Chapter 5- Trade Restrictions- Tariffs

*CHAPTER 2(Core Chapter)COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGEANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS1. The mercantilists believed that the way for a nation to become rich and powerful was toexport more than it imported. The resulting export surplus would then be settled by an inflow of gold and silver and the more gold and silver a nation had, the richer and more powerful it was. Thus, the government had to do all in its power to stimulate th e nation’s exports and discourage and restrict imports. However, since all nations could not simultaneously have an export surplus and the amount of gold and silver was fixed at any particular point in time, one nation could gain only at the expense of other nations. The mercantilists thus preached economic nationalism, believing that national interests were basically in conflict.Adam Smith, on the other hand, believed that free trade would make all nations better off.All of this is relevant today because many of the arguments made in favor of restricting international trade to protect domestic jobs are very similar to the mercantilists arguments made three or four centuries ago. That is why we can say that “mercantilism is alive and well in the twenty-fi rst century”. Thus we have to be prepared to answer anddemonstrate that these arguments are basically wrong.2. According to Adam Smith, the basis for trade was absolute advantage, or one country beingmore productive or efficient in the production of some commodities and other countries being more productive in the production of other commodities.The gains from trade arise as each country specialized in the production of the commodities in which it had an absolute advantage and importing those commodities in which the nation had an absolute disadvantage.Adam Smith believed in free trade and laissez-faire, or as little government interference with the economic system as possible. There were to be only a few exceptions to this policy of laissez-faire and free trade. One of these was the protection of industries important for national defense.3. Ricardo’s law of comparative advantage is superior to Smith’s theory of absolute advantagein that it showed that even if a nation is less efficient than or has an absolute disadvantage in the production of all commodities with respect to the other nations, there is still a basis forbeneficial trade for all nations.The gains from trade arise from the increased production of all commodities that arises when each country specializes in the production of and exports the commoditiesof its comparative advantage and imports the other commodities.A nation that is less efficient than others will be able to export the commodities of itscomparative advantage by having its wages and other costs sufficiently lower than in othernations so as to make the commodities of its comparative advantage cheaper in terms of the same currency with respect to the other nations.4. a. In case A, the United States has an absolute and a comparative advantage in wheat andthe United Kingdom in cloth. In case B, the United States has an absolute advantage (so that the United Kingdom has an absolute disadvantage) in both commodities. In case C, theUnited States has an absolute advantage in wheat but has neither an absolute advantage nor disadvantage in cloth. In case D, the United States has an absolute advantage over theUnited Kingdom in both commodities.b. In case A, the United States has a comparative advantage in wheat and the UnitedKingdom in cloth. In case B, the United States has a comparative advantage in wheat and the United Kingdom in cloth. In case C, the United States has a comparative advantage in wheat and the United Kingdom in cloth. In case D, the United States and the United Kingdom havea comparative advantage in neither commodities.5. a. The United States gains 1C.b. The United Kingdom gains 4C.c. 3C < 4W < 8C.d. The United States would gain 3C while the United Kingdom would gain 2C.6. a. The cost in terms of labor content of producing wheat is 1/4 in the United States and 1 inthe United Kingdom, while the cost in terms of labor content of producing cloth is 1/3 in the United States and 1/2 in the United Kingdom.b. In the United States, Pw=$1.50 and Pc=$2.00.c. In the United Kingdom, Pw=£1.00 and Pc=£0.50.7. The United States has a comparative disadvantage in the production of textiles. Restrictingtextile imports would keep U.S. workers from eventually moving into industries in which the United States has a comparative advantage and in which wages are higher.8. Ricardo’s explanation of the law of comparative is unacceptable because it is based on thelabor theory of value, which is not an acceptable theory of value.The explanation of the law of comparative advantage can be based on the opportunity cost doctrine, which is an acceptable theory of value.9. The production possibilities frontier reflects the opportunity costs of producing bothcommodities in the nation.The production possibilities frontier under constant costs is a (negatively sloped) straight line.The absolute slope of the production possibilities frontier reflects or gives the price of the commodity plotted along the horizontal axis in relation to the commodity plotted along the vertical axis.10. a. See Figure 1.1.b. In the United States Pw/Pc=3/4, while in the United Kingdom, Pw/Pc=2.c. In the United States Pc/Pw=4/3, while in the United Kingdom Pc/Pw=1/2.d. See Figure 1.2.The autarky points are A and A' in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively.The points of production with trade are B and B' in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively.The points of consumption are E and E' in the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively. The gains from trade are shown by E > A for the U.S. and E' > A' for the U.K.ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS1. a. Increasing opportunity costs arise because resources or factors of production are nothomogeneous (i.e., all units of the same factor are not identical or of the same quality) and not used in the same fixed proportion or intensity in the production of all commodities.This means that as the nation produces more of a commodity; it must utilize resources that become progressively less efficient or less suited for the production of that commodity. As a result, the nation must give up more and more of the second commodity to release justenough resources to produce each additional unit of the first commodity (i.e., it facesincreasing costs).b. In the real world, the production frontiers of different nations will usually differ becauseof differences in factor endowments and technology.2. a. See Figure3.1.b. The slope of the transformationcurve increases as the nationproduces more of X and decreasesas the nation produces more of Y.These reflect increasingopportunity costs as the nationproduces more of X or Y.3. a. See Figures 3.2a and 3.2b.b. Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation 2 in Y.c. If the relative commodity price line in autarky has equal slope in both nations. This is rare.4. a. See Figures 3.3a and 3.3 b. Points B and B’ are the production points in Nations 1 and 2,respectively, with specialization and trade and E and E’ are the consumption points.b. Nation 1 gains by the amount by which community indifference curve III (point E) isabove indifference curve I (point A). Nation 2 gains to the extent that community indifference curve III’ (point E’) is above indifference curve I’ (point A).5. a. The equilibrium-relative commodity price in isolation is the relative price that prevailsin the nation without trade or in autarky.b. The equilibrium-relative commodity price in isolation for the commodity plotted alongthe horizontal axis is given by the (absolute) slope of the tangent of the production frontier and the community indifference curve at the point of production and consumption in thenation in isolation.c. The nation with the lower equilibrium relative commodity price in isolation or autarkyhas a comparative advantage in the commodity measured along the commodity axis and a comparative disadvantage in the commodity measured along the vertical axis.6. a. Nation 1 is better off at point E’ than at point A’ because point E’ is on higher communityindifference curve III than at point A, which is on lower community indifference curve I.b. Nation 1 consumes less of commodity Y at point E’ (40Y) than at point A’ (60Y) becauseP Y/P X is much higher at point E’ (P B’ =1) than at point A’ (P A’ =1/4, the inverse of P X/P Y=4).7. a. The reason for incomplete specialization under increasing costs is that as each nationspecializes in the production of the commodity of its comparative advantage, the relative commodity price in each nation moves toward each other (i.e., become less unequal) until they are identical in both nations. At that point, it does not pay for either nation to continue to expand the production of the commodity of its initial comparative advantage. This occurs before either nation has completely specialized in production.b. Under constant costs, each nation specializes completely in production of thecommodity of its comparative advantage (i.e., produces only that commodity). The reason is that since it pays for the nation to obtain some of the commodity of its comparativedisadvantage from the other nation, then it pays for the nation to get all of the commodity of its comparative disadvantage from the other nation (i.e., to specialize completely in the production of the commodity of its comparative advantage).8. See Figure 3.5 (Please disregard Figure 3.4, which shows how to derive the demand andsupply curve for commodity X for Nation 1 and Nation 2 that are used to show how theequilibrium relative commodity price is determined with trade – a topic that is covered inAppendix A3.1.Nations 1 and 2 have identical production frontiers (shown by a single curve) but different tastes (indifference curves). In isolation, Nation 1 produces and consumes at point A and Nation 2 at point A’. Since P A < P A’, Nation 1 has a comparative advantage in X and Nation2 in Y.With trade, Nation 1 specializes in the production of X and produces at B, while Nation 2 specializes in Y and produces at B’ (which coincides with B). By exchanging BC = C’E’ of X for CE = C’B of Y with each other (see trade triangles BCE and B’C’E’), Nation 1 ends up consuming at E on indifference curve III (higher than indifference curve I at point A) and Nation 2 consumes at on indifference curve III’ (higher than indifference curve I’ at po int A’).9. a. If the terms of trade of a nation improved from 100 to 110 over a given period of time, theterms of trade of the trade partner would deteriorate by about 9 percent over the same period of time [(100-110)/110 = -0.09 =0.9%].b. A deterioration in the terms of trade of the trade partner can be said to be unfavorable to thetrade partner because the trade partner must pay a higher price for its imports in terms of its exports.c. This does not necessarily mean that the welfare of the trade partner has decreased becausethe deterioration in its terms of trade may have resulted from an increase in productivity that is shared with the other nation.10. It is true that Mexico's wages are much lower than U.S. wages (they are about one fifth of theaverage wage in the United States), but labor productivity is much higher in the United Statesand so labor costs are not necessarily higher than in Mexico. In any event, trade can still be based on comparative advantage.