下载文档原格式
英语试卷 第1页（共8页）英语试卷 第2页（共8页）2011年广东省初中毕业生学业考试 英语模拟试卷（一） 说明： 1．全卷共8页，考试时间为90分钟（其中听力考试时间约为15分钟），满分120分（其中听力部分25分）。
2．全卷包括第一卷和第二卷，第一至第四大题为第一卷，第五、第六大题为第二卷。
3．答卷前，考生必须将自己的姓名、准考证号、学校按要求填写在密封线左边的空格内。
4．答题可以用黑色或蓝色钢笔、圆珠笔按要求写在试卷上，但不能用铅笔或红笔。
第一卷 语言知识与技能5小题，每小题1分，共5分）根据句子的内容和所提的问题，选择符合 题意的图画回答问题，每小题听一遍。
（）1．Who is a student? A ．Lucy B ．Mary C ．Kate （ ）2．Which is Jim?A B C（ ）3．What was Peter doing?A B C一、听力理解。
（本大题有25小题，每小题1分，共25分。
）（）4．Where was Gina’s picture taken?A B C （）5．What were they doing?A B C B．听对话（本部分共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）回答每段对话后面的问题，在各题所给的三个选项中，选出一个最佳答案，每段对话听两遍。
听第一段对话，回答第6题。
（）6．What’s Kate’s phone number?A．223-8164 B．223-8451C．223-8614听第二段对话，回答第7题。
（）7．What did Helen pay for the notebook?A．5 B．7 C．6 听第三段对话，回答第8题。
（）8．What grade was Lucy in last year?A．Class One B．Grade Seven C．Grade Eight听第四段对话，回答第9题。
（）9．Who is 13 years old?A．Li Lei B．MaryC．Mary and Li Lei听第五段对话，回答第10题。
2011届中考英语专题复习一：名词考点讲解和训练【考点直击】1．可数名词和不可数名词的用法；2．名词所有格的构成及用法；3．近义名词的辨析。
【名师点睛】一、名词的数1．单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成，其主要变法如下：（1）一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
（2）以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。
（3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orange—oranges。
（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。
但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boy→boys, day→days。
（5）以o结尾的词多数都加-es。
例如:hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。
例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。
（6）以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves, half→halves。
复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法如下表所示。
复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法[s][z][t][][F][b][d][（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。
2011年中考英语模拟试题（一）（考试时间：120分钟，全卷满分：120分）注意：1 答题前，请务必把考号和姓名写在密封线内。
2 直接在试题卷上作答，不得将答案写在密封线内。
基础卷（共65分）A. 情景反应。
（共7个小题，每小题1分，计7分）本题共有7个小题，从下列各题A、B、C三个选项中选出一个最佳答语并将其番号填入题前括号内。
（每小题念两遍）( )1. A. Fine, thanks. B. Nice to meet you. C. I’m a worker.( )2. A. Thursday. B. June 10. C. My birthday.( )3. A. Thank you all the same. B. It’s nice of you. C. Thanks a lot.( )4. A. Hold on, please. B. That’s all right. C. Wha t a pity.( )5. A. Yes, do please. B. My pleasure. C.That’s right.( )6. A. Yes, here you are. B. You’re welcome. C. No, thank you.( )7. A. How are you like? B. How do you do? C. What do you do?B. 对话理解。
(共8个小题，每小题1分，计8分)本题共有8个小题，请根据你所听到的对话及问题，从下列各题A、B、C三个选项中选出一个最佳答案并将其番号填入题前括号内。
(每小题念三遍)( )8. A. Electronic dictionaries. B. Mobile phones. C. MP4 players.( )9. A. David. B. Nobody. C. Rosa.( )10. A. Cats. B. Snakes. C. Mice.( )11. A. School life. B. Summer holiday. C. Shopping.( )12. A. Last night. B. Yesterday afternoon. C. This evening.( )13. A. Once a day. B. Once a week. C. Once a month. ( )14. A. About 8:30. B. About 9:30. C. About 10:30.( )15. A. In a restaurant. B. In a hospital. C. In a cinema.C. 短文理解。
专题十五词汇（一）A基础检测卷测试时间： 45分钟测试总分： 50分得分：Ⅰ.根据汉语和英语单词提示完成句子。
1.（2011·乐山）The speaker raised his voice, so we could ______(听见) him.2.（2011·丽水）The young man with glasses teaches ______ (我们) Chinese.3.（2011·枣庄）Manatees eat about 100 ______ (英磅) a day.4.（2011·安徽）She r______ (骑) to school on her bicycle every day.5.（2011·济宁）This is our Art Room. Yours is on the ______(三) floor.6.（2011·黄冈）Louisa didn’t have a pencil，so I let her borrow ______ (我的).7.（2011·苏州）August is the ______(最热)month in Suzhou, isn’t it?8.（2011·宿迁）Zhang Shaohan has a sweet (嗓音), and many of us like listening to hersongs.9.（2011·铜仁）I like going to school on foot. I______ (很少)take a bus to school.10.