试析“中国式英语”的语言特征与文化背景

大学英语写作中“中国式英语”的成因与特征分析一、前言在大学英语每学期所进行的语言能力测试中，写作部分都不尽如人意。

学生作文里面充满了“中国式英语”。

即使是英语专业的学生，写出来的作文也不能让人满意。

作为大学英语教师，我们有义务找出学生错误的成因，并纠正学生的错误。

中外的许多学者通过比较中、英两种语言的结构特征，发现在二语习得中，中国学习者习得的英语与英语本族语不同，它要受到学习者母语及其文化的干扰。

二、“中国式英语”的定义一些学者认为“中国式英语”是对标准英语的背离，是口头或书面表达的不地道的英语，不符合英语的规律和习惯，说者的思维方式、表达方法以及词汇的选择和搭配都是中国式的。

它是死译、硬译、字对字翻译的结果。

与洋径浜不同的是，中国式英语是不规范的，有时晦涩难懂，甚至容易产生误解。

因此语言学习者应从他们输出的语言中杜绝“中国式英语”，坚持使用标准英语。

李文中认为：“中国式英语是指中国的英语学习者和使用者由于受母语的干扰和影响，硬套英语规则和习惯，在英语交际中出现的不合规范英语或不合英语文化习惯的畸形英语。

这种英语往往对英语国家的人来说是不可理解或不可接受的。

”三、“中国式英语”的成因语言迁移是写作中重要的认知因素。

比较英、汉两种语言，汉语属于汉藏语系，为表意文字系统，英语属于印欧语系，属于字母文字系统。

英语作为第二语言在许多方面都与汉语有差异，比如在语言结构，修辞方式，学习策略上都有不同，在英语写作当中汉语的思维方式不可避免地会体现出来，这就是汉语的负迁移，上面所说的中国式英语就是汉语负迁移的典型代表。