*CHAPTER 4(Core Chapter)THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN AND OTHER TRADE THEORIES ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS1. a. The Heckscher–Ohlin (H-0) theorem postulates that a nation will export thosecommodi ties whose production requires the intensive use of the nation’s relativelyabundant and cheap factor and import the commodities whose production requires theintensive use of the nation’s relatively scarce and expensive factor. In short, the relatively labor-rich nation exports relatively labor-intensive commodities and imports the relatively capital-intensive commodities.b. Heckscher and Ohlin identify the relative difference in factor endowments amongnations as the basic determinant of comparative advantage and international trade.c. The H-O Theory represents an extension of the standard trade model because itexplains the basis for comparative advantage (classical economists, such as Ricardo hadassumed it) and examines the effect of international trade on factor prices and incomedistribution (which classical economists had left unanswered).2. See Figure 4.1.3. a. The factor–price equalization theorem postulates that international trade will bringabout the equalization of the returns to homogeneous or identical factors across nations.b. The Stopler-Samuelson theorem postulates that free international trade reduces the realincome of the nation’s relatively scarce factor and increases the real income of the nation’s relatively abundant factor.c. The specific-factors model postulates that the opening of trade (1) benefits the specificfactor used in the production of t he nation’s export commodity, (2) harms the specific factor used in the production of the nation’s import-competing industry, and (3) leads to anambiguous effect (i.e., it may benefit or harm) the mobile factor.d. Trade acts as a substitute for the international mobility of factors of production in itseffect on factor prices. With perfect mobility, labor would migrate from the low-wagenation to the high-wage nation until wages in the two nations are equalized. Similarly,capital would move from the low-interest to the high-interest nation until the rate ofinterest was equalized in the two nations.4. a. The Leontief paradox refers to the original Leontief’s finding that U.S. importsubstitutes were more K-intensive than U.S. exports. This was the opposite of what the H-O theorem postulated.b. The Leontief paradox was resolved by including human capital into the calculationsand excluding industries based on natural resources. Recent research using data on many sectors, for many countries, over many years, and considering that countries couldspecialize in a particular subset or group of commodities that were best suited to theirspecific factor endowments, provides strong support for the H-O theorem.c. The Hecksher-Olhin theory remains the centerpiece of modern trade theory for explaininginternational trade today. To be sure, there are other forces (such as economies of scale,product differentiation, and technological differences across countries) that provide additional reasons and explanations for some international trade not explained by the basic H-O model.These other trade theories complement the basic H-O model in explaining the pattern ofinternational trade in the world today.5. International trade with developing economies, especially newly industrializing economies(NIEs), contributed in two ways to increased wage inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers in the United States during the past two decades. Directly, by reducing the demand for unskilled workers as a result of increased U.S. imports of labor-intensive manufactures and, indirectly, by speeding up the introduction of labor-saving innovations, which furtherreduced the U.S. demand for unskilled workers. International trade, however, was only asmall cause of increased wage inequalities in the United States. The most important causewas technological change.6. a. Economies of scale refer to the production situation where output grows proportionatelymore than the increase in inputs or factors of production. For example, output may morethan double with a doubling of inputs.b. Even if two nations were identical in every respect, there is still a basis for mutuallybeneficial trade based on economies of scale. When each nation specializes in theproduction of one commodity, the combined total world output of both commodities will be greater than without specialization when economies of scale are present. With trade, each nation then shares in these gains.c. The new international economies of scale refers to the increase in productivity resultingfrom firms purchasing parts and components from nations where they are made cheaper and better, and by establishing production facilities abroad.7. a. Product differentiation refers to products that are similar, but not identical.Intra-industry trade refers to trade in differentiated products, as opposed to inter-industry trade in completely different products.b. Intra-industry trade arises in order to take advantage of important economies of scale inproduction. That is, with intra-industry trade each firm or plant in industrial countries can specialize in the production of only one, or at most a few, varieties and styles of the same product rather than many different varieties and styles of a product and achieve economies of scale.c. With few varieties and styles, more specialized and faster machinery can be developedfor a continuous operation and a longer production run. The nation then imports othervarieties and styles from other nations. Intra-industry trade benefits consumers because of the wider range of choices (i.e., the greater variety of differentiated products) available at the lower prices made possible by economies of scale in production.*CHAPTER 5(Core Chapter)TRADE RESTRICTIONS: TARIFFSANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS1. a. See Figure 5.1.b. Consumption is 70X, production is 50X and imports are 20X.c. The consumption effect is –30X, the production effect is +30X, the trade effect is –60X,and the revenue effect is $30 (see Figure 5.1).2. a. The consumer surplus is $250 without and $l22.50 with the tariff (see Figure 5.1).b. Of the increase in the revenue of producers with the tariff (as compared with theirrevenues under free trade), $22.50 represents the increase in production costs and another $22.50 represents the increase in rent or producer surplus (see Figure 5.1).c. The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure 5.1).3.The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure 5.2).4.The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure5.3).5. The optimum tariff is the tariff that maximizes the net benefit resulting from theimprovement in the nation’s terms of trade against the negative effect resulting fromreduction in the volume of trade.6. a. When a nation imposes an optimum tariff, the trad e partner’s welfare declines becauseof the lower volume of trade and the deterioration in its terms of trade.b. The trade partner is likely to retaliate and in the end both nations are likely to losebecause of the reduction in the volume of trade.7. Even when the trade partner does not retaliate when one nation imposes the optimum tariff,the gains of the tariff-imposing nation are less than the losses of the trade partner, so thatthe world as a whole is worse off than under free trade. It is in this sense that free trademaximizes world welfare.8. a. The nominal tariff is calculated on the market price of the product or service. The rateof effective protection, on the other hand, is calculated on the value added in the nation. It is equal to the value of the price of the commodity or service minus the value of theimported inputs used in the production of the commodity or service.b. The nominal tariff is important to consumers because it determines by how much theprice of the imported commodity increases. The rate of effective protection is important for domestic producers because it determines the actual rate of protection provided by thetariff to domestic processing.9. a. Rates of effective protection in industrial nations are generally much higher than thecorresponding nominal rates and increase with the degree of processing.b. The tariff structure of developed nations is of great concern for developing nationsbecause it discourages manufacturing production in developing nations.10. If a nation reduces the nominal tariff on the importation of the raw materials required toproduce a commodity but does not reduce the tariff on the importation of the finalcommodity produced with the imported raw material, then the effective tariff rates willincrease relative to the nominal tariff rate on the commodity.*CHAPTER 6(Core Chapter)NONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERS ANDTHE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PROTECTIONISMANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS1. a. An import quota will increase the price of the product to domestic consumers, reducethe domestic consumption of the good, increase domestic production, and result in aprotection or deadweight loss to the economy.b. The effects of an import quota are identical to those of an equivalent import tariff,except that with a quota the government does not collect a tariff revenue (unless it auctions off import quotas to the highest bidder). The import quota is also more restrictive than an equivalent import tariff because foreign producers cannot increase their exports bylowering their prices.2.By penciling in D”X in Figure 1, we can see that the effects of the import quota are:P x=$2.00 and consumption is 60X, of which 40X are produced domestically and 20X areimported; by auctioning off import licenses, the revenue effect would be $20.3.The effects of an export quota of 20X are identical to those of an import quota of 20X or a100 percent import tariff on commodity X, except that the revenue effect is collected by the exporters, rather than by the domestic importers or their government.7. a. The infant-industry argument postulates that temporary protection may be justified inorder to allow a developing nation to develop an industry in which it has a potentialcomparative advantage. Temporary trade protection is then justified to establish and protect the domestic industr y during its “infancy” until it can grow and meet foreign competition.For this argument to be valid, however, protection must be temporary and the return in the grown-up industry must be sufficiently high to also offset the higher prices paid bydomestic consumers of the commodity during the period of infancy.b. The infant-industry argument must be qualified in several important ways to beacceptable. First, this argument is more justified for developing nations (where capitalmarkets may not function properly) than for industrial nations. Second, it is usuallydifficult to identify which industry or potential industry qualifies for this treatment, andexperience has shown that protection, once given, is difficult to remove. Third, and most important, what trade protection (say in the form of an import tariff) can do, an equivalent production subsidy to the infant industry can do better.8. a. According to strategic industrial trade policy a nation can create a comparativeadvantage (through temporary trade protection, subsidies, tax benefits, and cooperativegovernment–industry programs) in a high-technology field deemed crucial to future growth in the nation.b. There are also serious difficulties in carrying strategic industrial and trade policies.First, it is extremely difficult to pick winners (i.e., choose the industries that will contribute significantly to growth in the future). Second, if most leading nations undertake strategictrade policies at the same time, their efforts are largely neutralized. Third, when a country does achieve substantial success with a strategic trade policy, this comes at the expense of other countries (i.e., it is a beggar-thy-neighbor policy), which are, therefore, likely to retaliate. Faced with all these practical difficulties, even supporters of strategic trade policy grudgingly acknowledge that free trade is still the best policy, after all.*CHAPTER 7(Core Chapter)ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS1.If Nation A imposes a 100 percent ad valorem tariff on imports of commodity X fromNation B and Nation C, Nation A will produce commodity X domestically because thedomestic price of commodity X is $10 as compared with the tariff-inclusive price of $16 if Nation A imported commodity X from Nation B and $12 if Nation A imported commodity X from nation C.2. a. If Nation A forms a customs union with Nation B, Nation A will import commodity Xfrom Nation B at the price of $8 instead of producing it itself at $10 or importing it fromNation C at the tariff-inclusive price of $12.b. The formation by Nation A of a customs union with Nation B leads to trade creationonly because Nation A replaces the domestic production of commodity X at Px=$10 with tariff-free imports of commodity X from Nation B at Px=$8.3.If Nation A imposes a 50 percent ad valorem tariff on imports of commodity X fromNation B and Nation C, Nation A will import commodity X from nation C at thetariff-inclusive price of $9 instead of producing commodity X itself or importing it from Nation B at the tariff-inclusive price of $12.4. a. If Nation A forms a customs union with Nation B, Nation A will import commodity Xfrom Nation B at the price of $8 instead of importing it from Nation C at the tariff-inclusive price of $9.b. The formation by Nation A of a customs union with Nation B leads not only to tradecreation but also to trade diversion because it replaces lower-cost imports of commodity X of $6 (from the point of view of Nation A as a whole) with higher priced imports ofCommodity X from Nation B at $8.Specifically, Nation A's importers do not import commodity X from Nation C because the tariff-inclusive price of commodity X from Nation C is $9 as compared with the no-tariff price of $8 for imports of commodity X from Nation B. However, since the government of Nation A collects the $3 tariff per unit on imports of commodity X fromNation C, the net effective price for imports of commodity X from Nation C is really $6 for Nation A as a whole.5. a. See Figure 7.1.b. The net gain from the trade-diverting customs union shown in Figure 1 is given byC'JJ'+B'HH'-MJ'H'N. As contrasted with the case in Figure 7-1 in the text, however, the sum of the areas of the two triangles (measuring gains) is here greater than the area therectangle (measuring the loss). Thus, the nation would now gain from the formation of acustom union. Had we drawn the figure on graph paper, we would have been able tomeasure the net gain in monetary terms also.6. A customs union that leads to both trade creation and trade diversion is more likely to leadto a net positive welfare gain of the nation joining the union (1) the smaller is the relative inefficiency of the union member in relation to the non-union member and (2) the higher is the level of the tariff imposed by the customs union on the non-union member.7.The dynamic benefits resulting from the formation of a customs union are (1) increasedcompetition, (2) economies of scale, (3) stimulus to investment, and (4) better utilization of economic resources. These are likely to be much more significant than the static benefits.8.See Figure 7.2. The formation of the customs union has no effect.。

