2021医学考研复试：肾脏内科[SC长难句翻译文]

SCI长难句老年病学第一章-姑息医学Cancer is primarily a disease of the elderly and the palliation of both disease-and treatment-related symptoms is of importance in the practice of cancer medicine in all patients.Many older patients are treated within community hospitals,in which anticancer therapies are less likely to be given and in which the palliation of symptoms should be of primary importance.Many oncologists struggle with the palliation of symptoms in patients who are near the end of life.This is despite the considerable energies that are spent in palliating symptoms in patients who are receiving anticancer therapies at all disease stages.癌症主要是老年人的疾病，缓解与疾病和治疗相关的症状对所有患者的癌症医疗实践都非常重要。

许多老年患者在社区医院接受治疗，那里进行抗癌治疗的可能性很小，减轻症状应是最重要的。

许多肿瘤学家都在为缓解晚期病人的症状而努力。

尽管在所有疾病阶段接受抗癌治疗的患者在减轻症状方面都花费了相当大的精力。

知识点总结：①palliation n.减轻②oncologist n.肿瘤学家SCI长难句老年病学第二章-老年综合征Frailty is a new and emerging syndrome in the field of geriatrics.The study of frailty may provide an explanation for the downward spiral of many elderly patients after an acute illness and hospitalization.The fact that frailty is not present in all elderly persons suggests that it is associated with aging but not an inevitable process of aging and may be prevented or treated.The purpose of this article is to review what is known about frailty,including the definition,epidemiology,and pathophysiology,and to examine potential areas of future research.衰弱是老年医学领域中新出现的一种综合征。

肾内科面试题1什么是慢性肾脏病？该病常见的病因有哪些？答案：慢性肾脏病是指肾脏结构和功能进行性损害导致肾小球滤过功能下降，进而引起肾小管功能异常的一组临床综合征。

常见病因有糖尿病、高血压、多囊肾、肾小球肾炎等。

分析：了解慢性肾脏病及其常见病因对于肾内科医生至关重要。

面试者需要了解慢性肾脏病的定义、病因等基本知识。

注意点：回答该问题时，需要注意提及慢性肾脏病的病因并进行详细说明，以展示对相关疾病的知识掌握程度。

2.肾功能衰竭的分类有哪些？请列举一种主要类型并简要描述其特点。

答案：肾功能衰竭可分为急性肾功能衰竭(AKI)和慢性肾功能衰竭(CKD)两类。

其中，慢性肾功能衰竭主要指肾小球滤过率持续缓慢而进行性下降的一类肾脏疾病。

分析：了解肾功能衰竭的分类及其特点对于肾内科医生来说非常重要。

面试者需要熟悉AKI与CKD这两种主要类型，并简要描述其特点。

注意点：回答该问题时，需要注意提及肾功能衰竭的分类并简要描述其中一个类型的特点，以表明对肾内科疾病的了解。

3.肾小球肾炎是什么疾病？有哪些常见的病因？答案：肾小球肾炎是一组以肾小球炎症性损伤为特征的肾脏疾病。

常见病因有IgA肾病、膜增生性肾炎、肾小球膜肾病等。

分析：了解肾小球肾炎及其常见病因是肾内科医生的基本要求。

面试者需要了解肾小球肾炎的疾病特征以及常见的病因。

注意点：回答该问题时，需要提及肾小球肾炎的基本概念，并列举一些常见的病因以展示对该疾病的掌握程度。

4.高血压性肾病是指什么？其病理生理机制是什么？答案：高血压性肾病是指由于长期高血压引起的肾小动脉和肾小球动脉硬化，导致肾脏局部血液供应不足而引起的肾脏病变。

其病理生理机制包括肾小球滤过膜受损、肾小动脉硬化、肾小动脉痉挛等。

分析：了解高血压性肾病及其病理生理机制对于肾内科医生来说非常重要。

面试者需要清晰地了解高血压性肾病的定义及其病理生理机制。

注意点：回答该问题时，需要确切地解释高血压性肾病的概念，并简要描述其病理生理机制，以体现对该疾病的理解。

木仓医学考研复试SCI长难句循环内科第一章—二尖瓣返流Ischemic mitral regurgitation(IMR)is a frequent complication of left ventricular(LV)global or regional pathological remodeling due to chronic coronary artery disease.It is not a valve disease but represents the valvular consequences of increased tethering forces and reduced closing forces.IMR is defined as mitral regurgitation caused by chronic changes of LV structure and function due to ischemic heart disease and it worsens the prognosis.缺血性二尖瓣返流(IMR)是慢性冠脉疾病引起的左心室(LV)整体或局部病理性重塑的常见并发症。

它不是一种瓣膜病，但它表现了系留力增加和关闭力减少所导致的瓣膜症状。

IMR的定义为由缺血性心脏病引起的左室结构和功能的慢性改变所导致的二尖瓣返流，使患者的预后更差。

知识点总结：①ischemic adj.缺血性的，局部缺血的②mitral adj.二尖瓣的③regurgitation n.回流，返流④ventricular n.心室/adj.心室的⑤pathological adj.病理的⑥remodeling n.重塑，重建⑦coronary artery冠状动脉⑧valve/valvular n.瓣膜/adj.瓣膜的⑨tether v.系，拴住⑩prognosis n.预后木仓医学考研复试SCI长难句循环内科第二章—急性心力衰竭A diagnosis of acute heart failure（AHF）is made when patients present acutely with signs and symptoms of heart failure,often with decompensation of pre-existing cardiomyopathy.The most current guidelines classify based on clinical features at initial presentation and are used to both risk stratify and guide the management of haemodynamic compromise.Despite this,AHF remains a diagnosis with a poor prognosis and there is no therapy proven to have long-term mortality benefits.急性心力衰竭(AHF)的诊断是基于患者突然表现出心力衰竭的体征和症状，通常伴有原有心肌病的失代偿。

SCI长难句呼吸内科第一章—社区获得性肺炎Community-acquired pneumonia is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and is often misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated.Although it can be caused by a wide variety of micro-organisms, the pneumococcus,atypicals,Staphylococcus aureus and certain Gram-negative rods are the usual pathogens encountered.Antimicrobial therapy should be started as soon as possible particularly in those requiring admission to hospita.社区获得性肺炎仍然具有很高的发病率和死亡率，且经常被误诊和不恰当地治疗。

虽然它可以由多种微生物引起，但涉及的常见病原体有肺炎球菌、非典型球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和某些革兰氏阴性杆菌。

特别是（对于）那些需要住院的患者，抗菌治疗应尽快开始。

知识点总结：1pneum(o)-前缀，肺2pneumonia n.肺炎3pneumococcus n.肺炎球菌4atypical adj.非典型的5Staphylococcus aureus n.金黄色葡萄球菌6Gram-negative rods n.革兰氏阴性杆菌7pathogen n.病原体8antimicrobial adj.抗菌的Mandell munity-acquired pneumonia:An overview.Postgrad Med.2015 Aug;127(6):607-15.SCI长难句呼吸内科第二章—肺脓肿A lung abscess is an infectious pulmonary disease characterised by the presence of a pus-filled cavity within the lung parenchyma.The content of an abscess often drains into the airways spontaneously,leading to an air-fluid level visible on chest X-rays and CT scans. Primary lung abscesses occur in patients who are prone to aspiration or in otherwise healthy individuals;secondary lung abscesses typically develop in association with a stenosing lung neoplasm or a systemic disease that compromises immune defences,such as AIDS,or after organ transplantation.肺脓肿是一种感染性肺部疾病，其特征是肺实质内有充满脓的空洞。