汉语在英语习得中起到复杂而重要的作用。

当学习写英语论文时，他们或多或少存在一定的压力，因此他们在思考写作细节就会在大脑中唤起汉语的系统资源。

有时学习者会逐字逐句地从汉语翻译成英语，认为这就是正确的语言。

有时他们倾向于用他们的母语来思考和解决交际中出现的问题。

当中国学生写英语作文时，语际间的迁移体现在不同层面，比如说词汇、句法和句子结构等方面。

中国式英语引言中国式英语，也称为“Chinglish”，是指中国人在使用英语时出现的语言习惯上的错误或表达不准确的现象。

由于中英两种语言的语法、词汇和表达方式差异较大，许多中国人在学习英语时难免会受到母语影响而产生一些独特的表达方式。

本文将探讨中国式英语的现象、原因以及对于英语学习者的影响。

中国式英语的特点中国式英语的特点主要体现在以下几个方面：1.语法错误：由于中英两种语言的语法结构不同，中国学生常常将中文的语法规则错误地应用于英语中。

例如，他们可能会说“Yesterday I go to park”，而正确的表达应该是“Yesterday I went to the park”。

2.词汇误用：中国学生在学习英语时往往把中文词汇直接翻译成英文，而不考虑英语的习惯用法。

这导致了一些意思不明确或者错误的表达。

例如，中国学生可能会说“Please make a line”来表示“请排队”，而正确的表达应该是“Please queue up”。

3.发音问题：中英两种语言的发音体系存在着很大的差异，所以中国学生在发音时往往会出现问题。

他们可能会将英文单词的音标读错，或者在发音时加入一些与中文发音相关的语音特点。

例如，中国学生可能会将“th”音发成“s”音，将“w”音发成“v”音。

4.文化差异：中国学生在英语学习过程中难免会受到中文文化的影响，进而在表达方式上出现与英语习惯不符的情况。

例如，中国学生可能在邮件中过分客气地使用大量的感谢词，而这在英语中并不常见。

中国式英语的原因中国式英语产生的原因主要有以下几点：1.教育体制：中国的教育体制倾向于注重英语的书面语言能力，忽视英语口语的培养。

这导致了许多学生只注重记忆单词和语法规则，而忽略了对于发音和表达方式的练习。

2.母语影响：由于中文和英语的差异较大，中国学生往往会将中文的语法规则和表达方式直接应用到英语中。

这种母语影响无形中限制了学生对英语的正确理解和运用。

第2期(总第27期) 2000年6月黎明职业大学学报Journal of Liming Vocational UniversityNo.2Jun.2000试析“中国式英语”的语言特征与文化背景林绿竹摘要　本文根据系统功能语法理论的四个语义成分对“中国式英语”的语言特征及其文化背景进行分析,即从经验成分、人际成分、语篇成分、逻辑成分等方面分析产生这种语言现象的根源。

关键词　中国式英语　语言特征　系统功能语法理论　语义成分　文化背景英语中有一个尚未被收入词典的合并词“Chinglish”(即Chinese+English),意为“中国式的英语”(原有“洋泾浜英语”pidgin English一词,则早已被收入英文词典中),这是对中国人使用英语时的一种语言现象的概括。

由于跨文化交际中所存在的语言文化差异、不同的思维模式、不同的语言表达习惯等诸多原因,造成了中国学生所特有的Chinglish (pidgin English)现象。

中国学生所用的英语,有的看来没有明显的语法错误,但是在搭配关系、文体和修辞等方面不地道,总令人一眼就看出不是原汁原味,往往或多或少地带有汉文化的痕迹。

本文运用韩礼德(Halliday)(1967,1970a,1970b,1975)及泰勒(C.V. T aylor)(1979)的理论,从功能法的四个语义成分来分析“中国式英语”的一些语言特征及其产生的文化背景。

一、经验成分与“中国式英语”语言的特征著名的英国语言学家韩礼德Halliday(1970a)说:“语言是为表达内容服务的。

所谓内容即说话者对真实世界的体验,包括其自己意识的内在世界。

”换句话说,语言体现的是人类对其周围世界及其内在世界的过程、人物、物质、抽象概念、质量、状态和关系等的体验。

有一次笔者模仿David K ellogg编著的English Matters一书,让学生作命题短文,陈述为什么会患感冒的理由(H ow might y ou,who had caught cold,explain to y our friend why y ou had caught cold?)。

中式英语的语言特征【摘要】本文作者阐述了对中式英语定义的理解，进一步从语音、词汇、句式和语篇四个层面描述和分析中国英语的特征。

【关键词】中式英语；语言特征一、中式英语的定义和实质许多学者对中式英语的概念给出了不同的理解。

葛传梁（1980）认为，英语是英国人的语言，外国人应该遵循英国人的习惯方式。

也有学者认为，中国人使用英语是基于标准英语形式和中国本土特色。

中式英语是以规范英语为核心，但带有中国特色的词汇、语法和话语，通过音译、借用和语义再生来表达中国特有的事物。

贾冠杰和相名尤（1997）进一步指出：中式英语是一种基于标准英语和中国特色而被中国人广泛使用的一种英语。

罗云志（1998）提出了一个简单的定义：中式英语是一种具有中国特色的一种英语语种。

从以上学者对中式英语的理解中，我们不难看出，“中式英语”在国际功能语言和维护民族特色上达到一种平衡，但本质上它属于英语，远非其他语言。

中式英语作为多样化英语语言的一种形式，源于中西文化的碰撞融合，它的存在符合时代发展的要求。

在中国社会文化的大环境下，中式英语是对英语语言和文化的一种革新，使之符合中国人的语言逻辑思维方式，不仅反映出英语本土化和国际化融合的特点，更加体现了中国人的价值观和文化意识。