（2011·德阳）I think the telephone was ______（发明）in 1876.11.（2011·恩施）I’m ______ (渴的), I want to buy a bottle of water.12.（2011·桂林）Last summer holiday, my teacher ______ (介绍) Joy to me, and now we areclose friends.13.（2011·肇庆）The two ______ (熊猫)“Tuantuan” and “Yuanyuan” were warmly welcomedwhen they arrived in Taiwan.14.（2011·丽水）Who’s ______ (高), Lucy or Lily?15.（2011·枣庄）He didn’t know what was ______ (发生) outside.16.（2011·安徽）He told me to go out to find some s______ (枝条) for a fire.17.（2011·济宁）As we know, China is an ______(亚洲)country.18.（2011·黄冈）If you want to improve your English, you should try to practise ______ (说)English as much as possible in and out of class.19.（2011·苏州）Excellent teachers are usually ______ (感兴趣) in their students.20.（2011·宿迁）Sorry, I didn’t know you. Would you please speak mor e (清楚地)?21.（2011·铜仁）More and more ______(外国人)come to visit China.22.（2011·德阳）It’s not _______（礼貌的）to talk with your mouth full.23.（2011·恩施）She’s ______ (分) the watermelon into twenty pieces and given them to eachstudent.24.（2011·肇庆）In modern ______ (社会), science technology has developed rapidly.25.（2011·丽水）Ann had her ______ (十) birthday in China. She felt very happy.26.（2011·黄冈）To our great ______ (惊讶), Tom failed to pass the graduation exam.27.（2011·苏州）Do you know the difference ______ (在….之间)”beside” and “besides”.28.（2011·铜仁）They crossed the road in ______(安全).29.（2011·泉州）It is cold outside. We must keep all the windows ______ (关)30.（2011·内蒙古）Our knowledge of the universe is ______（增长）all the time.Ⅱ根据句意，用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。
2011中考英语试题及答案2011年中考英语试题一、听力部分（略）二、选择题1. Which of the following is NOT a fruit?A. AppleB. BananaC. OrangeD. Carrot答案：D2. Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in parentheses:The children _______ (play) in the park when it started to rain.答案：were playing3. What does the phrase "break a leg" mean in the context ofa theater performance?A. To literally break one's legB. To perform poorlyC. Good luckD. To sit down答案：C4. Choose the word that is spelled incorrectly:A. BeautifulB. BelongingsC. HeirloomD. Embarrass答案：D (Embarrass is spelled correctly, the incorrect spelling would be "Embared" or "Embarras")5. Which sentence is in the future perfect tense?A. She has been studying for two hours.B. She will have been studying for two hours by 5 PM.C. She studied for two hours.D. She was studying for two hours.答案：B三、填空题6. If you want to express that you will finish your homework by the time your parents return, you would say, "I _______ (complete) my homework before my parents _______ (arrive)."答案：will have completed, arrive7. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions:Don't worry, we _______ (are going to) take care of everything.He is good _______ (at) playing the piano.答案：are going to, at8. Rewrite the following sentence using the passive voice: "The teacher will give the students a test next week."The test _______ (be) _______ (give) to the students by the teacher next week.答案：will be, given四、阅读理解（略）五、写作9. Write a short essay on the topic: "The Importance of Environmental Protection."（学生写作部分，略）六、翻译10. 将下列句子从中文翻译成英文：A. 学习英语需要耐心和毅力。
2011年中考复习教学质量检测英语试题卷考生须知：1.本试卷满分为120分，考试时间100分钟。
2.答题前, 在答题纸上写上姓名。
3.必须在答题纸的对应答题位置答题，写在其他地方无效。
4.做听力题时，先将答案划在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有一分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转写到答题纸上。