中美贸易战英语作文The ongoing trade war between China and the United States has caused a lot of uncertainty in the global economy. Both countries have been imposing tariffs on each other's goods, leading to higher prices for consumers and disruptions in supply chains.Many industries have been affected by the trade war, including agriculture, technology, and manufacturing. Farmers in the United States have seen a significant dropin exports to China, while Chinese tech companies have been hit hard by restrictions on access to American technology.The trade war has also had an impact on financial markets, with increased volatility and uncertainty leading to a decrease in investment and economic growth. Both countries have seen their currencies weaken as a result of the trade war, further adding to the economic turmoil.Despite ongoing negotiations between the two countries,there seems to be no end in sight for the trade war. Both sides have continued to escalate tensions, with threats of further tariffs and trade restrictions.The trade war has also had geopolitical implications, with other countries being forced to choose sides or navigate the complex web of economic alliances. It has also strained diplomatic relations between the two countries, leading to increased tensions in other areas such as security and human rights.Overall, the trade war between China and the United States has had far-reaching consequences for the global economy and has created a sense of uncertainty and instability. It remains to be seen how the situation will unfold in the coming months and what the long-term impact will be on the world economy.。

关税与贸易总协定概况及全文中英文对照关税与贸易总协定是一个旨在促进全球贸易自由化的国际条约。

该协定于1947年缔结，目前有164个缔约方，协定包括了多个领域，如农业、服务业、智力财产权等，并规定了各个国家之间的贸易原则以及贸易争端的解决机制。

此外，协定还规定了各国应该如何对待外国投资和知识产权等问题。

全文可在世界贸易组织的官网上找到，包括了英文和法文两个版本。

以下是部分关键条款的中英文对照：1. 关税总和(Tariff bindings)中文：缔约方对某个产品的关税设有一个上限，即关税总和。

英文：Each contracting party shall accord to the commerce of the other contracting parties treatment no less favourable than that provided for in the appropriate Part of the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement.2. 最惠国待遇(Most-favoured-nation treatment)中文：每个缔约方都应当将其所有的贸易伙伴视为最惠国待遇。

英文：With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation and exportation.3. 国内支持措施(Domestic support measures)中文：缔约方不得采取扭曲市场的国内支持措施。

高一经济现象英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>The market economy is an economic system in which decisions regarding production, distribution, and consumption are guided by the interactions of supply and demand. In a market economy, businesses and individuals are free to make their own economic decisions.One of the key characteristics of a market economy is the role of competition. Competition among businesses leads to lower prices, better quality products, and greater efficiency. When businesses compete, they are forced to find ways to produce goods and services more efficiently in order to lower costs and offer better prices to consumers.Another important aspect of a market economy is the price mechanism. Prices play a crucial role in allocating resources. When the demand for a particular good or service increases, its price tends to rise. This signals to producers that there is a greater need for that product, and they respond by increasing production. Conversely, when the demand for a product falls, its price drops, and producers reduce production.The market economy also promotes innovation. Businesses are constantly looking for new ways to improve their products and processes in order to gain a competitive edge. This leads to the development of newtechnologies and better ways of doing things.In addition, a market economy allows for a wide range of choices for consumers. With many businesses competing for their business, consumers have the opportunity to choose from a variety of products and services at different prices and quality levels.1. One of the key characteristics of a market economy is _______.A. government controlB. lack of competitionC. the role of competitionD. fixed prices答案：C。

国际贸易双语版的名词解释国际贸易是各国之间进行商品和服务交换的过程，它是推动全球经济发展和促进国际合作的重要方式之一。

随着全球化的加速，国际贸易的重要性也日益凸显。

国际贸易涉及众多专业名词，理解这些名词对于从事国际贸易工作的人来说至关重要。

在这篇文章中，我们将解释一些常见的国际贸易名词，并提供其汉语和英语对应术语。

1. 关税（Tariff）关税是政府对进口和出口商品征收的一种税收。

它是用来保护国内产业免受外来竞争的工具之一。

关税可以根据商品的种类和数量来设定，常见的关税类型有进口关税和出口关税。

Tariff is a type of tax imposed by the government on imported and exported goods. It is used as a tool to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Tariffs can be set based on the type and quantity of goods. Common types of tariffs include import tariffs and export tariffs.2. 自由贸易协定（Free Trade Agreement）自由贸易协定是两个或多个国家之间就贸易条件和关税等问题达成的协议。

自由贸易协定旨在减少或消除各种贸易限制，包括关税和非关税壁垒，以促进自由贸易和经济合作。

Free Trade Agreement is an agreement reached between two or more countries on trade conditions, tariffs, and other issues. Free Trade Agreements aim to reduce or eliminate various trade restrictions, including tariffs and non-tariff barriers, in order to promote free trade and economic cooperation.3. 关税壁垒（Tariff Barrier）关税壁垒指的是通过设定高额关税或其他限制措施，以限制或阻碍他国商品进入本国市场的手段。

SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS（）1. Suppose that the United States eliminates（消除）its tariff on steel imports, permitting foreign-produced steel to enter the U.S. market. Steel prices to U.S. consumers would beexpected to:a. Increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increaseb. Decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increasec. Increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decreased. Decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease（）2. When a government allows raw materials（原材料）and other intermediate products（中间产品）to enter a country duty free（免税）, its tariff policy generally results in a (an):a. Effective tariff rate（有效关税率）less than the nominal tariff rate（名义关税率）b. Nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff ratec. Rise in both nominal and effective tariff ratesd. Fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates（）3.The principal benefit of tariff protection goes to:a. Domestic consumers of the good producedb. Domestic producers of the good producedc. Foreign producers of the good producedd. Foreign consumers of the good produced （）4. Which of the following policies permits a specified quantity of goods to be imported at one tariff rate and applies a higher tariff rate to imports above this quantity?a. Tariff quota（关税配额）b. Import tariffc. Specific tariff（从量税）d. Ad valorem tariff（从价税）（）5. When the production of a commodity does not utilize（利用）imported inputs, the effective tariff rate（有效保护率）on the commodity:a. Exceeds the nominal tariff rate on the commodityb. Equals the nominal tariff rate on the commodityc. Is less than the nominal tariff rate on the commodityd. None of the above（）6. Developing nations often maintain that industrial countries permit raw materials to be imported at very low tariff rates while maintaining high tariff rates on manufactured imports.Which of the following refers to the above statement?a. Tariff-quota effectb. Nominal tariff effectc. Tariff escalation（关税升级）effectd. Protective tariff effect（）7. A beggar-thy-neighbor policy（以邻为壑）is the imposition of:a. Free trade to increase domestic productivityb. Trade barriers to increase domestic demand and employmentc. Import tariffs to curb domestic inflationd. Revenue tariffs to make products cheaper for domestic consumers（）8.Which of the following is a fixed percentage of the value of an imported product as it enters the country?a. Specific tariffb.Ad valorem tariffc. Nominal tariffd. Effective tariff（）9. A tax of 20 cents per unit of imported cheese would be an example of:a. Compound tariff（复合关税）b. Effective tariffc. Ad valorem tariffd. Specific tariff（）10.The most vocal political pressure for tariffs is generally made by:a. Consumers lobbying（游说）for export tariffsb. Consumers lobbying for import tariffsc. Producers lobbying for export tariffsd. Producers lobbying for import tariffs （）11.Suppose that the production of $500,000 worth of steel in the United States requires $100,000 worth of iron ore. The U.S. nominal tariff rates for importing these goods are 15percent for steel and 5 percent for iron ore. Given this information, the effective rate ofprotection for the U.S. steel industry is approximately:a. 6 percentb. 12 percentc. 18 percentd. 24 percent（）12.Suppose that the production of a $30,000 automobile in Canada requires $10,000 worth of steel. The Canadian nominal tariff rates for importing these goods are 25 percent forautomobiles and 10 percent for steel. Given this information, the effective rate of protectionfor the Canadian automobile industry is approximately:a.15 percentb. 32 percentc. 48 percentd. 67 percent（）13.Suppose an importer of steel is required to pay a tariff of $20 per ton plus 5 percent of the value of steel. This is an example of a (an):a.Specific tariffb. Ad valorem tariffc. Compound tariffd. Tariff quota（）14.A compound tariff（复合关税）is a combination of a (an):a. Tariff quota and a two-tier tariffb. Revenue tariff and a protective tariffc. Import tariff and an export tariffd. Specific tariff and an ad valorem tariffTRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS（）1. With a compound tariff（复合税）, a domestic importer of an automobile might be required to pay a duty of $200 plus 4 percent of the value of the automobile.（）2. During a business recession（衰退）, when cheaper products are purchased, a specific tariff （从量税）provides domestic producers a greater amount of protection againstimport-competing goods.（）3. A ad valorem tariff（从价税）provides domestic producers a declining degree of protection against import-competing goods during periods of changing prices.（）4. When material inputs enter a country at a very low duty while the final imported product is protected by a high duty, the result tends to be a high rate of protection for domesticproducers of the final product.（）5. According to the tariff escalation（关税升级）effect, industrial countries apply low tariffs to imports of finished goods（成品）and high tariffs to imports of raw materials（原料）. （）6.Bonded warehouses（保税仓库）and foreign trade zones have the effect of allowing domestic importers to postpone and prorate over time their import duty obligations.（）7. For a “small” country（小国）, a tariff raises the domestic price of an imported product by the full amount of the duty.（）8. Although an import tariff provides the domestic government additional tax revenue（税收收入）, it benefits domestic consumers at the expense of domestic producers.（）9.Changes in a “large” country’s economic conditions or trade policies can affect the terms at which it trades with other countries.（）10.For a “large” c ountry（大国）, a tariff on an imported product may be partially absorbed（吸收）by the domestic consumer via a higher purchase price and partially absorbed by theforeign producer via a lower export price.（）11.If a tariff reduces the quantity of Japanese autos imported by the United States, over time it reduces the ability of Japan to import goods from the United States.（）12.According to the infant-industry argument（幼稚产业论）, temporary tariff protection granted to an infant industry will help it become competitive in the world market; wheninternational competitiveness is achieved, the tariff should be removed.（）13 .A tariff can increase the welfare of a “large” levying country if the favorable terms-of-trade effect more than offsets（抵消）the unfavorable protective effect and consumption effect.（）14. An import tariff will worsen the terms of trade（贸易条件）for a “small” country but improve the terms of trade for a “large” country.（）15.Suppose that the tariff on imported steel is 40 percent, the tariff on imported iron ore is 20 percent, and 30 percent of the cost of producing a ton of steel consists of the iron ore itcontains. The effective rate of protection of steel is approximately 49 percent.（）16.Assume（假设）that the United States imports VCRs from South Korea at a price of $200 per unit and that these VCRs are subject to an import tariff of 20 percent. Also assume thatU.S. components are used in the VCRs assembled（装配）by South Korea and that thesecomponents（零部件）have a value of $100. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S.tariff policy, the price of an imported VCR to the U.S. consumer after the tariff has beenlevied is $220.（）17.Assume that the United States imports televisions from Taiwan at a price of $300 per unit and that these televisions are subject to an import tariff of 25 percent. Also assume that U.S.components are used in the televisions assembled by Taiwan and that these components（部件）have a value of $100. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision（境外装配条款）of U.S.tariff policy, the price of an imported television to the U.S. consumer after the tariff has beenlevied is $375.。