SCI长难句影像科第一章-CT骶髂关节炎Early diagnosis of sacroiliitis may lead to preventive treatment which can significantly improve the patient's quality of life in the long run.Oftentimes,a CT scan of the lower back or abdomen is acquired for suspected back pain.However,since the differences between a healthy and an inflamed sacroiliac joint in the early stages are subtle,the condition may be missed.We have developed a new automatic algorithm for the diagnosis and grading of sacroiliitis CT scans as incidental findings,for patients who underwent CT scanning as part of their lower back pain workout.The method is based on supervised machine and deep learning techniques.早期诊断骶髂关节炎可以进行预防性治疗，显著提高患者的长期生活质量。

通常，由于可疑的背部疼痛，需要对下背部或腹部进行CT扫描。

然而，因为发炎早期的骶髂关节和健康的骶髂关节之间的区别是很细微的，所以可能会被忽略。

我们开发了一种新的自动算法，对偶然发现的骶髂炎的CT扫描进行诊断和分级，适用于进行了CT扫描的下背部疼痛的患者。

SCI长难句护理第一章-髋关节护理Patient Reported Outcome Measures(PROMs)are being used to measure the quality of services from the patients’perspective within the National Health Service(NHS).The Department of Health encouraged the use of PROMs initially in four clinical procedures,hip and knee replacements, hernia and varicose vein surgery.It was mandated that all providers of NHS funding care should collect PROMs in these areas from the first of April2009.The health status information collected from patients by way of PROMs questionnaires before and after an intervention was expected to provide an indication of the outcomes or quality of care delivered to NHS patients.病人报告结果测量(PROMs)被用来从病人的角度来衡量英国国家医疗服务体系(NHS)的服务质量。