Ι听力部分（25分）一．听短对话，回答问题（共5小题，计5分）听下面五段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. How many times has Susan been to Xi’an?A. Once.B. Twice.C. None.2. Who is going to get some paper?A. Miss Brown.B. Tom.C. Jack.3.How did the boy go to school this morning?A. On foot.B. By bus.C. By bicycle.4.What can we learn about Mr. Black?A. He is out.B. He is free.C. He is busy.5.Why does the man say sorry?A. He speaks too slowly.B. He speaks too fast.C. He has nothing to say. 二．听较长对话，回答问题（共6小题，计12 分）听下面一段话，回答第6至第8三个小题。
现在，你有15秒钟的时间阅读这三个小题。
6.Whose name is Puppy?A. The cat’s.B. The dog’s.C. The monkey’s.7.How do the speakers get to the place?A. By train.B. By bike.C. By car.8. Who is interested in the scenery most?A. The woman.B. The man.C. Puppy.听下面一段较长的对话，回答第9至11三个小题。
2011年九年级教学质量检测九年级英语试题(时间：120分钟满分：120分注意：只交第II卷)第I卷(75分)一. 听力测试（共20小题；每小题1分,计20分）（一）听录音，选出与所听句子相符的图片，每个句子读两遍。
1.A B C2.A B C3.A B C4.A B C5.A B C（二）听对话和问题，选择正确答案，每段对话读两遍。
6. A. At a library B. At the doctor's. C. At a bookshop.7. A. $ 50. B. $ 35 C. $ 70.8. A. 20 minutes. B. A quarter. C. 5 minutes.9. A. Buying a birthday present. B. Learning English. C. Having a birthday party.10. A. It will be rainy. B. It will be cloudy. C. It will be sunny.（三）听对话，根据对话内容选择最佳答案，对话读两遍。
听第一段对话，回答第11、12小题。
11. Where is the railway station?A. On the left of the street .B. At the end of the street.C. Behind a red building.12. How will the man get there?A.On foot.B. Take a bus.C. Take a taxi.听第二段对话，回答第13、14、15小题。
13. When did the boy lose his schoolbag?A. While he was playing soccer .B. When he watched a football match.C. When he bought a football.14. How long has he had the schoolbag?A. About 15 days .B. Half a week.C. 30 days.15. What’s NOT in the schoolbag?A. Some pictures.B. A pencil-box.C. An MP3.（四）听短文，填入所缺的单词，短文读两遍。
2011年深圳市中考英语试题试题预览第一卷(70分)听力测试(25分)I．5分。
从下面每小题的A、B、C三个选项中，选出你在录音里听到的那个句子，并在答题卡上将相应的字母编号涂黑。
(每小题念一遍，共10小题，每小题0．5分)1. A. Someone is waving to you.B. Someone is waiting for you.C. Someone is looking for you.2. A. Mr Smith is now living alone.B. Mrs Smith is now living quietly.C. Mr Smith is now living happily.3. A. He doesn't want to rent this car.B. He doesn't want to mend this car.C. He doesn't want to lend me his car.4. A. Benny is going to do some reading.B. Jenny is going to do some washing.C. Jenny is going to do some cleaning.5. A. Don't you believe that he can help me with it?B. Don't you believe that he will tell me about it?C. Don't you believe that he will listen to it?6. A. That is the most exciting day I've ever had.B. That is the most interesting story I've ever read.C. That is the most exciting face I've ever met.7. A. There'll be a meeting in our school next week.B. There'11 be a sports meet in our school next month.C. There'll be a class meeting in our class next week.8. A. The teacher asked David not to talk in class.B. The teacher asked David to pay attention in class.C. The teacher asked David to keep quiet in class.9. A. We couldn't go shopping because it was raining hard.B. We couldn't go swimming because it was raining heavily.C. We couldn't go skating because it was blowing hard.10. A. About 1500 young trees have been planted in our city since last week.B. About 1600 young trees have been planted in our city since last month.C. About 1800 young trees have been planted in our city since last month.Ⅱ．10分。
初中英语试题二、语言知识及运用(共两节，满分20分)第一节单项选择(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)从16～25各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