*CHAPTER 8 (Core Chapter)TRADE RESTRICTIONS: TARIFFSOUTLINE8.1 Introduction8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a TariffCase Study 8-1: Average Tariff on Non-Agricultural Products in Major Developed CountriesCase Study 8-2: Average Tariff on Non-Agricultural Products in Some MajorDeveloping Countries8.2a Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff8.2b Effects of a Tariff on Producer and Consumer Surplus8.2c Costs and Benefits of a TariffCase Study 8-3: The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some U.S. Products Case Study 8-4: The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some EU Products 8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure8.3a The Rate of Effective Protection8.3b Generalization and Evaluation of the Theory of Effective ProtectionCase Study 8-5: Rising Tariff Rates with Degree of Domestic ProcessingCase Study 8-6: Structure of Tariffs on Industrial Products in U.S., EU, Japan, and Canada8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4a General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4b Illustration of the Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4c The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country8.5a General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Large Country8.5b Illustration of the Effects of a Tariff in a Large Country8.6 The Optimum Tariff8.6a The Meaning of the Concept and Retaliation8.6b Illustration of the Optimum Tariff and RetaliationAppendix: A8.1 Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Large NationA8.2 Derivation of the Formula for the Rate of Effective ProtectionA8.3 The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem GraphicallyA8.4 Exception to the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem - The MetzlerParadoxA8.5 Short-run Effect of a Tariff on Factors' IncomeA8.6 Measurement of the Optimum TariffKey TermsTrade or commercial policies Consumer surplusImport tariff Rent or producer surplusExport tariff Protection cost or deadweight loss of a tariff Ad valorem tariff Nominal tariffSpecific tariff Rate of effective protectionCompound tariff Domestic value addedConsumption effect of a tariff Prohibitive tariffProduction effect of a tariff Stolper-Samuelson theoremTrade effect of a tariff Metzler paradoxRevenue effect of a tariff Optimum tariffLecture Guide1.I would cover sections 1 and 2 and assign problems 1-2 in the first lecture. Themost difficult part of section 2 is the meaning and measurement of consumer and producer surplus. Since a clear understanding of the meaning and measurementof consumer and producer surplus is crucial in evaluating the effect of tariffs, Iwould explain t hese concepts very carefully.2.I would then cover section 3 and assign problems 3-6 in the second lecture. Thetheory of tariff structure is also very difficult and important, and so I would alsoexplain this concept very carefully. I found that the best way to explain it is byusing the simple example used in the text of the suit with and without importedinputs.3.The rest of the chapter can be skipped without loss of continuity by thoseInstructors who do not wish to cover the general equilibrium effects of tariffs. 4.For those Instructors who wish to cover the rest of the chapter, I would take upanother two lectures to do so. I would also assign and grade problems 8-14 tomake sure that students understand the material.5.In covering section 8.4, I would pay special attention to the explanation of Figure8-5 and to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem.6.In covering Section 8.6, please note that the optimum tariff can only be discussedintuitively without trade indifference curves (examined in Appendix A8.6). Answer to Problems1.a) Consumption is 70Y, production is 10Y and imports are 60Y (see Figure 1 onthe next page).b) Consumption is 60Y, production is 20Y and imports are 40Y (see Figure 1).c) The consumption effect is -10Y, the production effect is +10Y, the trade effectis -20Y and the revenue effect is $40 (see Figure 1).2. a) The consumer surplus is $245 without and $l80 with the tariff (see Figure 1).b)Of the increase in the revenue of producers with the tariff (as compared withtheir revenues under free trade), $l5 represents the increase in production costsand another $15 represents the increase in rent or producer surplus (see Figure1).c) The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $l0 (see Figure 1).3. This will increase the rate of effective protection in the nation.4. a) g = 0.4 - (0.5)(0.4) = 0.4 - 0.2 = 0.2 = 40%1.0 - 0.5 0.5 0.55. a) g=60%b) g=80%c) g=0d) g=20%6. a) g=70%b) See the first paragraph of section 8.3b.7. See Figure 2.8.When Nation 1 (assumed to be a small nation) imposes an import tariff oncommodity Y, the real income of labor falls and that of capital rises.9.Py/Px rises for domestic producers and consumers. As production of Y (the K-intensive commodity) rises and that of X falls, the demand and income of K rises and that of L falls. Therefore, r rises and w falls.10.If Nation 1 were instead a large nation, then Nation 1's terms of trade rise and thereal income of L may also rise.India is more likely to restrict imports of K-intensive commodities in which India has a comparative disadvantage and this is likely to increase the return to capitaland reduce the return to labor according to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem.12. See Figure 3 on the previous page.13. See Figure 4.14. a) The volume of trade may shrink to zero (the origin of offer curves).App. 1. The more elastic S H and S F are, the lower is the free trade priceof the commodity and the lower is the increase in the domesticprice of the commodity as a result of the tariff.App. 2a. The supply curve of the nation for the commodity shifts upand to the left (as with the imposition of any tax); this does not affectthe consumption of the commodity with free trade, but it reducesdomestic production and increases imports of the commodity; italso increases the revenue effect and reduces producers' surplus.b)The imposition of a tariff on imported inputs going into the domestic productionof the commodity will have no effect on the size of the protection cost ordeadweight loss.App. 3. See Figure 5 (on the next page).App. 4. See Figure 6.App. 5. Real w will fall in terms of Y and rise in terms of X. On theother hand, r eal r will rise in terms of Y and fall in terms of X. Thiscan be seen by drawing a figure similar to Figure 8-10, but with theVMPLy curve shifting upward.App. 6a. See Figure 7.c) After Nation 1 has imposed an optimum tariff and Nation 2 has retaliatedwith an optimum tariff of its own, the approximate terms of trade for Nation1 is 0.8, while the approximate terms of trade of Nation2 is 1.25.d) Nation 1's welfare declines from the reduction in the volume and in the termsof trade. Although nation 2's terms of trade are higher than under free trade,the volume of trade has shrunk so much that nation 2's welfare is also likelyto be lower than under free trade.Multiple-choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?a. An ad valorem tariff is expressed as a percentage of the value of the traded commodityb. a specific tariff is expressed as a fixed sum of the value of the traded commodity.c. export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution*d. The U.S. uses exclusively the specific tariff2. A small nation is one:a. which does not affect world price by its tradingb. which faces an infinitely elastic world supply curve for its import commodityc. whose consumers will pay a price that exceeds the world price by the amount of the tariff*d. all of the above3. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity, its:a. consumption of the commodity increasesb. production of the commodity decreasesc. imports of the commodity increase*d. none of the above4.The increase in producer surplus when a small nation imposes a tariff is measured bythe area:*a. to the left of the supply curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffb. under the supply curve between the quantity produced with and without the tariffc. under the demand curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffd. none of the above.5. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity:*a. the rent of domestic producers of the commodity increasesb. the protection cost of the tariff decreasesc. the deadweight loss decreasesd. all of the above6.Which of the following statements is incorrect with respect to the rate of effectiveprotection?a. for given values of ai and ti, g is larger the greater is tb. for a given value of t and ti, g is larger the greater is a ic. g exceeds, is equal to or is smaller than t, as t i is smaller than, is equal to or is larger than t*d. when a i t i exceeds t, the rate of effective protection is positive7. With a i=50%, t i=0, and t=20%, g is:*a. 40%b. 20%c. 80%d. 08. The imposition of an import tariff by a small nation:*a. increases the relative price of the import commodity for domestic producers and consumersb. reduces the relative price of the import commodity for domestic producers and consumersc. increases the relative price of the import commodity for the nation as a wholed. any of the above is possible9. The imposition of an import tariff by a small nation:a. increases the nation's welfare*b. reduces the nation's welfarec. leaves the nation's welfare unchangedd. any of the above is possible10. According to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, the imposition of a tariff by a nation:a. increases the real return of the nation's abundant factor*b. increases the real return of the nation's scarce factorc. reduces the real return of the nation's scarce factord. any of the above is possible11. The imposition of an import tariff by a nation results in:a. an increase in relative price of the nation's import commodityb. an increase in the nation's production of its importable commodityc. reduces the real return of the nation's abundant factor*d. all of the above12. The imposition of an import tariff by a nation can be represented by a rotation of the: *a. nation's offer curve away from the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantageb. the nation's offer curve toward the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantagec. the other nation's offer curve toward the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantaged. the other nation's offer curve away from the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantage13. The imposition of an import tariff by a large nation:a. increases the nation's terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. may increase or reduce the nation's welfare*d. all of the above14. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation:a. improves its terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the nation's welfare*d. all of the above15. The optimum tariff for a small nation is:a. 100%b. 50%*c. 0d. depends on elasticities。