卫生部最初鼓励在四项临床手术中使用PROMs，包括髋关节和膝关节置换、疝气和静脉曲张手术。

从2009年4月1日开始，所有NHS 资金资助的医疗机构都必须在这些地区收集PROMs。

通过PROMs问卷收集的患者在干预前后的健康状况信息，有望提示向NHS患者提供的护理结果或质量。

肾内科专业英语篇一：医院各科室中英文对比医院各科室中英文对比急诊室——Emergency Room医院——Hospital内科病房——Medical Ward外科病房——Surgical Ward儿科病房——Pediatric Ward接生房——Labor and Delivery手术室——Operation Room (OR)心脏重症室——Coronary Care Unit (CCU)重症室——Intensive Care Unit (ICU)内科重症室——Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) 初生婴儿重症室——Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)儿科重症室——Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) 外科重症室——Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) 末期护理——Hospice居家健康服务、药疗、物理治疗等——Home Health Service化验所（进行化验讨论）——Laboratory门诊手术中心（一般非严峻性手术）——OutpatientSurgical Center药房（药物、医疗用品）——Pharmacy医疗服务——Health Care Provider医生——Physician针灸——Acupuncture过敏性专科——Allergy and Immunology 麻醉科——Anesthesiology心脏科——Cardiology心胸外科——Cardio-Thoracic Surgery脊椎神经科——Chiropractic结肠直肠外科——Colorectal Surgery牙科——Dentistry皮肤科——Dermatology内分泌科——Endocrinology家庭科——Family Practice肠胃科——Gastroenterology一般全科——General Practice一般外科——General Surgery老人病专科——Geriatrics血液科——Hematology肝病专科——Hepatology传染病科——Infectious Disease内科——Internal Medicine肾脏科——Nephrology神经科——Neurology神经外科——Neurosurgery妇产科——Obstetrics-Gynecology癌症专科——Oncology眼科——Ophthalmology验光科——Optometry骨外科——Orthopedic Surgery整骨疗科——Osteopathy耳鼻喉科——Otolaryngology (ENT)病理科——Pathology小儿科——Pediatrics整形外科——Plastic surgery足科——Podiatry精神治疗科——Psychiatry物理康复科——Physiatry物理疗法及复原正常生活护理——Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation肺科——Pulmonary Medicine癌症放射疗科——Radiation OncologyＸ光科——Radiology泌尿科——Urology血管外科——Vascular Surgery其它医疗专业人员——Other Health Care Professionals听觉学专家——Audiologist牙医助理——Dental Assistant饮食指导员——Dietitian遗传病辅导员——Genetic Counselor健康技员——Health Technician化验技员——Laboratory Technician医务助理——Medical Assistant医学技师——Medical Technologist护士——Nurse家访护士——Home Visiting Nurse接生护士——Nurse Midwife养分专家——Nutritionist药剂师——Pharmacist药理学专家——Pharmacologist物理治疗员——Physical Therapist医生助手——Physicians Assistant心理学专家——Psychologist心理辅导员——Psychologic Counselor呼吸治疗员——Respiratory TherapistＸ光科技员——X-Ray Technician总值班室——general staff on call康复门诊——rehabilitation out-parient神经外科——department of neurosurgery卫生间——rest room男卫生间——toilet(male)女卫生间——toilet(female)开水间——water supply room贮存室——store静——keeping quite医生办公室——doctor office处置室——disposal room换药室——dressing room医务人员洗手间——medical workers toilet 盥洗室——laundry room挂号收费处——registration charge门诊——out-parient急诊——emergency请勿吸烟——no smooking神经内科门诊——neurology consultant room抢救监护室——critical care and monitoring room 神经外科门诊——neurosurgery out-patient clinic 急诊外科——surgery清创手术室——operation room骨科急诊——orthopaedics emergency篇二：最全的医院科室英语翻译医院科室英语翻译大全2021-11-16 16:10:59 责任编辑：悠闲来源：扫瞄次数：1539ENT(ear-nose-throat)department: 耳鼻喉科urology department: 泌尿科dermatology department; skin department: 皮肤科 orthopedic surgery department: 矫形外科traumatology department: 创伤外科plastic surgery: 整形外科anesthesiology department: 麻醉科pathology department: 病理科cardiology department: 心脏病科psychiatry department: 精神病科orthopedics department: 骨科department of cardiac surgery: 心脏外科department of cerebral surgery: 胸外科neurology department: 神经科neurosurgery department: 神经外科thoracic surgery department: 脑外科department of traditional Chinese medicine: 中医科registration office: 挂号处out-patient department: 门诊部in-patient department: 住院部nursing department: 护理部consulting room: 诊室waiting room: 候诊室emergency room: 急诊室admitting office: 住院处operation room: 手术室X-ray department: 放射科blood bank: 血库dispensary; pharmacy: 药房ward: 病房laboratory: 化验室牤Department of Nephrology 肾内科Department of Chemotherapy 化疗科Department of Radiotherapy 放疗科Department of Endocrinology 内分泌科 Respiratory medicine 呼吸科Rheumatology 风湿科Hematology 血液科Geriatrics 老年科Neurology 神经科Oncology 肿瘤科Thoracic surgery 胸外科Urology 泌尿外科Neurosurgery 神经外科Vascular surgery 四周血管外科Gastroenterology 肠胃外科Hepatobiliary surgery 肝胆外科General surgery 普外科Orthopedics 骨科Cardiovascular surgery 心外科Burns surgery 烧伤科Hand surgery 手外科Plastic surgery 整形外科Pediatric surgery 儿外科Obstetrics and gynecology 妇产科Stomatology 口腔科Ophthalmology 眼科Infectious disease 感染科Dermatology 皮肤科Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) 耳鼻喉科Nuclear medicine 核医学科Psychiatry 精神科Medical rehabilitation 康复科Anesthesiology 麻醉科Radiology 放射科Ultrasonography 超声科Pain management 痛苦科Pharmacology 药理科Internal Medicine 内科医院科室英语词汇medical department; department of internal medicine: 内科surgical deparment;department of surgery: 外科department of obstetrics and gynecology : 妇产科 ophtalmology department: 眼科dental department: 牙科医院科室牌中英文对比科室牌英文翻译2021-04-08 04:51 来源:未知门诊部行政办公室 administratve office院长办公室Presidents Office导向询问 Enquiry挂号处Registration专科门诊一览表 Schedule for Special Out-patient 门诊病案室 Outpaient Medical Records西药房 Pharmacy中药房 Pharmacy of Traditional Medicine中西药取药处 Pharmacy Dispenser登记划价处 Account of Medicine篇三：医院科室中英文对比门诊部行政办公室 administratve office院长办公室Presidents Office导向询问 Enquiry挂号处 Registration专科门诊一览表 Schedule for Special Out-patient 门诊病案室 Outpaient Medical Records西药房 Pharmacy中药房 Pharmacy of Traditional Medicine中西药取药处 Pharmacy Dispenser登记划价处 Account of Medicine收费处 Cashier门诊检验 Clinical Laboratory标本接受处 Specimen-Reception门诊输液中心 Out-Patient Infusion Center注射室 Injection Room取报告单处 Iaboratory Report换药室/治疗室 Bandage Change/Treatment Room污洗室 Cleaning Room洗手间 Toilet茶水间 Drinking Room男更衣 Mens Dressing Room女更衣 Womens Dressing Room门诊接待室 Reception Room候诊厅 Waiting Lobby中西医结合门诊 Clinic of Integrated Traditional Western Medicine内科 Dept.of Internal Medicine神经内科 Neurology心血管内科 Cardiovasology呼吸内科 Respiratory Medicine呼吸隔离诊查室 Examination for Respiratory消化内科 Gastroenterology肾内科 Nephrological Dept.泌尿内科 Urologic Dept.关节内科 Arthrology肿瘤内科 Medical Oncology口腔内科 Oral Medicine外科 Surgery外科诊室 Surgical Clinic头颈外科 Head Neck Surgery心胸外科 Cardiothoracic Surgery胸外科 Thoracic Surgery创伤外科 Traumatic Surgery泌尿外科 Urology Surgery显微外科 Micro Surgery口腔颌面外科 Dental Restoration Technician Room 骨科 Orthopaedics骨伤科 Orthopedic Surgery手法复位室 Manipulation of Bone-Setting Room 妇产科 Gynecology Obstetrics妇科检查室 Examination for Gynecology产科门诊 Obstetrics Clinic方案生育门诊 Family Planning Clinic生殖中心 Reproductive Center儿科 Pediatrics儿童消遣室 Amusement Room for Children儿童保健部 Child Hygiene儿童生长资料室 Data Room of Children Development 新生儿疾病专科 Newborns Disease Dept.中医科 Traditional Chinese Medicine中医门诊 Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinic中医正骨 O.P.D of Bone Setting针灸科 Acupuncture Moxibustion针推理疗科 Acupuncture Massage Physical Therapy 针灸按摩室 Acupuncture Massage Room保健科 Health Care地段保健室 Vaccinoprophylaxis Community预防保健医疗中心Medical Center for Health Prevention and Care 家庭医疗服务部 Health Services for Family社区医疗服务中心办公室Office for Community Medical Service Center眼科 Ophthalmology眼科门诊 Ophthalmology Clinic眼肌治疗室 Ophthalmology Therapy Room弱视治疗室 Amblyopia Therapy Room角膜地形图 Corneal Topography视野检查室Computerized Automated Perimetry Testing Room 配镜处 Lens Fitting隐形眼镜室 Contact Lenses Room压平眼压 Applanation Tonometry耳鼻喉科 ENT Dept.耳鼻喉科专家诊室 Specialist of ENT耳鼻咽喉 Otorhinolaryngology嗓音疾诊疗室 Voice Disease Diagnosis Therapy Room 口腔科 Stomatology口腔诊室 Dental Consulting Room口腔修复室 Prosthodontics口腔技工修复 Artifice Room口腔X光室 Dental X-ray Room口腔正畸室 Orthoclontics口腔种植室 Dental Implantation技工室 Artifice Room皮肤科 Dermatology皮肤科治疗室 Treatment Room for Dermatology皮肤性病科 Dermatology STD康复科 Rehabilitation Dept.康复诊疗室 Consultation Room脑瘫痪康复门诊Rehabilitation Clinic for Encephalic Paralysis 功能康复室Function Rehabilitation Room健康资料放置处 Health Data肠道门诊 Gastroenterology Clinic肠道病诊室Consulting Room for Intestinal Diseases 肠道隔离诊查室 Isolation Room for Intestinal Disease 肠道治疗室 Therapy Room for Enterology 肠道传染病门诊 Intesti Infectious Disease Clinic 隔离室 Isolation Room肝炎专科 Division of Hepatitis结核门诊 Tuberculosis Clinic老年病科 Gerontology Dept.内分泌科 Endocrinology血液专科 Division of Hematology痛苦门诊 Painful Disease Clinic痛苦门诊观看室Observation Room for Painful Disease Clinic 痛苦门诊治疗室Treatment Room for Painful Disease Clinic其他心理询问 Psychology Consulting佝偻病专科 Rachitis Dept.神经、脊柱 Neurolohy Rachitis神经科 Neurology贵宾（特需）门诊 VIP Clinic体检中心 Physical Examination Center风湿专科 Rheumatism挂号须知 Notes for Registration请便后冲水 Please Flush After Use请勿吸烟 Please No Smoking未经批准不得进入 No Admittance严禁吸烟 No smoking医患沟通园地 Patient-Doctor Communication Grounds 在此候诊 Waiting Aera暂停服务 Service Suspended急诊部急救分中心办公室Office of Branch Emergency Center 急救中心 Emergency Center抢救室 Emergency Treatment Room急诊诊疗室 Emergency Room急诊化验室 Emergency Laboratory急诊收费 Emergency Cashier急诊药房 Emergency Pharmacy输液室 Infusion Room抢救监护室 First-aid Care Room急诊仪器室 Emergency Instrument Room医师办公室 Physicians Office观看区 Observation Ward医技科室药剂科 Pharmacy Dept.药剂科办公室 Pharmacy Office药剂科会议室 Meeting Room of Pharmacy制剂讨论室 Preparation Research Room西药调剂室 Prescription Room of Medicine中药调剂室 Prescription Room of TCM一般制剂室 General Preparation Room中药制剂室 Preparation Room for TCM西药库 Medicine Store中药库 TCM Store一次性物品库 DisposabLe Storage Room无菌室 Asepsis Room无菌制剂室 Aseptic Preparation Room口服液灌封间 Filling Enveloping Room for Orally Liquid 灌封间 Filling Enveloping Room灯检包装间 Packing Room of Light Examination 配制间 Confecting Room工作人员休息室 Staffs Rest Room中药制剂前处理 TCM Preparation Processing片剂调剂室 Dispensary Room for Tablet针剂调剂室 Dispensary Room for Injection输液库 Infusion Store临床检验中心 The Center Laboratory Medicine化验室 Clinical Laboratory生化室 Biochemistry Lab生化贫析室 Clinic Chemistry Lab细菌室 Bacteriology Room微生物室 Moicrobiology Lab分子生物学室 Molecular Biology临床化学室 Clinical Chemistry化学试剂室 Chemistry Reagent Room临检室 Clinical Examination Room静脉采血处 Blood Collection Room采血室 Blood-taking Room大小便、体液标本收集处 Specimen Collection Room 常规检验室 Routine Examination留样观看室 Observation Room for Sample免疫病理室 Immunopathology Room分子病理试验室 Molecuar Pathology Lab 仪器室 Apparatus Room天平室 Balance Room电泳室 Electrophoresis Laboratory血库 Blood Bank血液标本放置处 Blood Sample Collection 《肾内科专业英语》由：创业找项目整理转载请保留,感谢!。