16. —My brother and I will have a picnic next Sunday.—Enjoy ________.A. himselfB. themselvesC. yourselfD. yourselves17. —You look so tired, what’s wrong with you?—I ________ my history report the whole night.A. Was writingB. wroteC. had writtenD. am writing18. The people will never forget what happened________ the afternoon of May, 12, 2008 in Sichuan.A. inB. atC. onD. by19. I don’t think we can finish all the work before Friday, ________?A. do IB. can weC. can’t weD. don’t we20. —________ useful information you have given to me!—I hope it can help.A. HowB. WhatC. What anD. What a21. The police man asked Mr. Smith ________.A. what did his car look likeB. what was his carC. how his car looked likeD. what his car looked like22. He rushed into the fire to save the child________ it was dangerous for him to do so.A. unlessB. becauseC. thoughD. so23. The man ________ gave us a talk on science yesterday is a famous scientist.A. whoB. whoseC. whichD. whom24. Mandy ________ a new camera. She has taken a lot of photos with it.A. buysB. is buyingC. boughtD. will buy25. Mike, please be quiet. The other classmates ________ hear very well.A. mustn’tB. shoul dn’tC. needn’tD. can’t第二节：语法选择（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，从26 ~ 35 各题所给的A、B、C和D 项中选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2011年中考英语模拟考试试题与答案（一）一、语音（共5小题，每小题1分，满分5分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出划线部分发音与其它三个不同的一个，并将其字母代号填在答题纸相应题号的横线上。
( ) 1.A.goose B. cool C. foot D. school( ) 2.A.without B. south C. southern D. weather( ) e B. student C. uncle D. graduate( ) 4.A.give B .history C. life D. his( ) 5.A.Monday B. day C. Sunday D. yesterday二、单项填空（共25小题，每小题1分，满分25分）从A. B. C. D.四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并将其字母代号填在答题纸相应题号的横线上。
( )6．I have just been to _________ I have got a bad cold.A .the doctor B．the doctor's C the doctors D. doctor's( )7．Your room is so dirty. You should keep it ______.A. quietB. cleanC. openD. dry( )8．Your football is under the desk．Where's ________?A．her B．you C．us D．ours( )9．His _______ child is now ________ years old.A nineth, nineteenB ninth, nineteenC nineth, ninteenD ninth, nineteen( )10．My pronunciation is poor, but he is even ______ .A betterB worseC good D．bad( )11．---- How often do you write to your uncle?---- ___________．A．Once a month B．One month C．In a month D．For a month( )12．It has been ______ since we last met.A．some time B．sometime C．sometimes D．some times( )13．The students should learn _________from books ________ from life.A．so, as B．both, and C．either, or D．neither, nor( )14．----How often do you go back your hometown?---- two years.A．Every B Each C. In D．For( ) 15．This English newspaper is very easy for the students because there are _____ new words in it.A．little B．a little C．few D. a few（)16．---- Your sister isn't a nurse, is she?---- ________．She teaches English in a middle school．A．No, she isn't B．Yes, she is C．Yes．she isn't D．No, she is( ）17．The children all looked _______at the broken model plane and felt quite____.A. sad, sad B．sadly, sadly C．sad, sadly D. sadly, sad.( )18. The street _______. They had to drive around the city.A．was being repaired B．had to repaired C．was repairing D．was to repair ( )19．Thank you very much__________ me the good news.A．to tell B．tells C．for telling D．to telling( )20. There's a red car parking in our neighborhood. Do you know_______ it is?A. whatB. whoC. whoseD. whom( )21．The teacher told us that the sun ______ bigger than the earth.A．is B. was C. has been D. will be( )22．How ________ did your new computer cost?A much B. many C. more D. less( )23．She asked me _______ I could help her with her box.A．what B．who C．if D. that( )24．Our English teacher was standing______us so that she could hear us all clearly.A．away from B．