二、中式英语的语言特征1、语音特点由于发音方式的不同，中文和英文有着不同的声音特质。

英语母语者从嘴的后面发声，而中国人从嘴的前面发音。

当中国人说英语的时候，发音会受到肌肉张弛的影响，因此会或多或少的带有中国味。

杜云清和张亚军（2001）认为“中式英语展示了超音段音位。

”一些中国语言特性在中式英语发音中是很难改变的，因为这早已对中国人的语音产生了根深蒂固的影响。

例如，中国人很难以正确的方式在英语发音中使用重读式、弱读式、语音同化和连音。

2、词汇特点因为中国文化和英国文化存在显著的差异，所以人们采用不同的技巧来翻译汉语单词和短语，这也就体现了英汉词汇方面的语言差异。

借词能够有效地传达中国文化的独特特征，地道英语替代词的缺乏是语言借用产生的一个重要因素。

摘要本文首先探讨了中外学者对中式英语的不同定义，指出中式英语是一种有中国特色的英语变体；然后将中式英语和中国英语进行了对比分析，总结出中国英语是由中式英语发展而来，并已自然而然地被外国人所接受；其次，阐述了中式英语的四个特点，即语音特点、词汇特点、语法特点，和语用特点，并从母语干扰、不同的思维方式、不同的文化背景这三方面分析了产生中式英语的原因；最后讨论了中式英语发展的趋势，对其发展的必然性和合理性进行了阐释。