木仓医学考研复试SCI长难句消化内科第一章—结直肠癌Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the third most common cancer in the world,with about1.4million cases diagnosed worldwide in2012.The prognosis for CRC patients is largely dependent on the stage of the tumor at diagnosis.In the USA,the5-year survival rates following surgical removal of tumors for localized(stage I),regional(stages II and III)and distant(stage IV)cases are91.1,71.7and13.3%,respectively.Current options for standard treatment of CRC include surgical removal alone for stage I and for most of stage II CRCs and surgical removal followed by adjuvant5-fluoruracil(5-FU)-based chemotherapy for high-risk stage II and stage III CRCs.For metastatic stage IV disease,surgical removal of the primary CRC and/or metastatic lesions is followed by therapy using a variety of chemotherapy and targeted treatments.结直肠癌(CRC)是世界上第三常见的癌症，在2012年，全球约有140万例确诊病例。

SCI长难句肿瘤科第一章-免疫治疗Great progress has been made in the field of tumor immunology in the past decade,but optimism about the clinical application of currently available cancer vaccine approaches is based more on surrogate endpoints than on clinical tumor regression.In our cancer vaccine trials of440 patients,the objective response rate was low(2.6%),and comparable to the results obtained by others.We consider here results in cancer vaccine trials and highlight alternate strategies that mediate cancer regression in preclinical and clinical models.在过去的十年中，肿瘤免疫学领域取得了很大的进展，但是对目前可用的癌症疫苗方法临床应用的乐观态度更多的是基于替代终点而不是临床肿瘤消退。

在我们对440名患者进行的癌症疫苗试验中，客观应答率较低(2.6%)，与其他研究获得的结果类似。

我们在此考虑癌症疫苗试验的结果，并强调在临床前和临床模型中介导癌症消退的替代策略。

知识点总结：①optimism n.乐观主义②vaccine n.疫苗③surrogate n.代理人，替代④endpoint n.终端，末端⑤preclinical adj.临床前的Rosenberg,Steven A.,Yang,James C.,and Restifo,Nicholas P."Cancer immunotherapy:moving beyondSCI长难句肿瘤科第二章-靶向治疗Several vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-targeted agents, administered either as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy, have been shown to benefit patients with advanced-stage malignancies.VEGF-targeted therapies were initially developed with the notion that they would inhibit new blood vessel growth and thus starve tumors of necessary oxygen and nutrients.It has become increasingly apparent,however,that the therapeutic benefit associated with VEGF-targeted therapy is complex,and probably involves multiple mechanisms.A better understanding of these mechanisms will lead to future advances in the use of these agents in the clinic.一些血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)靶向药物，无论是作为单一用药或与化疗联合使用，已被证明对晚期恶性肿瘤患者有益。

肾内科面试题及答案一、患者病历：患者女性，年龄52岁，自述主要症状是腰痛和尿频，伴有夜间尿频，已持续两周。

无其他明显不适。

二、面试问题：1. 请简要说明你对肾内科的理解，并介绍你对患者病历的处理方法。

答：肾内科是专门研究肾脏疾病的医学科室，涉及肾功能异常、泌尿系统疾病等方面的诊断和治疗。

对于患者病历的处理方法，首先要仔细阅读病历，了解患者的主诉、病史、体格检查、辅助检查等信息。

根据这些信息，可以初步判断患者病情，进一步进行询问和体格检查，以获取更多细节，明确诊断和制定治疗方案。

2. 根据患者的主诉和病史，你认为患者可能患有什么疾病？请解释可能的原因。

答：根据患者的主诉和病史，腰痛和尿频的症状提示可能存在泌尿系统问题。

考虑到夜间尿频，可能的原因包括膀胱过活动、泌尿系统感染、尿路结石等。

此外，由于患者症状已持续两周，也应考虑慢性肾盂肾炎或者其他肾脏疾病的可能性。

3. 你将如何进一步评估和诊断这位患者？答：首先，我会进一步询问患者病史，包括症状的起始时间、程度、伴随症状等。

接下来，进行全面的体格检查，包括腹部触诊、肾区叩诊等。

此外，需要进行尿常规检查、尿培养和血液生化检查等，以评估肾脏功能和检测是否存在感染。

如果需要进一步明确诊断，可以考虑做肾脏超声、腹部CT或其他有关检查。

4. 针对这位患者的症状和初步评估结果，你会如何制定治疗方案？答：治疗方案会根据进一步评估和明确诊断的结果来制定。

如果患者确诊为泌尿系统感染，可以给予合适的抗生素治疗。

如果存在尿路结石，可以选择适当的解石方法。

对于膀胱过活动或其他肾脏疾病，可能需要综合采取药物治疗、生活方式改善等综合手段。

5. 在处理这位患者时，请谈谈你对沟通技巧的看法。

答：沟通技巧在医学中非常重要，尤其是对于肾内科这样的医学科室。

首先，要倾听患者的主诉，了解他们的痛苦和需求。

接下来，要以简洁明了的方式向患者解释病情和治疗方案，回答他们的问题。

在沟通过程中，要体现关爱和同理心，让患者感受到医生的关注和支持。

SCI长难句甲乳外科第一章-甲状旁腺瘤A41-year-old man with nephrolithiasis was found to have elevated calcium and intact parathyroid hormone levels.Both ultrasound and technetium sestamibi scintigraphy with single photon emission computed tomography confirmed left thyroid hemiagenesis and an adenoma in the left inferior thyroid bed.The patient underwent left neck exploration, which confirmed left thyroid hemiagenesis and a left inferior parathyroid adenoma.The left inferior parathyroid gland was resected.The patient was discharged home the same day of surgery and has remained normocalcemic for14months without evidence of hyperparathyroidism.一名患有肾结石的41岁男子被发现钙浓度升高，且甲状旁腺激素水平未受影响。