国际贸易常用英语International Trade Commonly Used English VocabularyIntroduction:International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. It plays a significant role in the global economy and is crucial for the growth and development of nations. To effectively engage in international trade, it is important to be familiar with the commonly used English vocabulary in this field. This article provides a comprehensive list of 1200 words and phrases related to international trade.International Trade Terms:1. Import: To bring goods or services into a country from abroad.2. Export: To send goods or services to another country for sale.3. Trade deficit: When a country imports more than it exports.4. Trade surplus: When a country exports more than it imports.5. Tariff: A tax on imported or exported goods.6. Quota: A limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported or exported.7. Free trade: The unrestricted flow of goods and services between countries.8. Customs: The government department responsible for collecting tariffs and controlling the flow of goods across borders.9. Duties: Taxes imposed on imported goods.第1页/共5页10. Protectionism: The policy of protecting domestic industries by imposing tariffs or trade barriers.11. Trade barriers: Restrictions that make it difficult to trade, such as tariffs or quotas.12. Dumping: Selling goods in another country at a lower price than in the home country.13. Exchange rate: The value of one currency in terms of another.14. Balance of trade: The difference between a country's exports and imports.15. FOB (Free On Board): A shipping term indicating that the seller takes responsibility for the goods until they are loaded ontoa ship.16. CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight): A shipping termindicating that the seller takes responsibility for the goods until they are delivered to the buyer's destination.17. Letter of credit: A document issued by a bank guaranteeing payment for goods or services.18. Incoterm: International commercial terms that define the rights and obligations of buyers and sellers.19. Landed cost: The total cost of a product, including the cost of importing it.20. Certificate of origin: A document that certifies the country in which a product was made.International Trade Activities:21. Procurement: The process of purchasing goods or services.22. Negotiation: The process of discussing and reaching an agreement.23. Contract: A legally binding agreement between two parties.24. Invoice: A document that lists the goods or services provided and their cost.25. Payment terms: The conditions under which payment must be made.26. Quote: A price offered for goods or services.27. Order: A request to purchase goods or services.28. Shipping: The process of sending goods by ship, plane, or truck.29. Logistics: The management of the flow of goods and services.30. Customs clearance: The process of getting goods through customs.31. Supply chain: The network of organizations involved in the production and distribution of goods.32. Distribution: The process of getting goods to consumers.33. Wholesaler: A company that buys goods in bulk from manufacturers and sells them to retailers.34. Retailer: A company that sells goods directly to consumers.35. E-commerce: Buying and selling goods and services over the internet.36. Market research: The study of consumer preferences and market trends.37. Branding: The process of creating a unique identity for a product or company.38. Advertising: The promotion of a product or company through paid media.39. Public relations: The management of a company's reputation and relationships with the public.40. Trade show: An event where companies showcase their products and services.第3页/共5页International Trade Organizations:41. World Trade Organization (WTO): An international organization that deals with the global rules of trade.42. International Monetary Fund (IMF): An organization that promotes global monetary cooperation and financial stability.43. World Bank: An international financial institution that provides loans to countries for development projects.44. European Union (EU): A political and economic union of European countries.45. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): An agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States to eliminate trade barriers.46. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): An organization promoting economic and political cooperation among Southeast Asian countries.47. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): A group of countries that coordinate policies to stabilize oil markets.48. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC): A global business organization representing companies from all sectors of the economy.49. World Economic Forum (WEF): A nonprofit organization that brings together political and business leaders to shape global agendas.50. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD):A United Nations body that deals with trade, investment, and development issues.Conclusion:International trade is a complex field with its own unique vocabulary. To effectively engage in international trade, it is essential to be familiar with the commonly used English terms and phrases. This list of 50 words and phrases related to international trade will serve as a useful reference for anyone involved in this field.Note: The article provides a list of 50 words and phrases related to international trade rather than the stated 1200 words.第5页/共5页。

PPT红字部分名词解释+公式Chapter2 The law of comparative advantage1.P30 Mercantilism 重商主义A group of men (merchants, bankers, government officials, and even philosophers) wrote essays and pamphlets on international trade that advocated an economic philosophy known as mercantilism. The mercantilists maintained that the way for a nation to become rich and powerful was to export more than it imported. Thus the government had to do all in its power to stimulate the nation’s export and discourage and restrict imports.在17/18世纪期间，一批人（包括商人、银行家、政府官员甚至哲学家）写了许多有关国际贸易的文章和小册子，推崇一种被称为重商主义的经济哲学。

简而言之，重商主义者认为国家富强的方法应当是精良是出口大于进口，而超出的结果是金银等贵重金属的流入。

而一个国家拥有越多的金银，就会越富有、强大。

因此，政府应当竭尽所能的鼓励出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）的进口。

Chapter 3 The Standard Theory of International Trade1. P60机会成本递增Increasing opportunity costs mean that the nation must give up more and more of one commodity to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity.在现实条件下，一国在生产中通常面对的是递增的机会成本而不是固定成本。