关键词：中式英语；特点；原因；趋势ABSTRACTThis paper first explores different definitions of Chinglish given by the scholars home and abroad and points out that Chinglish is a kind of English variety with Chinese flavor. It then compares Chinglish with China English and concludes that China English is derived from Chinglish and is accepted by native speakers naturally. In addition, it elaborates the four characteristics of Chinglish: characteristics of pronunciation, characteristics of vocabulary, characteristics of grammar, and characteristics of pragmatics, and analyzes the causes of Chinglish from three aspects, namely mother tongue interference, different thinking patterns, different cultural background. It finally discusses the development trend of Chinglish and elaborates its inevitability of development and rationality of development.Key words：Chinglish; characteristics; causes; trendContents1. Introduction (50)2. What is Chinglish (51)2.1 Definition of Chinglish (51)2.2 Differences between Chinglish and China English (52)3. Characteristics of Chinglish (54)3.1 Characteristics of pronunciation (54)3.1.1 V oice substitution (54)3.1.2 Mixture of allophone (55)3.1.3 Confusion of voiced and voiceless sounds (55)3.2 Characteristics of vocabulary (55)3.2.1 Verbosity (55)3.2.2 Catachresis (56)3.2.3 Neglect of word order (57)3.2.4 Unsuitable match (57)3.3 Characteristics of grammar (57)3.3.1 Confusion of article (57)3.3.2 Omission of predicate (58)3.3.3 Inconformity between modifier and subject (58)3.4 Pragmatic characteristics (58)3.4.1 Mechanical use of Chinese structure (59)3.4.2 Simplified transfer of concept (59)4. The Causes of Chinglish (60)4.1 Mother tongue interference (61)4.2 Different thinking patterns (62)4.3 Different cultural background (64)4.3.1 Linguistic knowledge (64)4.3.2 Values (65)4.3.3 Customs (65)5. Trend of the Development of Chinglish (66)5.1 Inevitability of the development of Chinglish (66)5.2 Rationality of the development of Chinglish (66)6. Conclusion (68)Acknowledgements (69)References (70)1. IntroductionAs we know, English is the most widely spoken language in the world and has been a multinational, multicultural and multifunctional language. With more and more communication between Chinese and English speakers in the fields of business and education, English is playing an important role among Chinese and has become a necessary tool in today’s competitive world. However, with an impressive command of English vocabulary and good master of grammar as well as phonetics, which, to some extent, are beyond the native speakers’capacity, they are confronted with quite a few problems when they are talking or writing in English. Their gestures, either shrug or shake their heads, usually make the foreigners confused and at the same time make themselves trapped in an embarrassed situation. What has happened to the Chinese speakers? Why does the language they use sound alien to the foreigners? Retracing the cause, I find most of the Chinese learners’mistakes are not made due to their lack of grammar or vocabulary but due to an odd language they use, namely Chinglish, an excrescence of standard English, which is defined as a portmanteau of the two words Chinese and English and refers to spoken or written English which is influenced by Chinese. In order to make English learners convey their views more efficiently both in speech and writing, I attempt to illustrate the characteristics and causes of Chinglish in detail and predict the trend of the development of Chinglish so as to help people make proper use of Chinglish when they communicate with native speakers of English.2. What is ChinglishChinglish appears in many aspects. This thesis will especially focus on the Chinglish appearing in the writing and speech of college students. In order to let readers have a thorough comprehension of Chinglish, definitions of Chinglish will be a first important part to be studied. From the various definitions of Chinglish, we get to know what Chinglish really is. Of course, Chinglish can hardly be understood fully without being studied in connection with the characteristics of Chinglish. According to a variety of studies, I believe we will get a better understanding of the development trend of Chinglish.2.1 Definition of ChinglishIn early and mid-20th century, Chinglish was derogatorily called“pidgin”in Chinese. Pidgin English is another term for Chinglish: A simplified form of speech that is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary, is used for communication between groups speaking different languages, and is not spoken as a first or native language (Definition from the American Heritage dictionary). Thus, expressions like “People mountain, people sea”are taken as “Pidgin English”. Pidgin English occurred when Chinese began to trade with the native speakers of English. In China, Chinglish has been profoundly discussed since 1980’s. It is Professor Ge Chuangui who first puts forward the difference between Chinglish and China English in 1980’s. He pointed out that some peculiar language, such as 科举（imperial examination）、五四运动（May Fourth Movement）can not be taken as Chinglish, but can be taken as China English [1]5.Many teachers and scholars home and abroad have noticed this language phenomenon and studies on Chinglish are scattered in books and articles in the field of English teaching and