超声和单光子发射计算机断层扫描技术（SPECT）的锝甲状旁腺显影发现左侧甲状腺发育不全和左下甲状腺床腺瘤。

病人接受左侧颈部探查，证实左甲状腺发育不全及左下甲状旁腺腺瘤。

切除左下甲状旁腺。

患者于手术当天出院，14个月来一直保持正常血钙，无甲状旁腺功能亢进的迹象。

知识点总结：①calcium n.钙②parathyroid n.甲状旁腺（para-前缀，表示副的）③technetium n.锝④adenoma n.腺瘤⑤inferior adj.下级的、差的⑥normocalcemic adj.血钙正常的⑦hyperparathyroidism n.甲状腺功能亢进SCI长难句甲乳外科第二章-甲状腺癌Thyroid cancer incidence in the United States,particularly in women, has increased dramatically since the1980s.Although the causes of thyroid cancer in most patients remain largely unknown,evidence suggests the existence of an inherited predisposition to development of differentiated thyroid carcinoma(DTC).Therefore,the authors explored the association between sporadic DTC and family history of cancer.In a retrospective hospital-based case-control study of prospectively recruited subjects who completed the study questionnaire upon enrollment, unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios(ORs) and95%confidence intervals(CIs)as estimates of the DTC risk associated with first-degree family history of cancer.自上世纪80年代以来，美国甲状腺癌的发病率，尤其是在女性中的发病率急剧上升。

考研英语：长难句翻译-真题解析+总结真题实战This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.结构分析该句子的主干成分是This trend began during the Second World War，后面一个由when引导的定语从句；定语从句中的主干部分是several governments came to the conclusion，后面加一个that引导的同位语从句；同位语从句中，主语和谓语是the specific demands，后面还有一个that引导的定语从句修饰主语；that引导的同位语从句中，谓语部分是cannot generally be foreseen in detail。

所以句子结构比较复杂。

词汇释义trend n. 趋势，倾向specific a. 具体的，详细的establishment n. 建立，机构demand n. 要求，需求come to the conclusion 得出结论scientific establishment 科学机构拆分翻译This trend began during the Second World War,/ /这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间when several governments came to the conclusion / /当时，一些国家的政府得出结论that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment / /政府想要对其科研机构提出的具体要求cannot generally be foreseen in detail.通常无法详细的预见参考译文这种趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间，当时，一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常无法详细的预见的。

