subjected to certain conditions or inputs. The abstract nature of systems theory is due to the fact that it is concerned with mathematical properties rather than the physical faun of the constituent parts.Control theory is mare often concerned with physical applications. A control system is considered to he any system which exists for the purpose or regulating or controlling the flow of energy,information, money,or other quantities in some desired fashion. In more general terms,a control system is an interconnection of many components or functional units in such a way as to produce a desired result. In this book,control theory is assumed to encompass all questions related to design and analysis of control systems.Fig. 37. 1 is a general representation of an open loop control system, the ingot or control u(t) is selected hayed on the goals for the system and all available a priori knowledge about the system, The input is in no way influenced by the output of the system,represented by y(t),If unexpected disturbances act upon an open-loop system, or if its behavior is not completely understood,them the output will not behave precisely as expected.Another general class of control systems is the closed-loop or f feedback control system,as illustrated in Fig. 37. 2, to the closed-loop system, the control u(t) is modified in some way by information about the behavior of the system output, A feedback system is often better able to cope with unexpected disturbances and uncertainties about the system's dynamic behavior. However,it need not be true that closed-look control is always superior to open-loop control. When the measured output has errors which are sufficiently large,and when unexpected disturbances are relatively unimportant,closed-loop control can have a performance which is inferior to open-loop control.Introduction to Modern Control TheorySeveral factors provided the stimulus for the development of modern control theory:(a)The necessity of dealing with more realistic models of systems,(b)The shift in emphasis towards optimal control and optimal system design.(c)The continuing developments in digital computer technology.(d)Tine shortcomings of previous approaches.(e)A recognition of the applicability of well-known methods ire other fields ofknowledge.The transition from simple approximate models, which are easy to work with., to more realistic models produces two effects. First .a larger number of variables must be included in the model. Second,a mare realistic model is mare likely to captainnonlinearities and time-varying parameters. Previously ignored aspects of the system, such as interactions and feedback through the environment,are more likely to be included.With an advancing technological society,there is a trend towards more ambitious goals. This also means dealing with complex systems with a larger number of interacting components. The need for greater accuracy and efficiency has changed the emphasis on control system performance. The classical specifications in terms of percent overshoot, settling time, bandwidth, etc.,have in many cases given way to optimal criteria such as minimum energy,minimum cost,and minimum time operation. Optimization of these criteria makes it even more difficult to avoid dealing with unpleasant nonlinearities. Optimal control theory often dictates that nonlinear time-varying control laws he used, even if the basic system is linear and time-invariant.The continuing advances in computer technology have had three principal effects on the controls field. one of these relates to the gigantic supercomputers. The size and class of problems that can now be modeled,analyzed,and controlled are considerably larger than they were when the first of this hook was written.The second impact of computer technology has to do with the proliferation and wide availability of microcomputers in homes and in the work place. Classical control theory was dominated by graphical methods because at the time that was the only way to solve certain problems. Now every control designer has easy access to powerful computer packages for system analysis and design. The old graphic methods have not yet disappeared,but have been automated. They survive because of the insight and intuition that they can provide. However,some different techniques are often better suited to a computer. Although a computer can he used to carry out the classical transform-inverse transform methods, it is usually more efficient for a computer to integrate differential equations directly,The third major impact of computers is that they are now so commonly used as just another component in the control system. Their cost, size and reliability make it possible to use them routinely in many systems. This means that the discrete-time anddigital system control nor}r deserves much more attention than it did in the past. Modern control theory LS well suited to the above trends because its time-domain techniques and its mathematical language (matrices,linear vector space, etc.) are ideal when dealing with a computer. Computers are a major reason for the existence of state variable methods. Most classical control techniques were developed for linear constant coefficient systems with one input and one output(perhaps a few inputs and outputs).The language of classical techniques is the Laplace or z-transform and transfer functions. When nonlinearities and time variations are present,the very basic for these classical techniques is removed. Some successful techniques such as phase-plane methods,describing functions and other ad hoc methods,have been developed to alleviate this shortcoming. However the greatest success has been limited to low-order systems. The state variable approach of modern control theory provides a uniform and powerful method of representing systems of arbitrary order,linear or nonlinear,with time-varying or constant coefficients. It provides an ideal formulation for computer implementation and is responsible for much of the progress its optimization theory.Modern control theory is a recent development in the field of control. Therefore,the name is justified at least as a descriptive title. However, the foundation of modern control theory is to be found in other well-established fields, representing a system in terms of state variables is equivalent to the approach of Hamiltonian mechanics,using generalized coordinates end generalized moments. The advantages of this approach have been well-known in classical physics for many years. The advantages of using matrices when deals with simultaneous equations of carious kinds have long been appreciated in applied mathematics. The field of linear algebra also contributes heavily to modern control theory. This due to the concise notation,the generality of the results,and the economy of thought that linear algebra provides.控制理论基础系统及控制理论按照美工大百科全书的解释,所谓系统就是指“一个各种物体的集合,格局其他性质或人的愿望而结合起来以致形成一个集中、复杂的整体”。