learning. Nevertheless, due to the unsystematic and unsteady nature of Chinglish, people do not always resonate a clear and unanimous voice on what Chinglish is and hereby present diverse and incomplete definitions from different angles in light with their ownunderstanding. The famous professor Pinkham defines it is a misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as “English with Chinese characteristics”[2]4; Deng Yanchang and Liu Runqing view it as speech or writing that shows the interference of Chinese [1]9. They believe Chinglish may be grammatically correct, but the choice of words or phrases and the manner of expression do not conform to Standard English usage. Although its understanding may not be a problem, Chinglish is unacceptable; Li Wenzhong considers it as abnormal or deformed English that is produced by Chinese English learners or users when they are influenced by Chinese language rules [1]9; He Mingzhu regards it as an awkward mixture in which ideas conceived in Chinese are ungrammatically or unidiomatically expressed in English[1]9; Li Guowen thinks Chinglish is misshapen English which is produced by Chinese learners who draw upon Chinese rules and structures mechanically as a result of mother tongue interference [1]9. From the above, we can conclude that the main cause of Chinglish is the interference of language learners’ mother tongue and their Chinese thinking.To sum up, Chinglish is defined differently by different scholars. It can be believed that to some extent, Chinglish has a very strong “Chinese flavor” in it. Chinglish is usually found in written form in which the choice of words or phrases and the manner of expression do not conform to standard English usage.2.2 Differences between Chinglish and China EnglishThe differences between Chinglish and China English have been a focus for a long time in the field of linguistics. Preliminary to the detailed discussion of Chinglish, it is necessary to draw a clear discrepancy between these two concepts.The concept of China English was first put forward by Ge Chuangui in the early 1980s [3]6. It has experienced three periods: the period of Pidgin English, the period of Chinese English (or Chinglish or Sinicized English), and the period of China English, which is the well-developed period. A Pidgin is a lingua franca that arises in order to facilitate communication between speakers of different languages who are in sustained contact with each other, e.g in trade or plantation situations (William, 1992:224). Although it is not anyone’s nativelanguage, a pidgin usually involves mixture or compromise between the native languages of its users. In comparison with these, it is restricted in social roles, and simplified or reduced in linguistic resources. As to China English, I think it is derived from Chinglish. Professor Ge said: “English is the language of th e English people. The other people who speak English should certainly follow the idiomatic ways of the English people. However, each nation has its own peculiarities. So far as China is concerned, there are some phenomena unique to Chinese political, economic, cultural and social fields that need to be expressed in written or oral English [4]8.”So, in his view, China English is created to translate or depict things and concepts typical of China. It exists objectively and contains four implications: China English is used only by Chinese people in China; China English takes normative English as its nucleus English and completely conform to international normative English grammar; China English has its own characteristics to carry forward China’s civilization; China English can realize the function of language communication. But the first implication doesn’t correspond to practice nowadays, because some words are used not only by Chinese people but also by western people [4]15. Chinglish is a kind of defective and arbitrary English. On the ground of influence of Chinese thinking and superficial understanding of words, Chinese English learners usually directly put Chinese meaning or usage into English, which easily leads to Chinglish. Furthermore, for lack of certain cultural background of English-speaking countries, English learners get into habit of applying English mechanically, especially in the translation of idioms. On these circumstances, Chinglish comes out naturally and causes misunderstanding among native speakers.Therefore, we can conclude that the main difference between China English and Chinglish lies in the communicative effect depending on the recognition of Normative English speakers. Say further, China English is better and widely accepted among communicators home and abroad, rather than Chinglish. However, I want to point out that the development of China English, to some extent, inevitably experiences the period of Chinglish.3. Characteristics of Chinglish3.1 Characteristics of pronunciationPronunciation of Chinglish influenced by Chinese is non-standard. It has a negative effect on fluent communication for English learners. Based on their mother tongue Pu Tong Hua, Chinese English learners easily make a mistake in voice substitution, mixture of allophone, confusion of voiced sound and voiceless sound and the like. Most of mistakes are produced owing to the limitation of the rules of Chinese pronunciation. Another cause is for lack of full understanding of English