肾内科专业英语词汇急性弥漫性严重肾小管上皮细胞变性ATD血尿素氮BUN血肌酐Scr肾皮质坏死RCN间歇性肾替代治疗IRRT间歇性腹透IPD间歇性血透IHD连续性高流量透析CHFD高容量血液滤过HVHF肾病综合症Nephrotic syndrome肾小球基底膜GBM足细胞Podocyte深静脉栓塞RVT急性肾小球肾炎Acute glomerulonephritis急进性肾小球肾炎Rapidly progressive急性感染后肾小球肾炎Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis慢性肾小球肾炎Chronic glomerulonephritis隐匿性肾小球肾炎Latent glomerulonephritis弥漫性肾小球肾炎Diffuse glomerulonephritis系膜增生性肾小球肾炎mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis急性肾炎综合症Acute nephritis syndrome毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎GN美国国家肾脏基金会的肾脏生存质量指导(K/DOQI) kidney disease outcome quality initiative急性肾小球肾炎actue glomerulonepritis急进性肾小球肾炎rapidly progressive慢性肾小球肾炎chronic glomerulonephritis隐匿性肾小球肾炎latent glomerulonephritis肾病综合征nephrotic syndrome轻微性肾小球病变Minimal glomerular abnormalities局灶性节段性病变focal segmental lesions弥漫性肾小球肾炎diffuse glomerulonephritis 蛋白尿proteinuria低蛋白血症hypoproteinaemia水肿oedem肾功能renal functional并发症complication症状symptom尿道感染urinary tract infection栓塞embolism糖尿病diabets mellitus肾盂淋巴反流pyelolymphatic backflow腺性肾盂炎pyelitis glandularis囊性肾盂炎pyelitis cystica气性肾盂肾炎emphysematous pyelonephritis黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis细菌性肾盂肾炎bacterial pyelonephritis肾积脓pyonephrosis肾脓肿kidney abscess;nephrapostasis;renal abscess肾皮质脓肿RCA;renal cortical abscess肾皮质坏死cortical necrosis of kidney; renal cortical necrosis肾髓质坏死medullary necrosis of kidney;renal medullary necrosis肾痈renal carbuncle病理性肾结核pathological renal tuberculosis临床肾结核clinical renal tuberculosis; clinical renal tuberculosis肾盏结核tuberculosis of calyx肾结核对侧肾积水renal tuberculosis with contralateral hydronephrosis脓性肾积水pyohydronephrosis肾淀粉样变性amyloidosis of kidney; renal amyloidosis膀胱淀粉样变性amyloidosis of bladder坏死性肾乳头炎necrotizing papillitis of kidney 肾盂白斑病leukoplakia of renal pelvis镰状细胞肾病sickle cell nephropathy髓质海绵肾,髓状海绵样肾medullary sponge kidney海绵肾CCacchi-Ricci disease;sponge kidney急性尿酸盐肾病acute urate nephropathy肾肿瘤tumor of kidney肾良性肿瘤benign renal tumor肾平滑肌瘤leiomyoma of kidney肾假性瘤pseudotumor of kidney多房性囊性肾瘤multilocular cystic nephroma 肾盂血管瘤hemangioma of renal pelvis肾血管瘤hemangioma of kidney肾动脉瘤aneurysm of renal artery; renal aneurysm肾血管外皮细胞瘤renal hemangiopericytoma肾脂肪瘤lipoma of kidney肾皮质脓肿RCA;renal cortical['kɔ:tikəl] abscess ['æbsis]肾皮质坏死cortical ['kɔ:tikəl] necrosis [nə'krəusis, ne-] of kidney肾髓质坏死renal medullary['medələri] necrosis [nə'krəusis, ne-] 肾痈renal carbuncle ['kɑ:bʌŋkl]病理性肾结核pathological renal tuberculosis [tju:,bə:kju'ləusis]临床肾结核clinical renal tuberculosis [tju:,bə:kju'ləusis]肾盏结核tuberculosis [tju:,bə:kju'ləusis] of calyx ['keiliks,'kæliks]肾结核对侧肾积水renal tuberculosis with contralateral hydronephrosis脓性肾积水pyohydronephrosis肾淀粉样变性renal amyloidosis [,æmi'lɔidəusis]膀胱淀粉样变性amyloidosis[,æmi'lɔidəusis] of bladder ['blædə]坏死性肾乳头炎necrotizing['nekrə,taiziŋ] papillitis of kidney急性弥漫性严重肾小管上皮细胞变性ATD血尿素氮BUN血肌酐Scr肾皮质坏死RCN间歇性肾替代治疗IRRT间歇性腹透IPD间歇性血透IHD连续性高流量透析CHFD高容量血液滤过HVHF肾病综合症Nephrotic syndrome肾小球基底膜GBM足细胞Podocyte深静脉栓塞RVT急性肾小球肾炎Acute glomerulonephritis急进性肾小球肾炎Rapidly progressive急性感染后肾小球肾炎Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis慢性肾小球肾炎Chronic glomerulonephritis隐匿性肾小球肾炎Latent glomerulonephritis弥漫性肾小球肾炎Diffuse glomerulonephritis系膜增生性肾小球肾炎mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis急性肾炎综合症Acute nephritis syndrome毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎GN美国国家肾脏基金会的肾脏生存质量指导(K/DOQI) kidney disease outcome quality initiative急性肾小球肾炎actue glomerulonepritis急进性肾小球肾炎rapidly progressive慢性肾小球肾炎chronic glomerulonephritis隐匿性肾小球肾炎latent glomerulonephritis肾病综合征nephrotic syndrome轻微性肾小球病变Minimal glomerular abnormalities局灶性节段性病变focal segmental lesions弥漫性肾小球肾炎diffuse glomerulonephritis 蛋白尿proteinuria低蛋白血症hypoproteinaemia水肿oedem肾功能renal functional并发症complication症状symptom尿道感染urinary tract infection栓塞embolism糖尿病diabets mellitus肾盂淋巴反流pyelolymphatic backflow腺性肾盂炎pyelitis glandularis囊性肾盂炎pyelitis cystica气性肾盂肾炎emphysematous pyelonephritis黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis细菌性肾盂肾炎bacterial pyelonephritis肾积脓pyonephrosis肾脓肿kidney abscess;nephrapostasis;renal abscess肾皮质脓肿RCA;renal cortical abscess肾皮质坏死cortical necrosis of kidney; renal cortical necrosis肾髓质坏死medullary necrosis of kidney;renal medullary necrosis肾痈renal carbuncle病理性肾结核pathological renal tuberculosis临床肾结核clinical renal tuberculosis; clinical renal tuberculosis肾盏结核tuberculosis of calyx肾结核对侧肾积水renal tuberculosis with contralateral hydronephrosis脓性肾积水pyohydronephrosis肾淀粉样变性amyloidosis of kidney; renal amyloidosis膀胱淀粉样变性amyloidosis of bladder坏死性肾乳头炎necrotizing papillitis of kidney 肾盂白斑病leukoplakia of renal pelvis镰状细胞肾病sickle cell nephropathy髓质海绵肾,髓状海绵样肾medullary sponge kidney海绵肾CCacchi-Ricci disease;sponge kidney急性尿酸盐肾病acute urate nephropathy肾肿瘤tumor of kidney肾良性肿瘤benign renal tumor肾平滑肌瘤leiomyoma of kidney肾假性瘤pseudotumor of kidney多房性囊性肾瘤multilocular cystic nephroma 肾盂血管瘤hemangioma of renal pelvis肾血管瘤hemangioma of kidney肾动脉瘤aneurysm of renal artery; renal aneurysm肾血管外皮细胞瘤renal hemangiopericytoma肾脂肪瘤lipoma of kidney腹膜后淋巴结病retroperitoneal['retrəu,peritə'ni:əl]lymphadenopathyRPLAD脾肾动脉吻合术spleno-renalarterial anastomosis [,ænəstə'məusis] 肾病灶清除术renal cavernostomy剖腰探查术exploratory lumbotomy肾动脉栓塞术embolization [,embəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-] of renal artery 血管梗塞性肾切除angioinfarction-nephrectomy肾鹿角状结石staghorn['stæɡhɔ:n] stone of kidney肾钙斑Randall plaques肾萎缩renal atrophy ['ætrəfi]肾失用性萎缩disuse atrophy of kidney肾动脉纤维增生病fibroplasia of renal artery肾紫癜purpura ['pə:pjuərə] of kidney迪特尔危象游走肾危象Dietl crisis血管运动性肾病vasomotor[,veizəu'məutə] nephropathy莱特尔综合征Reiter syndrome肾小球血流动力学glomerularhemodynamics[,hi:məudai'næmiks, ,hem-]输尿管扩张dilatation[,dailə'teiʃən, dilə-]of ureter,ureterectasis;megalo-ureter;ureterectasia 输尿管发育不良ureteral dysplasia [dis'pleiziə]巨输尿管megalo-ureter;megaloureter[,meɡələju'ri:tə];肾恶性纤维组织细胞瘤malignant fibrous histiocytoma of kidney肾盂移行细胞癌transitional cell carcinoma ofrenal pelvis肾嗜酸细胞瘤renal oncocytoma肾纤维脂肪瘤样病renal fibrolipomatosis肾神经鞘瘤schwannoma of kidney肾异种组织肿瘤heteroplastic tissue tumor of kidney肾窦脂肪瘤样病renal sinus lipomatosis肾盂肿瘤tumor of renal pelvis肾盂乳头状瘤papilloma of renal pelvis肾癌renal carcinoma肾实质癌carcinoma of renal parenchyma肾细胞癌adenocarcinoma of kidney;RCA;RCC;renal cell carcinoma;renal cell carcinoma of kidney肾透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma of kidney; suprarenal epithelioma肾颗粒细胞癌granular cell carcinoma of kidney肾腺癌adenocarcinoma of kidney肾母细胞瘤embryoma of kidney;nephroblastoma;Whilms tumor;Wilm tumor;Wilm tumor of kidney;Wilms tumor肾胚细胞瘤nephroblastoma横纹肌样肾母细胞瘤rhabdomyoid Wilms tumor 肾异位renal ectopia, ectopic kidney肾缺如agenesis of kidney, anephrogenesis孤立肾solitary kidney肾畸形deformity of kidney肾发育不全anephrogenesis;renal agenesis肾发育不良renal dysplasia节段性肾发育不良segmental dysplasia of kidney 额外肾supernumerary kidney重复肾renal duplication盘状肾disk kidney discoid kidney融合肾confluent kidney;fused kidney马蹄形肾horseshoe kidneyL形肾L-shaped kidney肾下垂nephroptosis;renal ptosis胸内肾thoracic kidney盆腔肾pelvic kidney游走肾excessively mobile kidney;hypermobile kidney;wandering kidneyS形肾S-shaped kidney团块肾lump kidney胎儿肾fetal kidney婴儿肾infantile kidney单乳头肾unipapillary kidney肾轴性旋转axial rotation of kidney肾旋转异常renal malrotation分叉型肾盂bifid pelvis肾外型肾盂extrarenal pelvis巨肾盏megacalyx,megacalycosis先天性巨肾盏congenital megacalycosis肾盏憩室caliceal diverticulum;calyceal diverticulum;pyelogenic肾髓质管扩张medullary ductal ectasia of kidney 肾子宫内膜异位症endometriosis of kidney肾动静脉瘘renal arteriovenous fistula肾静脉栓塞thrombosis of renal vein肾动脉栓塞thrombosis of renal artery肾动脉狭窄(RAS)stenosis of renal artery; renal arterial stenosis;renal artery stenosis肾盏静脉瘘calyceal-venous fistula肾盂静脉曲张varix of pelvis肾囊肿Cyst of kidney;Renal cyst单纯性肾囊肿simple cyst of kidney多囊肾ploycystic renal disease;polycystic disease of kindeys;polycystic kidne先天性肾囊性病congenital renal cystic disease 肾髓质囊性病medullary cystic disease of kidney 肾盂源性囊肿pyelogenic cyst肾钙化囊肿calcified cyst of kidney肾盂旁囊肿parapelvic cyst肾旁假囊肿pararenal pseudocyst肾周围囊肿perinephric cyst肾盂周围囊肿peripelvic cyst肾出血性囊肿hemorrhagic cyst of kidney肾小球囊肿病glomerulocystic disease肾损伤injury of kidney; kidney injury;renal injury肾挫伤contusion of kidney肾裂伤laceration of kidney肾破裂rupture of kidney肾蒂断裂rupture of renal pedicle肾穿透伤penetrating injury of kidney肾小管破裂tubulorrhexis肾梗死infarction of kidney, renal infarction穹窿静脉瘘fornico-venous fistula肾盂毛细血管扩张症telangiectasis of renal pelvis肾积水hydronephrosis;nephrohydrops;nephrohydrosis 巨大肾积水giant hydronephrosis肾内肾积水intrarenal hydronephrosis肾小管反流renal tubular backflow肾盂间质反流pyelointerstitial backflow肾盂静脉反流pyelovenous backflow系统性血管炎Systemic vasculitls结节性多动脉炎Polyarterifis nodes韦格纳肉牙肿Weber granuhrnato~isChurg-Strauss综合征Churg-Strat~ syndrolnc 显微镜下多血管炎Microscopic polyan#itis巨细胞动脉炎Giant cell arterifis风湿性多肌痛Polymya~ia rheumafica骨性关节炎Osteoarthrifis风湿热Rhemuafie fever痛风Gout高尿酸血症Hyperurieemia复发性多软骨炎aelaps~ polychondritis结节病Sarcoidods类风湿关节炎Rheumatoid arthritis系统性红斑狼疮Systemic lupus erythematosus 抗磷脂综合征Anfipho6pholipid syndrome干燥综合征sj n syndrome强直性脊柱炎Anl~loslng spondylitis反应性关节炎Reactive arthritis赖特综合征Reiter’S syndrome银屑病关节炎psoriatic arthropathy多发性肌炎Polyrayosifis皮肌炎Dermatomyositis系统性硬化Synodic sclerosis重叠综合征Overhp syndron~混合性结蒂组织病Mixed connective tissue disease关节joint疼痛paiIl肿胀swelling晨僵morning stiffness畸形ddonnity残疾disability尿道炎Urethritis输尿管肾盂接合处结石Uretral Pyelo Juction Stone经皮肾造口术Percutaneous Nephrostomy经皮肾脏取石术Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy经尿道取石术Uretero-Renoscopy Stone Manipulation 体外震波碎石术Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy血液透析Hemodialysis连续性可动性腹膜透析Hemodialysis皮肌炎Dermatomyositis类风湿关节炎Rheumatoid arthritis抗磷脂综合征Antiphospholipid syndrome干燥综合征Sjogrensyndrome风湿性多肌痛Polymyalgia rheumatica风湿热Rheumatic fever 痛风Gout晨僵morning stiffness 皮下结节subcutaneous nodule蝶形红斑butterfly erythema雷诺现象Raynaud phenomenon肾周围或肾脏肿瘤之引流术Drainage abscess perirenal or renal肾盂切开探查引流或切除Pyelotomy with exploration drainage or pyelolithotomy。