far behind C．between D．among( )25．He doesn't tell me when he ______．I'll telephone you as soon as he ______．A．will come, comes B．will come, will comeC．comes, will come D comes, comes( )26．We can see ________ stars at night if there are no clouds in the sky.A．thousand of B .two thousands of C．thousands of D．a thousands ( )27. Tony is a clever boy，______ he usually fails in Chinese exams.A．so B．but C．or D. because( )28．---Look! This pair of jeans is verygood. ----____________________________?A. Why not trying it onB. Why not try it onC .Why not try on it D. Why not trying on it( )29．It is important __________everybody____________ English.A. for, learnB. for, to learnC. of, learnsD. of, learning( )30. Would you like a cup of tea please?A．No B．Not at all C．No, please D. No, thanks.三、完形填空（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）先读下面的短文，掌握其大意然后从31 - 40 小题的A\B\C\D四个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的正确答案、并将其字母代号填入答题纸相应的题号的括号内。
2011年中考英语一轮复习专项测试题（一）Ⅰ. Choose the best answer from A,B or C according to the meaning of the sentence. ( ) 21. –Oh, there isn’t enough _____ for us in the lift.- It doesn’t’ matter. Let’s wait for the next.A. groundB. placeC. room( ) 22. –A latest English newspaper, please!-Only one copy left. Would you like to have _____ sir?A. itB. oneC. this( ) 23 .-- What do you think of the environment here?- Wonderful! ______ of the land _______ covered with trees and grassesA .Two fifths, isB .two fifth, isC .two fifths, are( ) 24 -What did you get _______ your mother _______ Mother’s Day?-A beautiful card with “Thank you , Mom”.A . for , inB .for ,inC ,to , for( ) 25 –I won’t go to Ann’s birthday party this coming Saturday .-________ you told me you would . What’s happening?A . ButB .So C. And( )26. Cathy did quite_____ in the English competition,, I did even ______.A. better, wellB. well, wellC. well, better( )27. Jack said that joining the English club at _____ school was ____ best way to im prove her English.A. / , theB. / ,/C. the, /( )28. –Listen！Helen is singing in the next room.- It ____ be Helen. She has gone to Beijing.A. can’tB. mustn’tC. may( )29. –Mum, can I go out and play? - If your work ______A. will be doneB. is doneC. has done( )30. There’s no difference between the two words. I really don’t know _____.A. what to chooseB. which to choose C, to choose which( )31. –You forgot ____ the door. –Oh, ____ . I’ll go a nd close it.A. closing, so did IB. to close, so I didC. closing, nor did I( )32. We haven’t decided if ______.A. will we take a field tripB. we take a field tripC. we’ll take a field trip( )33. Who is the _____ made mistakes?A. thatB. whatC. whom( )34. –There’s not much news in today’s newspaper, _____? - Sorry, I didn’t see it.A. isn’t itB. isn’t thereC. is there( )35. The young man is driving so fast. _____ it is!A. How dangerous the sceneB. How a dangerous sceneC. What a dangerous sceneⅡ. Cloze testChoose the best answer to complete the passage.A mother gives 36 to her child. The great mother brings the baby from a dark world to the bright one. 37 does the child learn about the world? Scientists have done a lot o f research on it. They came to a conclusion（结论）. A child 38 the living world using five ways: to touch, to smell, to see, to hear and to 39 .To 40 : A baby reaches his pillow with his small hands. He feels soft and comfortable. To smell: A person’s nose can smell many different things. A baby can use his nose to k now the world. His nose is 41 his hand.To see；the baby’s parents are always 42 him. He sees them in his eyes. He