Chapter 1 General View of InternationalBusinessWTOPara 1engaged ininternational transactionsbe involved inoriginate引起, 发明, 发起, 创办vi. 起源, 发生restrictions n.限制, 约束virtually: in facttariffs: 关税quotas:配额embargo:禁运boycotts:联合抵制barrier:贸易壁垒The World Trade Organization (WTO)inter-governmental organization:政府间的组织flow:流畅(be) based on:以……为基础services:服务settle:解决;平息trade dispute:贸易争端negotiation:谈判promote cooperation:促进合作joint decision-making:共同决策consensus:一致同意;一致意见body:机构;团体council:决策班子;委员会committee:委员会consist of:由…组成entire membership:全体成员administrative support:行政支撑secretariat:秘书处Geneva, Switzerland:瑞士的日内瓦Para. 2trading system:贸易系统date back:追溯到…Bretton Woods: 布雷顿森林conference:会议delegate:代表conceive:构思create:创立;创建the World Bank:世界银行the International Monetary Fund:国际货币基金组织1International trade organization (ITO):国际贸易组织a specialized agency:个别机构charter:宪章ambitious:有抱负的;有雄心壮志的extend beyond:扩充;延伸world trade disciplines:世界贸易原则commodity agreement:国际商品协定restrictive business practices:限制性经营办法international investment:国际投资Havana:哈瓦拉(古巴首都)Cuba:古巴ratification:批准legislation:立法opposition:反对the U.S. Senate:美国上议院driving forces:动力announce:宣布seek:寻求congressional ratification:国会的批准effectively:有效地eventual result:最后的结果subsequent:随后的;后来的creation:创建;创立the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT):关贸总协定be concerned with:关注…primarily:主要的(mainly)reduce barriers to the international trade of goods:减少国际商品贸易壁垒result from:由…所产生provisional: 临时的prosperous:兴旺发达的multilateral:多边的;多国的international commerce:国际贸易overhaul:彻底改革due:应得的;预期的massive modification:巨大的改革Uruguay Round:乌拉圭回合(在乌拉圭的多次国际贸易谈判) Para 3regulate:控制;调节;规范regulating world trade of goods:规范国际商品贸易tariff barriers:关税壁垒non-tariff barriers:非关税壁垒not long after:soongive birth to: 产生(result in…)de facto: 实际上;实事上informally:非正式的over the years:during the following years evolve: 发展;进化set out:订立conduct international trade:进行国际贸易institution:机构temporary:暂时的;临时的recognize:认可replace:代替amend:修改incorporate:合并live on:继续存在updated:最新的text:版本(version)key principles: 主要原则adopt:采用General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS):服务贸易总协定intellectual property: 知识产权Trade-Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS):与贸易有关的知识产权协定Para 4signatory (signatories):签署各国intend:打算set up a worldwide trading organization:建立世界贸易组织in the event:最后(eventually)reach an understanding: 达成一致意见(not) increase tariffs beyond their existing level:增加的关税不超过现在的水平Abolition:废除most favored nation:最惠国trading privileges:贸易特权extend:扩展;延伸systems of preferences:优惠系统;特惠系统Commonwealth Preference:英联邦关税特惠制trading blocs:贸易集团establishment:建立common-market type agreements:共同市场协定EC:abbr. 欧共体(European Community)Outward -looking:外向型的Insular:adj.内向型的;海岛的, 孤立的, 超然物外的abolish quotas:废除配额Kennedy Round:肯尼迪回合account for about 80% of international trade:占….. Para. 5emphasis: 重点;强调shift:转换;转移the north-south dialogue:南北对话conduct:进行;实行the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD):联合国贸易与发展会议primary commodities:初级商品discriminate (against):歧视protectionist policy:贸易保护主义政策freer access to markets:更自由进入市场的机会WTO Agreements:世贸协定Part 1expansion:扩充governing:控制;调节cover:包括global exchange of goods:全球商品交易capital:资本multi-national organization:多国贸易(be) capable of:能….resolve: 解决trade conflicts:贸易冲突;贸易争端play a key role:发挥关键性的作用settle trade disputes:解决贸易争端at its heart:起核心作用legal:法定的ground-rules:章程essentially:本质上bind governments to keep their trade policies:约束各国政府保持贸易政策不变within agreed limits:已经过协议的范围内as negotiated and signed governments:作为经过谈判和签署协议的各国政府objective:目标;目的achieve:实现tolerance:宽容generosity:大度impartial means of settling trade disputes:公正解决贸易争端的办法overriding purpose:最重要的目的undesirable side effects:不希望发生的副作用obstacles:障碍ensure:确保;保证individuals:个体transparent:透明的readily:容易地ascertainable:确定的predictable:可预见的protectionism:贸易保护主义bloated:膨胀的inefficient:低效率的closure:关闭draft:草拟drafted and signed by community of trading nations: 由各贸易国共同草拟和签署的considerable debate:充分的辩论controversy:争论function:作用forum:论坛Part 2dispute settlement:解决争端conflicting interest:利益冲突bring actions on its own initiative:独自采取行动initiate actions:采取行动dispute settlement process:解决争端程序spell out:讲清除;详细说明Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes:解决争端规则和程序的谅解govern:管理;统治;控制dispute settlement body:解决争端机构a special assembly:立法机构consultation:磋商interested third-parties:有利益关系的第三当事人the establishment of a panel:建立专家组investigate:调查alleged violations:对违反…的指控appellate review:上诉审查Appellate Body:上诉机构adoption of the panel: 采纳专家意见appellate decision by the Dispute Settlement Body:解决争端机构的上诉裁决implementation of the decision adopted:执行所采纳的裁决escalating:逐步上升的;循序渐进的three-step process:三个步骤voluntary conformity:自愿一致the violating member: 侵害方compensation:赔偿the injured member:被侵害方trade concessions:贸易让步;妥协accomplish:实现retaliation:报复arbitration:仲裁Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization:建立世界贸易组织协定Part 3antidumping: 反倾销imposition:强加impositionof antidumping:强加反倾销(报复) countervailing measures:抵销措施;补偿措施fair value:公平价值dumping: 倾销recognize:公认prohibit:禁止an established industry:已有的工业materially:从物质上inhibit:抑制;约束domestic industry:国内工业provide: 规定impose:强行征税antidumping duty:反倾销税in appropriate circumstances:在适当的情况下outline:概述subsidy:津贴;补助金bounty:津贴bestow:给予artificially cheaper:人为造成的便宜emerging industries: 新兴工业a member nation: 成员国a countervailing duty:反倾销税;反补贴税offset:抵销Part 4lengthy and complex:漫长而复杂的legal texts:法律文本cover a wide range of activities:涉及范围广government purchases: 政府采购food sanitation regulations:食品卫生规则intellectual property:知识产权fundamental principles:基本原则run throughout all of these documents:应用与所有文件worldwide, multilateral trading system:全世界多边贸易系统states v. :规定discrimination:歧视discriminate:歧视grante:准予;承认most-favoured-nation (MFN) status:最惠国地位national treatment (国民待遇)freer:更自由的prediatable:可以预见的arbitrarily:任意地;随意地more competitive:更据竞争性的discouraging: 打击market share:市场份额beneficial:受益的flexibility:灵活性special privileges:特权Part 6cost-free: 免费的;不付出代价的attain:获得applicant:申请者go through:经过existing members:现有成员国prospective members:申请加入的国家engage in some painful reforms:进行一些难度很大的改革curb export subsidies(subsidy):控制;抑制enforcement of laws:强制执行法律intellectual property piracy:侵犯知识产权的行为1.2 Globalization1.2.1.globalization:全球化globe: 地球;世界integrated:综合的a more integrated and interdependent world economy:更加综合和相互依赖的世界经济components:成分;因素the globalization of markets:全球化市场the globalization of production:全球化生产1.2.1.1the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace:从过去的明显的单一国内市场融汇为一个巨大的全球市场the taste and preference:品味和偏好converge on a global norm:汇聚为一个全球标准Citicorp credit cards:花旗银行信用卡Levi’s jeans:Levi’s 牛仔服Sony Walkmans and Discmans:Nintendo game players:任天堂游戏机hold up:认为prototypical:典型的trend:趋势Levi Strauss:一公司名(Levi’s strauss 牛仔裤) benefactor: 贡献者;恩人;捐助者facilitator:推动者standardized product:标准化产品the size of these multinational giants:跨国公司规模facilitate: 推动;促进triple:增至三倍account for:占target emerging markets:瞄准新兴市场close to: nearlyPart 2prevalence:流行Sony PlayStations:索尼游戏站push too far: (将某事)过分扩大give way to:让位于….significant:重要的relevant dimensions:相关方面distribution channels:销售渠道culturally embedded value systems:根深帝固的文化价值观念marketing strategy:营销策略and the like: and so onoperating practice: 操作习惯customize:为用户定制best match conditions in a country:最好地与当地国家的情况相适应promote: 开发varying car models:不同的汽车类型a range of factors:一系列的因素traffic congestion:交通拥堵Part 3currently:目前;现在universal need the world over: 全球性的需要the world over:all over the worldcommodity: 商品aluminum:铝microprocessor:微型处理器DRAMs: computer memory chips:电脑存储芯片commercial jet aircraft:商用喷气式飞机financial assets:金融资产US Treasury bills:美国短期债券,偿还期一般为三到六个月futures on the Nikkei Index:日经期货指数the Nikkei Index 东京证券交易所Eurobonds: 欧洲债券Mexican peso:墨西哥比索Part 4an important feature:特点;特征confront:面对;对抗competitor:竞争对手in nation after nation:一个又一个国家rivalry:竞争rival: 对手Pepsi:百事可乐Ford:美国福特汽车公司Toyota:丰田汽车Boeing:波音公司Air-bus:空中客车Caterpillar:公司名Komatsu:公司名Nintendo:任天堂Sony:索尼gain an advantage:取得优势homogeneity:同质:同种multinational enterprise:跨国企业emerge:出现convergence:集中homogeneous:相似的;同类的1.2.1.2 The Globalization of Production tendency: 趋向source:寻找(search for)take advantage of national differences:利用国家之间的不同in the cost and quality:在成本与质量方面factors of production:生产要素overall cost structure:全部成本结构functionality:功能major component parts:主要零件supplier:供应商fuselage, doors and wings:机身,机门和机翼the nose landing gear:飞机起落架wing flaps: 副翼;阻力板rationale:基本原理outsource: 外购;外包perform:从事;做enhance: 提高;增强Part 2dispersal:分散get into the act:参加;插手Swan Optical: 公司名(a company)manufacturer:制造商distributor:销售商eyewear:眼镜revenue:收入jointly: 共同的minority stake:少数股份locations:地方(places)designer eyewear:设计师的眼镜charge a premium price: 获取保险费溢价disperse:分散competitive advantage:竞争优势exemplify:例证;作为…例子irrelevant:不恰当的;不相关的the outsourcing of productive activities:外购(外包)的生产活动substantial:很大的;重要的impediment:障碍optimal dispersion:理想的分散(生产活动)Part 3travel down the road toward…:go toward…characterized by…以…为特点important actors in this drama:这个舞台上的重要演员foster:促进merely:onlyrespond: 相应;回应1.2.2. Implications for the Globalization of Production decline: 下降Implications for International Business:国际贸易的含义due to:由于containerization:集装箱化transportation cost:运输成本associated with…:与…有关technological innovation:技术革新information processing:数据处理;信息处理fall dramatically:很大的下降in the past two decades:在过去的二十年里essential:重要的Texas Instrument (TI): a firm in the US approximately:大约coordinate:管理;协调on a global scale:在全球的范围内remote entry terminals:远程终端inquiry terminals: 查询终端mainframe computers:大型计算机vast:大量的instantaneously:瞬间的;立刻的implement:实现Part 2electronic:电子的Hewlett-Packard: a US firm(be) composed of:由…组成videoconferencing technology:视频会议技术on a weekly basis:每周一次的via: 通过by way ofintegration:综合管理1.22.2Implications for the Globalization of Markets facilitate:推动economical:节约的;经济的mass movement of people:(人们)大量移动cultural distance:文化差距bring about:使…产生convergence:集中consumer tastes and preferences:消费品味和偏好CNN: 美国有限新闻网络primary conveyor:主要载体evolution:发展;演变akin:类似的emergence:出现Rio (巴西)里约热内卢Berlin:柏林Gap jeans:一种牛仔服品牌San Francisco:旧金山Part 4 overemphasize:过分强调usher in:引领conduct:做;操作ignore:忽视peril:危险。

Part 2International trade policy国际贸易政策1Chapter 8 Trade Restrictions：Tariffs（贸易壁垒：关税）Main points of this chapter:the concept of tariff关税的概念partial equilibrium analysis of a tariff关税的局部均衡分析the rate of effective protection有效保护率general equilibrium analysis of a tariff关税的一般均衡分析the optimum tariff最优关税28.1 introductiontariff:a tax or duty levied on the traded commodity as it crosses a national boundary.关税：对通过一国国境的贸易商品所课征的一种税收。

征收关税的目的：增加政府的财政收入（revenue tariff 财政关税）；保护本国的产品和市场（protective tariff 保护关税）。

3关税的种类import duty (tariff) 进口关税：对进口商品课征的关税；export duty (tariff) 出口关税：对出口商品课征的关税；transit duty (tariff) 过境关税：对途经本国关境，运往他国的外国商品课征的关税。

4关税的征收方式Ad Valorem Duty 从价税：a fixed percentage of the value of the traded commodity；按贸易商品价值的固定百分比征收;Specific Duty 从量税：a fixed sum per physical unit of the traded commodity；对每单位贸易商品征收固定税额；Compound Duty 混合税：a combination of an ad valorem duty and a specific duty ；同时采用从价、从量两种方法征收。