SCI长难句血液内科第一章—急性白血病Although great progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of acute leukemia,this disease has not been conquered.For emergency providers(EPs),the presentation of these patients to an emergency department presents a host of challenges.A patient may present with a new diagnosis of leukemia or with complications of the disease process or associated chemotherapy.It is incumbent on EPs to be familiar with the manifestations of leukemia in its various stages and maintain some suspicion for this diagnosis,given the nebulous and insidious manner in which leukemia can present.虽然在研究和治疗急性白血病方面取得了很大的进展，但这种疾病尚未被攻克。

对于急诊科的医生(EPs)来说，这些患者给急诊科带来了许多挑战。

患者可能出现出白血病的新表现，或伴有疾病进展过程中或相关的化疗的并发症。

鉴于白血病可能以一种模糊而隐匿的方式表现出来，因此，急诊科的医生有责任了解白血病在不同阶段的临床表现，并对（白血病的）诊断持一定的怀疑态度。

知识点总结：①acute adj.急性的②leuk（o）-前缀，白色③-emia后缀，血症④chemotherapy n.化疗⑤incumbent adj.有责任的⑥manifestation n.表现⑦nebulous adj.朦胧的，星云的⑧insidious adj.隐伏的，隐匿的⑨manner n.方式SCI长难句血液内科第二章—粒细胞缺乏Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell in blood and play a critical role in preventing infections as part of the innate immune system.Reduction in neutrophils below an absolute count of500cells/pL is termed severe neutropenia or agranulocytosis.Drug-induced immune neutropenia(DIIN)occurs when drug-dependent antibodies form against neutrophil membrane glycoproteins and cause neutrophil destruction. Affected patients have fever,chills,and infections;severe infections left untreated can result in death.Treatment with granulocytecolony-stimulating factor can hasten neutrophil recovery.中性粒细胞是血液中最丰富的白细胞，作为固有免疫系统的一部分，它们在预防感染方面起着关键作用。

木仓医学考研复试SCI长难句肝胆胃肠外科第一章-肝细胞恶性肿瘤Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the third leading cause of cancer--related deaths worldwide,and hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is one of its leading causes.During the past several years,next-generation sequencing studies using bulk tumor samples have revealed considerable intratumor molecular and genetic heterogeneity in HCC.Such intratumor heterogeneity poses a great challenge for tumor characterization and therapeutic management of HCC patients.As is well known,tumor initiation and evolution are mediated by sequential genetic alterations in single cells.Single-cell sequencing has the potential to provide new insights into cancer bio-logical diversity that were difficult to resolve in genomic data from bulk tumor samples.在全球范围内导致癌症相关死亡的原因中，肝细胞癌(HCC)位列第三，而乙型肝炎病毒感染是其重要病因之一。

SCI长难句内分泌第一章—甲亢的病因Hyperthyroidism is characterised by increased thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion from the thyroid gland,whereas thyrotoxicosis refers to the clinical syndrome of excess circulating thyroid hormones, irrespective of the source.The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves'disease,followed by toxic nodular goitre.Other important causes of thyrotoxicosis include thyroiditis,iodine-induced and drug-induced thyroid dysfunction,and factitious ingestion of excess thyroid hormones.甲状腺机能亢进症的特征是甲状腺激素合成和分泌的增加，而甲状腺毒症则指甲状腺激素在循环内过多（引起的）临床症状，与来源无关。