pronunciation. I explain these mistakes above in more detail.3.1.1 Voice substitutionV oice substitution means Chinese English learners always use some sounds of their mother language to replace some sounds of English. It is a common mistake and often creates ambiguity. For example, value [v ae lju] is replaced by [w ae lju], three[θri:] is replaced by [sri:], this[ðis] is replaced by [dis]. In addition, English learners replace the pronunciation “-er” in words, such as later, player, summer, with Chinese “儿”.3.1.2 Mixture of allophoneUnder the influence of the rules of Chinese pronunciation, many Chinese English learners believe each letter should conform to its own pronunciation. For example, speak [spi:k] is pronounced /spik/ in Chinese phonetic alphabet. They neglect allophones. In the same syllable, the pronunciations of /p,t,k/ in the front of /s/ are different from those when they are after /s/. Take / p/ for an example. There is a rule in English: if /p/ is after /s/, aspiration will not occur. In other cases, aspiration occurs. Accroding to the rule, speak should be pronounced [sp=i:k], span should be pronounced [sp=ae n].3.1.3 Confusion of voiced and voiceless soundsConfusion of voiced and voiceless sounds is another aspect of pronunciation of Chinglish. In the pronunciation of English, the letter “s” as a symbol of plural words, which is behind voiceless consonants, except [s, tʃ, ʃ], should be pronounced [s]. The letter “s”, which is behind vowels and voiced consonants, except [z, d] should be pronounced [z]. Chinese English learners always pronounce “s” as [s] no matter what letter is in the front of it.3.2 Characteristics of vocabularyThe characteristics of Chinglish are also reflected in vocabulary. According to the study of writing and translation from English major students and non-English major students, there are four types in the vocabulary of Chinglish, which is verbosity, catachresis, neglect of word order, and unsuitable match.3.2.1 VerbosityJoan Pinkham pointed out that there are unnecessary words appearing in the translation and writing, which do not conform to the need of the conciseness of an English sentence. Let’s look at this sentence:There have been good harvests in agriculture.Analysis: In English, harvests include the meaning of agriculture.Therefore, we can omit “in agriculture” to achieve conciseness.More examples come from students’ language use.1) We will share the information resources together(“Share”implies having something with somebody together, so “together” should be deleted.)2) My mother has gone to the shops to buy things.(The notion of “go to shop”implies buying things, so “to buy things”should be deleted.)3) Fish must stay in water. If they don’t, they die.(Repeated reference to the same thing is another type of verbosity in Chinglish. The notion of “if they don’t”can be replaced by “or”to compound the sentence.)3.2.2 CatachresisTo many English learners, catachresis is often seen in practice. The main reason to cause it is that English learners believe that there is absolute equivalence between Chinese and English. But in fact, there is not. Take some sentences as examples:1)Later, many people found that the beggars were using their sympathy.(“Use” is usually used to modify something concrete, while sympathyis an abstract noun. So “Sympathy”is suitable to be used with “playon”, instead of “use”. )2) Their hearts become cold and detached.(Cold usually modify one’s attitude or weather. “H eart” can be modified by “chill”.)3) Cut hundreds of buildings down(“Cut down” usually modifies “trees, price, and expense”. “Hundreds of buildings” shouldn’t be modified by “cut down”. We can say “Hundreds of buildings fall down”.)4) You shouldn’t change the law of nature.(“Change should be replaced by “violate”. “Change” means something is totally different from the original one. “Violate” means being against something. “Law of nature” is an objective law and cannot be changed or created. But it canbe violated.)3.2.3 Neglect of word orderIn the Chinese and the English languages, there are many expressions in which the component words are arranged in just the opposite order. The neglect of word order often gives rise to Chinglish. For example:1) Industry and agriculture ( Chinglish )Agriculture and industry ( Normative English )2) Clothing and food ( Chinglish )Food and clothing ( Normative English )3) Forth and back ( Chinglish )Back and forth ( Normative English )3.2.4 Unsuitable matchWord match has become one of the difficult points for Chinese learners of English, and commonly unsuitable match appears in Chinglish, for many English learners ignore the difference of word match between Chinese and English and translate English to Chinese or Chinese to English mechanically. For example, Chinese English learners would say “deep sleep”, “big rain”, “receive the telephone”, instead of “sound sleep”, “heavy rain”, “answer the telephone”. The following are the typical examples of the kind:We can learn a lot of knowledge by reading good books. ( acquire/obtain ) We want the newest information. ( the latest )The demand draws the particular concern of the public. ( arouses )3.3 Characteristics of grammar3.3.1 Confusion of articleConfusion of articles, including omission of articles and redundance of articles is a common mistake made by English learners. For example:1).我们每个人有一套桌椅。