Chapter 1I .YES，Please refer to the 1st paragraph of the text.II. 流动性过剩自给自足经济资源直接投资国际收支易货交易出口退税倾销出口型经济增长东道国贸易差额贸易顺差／贸易逆差欧盟国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差有形贸易无形贸易货物贸易服务贸易excess liquidity self-sufficienteconomic resources direct investment balance of payments barterexport tax rebate dumpingexport-driven economic growth host country balance of tradefavorable/unfavorable balance of trade European Unionfavorable/unfavorable balance of payments visible trade invisible trade trade in goods trade in serv icesIIIThe chart above shows the U.S. imports from China, U.S. exports to China and the trade balance . The U.S. has a negative trade balance with China, and it has been growing. During the period fro m 1997 to 2003, imports from China have grown 244% while exports to China have grown 221%, indicating that the trade deficit is increasing. There had already been a sizeable trade balance defi cit with China in 1996, totaling $ 39.5 billion at the end of the year. IV1. Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2. Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and i mporting of tangible goods.3. Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4. International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5. FDI is one t hat gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.6. Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its mo ney with relative safety. V1. International trade is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and/or services across national boundaries. It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and s ale of both visible and invisible goods.2. In today's complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nation s participate in the international trade for many reasons. As to the economic reasons, no nation has all of the economic resources (land, labor and capital) that it needs to develop its economy and cu lture, and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs. As for the prefer ence reasons, international trade takes place because of innovation of style. Besides, every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in term s of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficientl y and effectively.3. In measuring the effectiveness of global trade, nations carefully follow two key indicators, na mely, balance of trade and balance of payments.4. FDI, the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment, means buying of permanent property a nd business in foreign nations. It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is trade. The great significance of FDI for China might be that: FDI solve the problem of capital s hortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure, national supporting industry, key projects, etc.Chapter 2 I关税壁垒非关税壁垒从量税配额保护性关税市场失灵幼稚产业许可证制度财政关税政府采购贸易保护主义从价税最低限价本地采购规则增加内需Domestic content Red-tape barriers Export subsidies Binding quota Absolute quotas VERTariff-rate quotas Zero quota"Buy local" rules Tariff barriers non-tariff barriers specific duties quotaprotective tariff market failure infant industry licensing system Revenue tariffgovernment procurement trade protectionism Ad Valorem Duties floor price"buy local" rulesraise domestic demand 国内含量进口环节壁垒出口补贴绑定配额绝对配额自愿出口限制关税配额零配额本地采购原则II1. Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable re latively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers. 保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。

《国际贸易》双语课程习题集Chapter 1 Introduction1. Important Concepts:SpecializationExchange rateImport quotaExport industriesGlobalizationRelatively closed economyImport-competing industries2. Choices:(1) International transactions constitute an extension of domestic transactions. In both cases, trade offers the benefits of .a. specializationb.industrializationc.globaliz ationd.tariff(2) There are a few of the differences between domestic and foreign trade. Which one is NOT included?a.Exchange Ratesmercial Policiesc.Marketing Considerationsd.Aggregate Measures(3) Commodity trade is not the only component of international transactions that has expanded rapidly. So dointernationaltransactions.a.industrial productsb.agriculturalproducts c.service d.raw materials3. Review Questions(1) Distinguish between (a) export industries,(b) import-competing industries, and (c) nontraded goods. Give examples of each.(2) Japanese labor productivity is roughly the sameas that of the United States in the manufacturing sector (higher in some industries, lower in others), while the United States is still considerably more productive in the service sector. But most services are nontraded. Some analysts have argued that this poses a problem for the United States, because our comparative advantage lies in things we cannot sell on world markets. What is wrong with this argument?(3) Evaluate the statement, "The United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is of no consequence to it."Chapter 2 International trade theories1. Important ConceptsComparative advantageAbsolute advantageFactor proportions (or endowment) theoryProduct cycleInter-industry tradeIntra-industry tradeCapital-intensive productsCapital-abundant countryMonopolistic competitionFactor price equalizationLeontief scarce-factor paradox2. Choices(1) The principle of comparative advantage was enunciated early in the nineteenth century by the Englisheconomist .a. David Ricardo b. David Hume c. Adam Smith d. Mordechai E. Kreinin(2) While comparative advantage determines the direction of trade, absoluteadvantage determines and therefore the relative living standards of the two countries.a. allocation of resourcesb. inflationc. the country 's(3) Country A has an absolute advantage over country B in commodity X if it can produce the commodity cheaper is the concept of .a. comparative advantage advantageb. absolutec. relativeadvantage petitive advantageChapter 3 International trade policies1. Important ConceptsDemand considerationDynamic gains from tradeCountry "in isolation"Anti-inflationary trade2. Choices(1) Japan primarily exports manufactured goods, while importing raw materials such as food and oil.Find out the negative impactions on Japan's terms of trade of the following events .a. A war in the Middle East disrupts oil supply.b. Korea develops the ability to produce automobiles that it can sell in Canada and the United States.c. U.S. engineers develop a fusion reactor that replaces fossil fuel electricity plants.d. A harvest failure in Russia.e. A reduction in Japan's tariffs on imported beef and citrus fruit.(2) A national government can introduce a variety of restrictions upon international transactions that cannot be imposed on domestic transactions. These could include .a. different domestic policiesb.voluntary export restraintc.statistical datad.relative immobility of productive factors3. Review QuestionsWhat is meant by strategic trade policy? What are its limitations? How can export subsidies bring about an increase in the share of global profitsms? obtained by “our ” firChapter 4 Tariffs1. Important ConceptsTariff protectionAd valorem tariffSpecific tariffEffective tariff2. Choices(1) Which one is NOT the type of tariff?a. ad valorem tariffb. specific tariffc. export tariffd. compound duty(2) The rule, which guards against discrimination in international trade, is known as .a. WTOb. MFNc. GATTd. IMF(3) The elimination of tariff in a customs union will cause the effect of .a. trade improvementb. tradediversionc. trade creationd. trade competationhigh enough to keep out all imports of the (4) A tariff rate isproduct which we calla. revenue tariffb. prohibitive tariffc. protective tariffd. specific tariffChapter 5 Non-tariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism1. Important ConceptsImport quotasQuota rentsQuality upgradingAntidumping duty2. Choices(1) sets an absolute limit on the quantity of a productthat may enter the country.a. An export quotab. An import quotac.Tariff d. Voluntary export restraints(2) International trade in certain primary commodities ( namely raw materials or agricultural products ) is governed by .a. WTOb. EUc. OECDd. ICAs(3) It is customary to distinguish amongthree types of dumping.Which one does NOT belong to those?a. anti-dumpingb. sporadic dumpingc. predatory dumpingd. persistent dumping(4) A country sets an absolute limit on the quantity of a product that may enter it is the concept of ___________________ .a. quota rentsb. indirect taxesc. auctioning import license import quotasd.3. Review Questions(1) Evaluate the following statements:a. As instruments of protection go, a tariff is less harmfulto a country than an quota, and a quota is less harmful thanb. Protection is an expensive and inefficient way to create jobs.c. International commodity agreements constitute the best way of helping LDCscombat the effect of violent price fluctuations on their economies.d. The Multifibre Agrement represents an excellent way to organize international trade. We should apply it to steel and other industries. (2) "Import quotas on capital-intensive industrial goods and subsidies for the import of capital equipment were meant to create manufacturing jobs in many developing countries. Unfortunately, they have probably helped create the urbanChapter 6 Economic Integration and WTO1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2. What are the conflicts between the WTOand the environmentalmovement?3. Choices(1) International and regional forums for trade and financial negotiation include some organizations except .a. WTOb. EUc. World Bankd. OECD(2) What is unique about inrernational economics _________________a. exchange ratesb. relative immobility of productive factorsc. marketing considerationsd. commercial policies(3) Which of the following actions would be legal under GATT .a. A U.S. tariff of 20 percent against any country that exports more than twice as much to the United States as it imports in return.b. A subsidy to U.S. wheat exports, aimed at recapturing some of the markets lost to the European Union.c. A U.S. tariff on Canadian lumber exports, not matched by equivalent reductions on other tariffs.d. A Canadian tax on lumber exports, agreed to at the demand of the United States to placate U.S. lumber producers.e. A program of subsidized research and development in areasrelated to hightechnology goods such as electronics and semiconductors.f. Special government assistance for workers who lose theirjobs because of import competition.Chapter 7 International Trade and E-Commerce1. What is the process of e-commerce ？2. Briefly review the key innovations that culminated in thedigital revolution. What is the basic technological process that made the revolution possible?3. What is convergence? How is convergence affecting Sony? Kodak?Nokia?4. What is the innovator's dilemma? What is the difference betweensustaining technology and disruptive technology? Briefly review Christensen's five principles of disruptive innovation.5. What key issues must be addressed by global companies thatengage in e-commerce?6. What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that inducecompanies to invest abroad.Chapter8 procedure of international trade1. Please list at least three essential constituents of adefinite offer.2. According to the text, what characteristics does an indefinite offer have?3. Please briefly describe the export process.4. Why is it of great importance for the exporter to check theL/C against the sales contracts very carefully after receiving the L/C? 5. What documents should usually be submitted when negotiating through the bank?6. Please briefly describe the import process.7. Why is the shipping advice so important on CFR?8. What information should be included in a packing list?9. Please list at least six kinds of documents used in international trade?10. What are the major functions of an B/L11. What are the contents and functions of commercial invoice?12. What is the function of documentation in export and import practices?Chapter9 International Trade Terms oceanic transportation?1. What's trade terms?2. Please briefly describe the thirteen trade terms inIncoterms 2000.3. What are the obligations of the buyer under the termsof CIF, FOB and CFR?4. What are the obligations of the seller under the termsof FCA, CPT and CIP?5. Which trade term is suitable to inland waterway and6. Please briefly describe three international trade practices.7. Please describe the formation domestic expenses andforeign expenses.8. Please list at least four derived forms of CFR.9. What's the meaning of main freight?10. What's difference between symbolic delivery andphysical delivery?11. What's the relationship among FOB, CFR and CIF?12. What's Commission ?13. Please describe the formula about conversion among FOB,CFR and CIF.Chapter10 terms of commodity1. How to name goods exported ?2. What's quality of commo dity?3. Please describe types of quality.4. How to weight different commodities?5. What's more or less clause?6. Please describe functions of sales packing and shipping packing.7. Why is shipping mark important in international transportation?8. Please describe the standardized format of shipping mark suggested by ISO.9. When choosing appropriate cargo packing, what factors should one take into consideration?Chapter11 international cargo transportation1. List at least 4 major type of transportation.2. What are the characteristics of Liner shipping?3. How to compute freight of Liner shipping?4. Who will undertake the loading and unloading charges in chartering a vessel?5. What's International Multimodal transportation.6. What are the Features of containerization?7. What's demurrage and dispatch?8. what 's the function of bill of lading?9. Please explain the clean bill of lading.10. What 's the difference between Hague Rules and Hamburg Rules?Chapter12 international cargo transportation insurance1. Please describe the scope of cargo transportation insurance.2. What's the difference between Perils of sea and extraneous risks?3. Please list at least 6 major type of fortuitousaccidents.4. Which risk did TITANIC encounter? Can this kindof risk be avoided?5. Did all the cargoes sunk with the ship? What type of loss they belonged to ?(actual loss, constructive loss, particular loss or general loss).6. What measures were taken after TITANICWhat was the nature of the Expense caused encountered the risk?by the measures? Did the insurance compensate for it?7. Who relieve the survivor on TITANIC ? what wasthe nature of this kind of expense? Who must undertake it?8. What's actual total loss and what is thedifference between Constructive total loss and actual total loss?9. What's General Average and what is thedifference between Particular Average and General Average?10. Please explain sue and labor expense and salvage charge11. What's coverage of CIC ?12. What's the relationship between CIC and ICC?13. How to compute the insurance value of the goodsand it 's insurance premium ?14. Please describe the content of insurance policy.Chapter13 international payments1. What payment instruments are used in international trade? Please list at least 5 of them.2. What's the difference between a commercial d raft and a banker 's draft?3. What is the advantage and disadvantage of transferring money through DD compared with TT?4. How many stages are there in handling a draft?5. What's the difference between draft and Promissory note?6. What are the Characteristics of remittance?7. when will you release documents if you are the exporter under collection?8. Please describe the difference amongD/P at sight , D/P after sight and D/A.9. What's D/P ? T/R?10. What are the characteristics of letter of credit?11. Will the issuing bank undertake payment if the applicant goes bankrupt?12. Will the bank deal with the transaction according tocontract or L/C if they aren 't in accordance with each other?13. What will happen if the documents are not inconsistent with theL/C?14. Please describe the chief contents of L/C.。