甲状腺机能亢进症最常见的病因是Graves病，其次是毒性结节性甲状腺肿。

其他引起甲状腺毒症的重要原因包括甲状腺炎，碘和药物引起的甲状腺功能障碍，以及人为摄入过量的甲状腺激素。

知识点总结：①hyper-前缀，高...②thyroid n.甲状腺③-ism后缀，...症④gland n.腺体⑤toxicosis n.中毒⑥irrespective adj.不管的，不顾的⑦nodular adj.结节的⑧goitre n.甲状腺肿⑨-itis后缀，...炎SCI长难句内分泌第二章—甲减The definition of hypothyroidism is based on statistical reference ranges of the relevant biochemical parameters and is increasingly a matter of debate.Clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism range from life threatening to no signs or symptoms.The most common symptoms in adults are fatigue,lethargy,cold intolerance,weight gain,constipation, change in voice,and dry skin,but clinical presentation can differ with age and sex,among other factors.甲状腺功能减退症的定义是基于相关生化参数的统计参考范围（制定的），但是引起了越来越多的争论。

肾内科医师面试题及答案肾内科是内科学中的一个重要分支，负责研究和治疗与肾脏相关的疾病。

作为肾内科医师，要具备扎实的知识和丰富的临床经验。

面试是评估肾内科医师能力和专业知识的重要环节。

本文将提供一些常见的肾内科医师面试题，并给出答案供参考。

肾内科医师面试题一：请描述一下急性肾损伤（Acute Kidney Injury，AKI）的诊断标准和分类。

急性肾损伤，通常是指肾脏在短时间内发生功能异常，导致血肌酐水平和尿量的改变。

诊断AKI的标准主要基于肌酐和尿量的测定。

根据肌酐水平的变化，AKI被分为三个阶段：1）RIFLE标准：Risk、Injury、Failure、Loss、End stage kidney disease；2）AKIN标准：根据肌酐水平和尿量的变化，将AKI分为I、II、III期；3）KDIGO标准：Kidney Disease：Improving Global Outcomes，将AKI分为Stage 1、Stage 2、Stage 3。

其中，根据尿量进行分期有助于更好地评估患者的病情。

肾内科医师面试题二：请列举一些导致急性肾损伤的常见病因。

急性肾损伤的病因多种多样，包括肾血流减少、肾小管损伤、肾实质疾病等。

常见的病因包括：肾前性因素（如低血容量、心衰、感染等）、肾内性因素（如急性肾小管坏死、急性间质性肾炎等）、肾后性因素（如尿路梗阻等）以及其他因素（如药物性肾损伤、造影剂肾病等）。

了解这些病因对于准确诊断和治疗急性肾损伤至关重要。

肾内科医师面试题三：请解释一下慢性肾脏病（Chronic Kidney Disease，CKD）的分期和治疗原则。

慢性肾脏病是指肾脏结构和功能长期受损，导致肾功能逐渐减退的一组疾病。

根据肾小球滤过率（Glomerular Filtration Rate，GFR）的变化，慢性肾脏病被分为5个阶段（Stage 1-5）。

治疗原则包括：1）控制基础疾病，如高血压、糖尿病等；2）控制血压，使其维持在目标范围内；3）限制蛋白质摄入，减轻肾脏负担；4）控制液体和电解质平衡；5）积极防治尿毒症相关并发症；6）适时进行肾替代治疗，如透析或肾移植。

SCI长难句肿瘤科第一章-免疫治疗Great progress has been made in the field of tumor immunology in the past decade,but optimism about the clinical application of currently available cancer vaccine approaches is based more on surrogate endpoints than on clinical tumor regression.In our cancer vaccine trials of440 patients,the objective response rate was low(2.6%),and comparable to the results obtained by others.We consider here results in cancer vaccine trials and highlight alternate strategies that mediate cancer regression in preclinical and clinical models.在过去的十年中，肿瘤免疫学领域取得了很大的进展，但是对目前可用的癌症疫苗方法临床应用的乐观态度更多的是基于替代终点而不是临床肿瘤消退。

在我们对440名患者进行的癌症疫苗试验中，客观应答率较低(2.6%)，与其他研究获得的结果类似。

我们在此考虑癌症疫苗试验的结果，并强调在临床前和临床模型中介导癌症消退的替代策略。

知识点总结：①optimism n.乐观主义②vaccine n.疫苗③surrogate n.代理人，替代④endpoint n.终端，末端⑤preclinical adj.临床前的Rosenberg,Steven A.,Yang,James C.,and Restifo,Nicholas P."Cancer immunotherapy:moving beyondSCI长难句肿瘤科第二章-靶向治疗Several vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-targeted agents, administered either as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy, have been shown to benefit patients with advanced-stage malignancies.VEGF-targeted therapies were initially developed with the notion that they would inhibit new blood vessel growth and thus starve tumors of necessary oxygen and nutrients.It has become increasingly apparent,however,that the therapeutic benefit associated with VEGF-targeted therapy is complex,and probably involves multiple mechanisms.A better understanding of these mechanisms will lead to future advances in the use of these agents in the clinic.一些血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)靶向药物，无论是作为单一用药或与化疗联合使用，已被证明对晚期恶性肿瘤患者有益。

肾脏科常用语慢性肾功能衰竭(Chronic renal failure, CRF)病因(Etiology)1. Chronic glomerulonephritis 慢性肾炎[ɡlɔ,merjuləuni'fraitis]2. Diabetes mellitus, DM 糖尿病[,daiə'bi:ti:z] ['melitəs]3. Hypertension: Nephrosclerosis 高血压肾硬化['nefrəu,skliə'rəusis]4. Chronic tubulointerstitial diseases 慢性小管间质性疾病5. Polycystic kidney disease 多囊肾[,pɔli'sistik]6. Others 其他治疗(Treatment)1. ACE inhibitors may slow progression 血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂可能减慢疾病进展2. Treat reversible causes 治疗可逆性病因3. Diet:Modest protein restriction with near normal caloric intake decreases nitrogen intake and avoids catabolism[kə'lɔrik] ['naitrədʒən] [kə'tæbəlizəm]饮食：适度限制蛋白，热量摄入基本正常，减少氮摄入，防止分解代谢。

4. Dialysis 透析[dai'ælisis]Chronic hemodialysis (HD) is the mainstay of therapy for chronic renal failure, but chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is also an alternative. [,hi:mədai'ælisis; ,hem-]['æmbjulətəri] [,peritəu'ni:əl]慢性血液透析是慢性肾功能不全的主要治疗方法，同时慢性非卧床腹膜透析也是另一种选择。

SCI长难句骨科第一章-腕管综合征Carpal tunnel syndrome,the most common entrapment neuropathy of the upper extremity,is caused by compression of the median nerve as it travels through the carpal tunnel.Classically,patients with the condition experience pain and paresthesias in the distribution of the median nerve, which includes the palmar aspect of the thumb,index and middle fingers, and radial half of the ring finger.Additional clues include positive physical examination findings,such as the flick sign and median nerve compression test.Although patients with typical symptoms and signs of carpal tunnel syndrome do not need additional testing,ultrasonography and electrodiagnostic studies are useful to confirm the diagnosis in atypical cases and rule out other causes.腕管综合症是最常见的上肢压迫性神经病变，是由于正中神经在腕管中穿行时受到压迫而引起的。

通常情况下，这类患者会出现正中神经分布区域的疼痛和感觉异常，包括拇指掌侧、食指、中指以及无名指桡侧。