knows that it is they who give them food and love. A baby usually feels 43 about his kind mother, because his mother always cares about him.To hear: Our world is 44 sounds. Some sounds can be heard by people. But some are n ot. A baby can learn about the world around him in the way of 45 it. Big noises can m ake him 46 Of course, nice music can make him feel relaxed.To taste: A baby always likes to taste everything, his finger, his doll or 47 a piece of wo od. Something tastes bitter. He will not like it. It’s very 48 to feed a baby bitter medici ne.In five ways above, a baby learns more about the 49 world. Touching, smelling, seeing, hearing and 50 go well with a person’s growing up.( ) 36. A. a name B. a birth C. a flower( ) 37. A. What B. How C. Where( ) 38. A. studies B. learns about C. knew about( ) 39. A. feel B. listen C. taste( ) 40. A. smell B. see C. touch( ) 41. A. smart than B. as smart as C. as smarter as( ) 42. A. without B. together C. with( ) 43. A. good B. well C. worse( ) 44. A. filled B. full of C. like( ) 45. A. listening B. hearing C. looking( ) 46. A. uncomfortable B. friendly C. quiet( ) 47. A. but B. even C. yet() 48. A. easy B. good C. hard( ) 49. A. love B. likely C. lovely( ) 50. A. taster B. taste C. tastingⅢ. Communication(B) Complete the dialogue with proper words or sentences.A: (56) , Jim. Let me introduce my friend to you, Ron.B: Nice to meet you, Ron. (57) ?C: For five months.B: Do you (58) ？C: Yes, I am used to staying here and using chopsticks.B: That’s good!A: We are going to a cafeteria and have some tea. （59）? B: Sorry, I am going to meet my friend at 8；00.A: That’s too bad. I hope you (60) .B: Thank you very much.Ⅳ.Reading comprehension.(D)The people of Egypt began their new year in summer. Why? Because the river will rush down the banks of the river, and bring water to the land at that time. They wan to sho w their love to the river.The ancient Baylonians celebrated by forcing heir king to give up his crown and clothing. They made him get down on his knees and admit all the mistakes he has made during t he past year. They think it is a good way to celebrate the New Year.Making New Year’s wishes is a comm on American tradition. Today, popular wishes mig ht be the promise to lose weight, stop smoking, or harder at work. People give New Yea r’s wishes of their own. For example, one person decided to get a cat. Another promised to stop telling stories about other people. Different people have different wishes on New Year’s Day.Other people use New Year’s wishes to make changes in their lives. One wish might b e to “stop and smell the flowers.” This means to take time to enjoy simple pleasures. Do n’t work all the time and we’d better stop to take time to enjoy our happiness.Fill in the blanks according to the passage. Only on word for each blank.Different people have different ideas and ways to celebrate the New. The people of Egypt began their new year in summer. They want to show their(76)__________ to the river; T he (77）_________ Babylonians celebrated by forcing their king to（78）_________ all th e mistakes he had made during the past year; Making New Year’s(79)________ is a com mon American tradition. And oth er people will use New Year’s wishes to make(80)______ ___ in their lives.英语试卷（一）Ⅰ.. 21-25. CAABA 26-30. CAABB 31-35. BCACCⅡ.36-40.BBBCC 41-45.ACABB 46-50.ABCCCⅢ. (B) 56.Glad to meet you 57. How long have you been in China58. enjoy your stay here 59. Why not go with us60. can have a good timeⅣ. (D) 76. love 77. ancient 78. admit 79. wishes 80. changes。