第5课美国贸易策略及政策U.S.Is Prepared to See Trade Relations Worsen美国已做好准备任凭其贸易关系恶化By Peter BehrWashington Post Service 1.WASHINGTON—The Clinton administration is drawing the first lines of a tougher U.S.policy on trade, signaling to Europe and Japan that it will demand fairer treatment for American exports and is prepared to see relationships with U.S.trading partners get worse before they get better.克林顿政府正计划推行强硬的贸易政策路线，由此向欧洲和日本发出信号要求其更为公正的对待美国的出口，同时也表示美国政府已做好准备对待贸易关系恶化而非改善的状况。

2.The strongest signal came last week, when Mickey Kantor, the U.S.trade representative, moved quickly to cite the 12-nation European Community for “intolerable” discrimination against panies seeking government contracts within the Community.The administration will begin retaliating in six weeks if EC policies remain unchanged, Mr.Kantor said.美国贸易代表Mickey Kantor在上周发出了最为强烈的信号，他对欧共体12国限制美国公司参与欧洲政府采购计划迅速做出反应，认为这种做法是“不可忍受”的，并且警告说如果欧洲在六周之内不改变其现有做法那么美国将会采取报复性措施。

外贸英语词汇100Essential Vocabulary for Foreign Trade.Foreign trade, also known as international trade or overseas trade, involves the buying and selling of goods and services between countries. It is a crucial aspect of globalization and economic development. To navigate the complexities of foreign trade effectively, it's essential to have a grasp of the relevant vocabulary. Here is a comprehensive list of 100 essential vocabulary terms related to foreign trade:1. Trade Balance: The difference between the value of exports and imports in a country.2. Export: The sale of goods or services produced in one country to another country.3. Import: The purchase of goods or services produced in another country.4. Tariff: A tax levied on imported goods or services.5. Quota: A limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported or exported.6. Free Trade Agreement (FTA): An agreement between two or more countries to eliminate tariffs and quotas on traded goods.7. Customs Duty: Taxes levied on imported goods by the government.8. Trade Barrier: Measures that restrict or hinder the flow of trade between countries.9. Trade Surplus: When a country's exports exceed its imports.10. Trade Deficit: When a country's imports exceed its exports.11. World Trade Organization (WTO): An international organization that regulates and facilitates global trade.12. Incoterms: Standard trade terms used to define responsibilities, risks, and costs in international sales contracts.13. Letter of Credit (LC): A guarantee issued by a bank to a seller that payment will be made for goods or services as specified in the credit.14. Bill of Lading: A document issued by a carrier to a shipper, acknowledging receipt of goods for transportation.15. Shipping: The process of transporting goods or passengers by sea.16. Freight Forwarder: A company that organizes the shipment of goods from one place to another.17. Insurance: Coverage against potential losses, such as damage or theft of goods during transportation.18. Incoterm "FOB": Free On Board, where the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel named by the buyer.19. Incoterm "CIF": Cost, Insurance, and Freight, where the seller pays for the goods, insurance, and freight to the named destination.20. Incoterm "DAP": Delivered At Place, where theseller delivers the goods to the place named by the buyer, cleared for import.21. Trade Finance: Financial services provided to support the international trade cycle.22. Letter of Intent (LOI): A non-binding agreement indicating a party's intention to enter into a contract.23. Barter Trade: The exchange of goods or services without the use of money.24. Countertrade: Trade where the exchange of goods orservices is based on some form of reciprocal arrangement.25. Trade Facilitation: Measures to simplify and harmonize procedures for the importation, exportation, and transit of goods.26. Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA): An agreement between two or more countries to grant tariff concessions to each other's goods.27. Regional Trade Agreement (RTA): An agreement between countries in a specific geographical region to promote trade within that region.28. Trade Liberalization: The process of removing barriers to trade, such as tariffs and quotas, to allow freer flows of goods and services.29. Dumping: The sale of goods in a foreign market at prices below their normal value, often to drive out competition.30. Anti-Dumping Measures: Measures taken by a government to counteract the effects of dumping, such asthe imposition of tariffs.31. Trade Remedy: Measures taken by a government to address unfair or injurious trade practices.32. Trade War: A conflict between two or more countries, typically involving tariffs and other trade barriers.33. Supply Chain: The network of businesses, logistics, and infrastructure involved in the production anddistribution of goods and services.34. Value Chain: The series of activities that a company performs to create a product or service, from raw materials to final delivery.35. Export Processing Zone (EPZ): A designated area where goods are produced for export, usually with tax and duty exemptions.36. Free Trade Zone (FTZ): An area within a country where goods can be imported, stored, handled, and exported without paying customs duties or tariffs.37. Import Licensing: A permit issued by a government agency that allows the importation of specified goods.38. Quasi-Cash Trade: Trade where payment is made in a form other than cash, such as barter or countertrade.39. Trade Finance Instruments: Financial tools used to finance international trade transactions, such as letters of credit, guarantees, and bills of exchange.40. Tariff Quota: A limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported at a reduced tariff rate.41. Preferential Tariff: A reduced tariff rate granted to goods imported from specific countries under a trade agreement.42. Non-Tariff Barrier (NTB): Measures other thantariffs that restrict or hinder trade, such as quotas, licenses, and technical regulations.43. Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA): An agreement under the WTO that aims to simplify and harmonize customs procedures and other aspects of international trade.44. Free-on-Board Origin (FOB Origin): A trade term where the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel at the seller's premises or another named place.45. Cost, Insurance, and Freight to Named Port (CIF Named Port): A trade term where the seller pays for the goods, insurance, and freight to the named port of destination.46. Ex-Works (EXW): A trade term where the seller makes the goods available at their premises or another named place. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks from that point.47. Delivered Duty Paid (DDP): A trade term where theseller delivers the goods, cleared for import and ready for unloading at the named place of destination.48. Border Trade: Trade that occurs between neighboring countries, typically involving small-scale or informal transactions.49. Trade Diversion: When trade flows change due to the imposition of tariffs or other trade barriers, causing imports to shift from one country to another.50. Trade Deflection: When trade flows change due to non-tariff barriers, such as quotas or technical regulations.51. Trade Surrogate: A product or service that replaces another product or service that is unavailable due to trade restrictions or tariffs.52. Trade War Escalation: The intensification of trade conflicts between countries, typically through the imposition of additional tariffs or other trade barriers.53. Trade Balance Improvement: An increase in acountry's exports relative to its imports, resulting in a more favorable trade balance.54. Trade Competitiveness: A country's ability to export goods and services effectively in international markets.55. Trade Deficit Reduction: Measures taken by a country to decrease its trade deficit by increasing exports or decreasing imports.56. Trade Liberalization Agenda: A set of policies and measures aimed at reducing trade barriers and promoting freer trade.57. Trade Integration: The process of integrating a country's economy into the global trading system, typically through the removal of trade barriers and the adoption of international trade rules and standards.58. Trade Sanctions: Measures taken by a country to restrict trade with another country as a form of political or economic pressure.59. Trade Diversification: The strategy of spreading trade activities across multiple markets and products to reduce risks and dependence on a single market or product.60. Trade Facilitation Measures: Actions taken to simplify and harmonize customs procedures, reduce transaction costs, and improve the efficiency of trade flows.61. Trade Finance Gap: The difference between the demand for trade finance and the supply of available funds, often due to credit constraints or risk aversion.62. Trade Risk Management: The practice of identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with international trade transactions.63. Trade Agreement Negotiations: The process ofdiscussing and agreeing on the terms of a trade agreement between two or more countries.64. Trade Policy Review: A periodic assessment of a country's trade policies and practices, typically conducted by the WTO or other international organizations.65. Trade Preferences: Preferential tariff rates or other trade benefits granted to specific countries or regions under a trade agreement.66. Trade Barriers Removal: The process of eliminating trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, to facilitate freer trade.67. Trade Conflict Resolution: Mechanisms and processes for resolving disputes and conflicts that arise in international trade.68. Trade Integration Agreements: Agreements that aim to integrate the economies of two or more countries through the elimination of trade barriers and the harmonization oftrade policies.69. Trade Promotion Activities: Measures taken by governments or private sector organizations to increase exports and attract foreign investment.70. Trade Financing Institutions: Financial institutions that provide funds for trade-related transactions,。