中式英语的定义中式英语是指中国人在使用英语时所带有的独特风格和特点。

由于英语与汉语在词汇、语法和语言习惯方面的差异，中国人在使用英语时会受到汉语思维的影响，从而产生中式英语。

以下是对中式英语的定义和特点的详细介绍：一、词汇特点：中式英语在词汇使用上常常出现与英语习惯不符的情况。

一方面是对于汉语词汇的直接翻译，例如“电脑房”翻译为“computer room”，而正确的说法应该是“computer lab”。

另一方面是对英语词义的曲解和误用，例如将“危险”错误地译为“危机”（crisis）。

二、语法特点：中式英语在语法使用上存在一些不规范和误用的情况。

例如：主谓不一致，动词时态错误，代词的误用以及句子结构混乱等。

这些错误常常是由于对汉语语法习惯的直接照搬所导致的。

三、语言习惯特点：中式英语还受到中国人在语言习惯上的影响。

例如，中国人常常使用倒装句的结构，误将名词性从句中的主语作为主句的主语，造成语序不当的问题。

此外，中式英语还存在着对冠词的误用、介词短语的滥用以及句子过长等问题。

四、发音特点：中式英语的发音也有其独特的特点。

由于汉语和英语的语音系统存在差异，中国人在发音时会受到母语的干扰。

常见的问题包括辅音的发音不准确、元音的发音错误以及重音位置的不当等。

需要指出的是，中式英语并不意味着错误或不可接受。

它是中国人在使用英语时的一种特色，反映了语言和文化的交融。

然而，为了提高英语的准确性和流畅度，我们仍然需要不断学习和改进。

只有通过学习标准英语，我们才能更好地与国际接轨，更好地传递我们自己的思想和文化。

总之，中式英语是中国人在使用英语时所带有的独特风格和特点。

在词汇、语法、语言习惯和发音等方面存在一些与英语习惯不符的问题。

我们应该保持学习的态度，不断提高自己的英语水平，以更准确、流畅的方式与世界交流。

中国英语论文：浅谈中国英语与中国式英语摘要：中国英语是英语中国化的一个过程，对具有中国特色的事物的英语表达，它在跨文化交际中有非常重要的作用。

中国式英语是中国的学习者在未掌握规范英语前所使用的介于本族语和目的语之间的过渡语体系。

了解两者之间的差异有助于英语教学的发展。

关键词：中国英语中国式英语英语教学随着全球化的日益加快，科学技术的日新月异，英语被越来越多来自不同文化背景的人所拥有和使用，成为了世界上使用最广泛的语言之一，日益成为一种国际性的语言，但是随着这种国际化趋势的发展，英语的本土化（nativization）也成为一种必然的结果。

各种带有地方特色的“英语”应运而生，并在本国对内对外交际中发挥着越来越重要的作用。

此时的英语不再是为一个国家或民族所有，而是一种中性的信息媒介。

在这样一种大背景下，越来越多的非英语国家宣布自己的“英语”“独立”，中国英语也是其中之一，并得到了很好的发展，因此在英语学习中产生了中国英语和中国式英语两个名词。

我在本文中将两个概念进行了比较学习。

一、中国英语1.概念20世纪80年代，葛传槼在其撰写的《漫谈汉译英问题》一文中提出“中国英语”（china english）的概念，指出：“英语是英语民族的语言，任何英语民族以外的人用英语，当然依照英语民族的习惯用法。

不过，各国有各国的特殊情况。

就我过而论，不论在旧中国或新中国，讲或写英语时都有些我国所特有的东西要表达。

”如“五四运动”（may forth movement）、“科举制”（empirial examination policy）、“道教”（taoism）等。

葛先生认为上述英语都不是英语本族人的惯用词语，应当是china english，而不是带有“洋泾滨”的chinese english。

中国英语是中国特有事物的英译。

“它首先是正确的，其次是带有中国特色的；它是适应于中国的思想方式和文明，并为中国的思想方式和文明丰富了的英语”。

中式英语的特点中式英语是指中国人在使用英语时，受到中文语言结构和文化背景的影响，所产生的一种特殊的英语表达方式。

虽然中式英语在国际上常被批评为语法错误和不规范，但它也有其独特的魅力和价值。

本文将从语法、词汇、文化和社交等方面探讨中式英语的特点。

一、语法特点中式英语在语法方面最突出的特点就是中文语序的影响。

中文的语言结构为主谓宾，而英语的语言结构为主语谓语宾语。

因此，中国人在使用英语时，往往会把宾语放在主语之前，这就导致了语法上的错误。

比如，“I to the store go”（我去商店），“He to the airport go”（他去机场）等等。

这种语法错误在国际上常被批评为“Chinglish”（中式英语）。

此外，中式英语还有一些常见的语法错误，比如使用错误的时态、语态和代词等。

例如，“I have been to Beijing last year”（我去年已经去过北京了）应该改为“I went to Beijing last year”（我去年去了北京）；“The book was wrote by him”（这本书是他写的）应该改为“The book was written by him”（这本书是他写的）。

二、词汇特点中式英语在词汇方面也有一些特点。

由于中文语言中有很多词语是没有英文对应的，因此中国人在使用英语时，往往会直接使用中文词语，或者是把中文词语翻译成英文，导致了一些奇怪的翻译。

例如，“电脑”被翻译成“电脑”（电子计算机），“开会”被翻译成“开会”（hold a meeting），“拜拜”被翻译成“拜拜”（bye-bye）等等。

此外，中式英语还有一些常见的词汇错误，比如使用错误的词汇、词性和词序等。

例如，“I have a very big face”（我有一个非常大的脸）应该改为“I have a very round face”（我有一个非常圆的脸）；“I am very exciting to see you”（我很兴奋见到你）应该改为“I am very excited to see you”（我很激动见到你）。